11-05-2021
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE
Construction stage RSA: Case study
presentation(including Night time RSA)
By:
Dr. M. Parida
Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
(m.parida@ce.iitr.ac.in)
Indian Construction Sites–A Harsh Reality
Absence of barricading and signs
No physical barrier between moving
traffic and work zone and the workers
Work Zone Traffic Management Plans
Effective Execution of WTMPs
• The WTMP should be considered at the
planning phase and continue through the
design, construction, and restoration
phases.
• Implementation of WTMPs shall be the
responsibility of the road authority or a
public body having jurisdiction over the
work zone.
• The road authority through its
Concessionaire/Contractor shall have
statutory right for the implementation
and enforcement of needed regulations
and controls, speed zoning, and the
management of traffic.
• Proper training of workers is necessary
for effective implementation.
Insufficient safety devices for workers
Absence of Physical Barrier, No safety
shoes and gloves for workers
3 4
5 6
Introduction
• Road construction and maintenance activities are integral part of road
network development for developing and transitional economies.
• Road work zones are areas of conflict between normal operating traffic,
construction workers, road building machineries and construction traffic.
• These road work zones become the area of concern when it’s an urban
road or a highway is crossing through a populated area with significant
proportion of Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs).
• There can be several factors that may cause mishap around these work
zones, such as:
 Frequent change in environment in these zones that may surprise the
drivers
 Insufficient warning signs for normal and construction traffic
 Lack of audible warning to workers
 Inadequate provisions of safety devices for workers
Work Zone Traffic Management Plans
• There is a need to adopt an efficient and effective plan for management of
traffic in work zones to ensure the safety of all.
• Work Zone Traffic Management Plans (WTMPs) are required to meet the
safety needs of regular traffic as well as works traffic, ensuring minimum
disruption in access to properties and movement of pedestrians.
Purpose of WTMPs
• The primary purpose of the WTMPs is to provide for the reasonably safe
and efficient movement of road users through or around the work zones
while reasonably protecting the workers and equipment.
• To provide for continuity of the movement for motor vehicle, bicycles and
pedestrian traffic, transit operations and access to properties and utilities.
Work Zone Traffic Management Plans
Principles of WTMPs
• Road work-zones vs. other works: it affect a third party- the road users
• Planning and procedures: a traffic control plan must always be prepared
and approved before the work begins.
• Traffic conditions and disturbance: Unless there are special reasons
traffic should be diverted to other roads, or the work carried out under
low traffic conditions.
• Work zone layout: The layout of road works should make it obvious
how to interact with workers and other road users.
• Road workers: Safety clothing should always be worn by all personnel
categories working at road works. These clothes are the workers life
insurance.
• Road users: Correct and actual (up-dated) information to road users
should be given a prominent role.
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Work Zone Traffic Management Plans Temporary Traffic Control Zones

Principles of WTMPs • Temporary Traffic Control Zone

• Contractors: Efforts must be made to create possibilities for the training means the area of a roadway
of contractors at an appropriate level of understanding and cooperation. where traffic conditions are
changed temporarily by the use of
• Signs: As few signs as possible should be used, but as many as
temporary traffic control devices,
necessary. The signing and layout should be flexible, following changes
flaggers, police or other
and different phases of the work.
authorized personnel for
• Evaluation: Systematic evaluation of the effect of safety measures as well facilitating the road works and to
as systematic work zone accident registration using a common format, manage the normal traffic
should be included in the process of planning and executing road works. operations in a safe and efficient
manner.
• A Temporary Traffic Control Zone
starts from the first advance
warning sign or flagger and
extends through the last traffic
control device where traffic
returns to normal conditions.
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Temporary Traffic Control Zones Temporary Traffic Control Zones

Elements of Temporary Traffic Control Zones

Terminal
transition
zone
Advance Distance
Advance
Speed at the start of traffic

Work
Warning Transition Zone Activity Zone Between
Activity Work zone
Control Zones (kmph)

end Zone
Zone Sites in Km warning
zone end zone
Terminal Taper Buffer Space zone
Circular curves (m.)

Approach Taper
Length (AWL) (m.)

successive signs, d
Advance warning

Radius in Case of

length (TTL) (m.)

Work Zone End
Length (WEL)

length (ATL) (m.)

Min. Distance
between two

Work Space

Exceptional

Approach
Desirable
Min. Approach

Buffer (ALB)

Buffer Space
Buffer (ELB)

Min. Lateral
longitudinal

longitudinal
(m.)

(LBS) (m)
Min. exit

For width For Lateral

transition
(m)

(m)

of hazard Shift (S1)

Rate of

Rate of
Taper

Taper

(S1) (m.) (m.)

zone
2 4 2 4

Up to 50 180 40 1:12 24 48 1:10 20 40 30 10 5 0.5 45 2 1

51 to 65 270 55 1:15 30 60 1:12 24 48 90 15 10 0.9 60 5 2
Varie
66 to 80 350 80 1:18 36 72 1:15 30 60 165 30 15 1.2 75 10 5
s
81 to 100 500 100 1:20 40 80 1:18 36 72 250 60 30 1.2 105 10 5
101 to 120 1100 120 1:25 50 100 1:20 40 80 400 100 60 1.5 135 10 5

Source- IRC:SP:55-2014 9 10

Temporary Traffic Control Zones Temporary Traffic Control Zones

Elements of Temporary Traffic Control Zones Elements of Temporary Traffic Control Zones
• The "Advance Warning Zone" is the area to warn the road
user of the approaching hazard and to prepare them for
the change in driving conditions.
• It should provide information on:
The presence of the hazard through the "Men at Work"
sign, accompanied by the distance to the hazard;
Advance Any change affecting traffic arrangements (such as a
warning reduction in the number of lanes and/or in the speed
zone
limit) within the traffic control zone;
Extent of the hazard (for example; the length of
restriction);
The type of hazard etc.
• The advance warning zone is where the reduction in Advance
speed of vehicles should be notified. warning
• The information in this zone is conveyed through a series zone
of traffic signs along the length of the zone.
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Temporary Traffic Control Zones Temporary Traffic Control Zones

Elements of Temporary Traffic Control Zones Elements of Temporary Traffic Control Zones
• The transition zone is that section of highway where
road users are redirected from their normal path, where
the regular traffic is guided to deviate from their normal
path of travel through this zone.
• Lateral shifting of moving vehicle from the normal
Approach
pathway can be achieved by strategic use of tapers or
transition
zone
with circular curves.
• Tapers are created by using a series of channelizing
devices and/or pavement markings to move traffic out of
or into the normal path.

Approach
transition
zone

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Temporary Traffic Control Zones Temporary Traffic Control Zones

Elements of Temporary Traffic Control Zones Elements of Temporary Traffic Control Zones
• The activity zone is the section of the highway where the • Traffic Space
construction activity takes place.  The traffic space is the portion of highway in which
• It comprises the work space, the traffic space, and the road users are routed through the activity zone.
buffer space.  This space should be determined and designed
• Work Space keeping in mind the traffic expected to move
Activity  The work space is that portion of the highway closed Activity through the activity zone.
zone to road users and set aside for workers, equipment, zone • Buffer Space
and material.  The buffer space is a lateral and/or longitudinal
 Work spaces are usually delineated for road users by length/width that separates the normal traffic flow
channelizing devices or to exclude vehicles and from the work space or an unsafe area, and might
pedestrians in the work space by temporary barriers. include some recovery space for an errant vehicle.
 The work space may be stationary or may move as  Neither work activity nor storage of equipment,
work progresses, and therefore, the length of the vehicles, material should occur within buffer space.
work space may vary.  Buffer spaces may be positioned either
longitudinally or laterally with respect to the
direction of traffic flow.
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Temporary Traffic Control Zones Temporary Traffic Control Zones

Elements of Temporary Traffic Control Zones Elements of Temporary Traffic Control Zones
• In the terminal transition zone, the traffic will be
redirected from the deviated path to their normal path
Terminal
through the transition zone.
transition
zone
• It also can be achieved through tapering or through
circular curves.

