SECULAR EVOLUTION
1
OF INTERACTING
1 2
BARS
Diego Valencia-Enríquez , Ivânio Puerari and Irapuan Rodrigues
valencia@inaoep.mx
1 2
Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica - Puebla, México. Universidade do Vale do Paraíba - Brasil
We are performing a series of fully 3D numerical simulations of barred models under interaction with a spherical companion. The goal of this set of runs is to study the dynamics
of the disk particles in such simulations. In our calculations, the R parameter of the bar can be increased or decreased by the perturbation, depending mainly on the mass of the
perturber, the pericenter distance, and the angle between the bar and the perturber at the orbit pericenter. In our simulations, the bar evolves from slow to fast at later times. We are
calculating some morphological and dynamical quantities (disk circular velocity, bar size and strength, particles angular momentum distribution, etc) to understand how the changes
in these quantities correlate with the R parameter variation.
Introduction
Gerin et. al (1990) and Sundin & Sundelius (1991)
showed that the interaction between a barred galaxy and
a perturbation can increase or decrease the strength of
the bar which depending on the phase angle α relative
between the bar and the companion at the pericenter rp
(see figure 1),but they are not clear about the behav-
ior of the disk and the bar after the perturbation is far
away from the target galaxy. Barred galaxies are com-
monly classified according to the distance-independent
ratio R = RCR/ab, where RCR and ab are the corota-
tion and bar radius, respectively. This parametrization
permits a classification of bars into fast (1.0 < R < 1.4)
and slow ones (R > 1.4).
Figure 1: This figure depicts the
angle α between the bar and the
companion at the pericenter.
Therefore in this work, we studied the dynamics of disk
and bar at the moment of interaction and also after the
perturbation is far away from the target galaxy, using a
disk relaxed model with bar as the target galaxy and an
elliptical/spherical galaxy model as companion.
Method
We present a series of fully 3D numerical simulations of
barred models under interaction with a spherical compan-
ion embedded in live halos.
We adopted the exponential disk for the target galaxy
(Springel et. al 2005) that is designed to be dynamically
stable to the formation of bar (figure 2), and the Hern-
quist profile for the halos of interacting models and for
the stellar component of the companion.
Figure 2: The first row are snapshots on color scale of the natural logarithm of
the disk density, the left panel displays the face-on, and the right panel displays
the edge-on of the disk. In the second row, the left panel shows the rotation
curve and parameters used to make the fiducial model. The right panel shows
the Amplitude of Fourier Transform (FT1D) in logarithmic scale as a function of
time for different parts of disk. From this plot it can be seen that the amplitude
for inner radius becomes higher and constant, it represents the formation of the
bar in the disk, and the amplitude for outer radius oscillates, it represents the
formation of transient spiral structures.
To set down the orbit of the companion, we calculated
the position and the velocity of the perturbation to follow
an hyperbolic orbit overflying the target galaxy to 60 or
30 km/s/kpc at the pericenter rp ≈ 12.9kpc. Finally we
rotated the disk 90, 45, and -45 to have different angles
α of interaction.
Abstract
In this work, we show the results for 8 simulations, which
are classified into two groups: interaction angle α, and
angular velocity Ωp of the companion at the pericenter
rp, see Table 1.
Table 1 : This table shows the free parameters that were experimented in our
simulations.
Mass = 17.4% of the target galaxy mass
Ωp = 60km/s/kpc Ωp = 30km/s/kpc
Name α rp[kpc] Name α rp[kpc]
F05_o60_nh -65.3 11.4 F05_o30_nh -82.8
F05_o60_ns -22.1 13.8 F05_o30_ns -25.4
F05_o60_ps 38.5 10.8 F05_o30_ps 10.4
F05_o60_ph 63.4 12.0 F05_o30_ph 59.9
Once we had evolved the simulations using the code Gad-
get2 (Springel, 2005), we proceeded to analyze them
computing the length and the angular velocity of the bar
to estimate the R parameter. Finally we classified differ-
ent morphological types of orbits for the disk particles in
the bar frame reference (figure 3). Furthermore, we also
proceeded to calculate maps of the angular momentum
distribution in the disk to relate to the R parameter and
the orbits classification.
Figure 3: This figure show the
morphological classification of the
disk particles.
Results
Figure 4: This figure is explained in the text.
The left columns of figure 4 show shows plots of the R
parameter as a function of time. The right columns show
plot of the statistical orbital analysis. Panels from row 1
represent results when the companion flies the disk with
60 km/s/kpc at the pericenter rp (M60s), and panels
from row 2 represent results when the companion flies the
disk with 30 km/s/kpc at the pericenter rp (M30s). The
black color over these plots depicts the isolated model, the
red color depicts the models where the angle is α < 0,
and the blue color depicts the models where the angle is
α > 0. Additionally, the interactions represented by the
shaded lines have smaller angle α than those represented
with continuous line.
The histograms follow this same color code to differen-
tiate between models, they are also divided into three
panels; the first panel shows compact orbits (CO), the
second panel shows loop orbits (LO), and the last panel
shows barred orbits (BO) -see figure 3-. Likewise, each
bar drawn in the histogram correspond to that amount
of particles (represented in percentage of the disc mass),
which were orbiting thereby for 1 Giga year.
We can note models M30s are more affected than models
9.8 M60s. For example, the R parameter oscillates with more
9.4 amplitude between fast and slow bar for M30s than for
9.5 M60s, the bar for both set of models becomes fast when
10.7 the angle is −45 < α < 45, and the growth of the bar is
stooped for M30s.
Figure 5: Change in angular momentum, ∆L as function of radius for different
time intervals for fiducial, F05_o30_ps and F05_o30_ph model respectively.
Shaded rectangles are the Inner Lindblad Resonance (ILR), Corotation (CR), and
Outer Lindblad Resonance (OLR).
The first row of figure 5 shows the exchange of angular
momentum (∆L) of our fiducial model where material
at resonance in the bar region loses angular momentum
which is taken by material at resonance in the outer disc
and/or the halo. Moreover, the second and the third row
of figure 5 shows the ∆L only for models F05_o30_pq
and F05_o30_pg respectively. We observe that the ∆L is
less conspicuous than the fiducial model which it means
less exchange of ∆L so that the growth of the bar is
retarded then the bar tends to become fast. This effect is
more evident for model where the angle alpha is −45 <
α < 45.
Conclusion
In this work we show that a bar under interaction be-
comes fast or slow depending on the angular speed of the
companion at the pericenter as well as on the angle α.
The bar becomes faster when the companion pass with
slow angular speed with angle -45 < α < 45. In a forth-
coming article we will complete our study testing different
companion mass and different pericenters.
Bibliography
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Springel V., 2005, MNRAS, 364, 1105
Springel V., Di Matteo T., Hernquist L., 2005, MNRAS,
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Sundin, M., Sundelius, B. 1991, A&A 245, L5