Estudio de Estructuras (Espiral y Barra) y Esta - Bilidad Dinámica en Galaxias de Disco Usando Simulaciones de N-Cuerpos.

Dynamical Stabilities in Isolated
and Perturbed Barred Models

Ph.D. dissertation by
Diego Valencia Enríquez
Under the supervision of:

Dr. Ivânio Puerari
Dr. Irapuan Rodrigues de Oliveira Filho∗
*Universidad do Vale do Paraíba, Sao José dos Campos,

Brasil
February 2018
Diego Valencia E. (INAOE) Dynamical Stabilities February 20, 2018 1 / 64

Objetive
This work focuses on the study of structures (spiral and bar) and dynamic stability in disc
galaxies using N-body simulations.
The question is:

What and how do the stability limits change in a disc galaxy as the structures evolve?
• Generate galaxy models stable and unstable to bar formation.

• Follow the growth of structures and the local stabilities.
• Figure out what are the limits of Global Stabilities (GS) in disc galaxy models.
• Study the GS when the models are subjected to a perturbation.
• Growth of structures and local stability in disc galaxy models

Kuijken & Dubinski (1995) + gyrfalcON (Dehnen, 2000b)
• Global Stabilities in disc galaxy models
Springel & White (1999) + Gadget2, (Springel, 2005)
• Statistical morphological analyzes for the orbits of barred models
FORTRAN + Numerical Recipes to analyze the evolution of the models + PGPLOT
Objetive
The question is:



Objetive
The question is:



Objetive
The question is:



Objetive
The question is:



Motivation
Motivation
In the observable universe, it is found that more than half of all spiral galaxies have a bar-like
structure (Eskridge et al., 2000)
Evaluate the stability of a disc galaxy as well as disentangling the formation and evolution of a
barred galaxy from the observations is a dicult task. Analytical work and N-body simulations
are alternatives to study the dynamics of the bar evolution. By using numerical models, we
could constrain the space parameter from which the model will certainly set the regimes of
stability and instability.
Local Stabilities Global Stabilities
They are responsible for the origin of They are responsible for the origin of bar
transient structures in disc galaxies
Toomre Parameter Q Spin parameter λ

Introductory Concepts
Disc Stabilities; analytical works
The analyzes of the stabilities is based on the determination of the dispersion relation and
then investigate the unstable modes.
Global Stabilities
We consider perturbations with
Local Stabilities wavelength that are comparable to the
disc size.
Under the assumption of tight-winding The dispersion relation obtained is
the perturbation mode can be written as q
ω =Ω± Ω20 /2 − Ω2 (3)
2
$ ≡ κ − (mΩ − ω) 2
relation dispersion
(1) if Ω2 > Ω20 /2 then unstable

Solving equation for κ, we get where the density perturbation mode is
σR κ
Q≡ >1 (for a stable disc) 3R2
3.36GΣ0 Σ1 = √ cos(2φ − ωt) (4)
a a2 − R2
(2)
Elliptical deformation = bar mode

Global Stability; analytical works
Channels of Bar formation

Lynden-bell (1996) and Polyachenko & Polyachenko (2004) reviewed other dierent
mechanisms for the bar formation:
• Two density waves are reected in the center of the galaxy and amplied via Toomre's
swing mechanism when the disc has not ILR.
• A yby of a galaxy can trigger the bar formation in the target galaxy.
• The Contopoulos's picture shows that the bar is a result of the distortion of circular
orbits into eccentric ones when the bar potential is already formed.
• Kalnajs (1971, 1977) made a full stability analyzes which led to an eigenvalue problem
for normal modes of an axisymmetric stellar disc. Sellwood & Wilkinson (1993) proved
that it is very dicult to nd these eigenvalues.
• A statistical focus that examines the bar formation from the rotating initial
congurations when their spin parameters are lower than some critical limit.