• The work zone end length shall extend from the end of
terminal taper length to the last traffic control device
Work zone
such as sign showing the end of road work.
end zone
• An end road work sign, a speed limit sign, or other signs
Activity may be used to inform road users that they can resume
zone
normal operations.

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Temporary Traffic Control Zones Traffic Control Devices

Elements of Temporary Traffic Control Zones • Traffic Control devices include

appurtenances such as signs, signals,
flashers, delineators, markings, barriers
and other devices used to regulate, warn,
or guide road users.
• They are normally placed on, over, or
adjacent to a street, highway, pedestrian
facility, or cycle track by the engineer
responsible for managing the traffic
operations efficiently and safely in the
work zones.
• Traffic control devices are broadly
classified into three categories.
Terminal Work
transition zone end
zone zone

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Traffic Control Devices Traffic Control Devices

Road Signs
Road Signs
Road
Signs

Regulatory Warning Information/

Signs Signs Guide Signs
Traffic Control Channelizing
Devices Devices

Normal Work zone Work zone

Normal Work zone Work zone
regulatory regulatory information
warning Signs warning Signs direction Signs
Signs Signs Signs

Lighting
Devices &
Variable
Message
Signs

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Traffic Control Devices Traffic Control Devices

Road Signs - Shape color of signs in WTMP Road Signs – Lateral & Vertical Clearance
Category Color Shape Examples
Normal Regulatory As given in
Circular
(NR) Signs IRC:67-2012
Regulatory/
Mandatory Work Zone
Regulatory Red & White Rectangular
(WR) Signs
Normal Warning As given in
(NW) IRC:67-2012 but in Triangular
Signs yellow background Minimum (mm) Desirable (mm) Maximum (mm)
Warning Sign A 1200 1800 2500
Work Zone Warning Black &
Rectangular B 1000 2000 2500
(WW) Signs Yellow
C 300 600 1000
Work Zone
Information Signs
Black &
Rectangular D 1500 1800 2100
Informatory Yellow
(IS) E 2100 2100 2500
Signs
Work Zone Direction Black & H - - 5000
Rectangular
on Signs (DS) Yellow
G 1800 2000 2100
Source- IRC:SP:55-2014 23 Source- IRC:SP:55-2014 24

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Traffic Control Devices Traffic Control Devices

Road Signs – Regulatory Signs Road Signs – Warning Signs

These signs are used in work zones to instruct road users of traffic laws or
regulations and to indicate the applicability of legal requirements that
would not otherwise be apparent.
Stop sign is used where traffic is required to stop as per temporary
traffic management plan.
Give way sign used to assign right-of-way to the vehicles
controlled by the sign must give way to other traffic having
the right of way due to road works.
No Parking sign is used on the roads to prevent any parking of
vehicles on the main carriageway which will lead to congestion.
Speed limit is used to prescribe the speed limit and warrants
reduction in the speed on approaches.
Pedestrian sign is used where only pedestrians are allowed and the
traffic is not allowed on this portion of street due to temporary
traffic management.
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• The warning signs in work zone are classified into two categories namely
normal triangular warning signs and work zone specific warning signs.
• The triangular warning sign when used for work zones shall be on
yellow background in order to highlight the hazardous situation in work
zone.
• The work zone warning sign shall be in black arrows/border/text in
yellow background.
Sign to indicate a traffic control in an alternate one way
movement ahead through a portal signal.
Sign to indicate road suddenly narrows due to road
Construction.
Sign to warn that school in work zone area.
Sign is displayed when men or machines are working on
the road or adjacent to it.
Sign to warn speed reduction with rumble strip due to work
zones.
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Traffic Control Devices Traffic Control Devices

Road Signs – Informatory Signs Channelizing Devices

The informatory signs shall be either work zone Information Signs (IS) or
temporary Direction signs (DS), and their color schemes shall be black
texts/arrows/borders in yellow background.
Sign to indicate the footpath for pedestrian to walk.
Sign to warn that footpath has been closed due to roadwork.
Sign is to inform that priority has been given to forward
movement and traffic in opposite direction is expected to yield.
Sign to inform pedestrians to proceed the arrow leading to.
Sign to inform of cycle track and for a facility for cyclist to
avail.
• Channelizing devices facilitate smooth and gradual movement of road
user from one lane to another, onto a bypass or detour, or into a narrower
traveled way.
• They are also used to separate vehicular traffic from the work space,
pavement drop-offs, pedestrian or shared-use paths, or opposing
directions of vehicular traffic.
• These devices shall be detectable to road users and visible to persons
having low vision.
• The retro-reflective material used on channelizing devices shall have a
smooth, sealed outer surface that will display a similar color in day or
night.
• Particular attention should be paid to maintaining the channelizing
devices to keep them clean, visible, and properly positioned at all times.

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Traffic Control Devices Traffic Control Devices

Channelizing Devices – Traffic Cones Channelizing Devices – Tubular

• The traffic cones are ideally proposed for Markers
temporary works and maintenance activities. • These may be used effectively to divide
• The traffic cones are easily portable and can be opposing lanes of road users, or to divide
used at places where they are required to be vehicular traffic lanes when two or more lanes
installed and dismantled quite often. of moving vehicular traffic are kept open in the
• The application of traffic cones on roadways same direction.
for various speeds are described in the table • To delineate the edge of a pavement drop-off
below- where space limitations do not allow the use of
Speed Size
Cones in Cones in larger devices.
Transition Area Straight Portion
• These tubular structures shall be flexible
Upto 65
kmph
500 mm 1.5 m 9m plastic bollards.
66- 100
kmph
750mm 1.5 m 9m • Tubular markers are suitable in urban or in
rural sections where pedestrian and cyclist
> 100 kmph 1000 mm 1.5 m 9m
movements are there due to abutting roadside
A minimum 300 mm clear distance shall be provided from the traffic
edge lane marking to the traffic cones activities.
Source- IRC:SP:55-2014 29 30

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Traffic Control Devices Traffic Control Devices

Channelizing Devices – Hazard Markers Channelizing Devices – Barricades

• The hazard markers shall be alternating
yellow and black retro-reflective stripes,
sloping downward at an angle of 45
degrees in the direction of vehicular traffic.
• All exposed roadside fixed objects, like
tree, culvert/bridge parapet, etc. adjacent to
traffic movement are to be delineated with
hazard markers just in front of them and
also at location of diversion.
Channelizing Devices – Drums
• Drums are lightweight with deformable materials.
• The application of drum delineators is permitted in
work sites where there is adequate space to install
drums with adequate minimum clearance distance.
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• Barricades are intended to provide
containment without significant deflection or
deformation under impact and to redirect
errant vehicles along the barrier.
• Barricades can be portable or permanent.
• They are designed to be easily relocated and
have four specific functions such as to:
– Prevent traffic to enter work area including
excavations or material storage sites;
– Provide protection and perceived safety to
both traffic as well as construction workers;
– Separate two-way traffic; and
– Protect construction, such as form work for
culverts and other exposed objects, so as to
avoid hazard to road users.
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Traffic Control Devices Traffic Control Devices

Channelizing Devices – Barricades Channelizing Devices – Delineators

• Delineators are generally combined with or are
used to supplement other traffic control
devices.
• Delineators may be used in work zones to
indicate the alignment of the roadway and to
outline the required vehicle path through the
work zone.
• Delineators are appropriate at location where
there is no edge drop at all and should serve as
alignment marker so that driver can judge the
carriageway edges while passing through the
work zone.

