Parallel Operation of Alternators OS @ ©) ° Load Tu Generator | Running Machine | Generator? —PIncoming Machine |Condition for Parallel Operation of Alternator 1. w The phase sequence of the incoming machine voltage and the bus bar voltage should be identical. . The RMS line voltage (terminal voltage) of the bus bar or already running machine and the incoming machine should be the same. . The phase angle of the two systems should be equal. . The frequency of the two terminal voltages (incoming machine and the bus bar) should be nearly the same. Large power transients will occur when frequencies are not nearly equal.General Procedure for Paralleling Alternators The figure below shows an alternator (generator 2) being paralleled with a running power system (generator 1). These two machines are about to synchronize for supplying power to a load. Generator 2 is about to parallel with the help of a switch, $1. This switch should never be closed without satisfying the above conditions. 1. To make the terminal voltages equal. This can be done by adjusting the terminal voltage of incoming machine by changing the field current and make it equal to the line voltage of running system using voltmeters. 2. There are two methods to check the phase sequence of the machines. They are as follows a. First one is using a Synchroscope. is used to meast is not actually check the phase sequence but itGeneral Procedure for Paralleling Alternators b. Second methodis three lamp u method (Figure 2). Here we can see three light bulbs are connected to the terminals of the switch, S1. Bulbs become bright ifthe phase difference is largé- Bulbs become iff ifthe pl renceis The bulbs will show dim and bright all together if phase sequenceis the [ same. The bulbs will get bright in progression if the phase sequence is, ‘opposite. This phase sequence can be made equal by swapping the Figure 2 connections on any two phases on one of the generators. Generator 1}General Procedure for Paralleling Alternators c. |. When the frequencies are nearly LC Q— Next, we have to check and verify the incoming and running system ( Generator 1} L i | oad frequency. It should be nearly the \ / ror same. This can be done by <=" inspecting the frequency of dimming and brightening of lamps. equal, the two voltages (incoming 4 alternator and running system) will { Generator? } alter the phase gradually. These ; changes can be observed and the — SI switch, S1 can be made closed when the phase angles are equal. (© —» LampAdvantages of Parallel Operating Alternators 1. When there is maintenance or an inspection, one machine can be taken out from service and the other alternators can keep up for the continuity of supply. 2. Load supply can be increased. During light loads, more than one alternator can be shut down while the other will operate in nearly full load. High efficiency. . The operating cost is reduced. Ensures the protection of supply and enables cost-effective generation. The generation cost is reduced. Breaking down of a generator does not ca Reliability of the whole power system ingf¢ = pterruption in the supply. PEN OSCharacteristic-Triangle of an Alternator fue Af f= GD, governor's drop New frequency line Where: _ fivi.-no load frequency Pa - power rating of alternator fir full load frequency py - full load power - GSR — governor speed or frequency regulation Af — change of frequency due to change in bus loadCase1: With External Characteristics Given (kW rating, speed regulations, bus load, etc.) ---- New frequency line due to decrease in bus load = New frequency line due to increase in bus load Prva Pony, Af _GSRy * fry OP, Puy Af _GSRa * frta ar PigCasel: With External Characteristics Given (kW rating, speed regulations, bus load, etc.) Before bus load changes Xe aes) A Af = bf he = Dfo tafe < ioe oF After bus load changes ppb tp Paew = Py AB, AP = AP, + AP, eg ee Pow = Po 0% fuow =f EO Where: +?-ifthee ican increase ln but load Frew-Pew frequeneyaer the changeln but loed “AP —fthere ia decrease in bus oad ++8f-—ifthee isan decrenein bus oad F ~ frequency prior to changein bus load ~ Atif there isan increase in busload14. An industry has two 3 phase, 60hz AC generators operating in parallel. The first unit has a capacity of 1000kW and the second unit has a capacity of 1500W. The first is driven by a prime mover so adjusted that the frequency fall from 61Hz at no load to 59.6Hz at full load. The second has a different speed load characteristics, the frequency fall from 61.4Hz at no load to 59.2Hz |_load. When these alternators are jointly delivering 2000kW, What is the load of each ae = Ole f= [evkw a Tia = Stole Pb = |Seokw 7%i. FA HO > egr® bee (sont a sud) = eee - gave oe F (sar-st2) = geen Pa= IDEN \ ga foe pone 2 ue eset gD fone reo os “ie ae Bear Bp = BP = BW - 2000 mB (F Ad) +2 ( gata) 60 Rome fest raeot Oe ot be oto = BENE nO As 2 008 Hi Oe pat Ne Rn Ra . - Ds _ aunts : ie bfe BP) = 50 Re oe oe oe fn ryan HE ee Rae siete, Bide oy) ts Sie ane i ne Ade = wte> Sal (a)? aFor Alternator a: AN «50 APo= 003 * Ne For Alternator b: AN *50 Po 0a «Ne For additional load of SOkW: AP = AP,+AP, Af _ GSR + fix AN * Pr, nv Pa ~ GSR * Net 59 — —ON#50_, ANss0 AN GSR + Np 0.03 +Npy 0.04 *Npy OP Pr,Case2: With Load Sharing Conditions Given (load carried by each alternator, operating power factor of each alternator, current delivered, etc.) Pr = Py + Py TpLt Op =1,24 0, +1,2 +O, Cray SpLt Or = SgZ+ 0g +S, 2+ Oy Where: —P-real power in watts erro 5 apparentpowerin volt-ampere pws +0 for leading pf 0 — for lagging pf16. Two alternators are connected in parallel. The total load is 4250kW at 0.85pf lagging. Alternator A operates with a load of 2125kW at 0.707 pf lagging. Determine the kVA lad of va alternator B. 6% 6 oy ae 0-4 2 By = AS ¥ Ss St = aA Ho " at17. Two Y-connected alternators A and B running in parallel supply the following loads at 3.3 kV: Load 1: 800kW at unity pf Load 2: 600kW at 0.8 pf lagging Load 3: 400kW at 0.707 pf lagging If alternator A is adjusted to carry an armature current of 150A at 0.85pf lagging, what is the armature current of alternator B? Xx i 9 ool b= dest! Ls GVe Ly = 248.14 |-15.28 _ Sp Jc (098) Ite = [94.91 |-22.40° %18. Two AC generator running in parallel supply the following loads: 400kW at unity pf; SOOkW at 0.9 pf lagging; 600kW at 0.866 pf lagging. One machine is loaded to 1000kW at 0.92 pf lagging, what is the operating power factor of the second machine?