Global Stability; N-body simulations

Bar formation and evolution are very complex phenomena and depend on the exchange of
angular momentum between the various resonances in the various components in the galaxy.
• the corresponding distribution functions (halo, disc and bulge) near the resonance.
• velocity dispersion.
• disc-halo mass ratios.
However, what are the critical limits of such parameters? or what are the critical parameter
that assesses the stability of a disc galaxy?
Global Stability; analytical analyzes
On the other hand, Efstathiou et al. (1982) nd an alternative criterion for bar stability,
characterized by the parameter
Vmax
m ≡ p (5)
GMd /Rd
Springel & White (1999) showed that a disc can be stable against to bar formation if
0.7 ≤ m ≤ 1.2 (6)


Mo et al. (1998) and Springel & White (1999) show that disc stability is characterized by a
lower limit of the disc spin parameter λd , then they obtain a relation for the critical limit
λcrit
The angular momentum J of a halo with total energy E is often characterized by the dimen-
sionless spin parameter
Jh |Eh |1/2
λh = 5/2
. (7)
GMh
If the gravitational eect of the disc is neglected, its rotation curve is at at the level Vc and
its angular momentum is just
3/2
λGMd
Z
jd
Jd = 2π Vc Σ(r)r2 dr = 2Md rd Vc =⇒ rd = (8)
2Vc |E|1/2 md
setting
Vmax
m,crit = 1 = q (9)
GMd / rd
We can nd the relation

λcrit = λcrit (Vmax , halo parameters, disc parameters) (10)

Growth of structures Global Stabilities

We use FT1D and FT2D methods. They are responsible for the origin of bar
in disc galaxies
Local Stabilities Spin parameter λ
They are responsible for the origin of Finding normal modes using signicant
transient structures perturbations for an original stellar disc is
Toomre Parameter Q very dicult
We will measure the Q parameter to show Instead, we will use the m parameter to-
the growth of spirals together with a bar gether with the spin parameter λ, shown
instability. This parameter will be dis- in chapter 4, to comply with our goal of
cussed in chapter 3. studying the bar instability.

Paper I: Growth of structures
Detecting the growth of structures in pure

stellar disc models
This work was published in
Valencia-Enríquez et al. (2017)

Growth of structures, Methodology
In this part:
• We generated a series of high-resolution N-body simulations in which we included halo,
bulge, and disk components following the distribution functions described by Kuijken &
Dubinski (1995).
King model for the bulge (King 1966)
2
(
ρ1 (2πσ 2 )−3/2 (eε/σ − 1) ε>0
f (ε) =
0 ε60
Evans model for the Halo (Evans 1993). It is an oblate stellar system similar to King
model.
2
The disc model is based in the DF of Shu (1969) (fr (E, Lz ) = e−(E−Ec)/σr ), but
adding the energy in the vertical direction:
2 −E /σ 2
−(E−Ec)/σr z
fr (E, Lz , Ez ) ∼ e z

Growth of structures, Methodology, Initial conditions

We used the methodology of Kuijken & Dubinski (1995) to generate 26 models
(N=1.2M to 8M)

Growth of structures. Methodology. Temporal evolution
We employ the N-body code gyrfalcON, based on Dehnen (2000b, 2002) force solver falcON
(force algorithm with complexity) and the NEMO package (Teuben, 1995).
As tree-codes, falcON begins by building a tree of cells at each time-step, then determines
the potential of the system using multi-pole expansion for the cells and nally, exploits the
similarity of the force from a distance cell upon cells that are close to each other.

Growth of structures. Methodology. Analysis: spiral structures
Spiral Geometry
Fourier Transform
FT1D
NR
1 X
AR (m) = dj e−imθj
D j=1
The FT2D is implemented by

using a logarithmic spiral basis,
:

r = r0 exp − m p
θ
NA
1 X
A(p, m) = dj e−i(puj +mθj )
D j=1
where D = N j=1 dj , m is a
P R
number of arms, and p is related

to the pitch angle P of the spiral
structure by tan P = −m/p.

