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Practical Research 2 - G12
Practical Research 2 - G12
SELF-LEARNING MODULE
GRADE 12
GR 12
Practical Research 2
Module 1 – Quarter 1
Module Development Team
1-3 I
Nature of Inquiry and Research
Lesson
It is in nature that humans are always asking questions and testing theories about
themselves, about other people and even about what is going on around them. Indeed,
humans are good researchers. In this lesson, you will learn about the nature of inquiry
and research.
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to describe the characteristics,
strengths, weaknesses and kinds of quantitative research, illustrate the importance of
quantitative research across fields and differentiate the nature of variables. Moreover, it
is expected that you shall decide on suitable quantitative research in different areas of
your interest.
To begin with, do the following activity.
Learning Task 1: Let’s Recall
Directions: Using the presented mnemonic, list down the basic steps in Scientific
Method.
Guide Question:
1. How is scientific method related to research?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Let us continue your learning journey. I am confident enough that you can answer
the next task.
Learning Task 2: The Picture Says…
Directions: Analyze the picture. Afterwards, answer the given guide questions.
Guide Questions:
1. Based on the picture, what is research?
2. Why is research important?
D
Now, that you are done with the above tasks, you may do the next one. All you
have to do is to read the given text below and accomplish the following task.
According to Creswell (2013), research is a systematic and objective creation
of knowledge. It is an investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and
interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts,
or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.
Learning Task 3: D e s c r i b e Me !
Directions: If you are to describe research by a
single word, what words would best describe it?
Provide at least six (6) answers and write those in
the given graphic organizer.
RESEARCH
Guide Questions:
1. Based on your answer, which word may
describe a good research? Why?
2. What are the characteristics of a research?
Great! Let us now have some detailed information and descriptions about
quantitative research.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
The quantitative research suggests that the data can be analyzed in terms of
numbers. An example is a study comparing the performance of Grade 12 students from
two different schools in English when ICT is integrated in teaching. This can be
approached by getting the average performance of both schools before and after
integrating ICT. Then the average can be compared and analyzed to see the differences
or effectiveness. In this case, numbers are used as data for analysis.
Aided with your understanding on the above text, you may confidently do the
following learning task.
DIRECTIONS: Give your own example of a research topic/title that can be considered as
quantitative research. Provide an explanation as to why and how you can use quantitative
approach. Write your explanation on your notebook.
This rubric serves as your guide in doing the activity and at the same time, basis of your score.
Performance Score
4 3 2 1
Areas
The ideas are
The complete idea The idea lacks No supporting
Content vague, lack of
is clearly stated supporting points. points.
focus.
The answers
The answers are The answers are
Relevance/ have a little No relevance
aligned to what is somewhat
Appropriateness relevance to what at all.
needed. misleading.
is asked for.
Written answers Written
Written answers
have several answers have
Written answers are relatively free of
errors in word serious errors
have no errors in errors in word
selection and in word
Mechanics and word selection and selection and use,
use, sentence selection and
Grammar use, sentence sentence structure,
structure, spelling use, sentence
structure, spelling spelling and
and structure,
and capitalization. capitalization.
capitalization. spelling and
(1-2 errors)
(3-4 errors) capitalization.
7. Future Outcomes. By using complex mathematical calculations and with the aid
of computers, if-then scenarios may be formulated thus predicting future results.
Quantitative research puts emphasis on proof, rather than discovery.
Directions: Listed in the table are some of the characteristics of a quantitative research.
Explain or justify why a quantitative research has such characteristic.
Characteristics Why?
Numerical Data
Replication
Future Outcomes
After having those facts about quantitative research, you are now able to criticize
research texts as to their characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses. As an additional
activity, please do this.
ABSTRACT
The primary goal of this study was to assess the life values of orphaned teens from the
two responding foster homes. It sought to describe the life values of the orphaned teens. It
also identified the order of importance of life 14 variables measured by Life Values
Inventory such as Achievement, Belonging, Concern for the environment, Concern for
others, Creativity, Financial, Prosperity, Health and Activity, Humility, Independence,
Interdependence, Privacy, Responsibility, and Spirituality. More so, it tested the significant
relationship of the profiling variables on the life values of the respondents. All the results
generated were used as the basis for the development of a Life Coaching Program which
will help improve and strengthen the life values of the orphaned teens.
