Exercise 4B

1 Method 1
If x < 0, F(x) = 0 so F(0) = 0
If 0  x  2
x
3t 2
x  3t 3  3x3 x3
F( x)= F(0) + ∫ dt=   = − 0=
0 8
 24  0 24 8
So the full solution is:
 0 x<0
 2
 3x
F( x) =  0  x 2
 8
 1 x>2

Method 2
If 0  x  2
3x 2 x3
) ∫
F( x= d=
x +c
8 8
F(2) = 1 ⇒ 1 + c = 1 ⇒ c = 0
So the full solution is:
 0 x<0
 2
 3x
F( x) =  0x2
 8
 1 x>2

2 Method 1
If x < 1, F(x) = 0 so F(1) = 0
If 1  x  3
x
x 1  t2   x2   1  x2 7
F( x) = F(1) + ∫ (4 − t ) dt =− t
 8  = x − −
  1 −  x
= − −
1 4 8   8 8 8
 1 
So the full solution is:
 0 x <1
 2
 x 7
F( x) =  x − − 1 x 3
 8 8
 1 x>3

Method 2
If 1  x  3
1 x2
F( x) =∫ (4 − x)dx =x − + c
4 8
9 7
F(3) =1 ⇒ 3 − + c =1 ⇒ c = −
8 8
2
x 7
So F( x) =x − − , which leads to the full solution given for Method 1.
8 8

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3 If x ⩽ 0, F(x) = 0 so F(0) = 0
If 0 < x < 3
1
1 2
F(
= x) ∫ 9=
18
xdx
x +c

As F(0) =0 ⇒ c =0
If 3  x 6
1 2x x2
F( x) = ∫ (6 − x)dx = − +d
9 3 18
As F(6) =1 ⇒ 4 − 2 + d =1 ⇒ d = −1
So the full solution is:
F( x) = 
 0 x0
 x 2
 0< x<3
 18
 2 x x2
 − −1 3  x  6
 3 18
 1 x>6

This shows the solution using Method 2; the problem can also be solved using Method 1.

4 a The graph is a horizontal line from (0, k) to (3, k), and a straight line from (3, k) to (5, 5k).
Otherwise f(x) is 0.

b The area under the curve must equal 1, so:

3 5
∫0
k dx + ∫ k (2 x − 5)dx =
3
1
5
k [ x ]0 + k ( x 2 − 5 x)  =
3
1
3

3k + k ( (25 − 25) − (9 − 15) ) =

1
9k = 1
1
k=
9

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4 c If x < 0, F(x) = 0 so F(0) = 0
If 0 ⩽ x < 3
x1
F( x)= ∫ 9 dx=
9
+c

As F(0) =0 ⇒ c =0
If 3 ⩽ x ⩽ 5
1 x2 5x
F( x) = ∫ (2 x − 5)dx = − + d
9 9 9
25 25
As F(5) =1 ⇒ − + d =1 ⇒ d =1
9 9
So the full solution is:
F( x) = 
 0 x <0
 x
 0 x < 3
 9
 x2 5x
 − +1 3  x  5
9 9
 1 x>5

d
5 f ( x) = F( x)
dx
So where F(x) is constant, f(x) =0
d 1 2 2x
For 2  x  3, f=( x) (x =− 4)
dx 5 5
So the probability density function is:
f(x) = 
 2x 2  x  3
5

 0 otherwise

1
6 a P(X  2.5)
= F(2.5)
= (2.5 −=
1) 0.75
2

1
b P( X > 1.5) =1 − F(1.5) =1 − (1.5 − 1) =0.75
2

c P(1.5  X  2.5) = F(2.5) − F(1.5) = 0.75 − 0.25 = 0.5

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7 As F(x) is a cumulative distribution function, F(2) = 0 and F(4) = 1
2p
F(2) = 0 ⇒ +q = 0 (1)
6
4p
F(4) = 0 ⇒ +q = 1 (2)
6
Subtracting equation (1) from equation (2) gives:
4p 2p
− =1 ⇒ 4 p − 2 p − 6 = 0
6 6
Let y = 2 p , then y 2 = 2 p ⋅ 2 p = 4 p and the equation can be written as:
y 2 − y − 6 = 0 ⇒ ( y − 3)( y + 2) = 0
Taking the positive root, y =3 ⇒ 2 p =3
ln 3
So taking logs of both sides, ln 2 p = ln 3 ⇒ p ln 2 = ln 3 ⇒ p =
ln 2
1
Substituting 2 p = 3 into equation (1) gives, q = −
2

d
8 a f ( x) = F( x)
dx
So where F(x) is constant, f(x) =0
d 1 3 3x 2 1
For 1  x  2, f ( x) = 2
( x − 2 x + x) = − 2x +
dx 2 2 2
So the probability density function is:
f (x) =  2
 3x − 2 x + 1 1  x  2
 2 2