Growth of structures. Methodology. Analysis: Fourier Transform FT1D
black or red
white or blue

Growth of structures. Result. FT1D Maps


Growth of structures. Result. FT1D spectrogrmas
Resonances
dΩ2

κ2 (R) = R + 4Ω2
dR
where the curves are

ILR curve Ω − κ2
OLR curve Ω + κ2
The general morphology of our modeled galaxies is due to the superposition of structures
which have dierent values of pitch angle and number of arms.
Growth of structures. Result. FT2D
Movie play
Movie

Growth of structures. Results. Local Stability Q ≡ σR κ

3.36GΣ0
Measure of Q
• Density center of the disc.
NEMO : We use the bulge
Gadget2: 500 disc placed in the deep of
the potential well.
• Measurement of density prole.
P
mp
Σ(ri ) = p
Ai
for the disc (11)
P
mp
ρ(ri ) = p
Vi
for the halo (12)
• Measurement of the Velocity dispersion
σR
v
u
u1 X N
σ(ri ) = t (vp − µ)2 , (13)
N p=1
where µ = 1 PN
N p=1 vp


3.36GΣ0
Measure of Q
the potential well.
P
mp
Σ(ri ) = p
Ai
for the disc (11)
P
mp
ρ(ri ) = p
Vi
for the halo (12)
σR
v
u
u1 X N
σ(ri ) = t (vp − µ)2 , (13)
N p=1
where µ = 1 PN
N p=1 vp


3.36GΣ0
Measure of Q
the potential well.
P
mp
Σ(ri ) = p
Ai
for the disc (11)
P
mp
ρ(ri ) = p
Vi
for the halo (12)
σR
v
u
u1 X N
σ(ri ) = t (vp − µ)2 , (13)
N p=1
where µ = 1 PN
N p=1 vp


3.36GΣ0
Measure of Q
the potential well.
P
mp
Σ(ri ) = p
Ai
for the disc (11)
P
mp
ρ(ri ) = p
Vi
for the halo (12)
σR
v
u
u1 X N
σ(ri ) = t (vp − µ)2 , (13)
N p=1
where µ = 1 PN
N p=1 vp


3.36GΣ0
Measure of Q
Gadget2: 500 disc placed in the deep of Rotation Curve
the potential well. We azimuthally place points in the disc to
• Measurement of density prole. calculate the potential.
P
mp
Σ(ri ) = p
Ai
for the disc (11)
P
mp
ρ(ri ) = p
Vi
for the halo (12)
σR
v
u
u1 X N
σ(ri ) = t (vp − µ)2 , (13)
N p=1
where µ = 1 PN
N p=1 vp


3.36GΣ0
Measure of Q
NEMO : We use the bulge We calculate the circular velocity
the potential well. vc2 (r) = r
dΦ(r)
• Measurement of density prole. dr
P
mp
Σ(ri ) = p
Ai
for the disc (11)
P
mp
ρ(ri ) = p
Vi
for the halo (12)
σR
v
u
u1 X N
σ(ri ) = t (vp − µ)2 , (13)
N p=1
where µ = 1 PN
N p=1 vp


3.36GΣ0
Measure of Q
Gadget2: 500 disc placed in the deep of We calculate the the corotating curve
the potential well.
• Measurement of density prole. Ω(r) = vc (r)/r
P
mp
Σ(ri ) = p
Ai
for the disc (11)
P
mp
ρ(ri ) = p
Vi
for the halo (12)
σR
v
u
u1 X N
σ(ri ) = t (vp − µ)2 , (13)
N p=1
where µ = 1 PN
N p=1 vp


3.36GΣ0
Measure of Q
NEMO : We use the bulge We calculate the epicycle or radial frequency
Gadget2: 500 disc placed in the deep of κ
the potential well. dΩ2

κ2 (R) = R + 4Ω2
• Measurement of density prole. dR
P
mp and the ILR curve Ω − κ
Σ(ri ) = p
Ai
for the disc (11) 2
P
mp
ρ(ri ) = p
Vi
for the halo (12)
σR
v
u
u1 X N
σ(ri ) = t (vp − µ)2 , (13)
N p=1
where µ = 1 PN
N p=1 vp


3.36GΣ0
Measure of Q
NEMO : We use the bulge We calculate the epicycle or radial frequency
Gadget2: 500 disc placed in the deep of κ
the potential well. dΩ2