This quantitative, not-experimental study was used as the research design to gather
the data to identify and assess the present level of life values of the orphaned teens and
its relationship to the profile. The researcher used 50 participants from BahayParola Home
for Boys in Bacoor Cavite and Boys Town in Marikina. The Life Values Inventory which is
a standardized instrument authored by Dr. R. Crace Kelly and Dr. Duanne Brown was used
as the main tool in data gathering.
The data gathered were statistically treated using frequency, percentage, weighted
mean, average mean, and the Pearson’s r. The study tested the null hypothesis that there
is no significant relationship between profile of the respondents and their life values.
Results divulged that most of the respondents were males, under 13 – 15 years old,
and staying in the homecare institutions for 4- 6 years. In addition, the findings revealed
that that among the 14 variables, the respondents have high regard for health and activity,
achievement, spiritual, concern for environment, and responsibility. On the other hand, their
bottoms 5 in the order were value for financial prosperity, creativity, belongingness,
independence, and concern for others. Lastly, the test for relationships confirmed that the
age, sex, and length stay profile of the orphaned teen– respondents have no significant
correlations to their life values.
With the results indicated, the researcher proposed a coaching program which will support
and enhance the noble purpose of the social workers and foster homes in helping the
orphaned teens in their journey/ walk in life. The proposed five programs which are deemed
significant in the improvement of the life values of the orphaned teens includes Project
UsapTayo, Mission Makipamuhay, Creative Education Week, Project MHMR (My House
My Rules), and Financial Literacy Education.
Guide Questions:
1. What is your basis in determining the type of quantitative research in each
example?
2. Based on the table, research can be used across other fields. Why does research
being utilized in other areas?
Kinds of Variables
1. Independent Variables
These are the variables that probably cause, influence, or affect outcomes. They
are invariably called treatment, manipulated, antecedent or predictor variables. This is the
cause variable or the one responsible for the conditions that act on something else to
bring about changes.
Example:
A study is on the relationship of tardiness and academic performance of
senior high school HUMMS students. TARDINESS is the independent variable
because it influenced the outcome or the performance of the students.
2. Dependent Variables
These variables depend on the independent variables; they are the outcomes or
results of the influence of the independent variable. That is why it is also called outcome
variable.
Example:
A study is on the relationship of tardiness and academic performance of
senior high school HUMMS students. ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE is the
dependent variable because it is depending on the extent of being tardy of the
students; if the extent of tardiness change the academic performance also change.
Great! You are now ready to do the following task.
Learning Task 9: Put them in Places!
Directions: Classify the variables listed inside the box as to the correct type of variables
column.
NUMERIC CATEGORICAL
Directions: Read the sample quantitative study. Write a reflection paper about the
importance of research in our daily life.
Abstract
The study mainly focused on determining the effect of Whole-Brain Teaching in the
performance of the students in Science 8. Quasi - experimental, particularly the
non - equivalent dependent variable was utilized as the research design. The scores during
pre - and post - tests served as the primary source of data from the 40 Grade 8 students.
Purposive sampling was utilized.
The scope and focus of the study were limited to the 40 Grade 8 students of Calamba
Bayside Integrated School who are enrolled in school year 2018 - 2019. The use of Whole-
Brain Teaching was intended to determine its effects in teaching and learning Science 8.
The study revealed that there is a significant difference on the results of the pre - test
and post - test of the Grade 8 students in Science since the Mean Percentage Score
increased from 42.3% to 54.22%.
It is recommended that Whole-Brain Teaching be used by teachers of other subject
since it can improve students’ academic performance.
Guide Questions:
Weaknesses Solution
It is costly.
COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
EDUCATION
SPORTS
A
Learning Task 14: Be a CDR (Create, Decide, Design) King!
Directions: Think and write 3 researchable topics of your interest. Determine what are
the variables that will be involved and decide on type of quantitative research design you
wish to use.
Topic 1:
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Variables:
Topic 2:
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Variables:
Topic 3:
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Variables:
a. Quantitative research makes you focus your mind on specific things by means
of statistics.
b. You tend to inflate something in a quantitative research because of your
perceptions.
c. Quantitative research uses numbers and figures to denote a particular thing.
d. Doing a quantitative research tend to exclude your own thoughts and feelings
about the subject or object of the study.
a. Qualitative research
b. Quantitative research
c. Ethnographic study
d. Phenomenological study
5. The MPNAG SHS introduce a new enrollment system and wishes to study the
efficiency of its implementation as compared to the previous enrollment system
which is being practiced in other schools. In this study, it is not feasible to conduct
randomization. What type of research design is used?
