Answer : We have

1 d 1
=
(1 − x) 2 dx 1 − x
and
1 Σ
∞
= xn ,
1−x n=0

hence ∞
∞ ∞
Σ Σ d Σ
1
d xn = xn = nxn−1
=
(1 − dx dx
n=0 n=0 n=1
x)2 ∞
Σ
= 1 + 2x + 3x + 4x + · · ·
2 3
(n + (re-indexed)
= 1)xn
n=0

The radius of convergence is R = 1.

Example: Find a power series representation for tan−1 x.
Answer : That function is the antiderivative of 1/(1 + x2), hence:
∫ 1
tan−1 x = dx
1+x 2
∫ Σ ∞
= (−1)nx2n dx
n=0
Σ
∞
= ∫ (−1)nx2n dx
n=0
∞ 2n+1
Σ x
n
=C+ ( 1)
− 2n + 1
n=0

x5 x7 + . . .x3
=C+x− + 5 −
3 7
Since tan−1 0 = 0 then C = 0, hence
1.7. PARTIAL FRACTIONS 2
−1
Σ∞ x2n+1
x3
x 5
x7
tanx =( −1) n = x −+−+ . . .
n=0
2n + 1 3 5 7

The radius of convergence is R = 1.

Example: Find a power series representation for ln (1 + x).