Direction Indicator Water-filled New Jersey

Barricade Barricade Barricade

33 34

Traffic Control Devices Traffic Control Devices

Channelizing Devices – Pavement Markings and Road Studs Channelizing Devices – Pavement Markings and Road Studs
• Pavement markings shall be maintained along paved streets and
highways in all long- and intermediate-term stationary work zones.
• All pavement markings shall be in accordance with IRC:35.
• Pavement markings shall be placed along the entire length of any
surfaced detour or temporary roadway prior to the detour or roadway
being opened to road users.
• The material used should be hot/cold thermoplastic or ordinary paint. Pavement Marking
The word messages like 'DO NOT PASS', 'PASS WITH CARE' and 'NO
PASSING ZONE' can be written upon the pavement surface.
• The pavement markings shall be reinforced with road studs and the color
of the road studs shall be amber.
• Roads studs shall be used at acute temporary diversions to reinforce the
temporary continuous marking and also where contra-flow situation is
required to be adopted as part of work zone traffic management plan.
Road Studs
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Traffic Control Devices Traffic Control Devices

Lighting Devices Lighting Devices – Flashing Warning Beacons

• Lightning devices are used to supplement • Flashing warning beacons are often used to
channelization. supplement a traffic control device
• The maximum spacing for warning lights
should be identical to the channelizing device
spacing requirements.
Lighting Devices – Flashing Warning Lights
• Four types of lighting devices are commonly
• Flashing warning lights are used to warn road users
used in work zones. They are floodlights,
during both daylight and nighttime hours that they
flashing warning beacons, warning lights, and
are approaching a potentially hazardous area.
steady-burn electric lamps.

Lighting Devices - Floodlights

When construction work is being performed Lighting Devices – Electric Lamps
during nighttime, floodlights should be used to • These are signaling devices positioned at road
illuminate the work area, equipment crossings, intersections, pedestrian crossings and other locations
and other areas as shown in the image. to control conflicting flows of traffic.
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Traffic Control Devices Traffic Control Devices

Portable Variable Message Sign Portable Variable Message Sign

• Portable message signs shall be the devices with the flexibility to display
a variety of messages. Each message shall consist of either one or two
phrases.
• The components of a portable variable message sign should include: a
message sign panel, control systems, a power source, and mounting and
transporting equipment.
• The portable variable message signs should be sited and aligned to
provide maximum legibility.
• The primary purpose of portable variable message signs in work zones is
to advise the road user of unexpected situations.
• Applications:
 Where the speed of vehicular traffic is expected to drop substantially;
 Where significant queuing and delays are expected;
 Where adverse environmental conditions are present;
 Where there are changes in alignment or surface conditions;
 Where advance notice of ramp, lane, or roadway closures is needed;
 Where changes in the road user pattern occur.

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Traffic Control Devices Traffic Control Devices

Variable Message Sign – Arrow Boards Examples from Construction Sites in India
• An arrow panel shall be a sign with a
matrix of elements capable of either
Flashing arrow
flashing or sequential displays.
• This sign shall provide additional
warning and directional information to
Sequential arrow
assist in merging and controlling road
users through or around a work zone.
• An arrow panel shall have the
Sequential chevron mode
following three mode selections:
– A Flashing Arrow, Sequential
Arrow, or Sequential Chevron Flashing double arrow mode
mode;
Non Standards Signs
– A flashing Double Arrow mode;
– A flashing Caution
Flashing Caution

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Traffic Control Devices Traffic Management Practice at Work Zone

Examples from Construction Sites in India • To manage the traffic flow through the work zone, a number of practices
are available.
• Selecting the appropriate strategy is crucial to planning of WTMP for a
safe work zone.
• Common practices are listed below:
– Alternate One Way Operations
– Detours
– Diversions
– Full Road Closures
– Intermittent Closures
– Lane Closures
– Median Crossovers
– Use of Shoulder as a Travel Lane
– Night Construction
Non Reflective Signs

43 44

Traffic Management Practice at Work Zone Traffic Management Practice at Work Zone

Alternate One Way Operations Alternate One Way Operations

• The Alternate One-way operations can be put in place on a two lane bi-
directional road.
• This strategy is generally limited to low volume roads, and requires at
least two flaggers, or temporary traffic lights to safely handle the 'Stop'
and 'Go' arrangement of traffic.
• Different traffic control methods employed for alternate one-way
operation are:
– "Give and take" system
– Priority sign
“Give and Take” System
– "STOP/GO" boards or flags
– Portable traffic signals
• When traffic in both directions must use a single lane for a limited
distance, movements from each end shall be coordinated.

Priority Sign
45 Source- IRC:SP:55-2014 46

Traffic Management Practice at Work Zone Traffic Management Practice at Work Zone

Alternate One Way Operations Alternate One Way Operations

Maximum
Traffic Control Length of Work Zone Maximum Two
Speed Limit
Methods + Transition Zone (m) Way Traffic Flow
(kmph)
"Give and take" 50 50m (max) • 400 veh/hour
system • 20 commercial
veh/hour
Priority sign 60 80m (max) 850 veh/hr
"STOP/GO“ 60 100m 1400 veh/hr
boards or Flags 200m 1250 veh/hr
300m 1050 veh/hr
400m 950 veh/hr
500m 850 veh/hr
Portable Traffic
"STOP/GO" boards or Portable Traffic 60 300m (max) No limit
Signals
flags Signal
Source- IRC:SP:55-2014 47 Source- IRC:SP:55-2014 48

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Traffic Management Practice at Work Zone Traffic Management Practice at Work Zone

Detours Diversions Median Crossovers

• In this strategy, traffic is rerouted on to an
alternate road and the traffic totally avoids the
work zone.
• When traffic is directed from a road stretch under
construction/improvement, to alternative traffic
route, construction operations can proceed
rapidly.
• This can improve construction efficiency (i.e.,
reduce cost) and quality and ensure safety for the
workers from passing vehicles.
• Detouring traffic imposes additional capacity and
load demands on the alternative route and may
result in congestion.
• Safety considerations on the detour route should
be considered as well, particularly if detour route
goes through areas with large volume of VRUs.
Source- IRC:SP:55-2014 49 Source- IRC:SP:55-2014 50