a. Experimental
b. Causal-comparative
c. Quasi-experimental
d. Correlational
6. Mr. Floro conducts a study that will further get to know the level of bullying cases
between the male and female SHS students in MPNAG. What’s the type of
research design to be used in his study?
a. Descriptive
b. Correlational
c. Causal-Comparative
d. Experimental
7. Mr. Belaro wanted to conduct a research that will delve into knowing the effects of
post-traumatic stress disorder towards the academic performance of teenagers
during the first grading academic year 2018-2019. The type of research design
most suited towards his study would be;
a. Experimental c. Quasi-experimental
b. Causal-comparative d. Correlational
8. Mrs. Gecolea randomly grouped the SHS STEM students into two groups and
tested the effects of the Science Intervention Materials (SIM) towards their
academic performances. Her study uses this type of research design
a. Descriptive c. Causal-Comparative
b. Correlational d. Experimental
9. What do we call the variables that represent categories that cannot be ordered in
any way?
a. Nominal c. Ratio
b. Ordinal d. Interval
10. What do we call the variables that represent categories that can be ordered from
greatest to smallest?
a. Interval c. Ordinal
b. Nominal d. Ratio
WEEK
4 I
Identifying the Inquiry and Stating the Problem (Part 1)
Lesson
This lesson focuses on the range of research topics in the area of inquiry, the value
of research in the area of interest; and the specificity and feasibility of the problem posed.
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to write a research title and describe
the background of research. You are also expected to design a research project used in
daily life.
Let’s get started. Do the following task as your preliminary activity.
Seems like you really love exploring practical research. Continue your journey by doing
the following task.
Learning Task 2: What do you know?
Directions: Differentiate the following terms: topic, research problem, purpose
statement, and research question.
RESEARCH
PROBLEM
PURPOSE
STATEMENT
TOPIC
RESEARCH
QUESTION
D
Research is not just a valuable tool in building a crucial knowledge, but it is also
the most reliable way to understand the complexities of various issues in our everyday
living. Designing a research project is just like making a blueprint of our dream houses. It
always starts with the essential questions that will be resulted to a better plan.
The ability to develop a good research topic is an important skill. An instructor may
assign you a specific topic, but most often instructors require you to select your own topic
of interest. When deciding on a topic, there are a few things that you will need to do:
brainstorm for ideas
choose a topic that will enable you to read and understand the literature
ensure that the topic is manageable, and that material is available
make a list of key words
be flexible
define your topic as a focused research question
research and read more about your topic
formulate a thesis statement
Be aware that selecting a good topic may not be easy. It must be narrow and
focused enough to be interesting, yet broad enough to find adequate information. Before
selecting your topic, make sure you know what your final project should look like. Each
class or instructor will likely require a different format or style of research project.
Learning Task 3: Think and Check!
Directions: Check the column that speaks of the quality of the given quantitative
research problem. Accomplish the last column, too.
Comments,
Quantitative Non-
Researchable reasons,
Research Problem researchable
reactions
1. What are the viewers thoughts and
feelings about the ending of the
movie?
2. What percentage of the movie
viewers find the ending tragic?
3. How many find the movie unrealistic?
Drafting a research title is a key task in research as this will capture the essence of
what you wish to do in your inquiry. A research title must:
1. list key variables
2. be written in scientific or technical style
3. be concise (no more than 12 words) and non-repetitive
4. reflect on context (circumstances or situations)
5. not explicitly provide reference to the research design
Learning Task 4: TOT - PAD! (Think of a Title by Planning a Design)
Directions: From your answers in Learning Task 3, choose one topic/issue you want to
study. Identify the following concepts being asked on the graphic organizer below to
come up with a Research Title.
_________________________________________
Title: SHS Students’ Social Media Usage and Their Attention Span in Class
Over the past decade, social media has drastically increased its breadth in terms
of the number of people who use it significantly. In fact, Facebook alone, as of January
2017 has reached a record high of approximately 1,850,000,000 active users as compared
to 400 million in 2012 (Smith, 2017). This exponential increase in social media activity has
fueled the interest of various researchers on the effect of social media usage. Social media
are forms of electronic communication devices through which users create online
communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, and other content (Merriam-
Webster, 2017).
Microsoft found that since the year 2000 the average attention span dropped from
12 seconds to eight seconds. That is less than the nine-second attention span of the
average goldfish.
In the Philippines, there is still a limited number of literatures that directly links the
use of social media to attention span, especially those that investigate the Senior High
School (SHS) students and their ability to maintain concentration. Furthermore, the
international researches conducted on this topic does not provide evidence that the results
transcend through different cultural backgrounds and age groups. It is in this light that the
purpose of this study to determine whether social media usage possess any significant
relationship with the attention span of Grade 12 students of De La Salle Araneta University.