 0 otherwise

b Between (1, 0) and (2, 2.5) is an arc of a positive quadratic, otherwise the function lies on
the x-axis:

1
c P(X < 1.5)= F(1.5)= (1.53 − 2(1.52 ) + 1.5)
2
1  27 9 3  1 3 3
=  − + = × = = 0.1875
2  8 2 2  2 8 16

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 2
2   x3  
9 a As area under curve must be 1, ∫ k (4 − x )dx =  k  4 x −   = 1
2
0
  3 0
 8  16k
⇒ k 8 −  = = 1
 3 3
3
⇒k =
16

b Method 1
If x < 0, F(x) = 0 so F(0) = 0
If 0  x  2
x
x3 3 t 3  3 x3 
F( x)= ∫ 2
(4 − t )dt =   4t −   =  4x − 
0 16
16  3   0 16  3
So the full solution is:
 0 x<0

3 x3 
= F( x)   4 x −  0  x  2
16  3
 1 x>2


Method 2
If 0  x  2
3 3 x3 
) ∫ (4 − x ) dx=
F( x= 2
 4x −  + c
16 16  3
3  8
F(2) =1 ⇒  8 −  + c =1 ⇒ c = 0
16  3 
This leads to the same full solution as given for Method 1.

3 0.343  3  0.328509 
c P(0.69 < X < 0.70)
= F(0.70) − F(0.69)
=  2.8 −  −  2.76 − 
16  3  16  3 
= 0.50356 − 0.49697 = 0.00659 = 0.007 (1 s.f.)

10 a As F(x) is a cumulative distribution function, F(0) = 0 and F(3) = 1. So from F(3) = 1:

1
(3k − 27) =⇒
1 3k = 120 + 27 = 147
120
⇒k = 49

1 98 − 8 90
b P( X > 2) =1 − P( X 2) =1 − (49 × 2 − 23 ) = = = 0.25
120 120 120

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11 If x < 1, F(x) = 0 so F(0) = 0
If 1  x < 7
1 ln x
F(=x) ∫ =dx +c
x ln 7 ln 7
As F(7)
= 1,= c 0
So the full solution is:
 0 x <1
 ln x

F( x) =  1x  7
 ln 7
 1 x>7

12 If x < 0, F(x) = 0 so F(0) = 0

If 0  x < 0.5
F( x) = ∫ π cos(πx)dx = sin(πx) + c
As F(0)
= 0,=c 0
So the full solution is:
 0 x<0

F(
= x) sin(πx) 0  x  0.5
 1 x > 0.5


13 a As F(x) is a cumulative distribution function, F(0) = 0 and F(3) = 1. So from F(3) = 1:

1
k (2 + ln 3) =1 ⇒ k =
2 + ln 3

d
b f ( x) = F( x)
dx
So where F(x) is constant, f(x) =0
d 1 1  1
For 1  x  3,= f ( x) ( x − 1=
+ ln x) 1 + 
dx 2 + ln 3 2 + ln 3  x 
So the probability density function is:
f ( x) = 
 1 1 + 1  1  x  3
 2 + ln 3  x 

 0 otherwise

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Challenge
∫ 1.25e dt =
a F(t ) = −1.25t
−e −1.25t + c

F(0) = 0 ⇒ −e0 + c = 0 ⇒ c = 1
So the full solution is:
F(t ) = 
 0 t<0

1 − e −1.25t
t0

b P(1 < T < 2) =P(T < 2) − P(T < 1) =1 − e −2.5 − (1 − e −1.25 ) =e −1.25 − e −2.5 =0.2044 (4 d.p.)

c P(T > 3) =1 − P(T  3) =1 − (1 − e −3.75 ) =e −3.75 =0.0235 (4 d.p.)

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