Traffic Management Practice at Work Zone Traffic Management Practice at Work Zone
Sr. Strategy Summary Advantages Disadvantages
Use of Shoulder as a travel lane Alternate Mitigates for full or intermittent
Low agency cost; flexible several Requires stopping of traffic reduces
1. one-way closure of lanes. Used primarily
variations available. capacity.
operations with two lane facility.
Reroutes traffic onto other Usually reduces capacity; detoured route
Flexible: cost varies depending on
2. Detours existing routes/ facilities of the may require improvement for capacity
improvements to detour route.
network. and safety.
Provides a temporary roadway Separates traffic from construction;
3. Diversions Cost may be substantial.
adjacent to construction. reduced impact on traffic.
Generally also involves expedited
Full road Closes the facility to all traffic for
4. construction; separates traffic from Potentially significant traffic impacts.
closures a specified duration.
construction.
Intermittent Useful only for activities that can be
5. Stop traffic for a short period Flexible and low agency cost.
closures completed in short time.
Maintains service at fairly low agency Reduces capacity: may involve traffic close
6. Lane closures Closes one or more travel lanes.
cost if temporary barriers are omitted. to active work.
Night Construction 7.
Lane
Reduces width of travelled way Maximizes number of travel lanes.
Travelled way width is less than desirable;
constrictions may involve traffic close to active work.
• Night construction may be preferred in many cases as the volume of Maintains two-way traffic on one
traffic is generally lower and conflicts are minimized. 8.
Median
crossovers
carriageway of a normally
Separates traffic from construction:
right of way not required.
Relatively costly;
interchanges need special attention.
divided highway.
• Consideration must be given to the effect of night operations on the Use of Displaces traditional refuge for disabled
Fairly low cost depending on shoulder
surrounding environment as well as the workers. 9. shoulder as a
travel lane
Uses shoulder as a travel lane.
preparation.
and emergency vehicles: cross slopes may
be problematic.
• The major drawback is that the agency cost is escalated and social Night Move work activities to night Lower traffic volume or lower traffic Higher agency cost; disruption of social
10.
pattern of workers is disrupted. Construction time hours. impacts. pattern of workers; Noise pollution.

Source- IRC:SP:55-2014 51 Source- IRC:SP:55-2014 52

Vulnerable Road Users Vulnerable Road Users

• Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs) in India are generally considered to be
the road users in the form of pedestrians, cyclists and two- wheeler
riders and other non motorized vehicles, who are more exposed and
susceptible to road traffic hazards.
Alternate Way for Pedestrians
• An alternative safe route for pedestrians must be provided if it is
necessary to close a footpath or part of a footpath as shown.
• Pedestrian access to property must always be ensured.
• Temporary pedestrian ways should never be less than 1 m wide and,
wherever possible, they should be 1 .5 m or more in width.
• It must be ensured that pedestrians are not diverted onto an unguarded
carriageway.

Protected Pedestrian Path Mesh Barrier Pedestrian Barrier

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Vulnerable Road Users Vulnerable Road Users

Speed Reduction Measures

• In urban roads and highways passing through urban areas, physical
measures like speed breaker or raised rumble strip markings may be
adopted.
• Such installation of speed breaker must be with adequate warning signs
on approaches and proper lighting of the area for clear conspicuity of the
speed breaker to approaching vehicles.
Poorly maintained shoulder of Poorly maintained
in adequate width footpath surface

Raised Rumble Strip Markings Speed Breakers for Highways Passing

through Urban Area Excess height of footpath kerb- Unsafe Footpath cum
threat to pedestrians drain
Source- IRC:SP:55-2014 55 56

Personnel and Construction Zone Safety Personnel and Construction Zone Safety

• Many individuals are involved in the safety of a work zone and to avoid
confusion, it is advisable to deploy the specific and assigned personnel
for controlling the traffic during the peak and off-peak hours of traffic
flow at the construction zones.
• Flagman shall be provided with hand signaling devices such as flags and
sign paddles.
• Flagmen must be provided with and must wear warning garments, safety
headgear, footwear and gloves for their protection.
• STOP, SLOW and GO paddles are used, and in some cases temporary Flagman at Construction Site Marshalling Torch
traffic lights are used in controlling traffic through work area.
• Roll up signs are used in construction work zones to guide the traffic and
in roadways for meeting emergency situations.
• Roll up signs shall be portable, changeable and with provisions for
application on different objects depending on need for temporary sign.

Rollup Stands
Warning Signs on Hand Paddles
57 58

Personnel and Construction Zone Safety Personnel and Construction Zone Safety

Personal Protective Equipment Personal Protective Equipment

• PPE is equipment that will protect the user
against health or safety risks at work.
• It can include items such as safety helmets,
gloves, eye protection, high-visibility clothing,
safety footwear and safety harnesses.
• Even includes respiratory protective equipment.
• All the workers, exposed to moving roadway
traffic or equipment in road construction zones
shall wear high-visibility safety apparel,
headgear, boots, gloves and protective gears for
their protection.
• The safety gear shall meet the requirements of
Bureau of Indian Standards (IS:2925).
• The respiratory protection gear (dust mask)
shall meet the requirements of IS:9473-2008. Some illustrative safety equipment

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Personnel and Construction Zone Safety
Personal Protective Equipment
Example from China Example from India
61
Roles and Responsibilities
Road Authority
• The Road Authorities are responsible for
 work zone planning and design from transportation professionals;
 safe behaviour within the work zone from the workers; and
 safe driving behavior through the work zone from the travelling
public.
• Political support and commitment is crucial in the supervision and
enforcement of standards in road works.
• Road Authorities should support appropriate legal and safety
requirements, standards and regulations for work zones and clearly
establish the responsibilities of parties involved.
• They would ensure that local police and local administration etc. share
and act in accordance with the requirements of WTMR.
• Also responsible, in the long run, for ensuring that sufficient funding is
provided not only for safety in work zones, but for overall road safety.
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Roles and Responsibilities
Designer
• The "approved" designer should be a company (or individual) that has
expertise and knowledge of work zone design and safety issues.
• The designer's primary responsibility is to include all required provisions
in the design to ensure traffic safety for road users and workers.
• Designer should alert road operator to key issues with regard to safety.
• The designer will be responsible for ensuring that all technical solutions
are described and can be implemented in accordance with the
appropriate laws and standards.
• The designer should develop a work zone that allows emergency vehicles
sufficient access and passage of transit vehicles.
Supervision Consultant/Independent/Resident Engineer
• Must have a highly trained road safety expert.
• Must be officially approved and certified through the relevant institute or
agency for conducting trainings on work zone safety.
65
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Roles and Responsibilities
• Clearly define the roles and responsibilities for the stakeholders involved
as many agencies and professionals are involved in safety of a work zone.
• Roles describe proper and customary functions, while responsibilities
link the obligations of that party including funding of the provisions.
• By clearly defining the roles and responsibilities addresses the critical
issues of who must do what and when!
• Assist in ensuring the safety issues are not overlooked at any time.
• Major stakeholders as per IRC:SP:55-2014 involved in the construction
and maintenance of roads are listed below:
Road Authority Concessionaire in PPP projects
Road Operator Contractor
Project Director/Engineer In-charge Supervision Consultant/Independent/Resident Engineer
Designers Local Police
Road Safety Auditors Road User
General Public/Communities
62
Roles and Responsibilities
Road Operator
• The road operator must insist that the legal and safety requirements,
standards and regulations for work zone safety that have been
established by the authorities are complied in letter and spirit.
• They shall ensure that Work zone Traffic Management Plan has been
prepared before taking up the work of building and or improving the
road and being implemented effectively.
• The road operator can demand that the contractor design and implement
a safe work zone and use all necessary means to ensure safety for workers
and road users, as well as sufficient traffic capacity.
• The permission of the road operator must be gained for any intervention
along the roadway, including issues related to access management.
Project Director/Engineer In-Charge
Responsible for overseeing and ensuring adherence to the norms/guidelines
and contractual provisions required to be complied with by the consultants
and the contractors/concessionaires.
64
Roles and Responsibilities
Contractor
• Contractor has a contract with the road operator to execute the work zone
and conduct the work.
• Responsible for preparation of WTMP and coordinating with designer to
explain how work zone be set up and operated over the course of works.
• An expert on safety or an engineer trained on work zone safety from a
qualified company should be named to implement the work zone,
including installing, operating, maintaining and removing the work zone.
• The work zone must be checked daily (or more frequently, if necessary) to
ensure it meets the designer's scheme.
• Daily meetings should take place to ensure that all workers and staff are
knowledgeable on the work zone activities and damaged equipment
must be immediately replaced.
• In general, all workers should have proper knowledge and be trained
about how to avoid risks and maintain work safely; and the contractor is
responsible for ensuring that the workers have that knowledge.
66
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Roles and Responsibilities Roles and Responsibilities