κ2 (R) = R + 4Ω2
• Measurement of density prole. dR
P
mp and the OLR curve Ω + κ
Σ(ri ) = p
Ai
for the disc (11) 2
P
mp
ρ(ri ) = p
Vi
for the halo (12)
σR
v
u
u1 X N
σ(ri ) = t (vp − µ)2 , (13)
N p=1
where µ = 1 PN
N p=1 vp


3.36GΣ0
Measure of Q
the potential well.
P
mp
Σ(ri ) = p
for the disc (11)
P
Ai
And nally
mp σR κ
ρ(ri ) = p
Vi
for the halo (12) Q≡
3.36GΣ0
σR
v
u
u1 X N
σ(ri ) = t (vp − µ)2 , (13)
N p=1
where µ = 1 PN
N p=1 vp

Growth of structures. Results. Local Stability Q
This parameter do not assess the stability of a disc when it already has evolved.

Paper II: Global Stabilities
Lower Limit on Global Stabilities in

Disc Galaxies to Generate a Bar
Second revision sent

Global Stabilities, Methodology
In this part:
• We generated a series of high-resolution N-body simulations in which we included halo,
and disk components following the distribution functions described by Springel & White
(1999).
• The simulations were analyzed using 1D Fourier transform methods.
• We measure λd and λcrit

Global Stabilities, Methodology, Initial conditions
We used the methodology of Springel & White (1999) to generate the initial conditions.
• Dark matter halo with a Hernquist (1996) prole
Mdm a
ρdm = ,
2π r(r + a)3
where r200 p
a= 2[ln(1 + c) − c/(1 + c)]
c
• The stellar component is modeled with an exponential surface density prole of scale
length rd , i.e.
1 z
ρd (r, z) = Σ(r) sech2 .
2z0 2z0
where
Σ(r) = Σ0 e−r/rd

Global Stabilities, Methodology, Initial conditions

Initial rotation curves for our models. Their structural parameters are shown in each plot.

Growth of structures. Methodology. Temporal evolution
We employ the N-body code Gadget2, based on Springel (2005). Tolerance parameter θtol =
0.5. The softening length for the disc particles is ε = 0.01 and for the halo ones is ε = 0.1.
Face-on surface logarithm density maps for our models and their evolution. From top to
bottom, we present the evolution of models Aλ03, Aλ04, Aλ05, and Aλ06, respectively.
Global Stabilities Parameters GSP
Vmax
m = p =⇒ 0.7 ≤ m ≤ 1.2 unstable to bar formation
GMd /rd
Taking m,crit ≈ 1
2 √ √
m,crit 2fc GMd 2fc
λcrit = GMd = 2 ,
Vmax r200 fr Vmax r200 fr
where
"Z #−1
c 1 − 1/(1 + c)2 − 2ln(1 + c)/(1 + c)

r200 r2 vc (r)
fc = , and fr = 2 −r/rd
e dr .
2 [ln(1 + c) − c/(1 + c)]2 0 rd3 V200
so
stable against bar formation

(
λd > λcrit ,
λd 6 λcrit , unstable to bar formation

Global Stabilities, Measurement of GSP (λd , λcrit ), and m
Using the phase space of the simulation:

• To the spin parameter of the disc and the halo
Jh |Eh |1/2
λh = 5/2
GMh
using the fact that Jd = jd Jh

jd
λd = λh
md
• To λcrit we need vc (r), rd , and c
vc (r) is the rotation curve
To rd we t the disc to Σ(r) = Σ0 e−r/rd
To c we t the prole of the halo to NFW prole.
• To
Vmax
m = p
GMd /rd

Global Stabilities, Results of GSP (λd , λcrit ), and m

• λd is depicted with a dashed line.
• λcrit is depicted with a continuous line.
stable against bar formation
(
λd > λcrit ,
• We show
λd 6 λcrit , unstable to bar formation

Vmax
m = p .
GMd /rd
We show =⇒ 0.7 ≤ m ≤ 1.0 unstable to bar formation
The bar in our disc galaxies models are formed below the stability limits in isolated models,
and this depends on how close are the parameters from their critical values
Vmax
m = p .
GMd /rd
Vmax
m = p .
GMd /rd
Paper III: Global Stabilities in Perturbed Disc
Evolution of Global Stabilities

in Perturbed Disc Galaxy Models

Interactions
Orbits of the perturbations
Dashed line represent the theoretical orbit.

