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History and Approaches (2-4%) : Introspection
History and Approaches (2-4%) : Introspection
History and Approaches by the researcher correlation that doesn’t exist (old
(2-4%) § Experimental Group: received the man predicts rain from arthritis)
• Psychology is derived from physiology treatment (part of the IV) • CASE STUDY: Adv. Studies ONE
(biology) and philosophy § Control Group: placebo, baseline person (usually) in great detail – lots of
• EARLY APPROACHES (part of the IV) info Disadv: No cause and effect
o Structuralism – used INTROSPECTION § Placebo Effect: show behaviors • DESCRIPTIVE STATS:shape of the data
(act of looking inward to examine associated with the exp. group o Measures of Central Tendency:
mental experience) to determine the when having received placebo § Mean: Average (use in normal
underlying STRUCTURES of the mind § Double-Blind: Exp. where neither distribution)
o Functionalism – need to analyze the the participant or the experimenter § Median: Middle # (use in skewed
PURPOSE of behavior are aware of which condition distribution)
• APPROACHES KEY WORDS people are assigned to (drug § Mode: occurs most often
o Psychoanalytic/dynamic – unconscious, studies)
childhood § Single-Blind: only participant
o Behavioral – learned, reinforced blind – used if experimenter can’t
o Humanistic – free will, choice, ideal, be blind (gender, age, etc)
actualization o Dependent Variable: measured
o Cognitive – Perceptions, thoughts variable (is DEPENDENT on the
o Evolutionary – Genes independent variable)
o Biological – Brain, NTs • Operational Definition: clear, precise,
o Sociocultural – society typically quantifiable definition of your
o Biopsychosocial – combo of above variables – allows replication
• PEOPLE: • Confound: error/ flaw in study
o Mary Calkins: First Fem. Pres. of APA • Random Assignment: assigns
o Charles Darwin: Natural selection & participants to either control or
evolution experimental group at random –
o Dorothea Dix: Reformed mental minimizes bias, increase chance of equal
institutions in U.S. representation
o Stanley Hall: 1st pres. of APA1st journal • Random Sample: method for choosing
o William James: Father of American participants – minimizes bias
Psychology – functionalist o Assignment and sampling can be
o Wilhem Wundt: Father of Modern done via names in a hat, computer • INFERENTIAL STATISTICS:
Psychology – structuralist generation establishes significance (meaningfulness)
o Margaret Floy Washburn–1st fem. PhD • Validity: accurate results • STATISTICAL SIGNIFANCE = results
o Christine Ladd Franklin – 1st fem. • Reliability: same results every time not due to chance
• RANDOM TERMS • NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION: • ETHICAL GUIDELINES (APA)
o Basic research – purpose is to increase Adv: real world validity (observe people o Confidentiality: names kept secret
knowledge (rats) in their own setting) Disadv: No cause o Informed Consent: must agree to be
o Applied research – purpose is to help and effect part of study
people • CORRELATION: Adv: identify o Debriefing: must be told the true
o Psychologist – research or counseling – relationship between two variables purpose of the study (done after for
MS or PhD Disadv: No cause and effect deception)
o Psychiatrist – prescribe medications and (CORRELATION DOES NOT EQUAL o Deception must be warranted
diagnose – M.D. CAUSATION) o No harm– mental/physical
Research Methods o Positive Correlation – variables
(8-10%)
increase & decrease together Biological Basis
o Negative Correlation – as one
• EXPERIMENT : Adv: researcher variable increases the other decreases (8-10%)
controls variables to establish cause and
effect Disadv: difficult to generalize