Road Safety Auditors Local Police

• Shall be independent of design and execution process and carry out
safety audits to identify the potential safety deficiencies in the WTMPs at
its design stage.
• Observations and safety concerns along with specific recommendation
will be forwarded by the road safety auditors to the Road Authority,
Road Operator, Concessionaire, and contractor as the case may be.
• Since the deficiencies observed by safety auditors have direct impact
upon the safety of road users and construction workers, the
recommendations made by the auditors shall be complied without fail.
• On the other hand, the road safety auditor shall be liable for any
irresponsible recommendations made through worksite safety audit
report, which are illogical and are not suitable for site condition or not
approved at the time of design of WTMP.
67
• Local police shall provide all the required support for the enforcement of
the necessary restrictions, if imposed, and for the safety measures as
warranted by WTMP.
• The control for speeding and careless driving in work zones should be
strictly enforced.
Road Users
• Road users should pay attention while travelling in work zones.
• Drivers need to respect that workers often have very little physical
protection from vehicles that are travelling past their place of work.
• They should drive in caution that they do not pose a threat to other traffic
or to workers.
• Drivers should be educated about the risks of travelling in work zones
and informed that safe driving behaviors will be enforced by the police.
• They shall respect and observe any restriction, especially for speeds.
68

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

Road Safety Audit

• Road Safety Audit (RSA) is a formal Procedure for assessing accident

potential and safety performance in the provision of new schemes and
CONSTRUCTION ZONE ROAD SAFETY schemes for the improvement and maintenance of existing roads.
• RSA must assess projects on the basis of road user knowledge, attributes
AUDIT and skills, day/night and wet and dry road conditions.
• Safety audit is only a study of safety aspects and an auditor may indicate
road safety problems inherent in designs that conform to our road
standards.
• Safety Audit can be applied on (a) new roads (b) existing roads.
• On new roads, safety audit will lead to avoiding building accident-prone
situations
• On existing roads, audit will lead to improved roads from safety point of
view.
• It should be realized that safety audits are a necessary cost and not an
additional expense.

Source- IRC:SP:88-2010 70

Road Safety Audit Road Safety Audit

Stages of Road Safety Audit Stages of Road Safety Audit

I During Feasibility Study Terminal Transition Zone, Work Zone, Approach
Transition Zone and Advance Warning Zone

II During Preliminary Design

Safety of Workmen and Safety of Road users

New Construction III Completion of Detailed Design Stage IV Audit (During
Construction Stage)

Application of Traffic Control Devices and other

IV During Construction Stage
Safety measures

V Completion of Construction (Pre-Opening)

Any other parameter noticed which can enhances
safety
Existing Roads VI On Existing Roads (Monitoring)

Source- IRC:SP:88-2010 71 Source- IRC:SP:88-2010 72

12

Checklist for Construction Stage Audit
1. Traffic Management Plan (design and Implementation)
– Has a traffic Management Plan (TMP) been prepared for the road
work site as per IRC:SP:55?
– Has the TMP been approved by the Supervision Consultant for the
authorized person?
– Does the contractor have an appointed Safety Engineer who is
responsible for road safety at the work site, including checking the
condition of the installed TMP every day?
– Does the TMP provide adequate and correct signage, delineation for
all road users under all traffic conditions?
– Does the TMP provide work site protection (barriers) for all road
users under all traffic conditions?
– Has the TMP been implemented correctly at the road work site?
– Is the advanced warning zone adequately signed to alert approaching
road users of the presence of the road works?
Source- IRC:SP:88-2010
Checklist for Construction Stage Audit
2. Speed Control
– Are the speed limit signs conspicuous?
– Are there sufficient numbers of repeater speed restriction signs
through the length of the work site?
– Is the signed speed appropriate for the safe traffic movement through
the work site?
– Have local Police been requested to enforce the signed speed limit
through the work site?
– Are speeds managed (through signs, enforcement and if necessary,
road humps) so that vehicle operating speeds that pass within one
traffic lane width of any work site are 40 km/h or lower?
Source- IRC:SP:88-2010
Checklist for Construction Stage Audit
3. Signs, Signals, Pavement Markings and Delineation
– Is delineation through the site safe for all road users under all
anticipated conditions?
– With several layers of asphalt typically to be laid for new roads, is
temporary lane marking being used on each layer to guide drivers/
riders as an interim safety initiative, especially at night?
4. Diversions from one Carriageway to other
– If traffic is to be diverted from one carriageway onto the other, do the
advanced warning signs provide clear guidance about the diversion
ahead and are they well located to alert all approaching road users?
– Is the transition zone well delineated (with plastic cones and other
forgiving devices) to reduce the number of traffic lanes well before
the carriageway ends?
– Is the carriageway (on which the work is to take place) fully closed at
all intersections?
Source- IRC:SP:88-2010
11-05-2021
Checklist for Construction Stage Audit
1. Traffic Management Plan (design and Implementation)
– Is the transition zone correctly and adequately signed and delineated
to guide approaching road users into their correct path?
– Road Works Stage
– Is the termination zone adequately signed to advise road users that
they are past the road works and may return to normal road/
highway speeds?
– Are the flagmen highly conspicuous and placed where they can give
clear instructions to approaching drivers/ riders in advance of the
work site?
– Has the safety buffer zone been provided as per IRC:SP:55?
73 Source- IRC:SP:88-2010 74
Checklist for Construction Stage Audit
3. Signs, Signals, Pavement Markings and Delineation
– Are all necessary warning, direction and regulatory signs in place as
shown in the TMP?
– Are all existing road signs (those that are unnecessary during the
works) covered to avoid distraction or misinformation?
– Are all “Men At Work” signs removed or covered when work is
finished for the day (applicable in case of maintenance works)? (Note:
Signs must be credible and it brings other signs into disrepute to
leave “Men At Work” signs in place if no workers are present).
– Do all signs satisfy the 6C’s of good signage practices?
– Are temporary traffic signals clearly visible to the approaching
drivers/ riders?
– If the signals generate traffic queues, can the end of the queue be
easily seen by approaching drivers/ riders?
– Are pavement markings consistent and clear through the length of
the work site for both day and night?
75 Source- IRC:SP:88-2010 76
Checklist for Construction Stage Audit
4. Diversions from one Carriageway to other
– Are drivers/ riders from the side roads given adequate warning of the
two-way traffic operation on the sole carriageway open on the main
road?
– Is the carriageway (on which the work is to take place) fully and
clearly closed off to all traffic?
– Are all drivers/ riders in both directions on the other carriageway
adequately reminded they are on a two-way section of road (such as
with “Two Way” warning signs)?
– Is the management of all two-way traffic sections through the road
work site safe for all road users both day and night?
5. Road Surface
– Is the road surface suitable for safe movement by al road users,
especially two and three wheelers?
– Are paved surfaces swept and kept free of gravel and sand?
77 Source- IRC:SP:88-2010 78
13