Interactions
Face-on surface logarithm density maps for interactions of group Pm
Movie play

Interactions: GSP
Global Stability Parameters for perturbed models.
• λcrit is depicted by solid line.
• λd is depicted by dashed line.
The bar in our disc galaxies models are formed below the stability limits in both isolated
and perturbed discs, and this depends on how close are the parameters from their critical
values.
Interactions: Bar growth TF1D
Time evolution of m = 2 amplitude for Time evolution of m = 2 amplitude for

Isolated models Perturbed models Pm
λ03
λ04
λ05
λ06

The rotation of the bar is characterized by the ratio R = RRC /ab
• Fast bars: Aλ03

1.0 < R < 1.4 Aλ04
Aλ05
• Slow bars: R > 1.4 Aλ06


Fast bars: 1.0 < R < 1.4 and Slow bars: R > 1.4
Pw
Pm
Ps

Summary and concluding remarks
• Objective: Generate galaxy models stable and unstable to bar formation.

Kuijken & Dubinski + gyrfalcON + FT1D and FT2D
Springel & White + Gadget2 + FT1D
• Objective: Follow the growth of structures and the local stabilities.
Spectrograms and diagrams of the amplitude of the Fourier coecients as a function of
time, radius and pitch angle show that the general morphology of our modeled galaxies
is due to the superposition of structures which have dierent values of pitch angle and
number of arms
• Objective: Figure out what are the limits of Global Stabilities (GS) in disc galaxy
models.
Global Stability Parameters =⇒ (λ, λcrit )
Experimental Stability Parameter =⇒ m
The bar in our disc galaxies models are formed below the stability limits.
• Objective: Study the GS when the models are subjected to a perturbation.
and perturbed discs, and this depends on how close are the parameters from their
critical values


number of arms
models.
critical values


number of arms
models.
critical values


number of arms
models.
critical values

Growth the bar.

• Isolate: In disc dominate ⇒ from fast to slow rotator
• Isolate: In similar H and D ⇒ almost constant
• Perturbed: Pw ⇒ slow to fast then fast to slow
• Perturbed: Pm and Ps ⇒ fast to slow

Future Work
Future Work
• Measurements of the m parameter in observed disc galaxies.

• Measurements of the GSP adding internal processes in the models (gas, star formation,
feedback, among others).
• Study the GSP in large scale simulations or Cosmological simulations.
• Study of the morphology of orbits in isolated and perturbed barred N-body simulations.

THANKS
THANKS

Paper IV: Morphological analyzes for the orbits
Statistical morphological analyzes

for the orbits of barred models
This work is in prep.

Morphological analyzes for the orbits

With Bulge Without Bulge

s37_z10M Aλ03
s37_z10MS Aλ04
s37_z10MX Aλ05
s37_z10MXS Aλ06

Frequency map for integrated orbits in a

xed potential
The frequency map for the orbits of model
Aλ03 N-body simulation
The disc resonances of the form m1 ωΩz +

m2 ωκ = 0 are shown by black lines. Orange
z
points represent Bar orbits, and purple ones 200 orbits in 3D potential integrated with
depict Loop orbits. a Dehen halo, a Miyamoto-Nagai disc
and a Ferrers bar. Similar to the rotation
curve of model Aλ03.