Source: VON CHRISTOPHER G. CHUA training lecture notes (allowed to use for reference)
Guide Questions:
1. What do you notice about the opening paragraph of the Background of the
Study?
2. What should be considered in writing the Background of the Study.
Tips in Writing Background of the Study:
In writing this section,
Introduce and briefly define the variables under study
cite the most important study or related literature
be consistent with terms used
ensure that paragraphs summarize unresolved issues, conflicting findings, social
concerns, or educational, national, or international issues.
write the last paragraph to highlight the research gap
E
Learning Task 6: It’s Your Time to Write!
2. How will you determine whether a research topic you have chosen is possible to be
conducted as research?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. What is the purpose of background of the study in research?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
A
Learning Task 7: Make a Plan
Directions: Suppose you are tasked to plan for a quantitative research study about
COVID-19, write a research plan for the said task. The plan should include the following:
1. Research Title
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
WEEKS
I
Identifying the Inquiry and Stating the Problem (Part 2)
Lesson 5-6
This lesson focuses too on the range of research topics in the area of inquiry, the
value of research in the area of interest; and the specificity and feasibility of the problem
posed.
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to formulate clearly statement of
research problem, state research question and determine and indicate scope and
delimitation of study.
Learning Task 1: Let’s Recall!
Directions: Based on the previous lesson, answer the following question. (Note: Do not
try to read the previous lesson and copy what was written there. Answer the question
based on what you have learned.
Directions: On the provided space, write your definition of the given two words.
Afterwards, answer the guide question.
PROBLEM QUESTION
Guide Questions:
Statement of the problem is a statement which “establishes the intent of the entire
research study” (Creswell, 2014, p.123). Creswell emphasized that this statement has to
be “clear, specific and informative.” It somehow captures a summary of what your
research intends to do.
On the other hand, research questions are the fundamental core of a research
project, study, or review of literature. It focuses the study, determines the methodology
and guides all stages of inquiry, analysis, and reporting. The life of any research endeavor
is always the research question. It is said to be the life of the entire research projects.
Research questions are the inquiries that focus a research project.
In quantitative research, research question must be very specific. There are two
levels of questions in quantitative research: (1) descriptive question and (2) inferential
question.
Descriptive question
Sample Statement of the Problem and Research Questions
Statement of the Problem
This study generally aims to determine if SHS students’ use of social media possess
significant relationship with their attention span in class.
Specifically, this study shall seek answers to the following questions:
1. What is the level of social media usage of Grade 12 students of De La Salle Araneta
University (DLSAU) in terms of:
a. forms of social media?
b. frequency of social media use?
c. mode of social media use?
2. What is the attention span in class of Grade 12 students of DLSAU?
3. Is there a significant relationship between the frequency of social media use and the
attention span of Grade 12 students of DLSAU?
Inferential question
Learning Task 3: Quick Check
Directions: Read and examine the above sample of statement of the problem and
research questions. Answer the guide questions.
Guide Questions:
1. What is the difference between descriptive and inferential questions?
2. How are these questions help the researcher in attaining it goal in the conduct of
research?
TITLE:
Research Questions:
Research is usually limited in scope by sample size, time and geographic area.
While the delimitation of study is the description of the scope of study. It will explain why
definite aspects of a subject were chosen and why others were excluded. There is a
need to clarify the parameters of your research in order to make your research more
feasible.
Scope and delimitation present the coverage of the research in terms of location,
time, respondents, etc., and the potential weaknesses or problems with the study
identified by the researcher.
Aside from the mentioned aspects, you may use key phrases in writing the scope
and delimitation of your study such as:
a) “The coverage of this study…”
b) “The researcher limited this study to…”
c) “The study covers the…”
d) “The study does not cover the…”
e) “This study is focus on…”
f) “This study is limited to…”
Learning Task 5: Don’t be SAD, Just Give Me the SAD (Scope and Delimitation)
Directions: Examine the sample Scope and Delimitation of the Study. Determine the
parameters of the presented sample research.
A
Learning Task 7: My Research Plan
Directions: Construct a research plan using the given format. (Use arial, font size 11,
double space).
Parameters Evidence
Research Participants
Research Site
Methodological Limitations
Problem/Issue:
Title of the Study:
Rationale: (write a short overview of what is your research study all about)
Research Problem: (written in question form)
Importance of the Research Study: (state the most significant effect of the study)
Limitation of the Study: (state the parameters of your study)
Procedure: (state how will you do it and what are the materials needed)
Learning Task 8: Formative Test
Directions: Use the provided sample to answer the questions.