Checklist for Construction Stage Audit
5. Road Surface
– Has a suitable paved surface been provided along with correct lane
markings to guide drivers/ riders through diversions?
– Have signs and markers/ road studs been used to highlight changes
in road surface to approaching drivers/ riders?
– Have signs and markers/ studs been used to highlight locations
where different layers of asphalt end, causing sudden changes in the
road surface for approaching drivers/ riders?
6. Crash Barriers
– Are all crash barriers necessary and are they installed correctly?
– Have safe terminals (that are suitable for the operating speeds
through the work site) been placed on the end of each section of
barrier?
Source- IRC:SP:88-2010
Road Safety Audit
9. Vulnerable Road Users (pedestrians, bicyclists, two &
three wheelers, and animal drawn carts)
– Are pedestrians, bicyclists and two/ three wheelers able to move
safely through the construction zones?
– Are vulnerable road users able to cross the road safely?
– In particular, is safe access across the road provided for the young,
the elderly and the disabled?
– Have all-weather footways been provided to assist public transport
users to reach their stops without walking through road work site?
– Do the construction layouts and practices allow adequate visibility
for an approaching driver to see a pedestrian waiting to cross the
road?
– Do the construction layouts and practices allow adequate visibility
funnel for an approaching driver to see a small vehicle waiting to
cross the carriageway from side road or storage space of median?
Source- IRC:SP:88-2010
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE
Case Study : CONSTRUCTION ZONE ROAD
SAFETY AUDIT
11-05-2021
Road Safety Audit
7. Work Site Access
– Are work site access points located with adequate sight distances for
entering and existing work vehicles?
– Are all site access points closed off to unauthorized traffic?
– Are appropriate traffic controls in place where works traffic and
public traffic interact?
8. Road Worker Safety
– Are all workers and supervisors at the works site wearing good and
required PPE as per HSE norms and as per the requirement of
activity being performed?
– Is safe ladder provided for workers at site to reach the working
platform/ area?
– Is working platform provided for safe working with toe guard and
railing to prevent worker’s fall?
– Is there a suitable safety zone in advance of and beside the work site?
79 Source- IRC:SP:88-2010 80
Road Safety Audit
10. Safety at Night
– Are the road works conspicuous to all road users after dark?
– Are travel paths obvious to all road users after dark?
– In particular, do carriageway closures have suitable advance warning
zones and transition zones that are conspicuous and clearly delineate
for night time?
81 Source- IRC:SP:88-2010 82
Road Safety Audit: Case Study
RSA of Various Construction Sites of the Project (NH-24)
• Lack of proper advance warning & guidance to road users about work
zone ahead
• Non-standard signs, indicating construction work ahead.
• There are no proper advance signs for “Road Work Ahead” or “Men at
Work” on approach from either direction to the work zone.
• Provide the information on road ahead of construction zone by placing a
“Road Works Ahead” sign board, including a symbol of worker with a
shove, accompanied by the distance to the hazard placed on road side.
• If necessary, also install a “Display Board” for reduction in the number of
lanes / speed limit within the traffic control zone erected for taking care
of any changes affecting traffic arrangements.
84
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Road Safety Audit: Case Study Road Safety Audit: Case Study

• Absence / Inconsistency of planned traffic • Absence of Barricading to segregate

control zone for the work area construction and traffic movement areas
• Hardly any planned traffic control zone for the on highway sections
construction going along the road. • Barricades are intended to provide
• All the construction zones are required to have containment without significant
elements, as per IRC guidelines provided by deflection or deformation under impact
IRC-SP55:2014. and redirect errant vehicles along barrier.
• Take appropriate steps to inform and guide the • All barricades shall be conspicuously
road users safely into the work zone. seen in the dark/night time by the road
• To provide a safe movement to traffic and to users so that no vehicle hits the barricade.
give adequate safety to workers an adequate • Conspicuity shall be ensured by affixing
buffer zone should be provided. retro- reflective stripes of required size
• Use of proper barricading should be made. and shape at appropriate angle at the
Also adequate delineation and lighting be bottom and middle portion.
installed to provide safety during night • Minimum one red light or red light
conditions. blinker be placed at the top of each
barricade.
85 86

Road Safety Audit: Case Study Road Safety Audit: Case Study

Absence of Barricading to segregate the construction and traffic movement • Absence of Barricading and other work
areas on highway sections zone safety measures at Construction Sites
for structures like culverts and
superstructures
• Safety issues near structures like culverts
and flyovers and bridges increase manifold
because of depths or heights involved and
the protruding steel reinforcements and
temporary scaffoldings etc.
• The barricading required for such situations
was found to be missing or below standard.
Similarly advance information about
diversions was missing.
• Follow all safety requirements of safety for
steel and RCC structures for the highway.
• Proper conspicuity of such sites at nights by
proper measures for night time visibility.
87 88

Road Safety Audit: Case Study Road Safety Audit: Case Study

• Work on Both Sides without provision of work • Non-provision of safe buffer zone between road traffic and heavy
zone safety measures construction equipment and machinery in work zone
• Work is in progress on both sides of existing
road without any proper barricading or
delineation.
• This reduces the available carriage way because Speed Minimum Minimum
restriction longitudinal Lateral
of loss of shoulders and big edge drops created.
(kmp/h) Buffer zone (L) buffer zone
• Such situation deters motorists to go towards (m) (S) (m)
edge because of kerb shyness and the soft 50 or less 50 or less 0.5
ground of limited shoulders. 60 60 0.5
• The hazards multiply in dark hours. 80 80 1.2
100 100 1.2
• Need to plan activities in such a way that the
120 120 1
available carriageway is not drastically reduced.
• In case it is necessary to carry out activities on
both sides, proper traffic management plans
should be prepared and implemented.
89 90

15

Road Safety Audit: Case Study
• Roadside Short-Duration activities without any safety measures
• There is a temptation to carry out such activities without any
precautionary measures being put in place in the form of advance
warning, some sort of buffer zone and other safety measures such as to
use flagmen to direct the traffic.
• Absence of such measures is a safety hazard and is not a good practice.
91
Road Safety Audit: Case Study
• Hazards created by Dumped Construction
Materials alongside road
• Storage of construction material, commonly
found to be alongside road and even
sometimes on a part of carriageway.
• Such a bad practice pose safety problems for
moving traffic and pedestrians, when its dark.
• Such a practice also reduces the available road
space and its capacity.
• Are the construction and other materials
stored safely? That should be a question posed
by the Engineer-in Charge or the designated
Safety Officer for the project to himself.
• Any storage along road should take care of the
safety of all categories of road users and be
barricaded and lit/delineated as far as possible.
93
Road Safety Audit: Case Study
• Night time Hazards created by lack of appropriate control measures
• Absence of adequate delineation is likely to create hazardous situations
to motorists especially during night time.
• However, treatment of retro-reflective tapes is rare as most of the sites do
not have any reflective tapes to aid during night time.
• Delineators should be used extensively along the highway in accordance
with IRC: 79-1981 “Recommended Practice of Road Delineators”.
95
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Road Safety Audit: Case Study
• Roadside Short-Duration activities without any safety measures
• Careful consideration of traffic and roadway conditions must be given to
each work zone prior to selecting the traffic control set-up
• Shoulder work and low-speed, low-volume traffic conditions may
require only the work vehicle hazard beacon and personal protective
equipment.
• High-speed, high-volume lane work may require a full lane closure set-
up, even though the work duration may be 60 minutes or less.
92
Road Safety Audit: Case Study
• Hazards created by Dumped Construction Materials alongside road
• Roads should be kept clear and materials like: pipes, steel, sand
boulders, concrete, chips and brick etc. should not be allowed on the
roads to obstruct free movement of road traffic.
• No parking of trucks/trolleys, cranes and trailers etc. should be allowed
on roads, which may obstruct the traffic movement.
94
Road Safety Audit: Case Study
• Workers Health, Safety and Environment Aspects
• The risks that workers face in or near the roadway are serious but
manageable if work is planned and implemented appropriately.
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is a key element of this planning
and is a worker’s last line of defense to serious injuries.
96
16