Statistical orbital analyzes in the bar frame for all simulations
(a) Isolated models. (b) Pw models.
(c) Pm models. (d) Ps models.

content... content...

annexes

annexes

annexes
Global Stabilities, Measurement of GSP (λd , λcrit ), and m . Fitting the

disc and halo prole
Fitting the Halo prole:

We t the Halo to a NFW prole
Fitting the disc prole: We use the lt
Numerical-Recipes routine ρ(r) = ρcrit
δ0
;
(r/rs )(1 + r/rs )2
To rd we t the disc to
where ρcrit = 2.776 × 10−8 , c = r200 /rs
Σ(r) = Σ0 e−r/rd and,
200 c3
δ0 = .
3 ln(1 + c) − c/(1 + c)
N
yi − y(xi ; a1 , ..., aM ) 2
X
χ2 ≡
i=1
σ

annexes
Global Stabilities, Measurement of GSP (λd , λcrit ), and m . Fitting the

disc and halo prole

annexes
The average of the FT1D amplitude for some The average of the FT1D amplitude for some
radial ranges for m = 2 of Isolated models radial ranges for m = 2 of Perturbed models

annexes

The rotation of the bar is characterized by the ratio R = RRC /ab
• Fast bars: Aλ03

1.0 < R < 1.4 Aλ04
Aλ05
• Slow bars: R > 1.4 Aλ06
Pw
Pm
Ps

annexes
Growth of structures, Galaxy Dynamics, Epicycles
Epicycles
In lineal theory, the κ frequency is depicted by

∂ 2 Φef f

κ2 ≡ ; Φef f can be measured from the simulation (14)
∂R2
the epicyclic frequency is:
dΩ2

κ2 (R) = R + 4Ω2 (15)
dR Rg

annexes
Growth of structures, Galaxy Dynamics, Resonances
Resonances
The resonance condition occurs when the and the curves for the main resonances are
epicycle frequency κ is synchronous with the given by
relative motion of the spiral pattern.
κ
Ω − Ωp = −κ/2 at OLR (17)
Ω − Ωp = ± (16) Ω − Ωp = +κ/2 at ILR (18)
m

annexes
Growth of structures, Galaxy Dynamics, Density Waves
Density Waves: Lin & Shu (1964) and Bertin & Lin (1996).
In this theory, the spiral arms are explained as long-lived quasi-stationary density waves
with a constant pattern speed.
• The waves are the result of global modes

(Bertin & Lin 1996) or couple modes
(Masset & Tagger 1997).
• Swing-amplication (Toomre 1981).
• N-body simulations show that the spiral
arms fade out after some galactic rotations
(Sellwood & Carlberg 1984).
• The spiral arms are considered to be
corotating with the rest of the disc at every
radius; they are material spiral arms
(Roca-Fàbrega et al. 2013)

annexes
Disc Stabilities; analytical analyzes
The analyzes of the stabilities is based on the determination of the dispersion relation and
then investigate the unstable modes.
Writing the dynamical quantities as a sum of Σ = Σ0 + Σ1 (the surface density), vR =

vR0 + vR1 , vφ = vφ0 + vφ1 , Φ = Φ0 + Φ1 (the gravitational potential), and h = h0 + h1 (the
enthalpy), the basic equations in a self-gravitating gaseous disc without halo can be written
as
∂Σ1 1 ∂ ∂Σ1 Σ0 ∂vφ1
+ (Σ0 RvR1 ) + Ω + = 0, (19)
∂t R ∂t ∂φ R ∂φ
The Euler equations in cylindrical coordinates are
∂vR1 ∂vR1 ∂
+Ω − 2Ωvφ1 = − (Φ1 + h1 ) (20)
∂t ∂φ ∂R
∂vφ1 ∂vφ1 κ2 1 ∂
+Ω + vR1 = − (Φ1 + h1 ), (21)
∂t ∂φ 2Ω R ∂φ
and the Poisson equation relates Φ and Σ
∇2 Φ1 = 4πGΣ1 δ(z) (22)

annexes

In general, we can expand a perturbation in the form
(23)
X
Q1 = Qa (R)ei(mφ−ωt) ,
where Q1 is a physical quantity (e.g. Σ1 ) Taking the real part of Eq.(23) and substituting;
we have
1 d imΣ0
i(mΩ − ω)Σa + (Σ0 RvRa ) + vΦa = 0, (24)
R dR R

i d 2mΩ
vRa = (mΩ − ω) (Φa + ha ) + (Φa + ha ) , (25)
$ dR R
2
1 κ d m(mΩ − ω)
vφa = (Φa + ha ) + (Φa + ha ) , (26)
$ 2Ω dR R
where ha = c2s Σa /Σ0 , and
$ ≡ κ2 − (mΩ − ω)2 relation dispersion (27)
Under the assumption of tight-winding the perturbation mode can be written as

