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A Review On Application of Waste Tire in Concrete: M. A. Yazdi, J. Yang, L. Yihui, H. Su
A Review On Application of Waste Tire in Concrete: M. A. Yazdi, J. Yang, L. Yihui, H. Su
Keywords—Waste rubber aggregates, Microstructure, Treatment cement paste pre-coating of rubber particles. Rostami et al.
methods, Size and content effects.
[18] simply washed rubber chips with water before applying
them to the cement concrete. Tantala et al. [19] applied acidic
I. INTRODUCTION
and plasma etching to enhance the surface area of the rubber
International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 9(12) 2015 1656 ISNI:0000000091950263
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Vol:9, No:12, 2015
produced by cryogenic grinding at a temperature below the One of the reasons why rubber particles decrease the
glass transition temperature, and replaced fine aggregates. mechanical properties of PRC was proposed by [37]. They
Ground tire rubber aggregates, which are passed through sieve claim that rubber particles easily rise to the surface of
No. 40 (0.425 mm), and also short fibre rubber aggregates, concrete, which lead tithe internal stress concentration due to
typically between 8.5 and 21.5 mm in length with an average their uneven distribution. Arisen weak interfaces and defects,
of 12.5 mm. Tire chips and fibers can be produced by and extend Arisen weak interfaces and defects, and extended
shredding. internal cracks in concrete were mentioned as another side
effect of rubber particles, see Fig. 2.
III. MICROSTRUCTURE BEHAVIOUR OF RUBBERIZED
CONCRETE
The microstructure of the concrete matrix is one of the
crucial factors in controlling the development of strength
characteristics [35].
Increasing energy absorption is one of the benefits of using
waste rubbers in concrete. Tire rubber particle pullout and
internal tire rubber microcracking are two toughening
mechanisms for energy consumption in the rubber-concrete
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International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Vol:9, No:12, 2015
IV. EFFECT OF RUBBER SIZE AND CONTENT ON PROPERTIES the greater toughness and lower strength will be. A concrete
OF RUBBERIZED CONCRETE with high rubber content is mainly utilized in roads and
The shape and texture of the rubber particles, the quantity bridges at present [11], [17]. Test results obtained by [36] also
of steel and textile fibre reinforcement present, and the content indicated that the increase in rubber content reduced the
of rubber particles can affect the properties of the PRC [28], strength and modulus values largely.
[40], [41].
One approach is to minimize the strength loss in rubberized V. TREATMENT METHODS
concretes is reducing the size of rubber particles. The Previous studies indicated that the replacement ratio of
reduction of rubber size to about 20 μm comparable to cement rubbers should not exceed 30% of the total aggregate volume,
particles effectively reduces the strength loss of rubberized in order to maintain the strength and stiffness of the
concretes. However, producing very fine rubber powder is rubberized concrete. In fact, one of the most common
more expensive than rubber chips [4].Yang et al. [42] reported deficiencies of the use of waste tires in cement-based materials
the increased manufacturing cost of producing rubber particles is the significant reduction of strength. In this case, research
finer than 1.5 mm. This is in agreement with [43]. Therefore, studies have been conducted on the physical properties of
it should be considered along with the benefits that rubber concrete to determine concrete degradation with the inclusion
powders offer. of rubber particles [22]. Summarizing the literatures shows
The use of coarse rubber particles exhibited more negative that the reduction of mechanical properties of concrete with
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effects on the properties of mixtures compared to fine particles rubber addition can be attributed to two factors: 1) the reduced
[18], [44]-[46]. adhesion between the interface of cement and rubber grains,
Huang et al. [43] reported that the rubber chip size has an which is resulted from the hydrophobic nature of untreated
important effect on the strength of rubberized concrete. With rubber, and 2) the presence of rubber particles disturbs water
the same amount of rubber chips used, reducing rubber chip flow in the rubberized concrete, which is due to the variation
size significantly increases the strength of rubberized concrete. of intermolecular interaction forces. This phenomenon leads to
In fact, reducing the rubber chip size significantly decreases insufficient and imperfect hydration in some parts of concrete.