Road Safety Audit: Case Study
• Workers Health, Safety and Environment
Aspects
• Work at height is any place, where a person
could be injured if they fall from that place.
• Any work at height needs to be planned in
advance of the work activity, with careful
consideration given to the selection and use of
work equipment.
• Employers should select fall protection measures
compatible with the type of work performed.
• Fall protection provided through the use of
guardrail systems, safety net systems, personal
fall arrest systems, positioning device systems,
and warning line systems, among others.
• An employer, while providing fall protection for
employees, must identify and evaluate fall
hazards and providing specific training.
97
Road Safety Audit: Case Study
• Workers Health, Safety and Environment Aspects
Carrying out welding, and other machine works without use
of any PPE at base camp
99
Road Safety Audit: Case Study
• Workers Health, Safety and Environment Aspects
• First aid boxes assembled at various of Base Camps are far from
complete, when compared with Standard First Aid box item list.
• Unavailability and Maintenance of First Aid Kits at Worksites.
• Lack of Responsibility for Maintaining and Upkeep of First Aid Kits.
• Inaccessibility of First Aid Kits and lack of awareness Among Workers.
101
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Road Safety Audit: Case Study
• Workers Health, Safety and Environment Aspects
• Working at heights can be hazardous without use of proper PPEs
• There are areas or activities where fall protection is needed.
• These include, but are not limited to, ramps, runways, and other
walkways; excavations; hoist areas; holes; formwork and reinforcing
steel; leading edge work; unprotected sides and edges; pre-cast concrete
erection; and other walking/working surfaces.
98
Road Safety Audit: Case Study
• Workers Health, Safety and Environment Aspects
• Examples of situations where better housekeeping and maintenance of
electric cables and fittings would enhance safety, both, for workers and
equipment.
100
Road Safety Audit: Case Study
• Workers Health, Safety and Environment Aspects
• Mosquitoes breeding in standing water in ponds formed by used water
at construction sites.
• Contractor shall conform to all anti-malarial instructions given by
Engineer-in-Charge; including the filling-up of any borrow pits which
may have been dug by him.
• Proper water storage tanks shall be provided.
• Posters in Hindi and English, to the dangers of permitting mosquito
breeding, shall be displayed prominently on the site.
102
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Road Safety Audit: Case Study Road Safety Audit: Case Study

• Infrastructure, manpower & training required RSA of Mewala Maharajpur Construction Site
for effective safety measures
• Provide at least 3 fully equipped highway patrol
vehicles with trained personnel to provide 24
hour service to the road users on this highway.
• Also arrange training programme for various
categories of the staff on safety issues.
• Flagmen employed should be properly briefed
and trained for their job of traffic supervision
and control.
• One such obvious requirement is for setting up
a highway patrol.
• These vehicles will be fully equipped to handle
emergencies like accidents, traffic bottlenecks, No Construction zone No safety precautions taken and
and assisting the disabled vehicles. demarcation and also no safety no proper PPE for the workers
precaution for the traffic plying on the site.
• There is no such system available as yet.
on the road.
103 104

Road Safety Audit: Case Study Road Safety Audit: Case Study

RSA of Mewala Maharajpur Construction Site RSA of Mewala Maharajpur Construction Site

Pillar located at middle of the
road without any hazard board
and protection – posing safety
hazard.
Construction material scattered Improper barricading Construction material scattered
on the site posing safety hazard segregating the traffic on RHS. on the site posing safety hazard.
105 106

Road Safety Audit: Case Study Road Safety Audit: Case Study

RSA of Mewala Maharajpur Construction Site RSA of Mewala Maharajpur Construction Site

Traffic diversion was not properly made as a result all the traffic also Improper diversion Signage. Side road joining main
passing through construction zone resulting potential accident spots diversion road without any
during night time warning signs- posing hazard.

107 108

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Work Zone Examples from India Work Zone Examples from India

Inadequately managed diversion in Lack of Demarcations and Carriageway obstructions Chaotic operations at a junction in
work zone Delineations work zone

109 110

Work Zone Examples from India Work Zone Examples from India

Unprotected foundation trench in Unprotected vertical cut close to Unsafe operations in work zone Absence of demarcation and
work zone traffic buffer zones in work zone

111 112

Work Zone Examples from India Work Zone Examples from India

Truck colliding with median Sharp diversion with no speed Unprotected operations & workers in work zone
barrier of vehicular underpass reduction in work zone

113 114

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Work Zone Examples from India Work Zone Examples from India

Work zone safety measures for four lane of Kiratpur Nerchowk Expressway Measures of Traffic Management for Construction of Mumbai Metro
115 116

Work Zone Examples from India INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

Night Time Road Safety Audit

Dr. Manoranjan Parida

Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Traffic Management Measures of Work Zone Safety Measures of
Delhi Metro Delhi Metro

117

DRIVING AT NIGHT M ost Bas ic Princ ipl e of S afe Us e

of Roa ds

 Poor visibility of people, vehicles and roads is a contributory

factor for road crashes
 Nearly 1/3rd of road crashes in India occurred during night time,
when visibility is poor. Bad visibility due to weather conditions
was responsible for 1% of road accidents and 1.5% of road
deaths in India during 2015
 Large numbers of pedestrians are killed due to colliding with
vehicles during night because of darkness.
 The risk of having a road crash at night is 3 - 7 times higher
than in the daytime.
 Night-Time road
critical injuries.
crashes are more severe in terms of
See and Be Seen
Source: National C rime Record (2015)

119 120

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ROAD ACC I D E N T S C E NAR I O AS

E L E M E N TS INVOLVE D I N ROAD CR AS H P E R TI ME I N INDIA:

No. of Road Accidents as per Time

03:00 - 06:00

00:00 - 03:00

21:00 - 24:00 No. of Road

Time of the D ay
Accidents as per
18:00 - 21:00 Time

15:00 - 18:00

12:00 - 15:00

09:00 - 12:00

06:00 - 09:00
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000
No. of A ccid e nts

S o u rc e : Ro a d A c ci d e nt of I n d i a , M O R T H (2015)

Source: Kolkata -Study of 81 accident case analysis ( J P researchers Pvt . Ltd) 121 122

TIME-WISE FATAL ROAD CRASHES IN DELHI

Night Time Hazards

123 124

N I G H T D R I V I N G A N D ROA D L I G H T I N G VISUAL HAZARDS OF NIGHT DRIVING

 Most night driving is performed, where most objects • At rest, field of vision goes 60 deg above and 70 deg below
seen in the head light beam are out of the cone of vision. the line of sight
Where headlights are the only source of illumination,
the visual sensitivity is also lowered. Speed Field of Vision Distan ce
(kmph) Focused
0 120 – 180 deg 0-Infinity
 Studies conducted have concluded that good road 40 100 deg 650 m
lighting acts as an road crash countermeasure at night. 70 65 deg 400 m
105 40 deg 200 m

At night the field of vision is only the area lighted by

head light

125 126

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VISUAL HAZARDS OF NIGHT DRIVING VISUAL HAZARDS OF NIGHT DRIVING

• Eye fatigue and lack of alertness

• Problem of glare

• Drunk Drivers

• Poor lighting/Decreased visibility

• Increase in distraction level

• Inaccurate judgment of speed and distance of other
vehicles

VISUAL HAZARDS OF NIGHT DRIVING

127 128

VISUAL HAZARDS OF NIGHT DRIVING GLARE AND ITS EFFECTS

• High Susceptibility to Disability Glare:

• With 100m vision ahead • It refers to the reduction of contrast of an object due to presence
• At 50 kmph you have 7.2 secs to stop of a high luminance point source near the line of sight. It varies
• At 80 kmph you have 4.5 secs to stop
with size and position of light source.