Solving equation 27 for κ, we get
Q≡ σR κ
3.36GΣ0
>1 (for a stable disc) (28)

annexes
Local Stability; analytical analyzes
The size of the perturbation is much smaller than the size of the disc. Under the assumption
of tight-winding the perturbation mode can be written as
Σ1 (R, φ, t) ≈ Σa eik(R0 ,t)(R−R0 ) , (29)
where
Σa = A(R0 , t)ei(mφ0 +f (R0 ,t)) (30)

∂f (R, t) 2π
k(R0 , t) ≡ = . (31)
∂R R0 ∆R
for m = 0 the the dispersion relation is
ω 2 = κ2 − 2πGΣ0 |k| + kc2s (32)

annexes
In general, we can expand a perturbation in the form

(33)
X
Q1 = Qa (R)ei(mφ−ωt) ,
where Q1 is a physical quantity (e.g. Σ1 ) Taking the real part of Eq.(33) and substituting;
we can get
$ ≡ κ2 − (mΩ − ω)2 relation dispersion (34)
Under the assumption of tight-winding the perturbation mode can be written as

Q≡ σR κ
3.36GΣ0
>1 (for a stable disc) , (35)

annexes
Local Stability; analytical analyzes
ω 2 = κ2 − 2πGΣ0 |k| + kc2s (36)
if cs = 0 equation (36) becomes if cs 6= 0 then

n
ω2 = κ2 − 2πGΣ0 |k|
w2 < 0, the disc is unstable
is real and disc is stable
(
w2 > 0, w
cs κ
w2 < 0, w is complex and disc is unstable Q≡ >1 (for a stable disc) (37)
πGΣ0
The analyzes of the stability for the stellar disc is similar, in which the eective pressure is
due to the random motions of the stars. In this case, the stability parameter that we get is
Q≡ σR κ
3.36GΣ0
>1 (for a stable disc) (38)
where the parameter Q is also know as the Toomre parameter

annexes
We consider perturbations with wavelength that are comparable to the disc size.
It is not possible to get a universal dispersion relation because the perturbation is not lin-
ear like in the tight-winding approximation. Nevertheless, the Maclaurin disc can be work
analytically.

Σc (1 − R2 /a2 )1/2 (R ≤ a)
Σ0 (R) = , (39)
0 (R > a)
The dispersion relation obtained is

q
ω =Ω± Ω20 /2 − Ω2 (40)
where the density perturbation mode is
3R2
if Ω2 > Ω20 /2 then unstable (41)

Σ1 = √ cos(2φ − ωt)
a a2 − R2
Elliptical deformation = bar mode

annexes

Problem:
it needs high random motion to keep stable
From the virial theorem T + Π = −W/2, the disc can be stabilized with the condition
Π T 1
> 0, and 0 ≤ ≤ (42)
T |W | 2
kinetic energy in random motion rotational kinetic energy self-gravitational energy

Kalnajs (1972) found for a Maclaurin disc that
Π T 125
> 5.776, and ≤ ≈ 0.13. (43)
T |W | 972
Nevertheless, in N-body simulations Ostriker & Peebles (1973) found
Π T
< 0.14, and & 5, (44)
T |W |
Π
and in the solar neighborhood it is found that ∼ 0.15
T
Which implies that there must be some unseen component of matter with Π/T 1 to
stabilize the disc.
annexes
With Bulge
Without Bulge

annexes
content... content...

Estudio de Estructuras (Espiral y Barra) y Esta - Bilidad Dinámica en Galaxias de Disco Usando Simulaciones de N-Cuerpos.

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Dynamical Stabilities in Isolated

and Perturbed Barred Models

Under the supervision of:

*Universidad do Vale do Paraíba, Sao José dos Campos,

Diego Valencia E. (INAOE) Dynamical Stabilities February 20, 2018 1 / 64

The question is:

• Generate galaxy models stable and unstable to bar formation.