the stress and strain concentrations. The previous experimental As a result, the strength of rubberized concrete is decreased
studies by other researchers also support this statement. [51]. In fact, modulus (stiffness) of rubber is low and also it is
Crumb rubbers-filled concrete has a larger strength than softer than mortar and aggregates, leading to its particles act
rubber chip-filled concrete [44], [45]. like ‘‘holes’’ inside the concrete. Theses ‘‘holes’’ create stress
Lijuan et al. [37] investigated the influence of rubber concentrations during loading conditions and thus decrease the
content and particle size on the mechanical properties of strength of the overall concrete samples [43]. Turatsinze and
concrete. They revealed that higher rubber content and smaller Garros reported substantial reduction in the compressive
particle size decreased the compressive strength and elastic strength and modulus of elasticity of concrete containing scrap
modulus of rubber concrete, while the ultimate strain of PRC tire rubber when used as natural aggregate replacement
increased as rubber content increased and particle size material [52]. Similar reductions in the compressive strength,
dwindled. Moreover, the width, length, and number of cracks splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of concrete
reduced with increased rubber content and decreased particle mixtures containing crumb rubber were also reported by [3].
size. This result, the reduction of compressive strength and In order to solve the above-mentioned problems,
modulus of elasticity when the rubber content increased, is in researchers have proposed the pre-treatment of tire rubber
agreement with [13], [32], [47]. aggregates to improve the aggregate/cement paste adhesion
This finding has also been confirmed by a separate study, [11], [15], [22], [53], [54]. They tried to modify the surface
rubber with large particle sizes (diameter of 2–16 mm) properties of the rubber particles to enhance its adhesion to C–
significantly decreased the mechanical properties of concrete S–H. Chou et al. [51] tried to develop the bonding between
[15], whereas the brittleness of concrete improved with the rubber particles and cement hydration products (C–S–H) by
addition of smaller rubber particles [48]. The experimental modifying the surface properties of rubbers. To this end, the
results achieved by [49] demonstrated that the rubber particle crumb tires were treated with waste organic sulfur compounds
size affects the workability and water permeability of concrete from a petroleum refining factory. Experimental results
to a greater extent than the fresh density and strength. revealed that the compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths
Even the type of rubber can influence the quality of of concrete samples containing treated rubber particles
treatment methods. In [11], it was found that NaOH surface increased significantly.
treatment is not suitable for larger sized tire chips and is more Two important factors influenced the mechanical strength
effective on powdered rubber. They also reported the better of rubberized concrete treated with organic compounds. On
performance of truck tires compared to car tires. one hand, organic sulfur compounds with amphiphilic
In terms of the optimum content of rubber particles, several properties can enhance the intermolecular interaction forces
researchers have recommended the maximum rubber content between rubber and C–S–H, and on the other hand, they
should not exceed between 20-30% [50] total aggregate improve the hydrophilic properties of the rubber [43], [46].
volume in order to mitigate the loss of significant reductions Segre and Joekes [15] utilized sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as
in mechanical properties. In fact, the higher rubber content, a treatment for rubber tire particles (35 mesh maximum size).
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The rubber particles were submerged in NaOH solution for 20 modifying the chemical and physically the particles’ surface
min at room temperature before incorporating them into (Fig. 3), but silane developed chemical matrix-reinforcement
cement. According to the results, the abrasion resistance, interactions.
water absorption, flexural strength, and fracture energy all Figs. 3 (a) and (b) show a microphotograph of the untreated
improved, except compressive strength that is usually and treated composite materials with H2SO4. Untreated
observed. Other researchers used carboxylic acids to improve particles show a smooth surface, which is not suitable for
the adhesive properties of SBR admixtures, which strengthens mechanical adhesion. As Fig. 3 (a) shows, the surface of the
the bonding characteristics between hardened cement paste reinforcement appears completely flat and free of any
and the surface of rubber aggregates by ‘bridging the gaps’ adherences of matrix segments. That indicates a poor
[50]. adhesion, because the fracture was appeared through the
interface.
Colom et al. treated reused tires using various chemical
acids, such as H2SO4, HNO3 and HClO4, as reinforcement
material in HDPE-reused tire composites. Results revealed
that, the treatment with H2SO4 was the most effective
approach, while HClO4 did not affect material’s properties [9].
Aziz and Salwa revealed that CH3COOH gave a better
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International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Vol:9, No:12, 2015
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