2. Which of the following Research title below best describe the text above?
a. Technological Institute of the Philippines
b. The lifestyle of Metrosexual
c. The lifestyle of a student
d. Perception towards Metrosexual
3. Which of the following statement of the problem appropriate to the above text?
a. What is the lifestyle of the students in Technological Institute of the Philippines?
b. How being a metrosexual affects the lifestyle of the student?
c. What is the relation of metro-sexuality to the personal information of the
University?
d. What is the importance of metrosexual in the second semester school year
2015-2016?
5. This part of research includes the area of concern, context of the problem and
information would focus attention on the importance and validity of the problem
(Rationale).
a. Background of the study
b. Scope and delimitation
c. Significance of the study
d. Statement of the Problem
WEEKS
I
Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature
Lesson 7-8
This lesson focuses on the purpose and need of literature review, its process,
and the criteria in selecting and synthesizing literature sources. Also, this will illustrate
and explain the conceptual framework
At the end of this lesson, the learners are expected to select, synthesize and write
properly related literature.
Directions: Write an interesting topic you would like to explore. Enumerate three ways
on how you will look for the information and data needed about your chosen topic of
interest.
Topic of Interest:
D
Conceptual Framework
A conceptual framework is a system of concepts, assumptions, expectations,
beliefs, and theories that supports and informs research. The conceptual framework of
this study is rooted in the following representation of knowledge:
It is a diagram that connects variables of the study with lines (correlations)
or arrows (cause-effect relationships)
SHS Students’ Social Media Usage and Their Attention Span in Class
Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 below illustrates the conceptual framework of the research. The
paradigm presents the variables that will be considered in the research.
IV DV
SHS students’ Social
Media Usage
SHS students’
Attention Span
1. Forms of Social
Media in the Class
2. Frequency of Social
Media Use
Learning Task 4: Read the sample abstract of a completed quantitative research. Identify
the variables of the study and construct a conceptual framework.
Research Hypothesis
Directions: Write the possible hypothesis for the following Research Questions:
1. Is there a significant relationship between the CBIS Grade 11 students’ final grade in
General Mathematics and their level of stress tolerance?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. Is there a significant difference between the male students’ preferred teachers’ traits
and that of female students?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. Is there a significant difference between the level of selling power of Cream Silk prior
to change in packaging and with the new packaging?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Definition of Terms
Another topic related to reviewing the literature is the identification and definition
of terms that readers will need in order to understand a proposed research project. A
definition of terms section may be found separate from the literature review, included as
part of the literature review, or placed in different sections of a proposal.
In quantitative studies—operating more within the deductive model of fixed and set
research objectives—include extensive definitions early in the research proposal.
Investigators place them in separate sections and precisely define them. The researchers
try to comprehensively define all relevant terms at the beginning of studies and to use
accepted definitions found in the literature.
Learning Task 6: Quick Check!
Directions: Answer the following questions:
1. How do the researcher define the terms used in their research?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. How are we going to choose the terms to be defined in our study?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
A literature review may consist simply of a summary of key sources. It usually has
an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis, often within
conceptual categories.
Title:
Sources Relevance
Related Literature (Is it from books, (How it is related to your
journals, etc…) research?)
Guide Questions:
E
Learning Task 5: I can Do that!
Directions: Go to an online library or go online to search for at least five related literature
related to your chosen topic. It may be from journals; articles; books, magazines; thesis
or conference proceedings. Use the format below.
My Research Title:______________________________________________________
Source of Related Literature
___ article ____ magazine ___ book
___ journal ____ thesis ____ conference proceedings
Author/s:______________________________________________________________
Title: ___________________________________________________
Publication Company___________________________________________________
Date Published: _________________ Volume & Series: ________ Page No: ______
Website Link / URL: ____________________________________________________
What does this article/book examine? (Brief Summary)
____________________________________________________________________________
How does the author study the issue/ topic concerned?
____________________________________________________________________________
What are the findings or results?
____________________________________________________________________________
What is review of related literature? Why is it needed? What are the purposes for
conducting related literature?
Fraenkel, Jack R., and Norman E. Wallen (2003). How to Design and Evaluate Research
in Education. 5th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill Education
Online Resources/Websites:
Chua, Von Christopher G. Practical Research 2 Training Materials. Retrieved from
https://mathbychua.weebly.com/ (08-11-2020)