• At 100 kmph you have 3.6 secs to stop

• High Susceptibility to Discomfort Glare:
• With 30m vision ahead • The discomfort experienced by individuals due to large variation in
• At 20 kmph you have 5.4 secs to stop
luminance across the visual field.
• Higher illumination would increase the distance visible, but also
• At 40 kmph you have 2.7 secs to stop
increase the glare, both disability and discomfort, to the driver of
• At 60 kmph you have 1.8 secs to stop the oncoming vehicle
• At 80 kmph you have 1.3 secs to stop

129 130

EFFECTIVENESS OF ANTI-GLARE
SCREEN: HALOGEN VS HID VS LED LIGHTS

• HIDs (high intensity discharge) are 2-3times brighter than Halogen but
glaring effect is more for Road Users

• LED headlights have a little lesser brightness than HIDs

• However, they hit maximum brightness within a millionth of a second

compared with the half second required by incandescent and halogen
lights

• When LEDs are used in brake and indicator lights, the reaction time of
other road users improved by around 30 per cent.

Without Anti-Glare Screen With Anti-Glare Screen

• LED lights convert most of the energy directed to them into light not heat.
In fact most of the heat generated by LEDs is at their electrical base, not
on the bulb surface.

131 132

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CAU SE OF ROAD CRASHE S DURI NG

NI GHT:

Halogen Headlamp HID Headlamp

Just 5% of the information that we see in daylight are caught by

the eye at night
RETRO-REFLECTIVE SIGNS
133 134

VI SI BI LITY OF CRITI CAL ROAD

VI SI BI LITY I MPROVE ME NT
E LE M ENTS
• For two-wheelers:
• Reflective vests used by riders of motorized two wheelers
• Wearing white helmets and highly visible clothing would reduce visibility-
related motorcycle collisions by 45%.
• For four-wheelers :
• High-mounted brake lights, positioned on the back windscreen of cars (led to a
15–50% reduction in rear end crashes.)
• Daytime running lights have been shown to be a cost effective method.
• For cyclists and pedestrians:
• Equipped with lights and with front, rear, and wheel reflectors.
• Colorful clothing, accessories and vehicle parts can make pedestrians, riders
Visibility : Hazardous elements barely visible during night and non-motorized vehicles more visible to all road users.

135 136

SAFER PRACTICES NI GHT TIM E SAFE TY APPROACH

Visibility of the cyclist at night Reduction of number of traffic accidents

• Cyclists should always stay visible by

wearing light colored or luminescent
clothing as well as jackets and vests
with reflective tape.
• Use reflective tape and lights on your
bicycle.
• Strict laws should be enforced to make
retro-reflective device compulsory for
cyclists at night and outside urban
areas SOURCE: 2004 HECL DATA

137 138

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NI GHT TIM E SAFE TY APPROACH NOSE PROTECTION

• Installed at low high dividers

• High visibility during day and night
• Direct the motorists to traffic carriage way
• Reduce loss of property and life

139 140

NOSE PROTECTION OBJECT HAZARD MARKE R

• Object Hazard Markers (OHM) should be put-up

wherever there are objects so close to the road
as to constitute an accident hazard, e.g. bridge
abutments, guard-rails etc.

• The markers should be erected immediately

ahead of the line of obstruction, for instance on
a narrow bridge just where the bridge rail starts.

• When placed in conjunction with a guardrail on a

bridge approach, the hazard markers should be
located immediately behind the guard-rail and at
sufficient height to ensure that these will be
properly visible to the oncoming traffic.

141 142

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FOR VE HICLE S: SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FOR VE HICLE S:

143 144

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RECOM ME NDATIONS: Layouts for Best Practices as per IRC

• Segregate pedestrian & cyclists creating space for them Two lane to Four lane (Eccentric Widening)
• Explore the possibility of providing exclusive lane for Motorized Two
Wheelers on certain Inter-Urban Roads.
• Proper maintenance of signs and markings (delineation of junctions)
• Night time safety audit of roads
• 24x7 enforcement using automated systems (using camera and other ITS
devices)
• Design the road and traffic system to cater for human limitations
• Ensuring incorporation of reflective devices in DPR to improve visibility in
dark hours .
• Mandate global standards on road safety funds (minimum 10 % of road
budget)
• Uniformity in various code books such as IRC • 1st stage – new carriageway will be constructed on the sides.
• Create an independent enforcement body with empowerment . • Traffic will continue to ply through existing road
• Layout of signs and barriers as shown

145 146

Layouts for Best Practices as per IRC Layouts for Best Practices as per IRC

Two lane to Four lane (Concentric Widening) Two lane to Four lane (Shifting of Traffic from One Carriage
to Other)

• Applicable for concentric widening of 2 lane highway to 4 lane highway
• 1st stage – construction of service road or diversion road on sides
• Traffic would continue to move on main highway on both directions
147
• Applicable when new carriageway has been constructed and traffic has
to be shifted from one carriageway to other
• Cross over length shall be carefully provided, meeting the site
requirements such that layout is clearly visible with adequate signs and
markings in a well guided way
• Camber shall be properly given for safe transfer to avoid overturn due to
reverse camber
148

Layouts for Best Practices as per IRC Layouts for Best Practices as per IRC

Two lane to Four lane (Concentric) Stage – 1 of Flyover/VUP Construction

149 150

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Layouts for Best Practices as per IRC Layouts for Best Practices as per IRC

Stage – 2 of Flyover/VUP Construction Fast Lane Taken Up for Work

151 152

Layouts for Best Practices as per IRC Layouts for Best Practices as per IRC

Roadwork at Centre of the Junction Hard Shoulder in a Multilane Highway Taken Up for Works

153 154

Layouts for Best Practices as per IRC Layouts for Best Practices as per IRC

Major Works with Entry/Exit Provisions for Works Traffic Roadwork with Complicated Diversions & Contra Flow

155 156

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Layouts for Best Practices as per IRC Layouts for Best Practices as per IRC

Roadwork Vehicle, Truck Attenuator & Shadow Vehicle Roadwork Near Entry Ramp with Arrow Panel Display

157 158

Layouts for Best Practices as per IRC Layouts for Best Practices as per IRC

Stage-1 Developing Major Cross Road Junction to a Stage-2 Developing Major Cross Road Junction to a
Cloverleaf Interchange Cloverleaf Interchange

159 160

International Best Practices International Best Practices

Effective Traffic Control Devices

Command attention and respect. Ex: Drums Roadside Safety Initiatives near Chennai

Roll Up Signs: Light weight and portable Positive guidance in all weather conditions Use of VMS to make travel through and around work zone safer
161 162

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International Best Practices

Thank You
Use of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) in Work Zones

164
163 164

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