• Growth of structures and local stability in disc galaxy models

The question is:

• Generate galaxy models stable and unstable to bar formation.

• Growth of structures and local stability in disc galaxy models

The question is:

• Generate galaxy models stable and unstable to bar formation.

• Growth of structures and local stability in disc galaxy models

The question is:

• Generate galaxy models stable and unstable to bar formation.

• Growth of structures and local stability in disc galaxy models

The question is:

• Generate galaxy models stable and unstable to bar formation.

• Growth of structures and local stability in disc galaxy models

Diego Valencia E. (INAOE) Dynamical Stabilities February 20, 2018 3 / 64

Disc Stabilities; analytical works

Diego Valencia E. (INAOE) Dynamical Stabilities February 20, 2018 4 / 64

Global Stability; analytical works

Channels of Bar formation

Diego Valencia E. (INAOE) Dynamical Stabilities February 20, 2018 5 / 64

Global Stability; N-body simulations

Global Stability; analytical analyzes

Diego Valencia E. (INAOE) Dynamical Stabilities February 20, 2018 7 / 64

Global Stability; analytical analyzes

We can nd the relation

Diego Valencia E. (INAOE) Dynamical Stabilities February 20, 2018 8 / 64

Global Stability; analytical analyzes

Growth of structures Global Stabilities

Diego Valencia E. (INAOE) Dynamical Stabilities February 20, 2018 9 / 64

Detecting the growth of structures in pure

Valencia-Enríquez et al. (2017)

Diego Valencia E. (INAOE) Dynamical Stabilities February 20, 2018 10 / 64

Growth of structures, Methodology

Diego Valencia E. (INAOE) Dynamical Stabilities February 20, 2018 11 / 64

Growth of structures, Methodology, Initial conditions

Diego Valencia E. (INAOE) Dynamical Stabilities February 20, 2018 12 / 64

Growth of structures. Methodology. Temporal evolution

Diego Valencia E. (INAOE) Dynamical Stabilities February 20, 2018 13 / 64

Growth of structures. Methodology. Analysis: spiral structures

The FT2D is implemented by

number of arms, and p is related

Diego Valencia E. (INAOE) Dynamical Stabilities February 20, 2018 14 / 64

Growth of structures. Methodology. Analysis: Fourier Transform FT1D

Diego Valencia E. (INAOE) Dynamical Stabilities February 20, 2018 15 / 64

Growth of structures. Result. FT1D Maps

Diego Valencia E. (INAOE) Dynamical Stabilities February 20, 2018 16 / 64

Growth of structures. Result. FT1D Maps

Diego Valencia E. (INAOE) Dynamical Stabilities February 20, 2018 16 / 64

Growth of structures. Result. FT1D spectrogrmas

where the curves are

Growth of structures. Result. FT2D

Diego Valencia E. (INAOE) Dynamical Stabilities February 20, 2018 18 / 64

Growth of structures. Results. Local Stability Q ≡ σR κ

Diego Valencia E. (INAOE) Dynamical Stabilities February 20, 2018 19 / 64

Growth of structures. Results. Local Stability Q ≡ σR κ

Diego Valencia E. (INAOE) Dynamical Stabilities February 20, 2018 19 / 64

Growth of structures. Results. Local Stability Q ≡ σR κ

We can nd the relation

Global Stabilities, Measurement of GSP (λd , λcrit ), and m

using the fact that Jd = jd Jh

Global Stabilities, Results of GSP (λd , λcrit ), and m

Global Stabilities, Results of GSP (λd , λcrit ), and m

We show =⇒ 0.7 ≤ m ≤ 1.0 unstable to bar formation

Global Stabilities, Results of GSP (λd , λcrit ), and m

We show =⇒ 0.7 ≤ m ≤ 1.0 unstable to bar formation

Global Stabilities, Results of GSP (λd , λcrit ), and m

We show =⇒ 0.7 ≤ m ≤ 1.0 unstable to bar formation