Nguyễn Công Phương

Electric Circuit Theory

Active Circuits
 Contents
I. Basic Elements Of Electrical Circuits
II. Basic Laws
III. Electrical Circuit Analysis
IV. Circuit Theorems
V. Active Circuits
VI. Capacitor And Inductor
VII. First Order Circuits
VIII.Second Order Circuits
IX. Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
X. AC Power Analysis
XI. Three-phase Circuits
XII. Magnetically Coupled Circuits
XIII.Frequency Response
XIV.The Laplace Transform
XV. Two-port Networks

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 Active Circuits
1. Dependent Sources
2. Analysis of Circuits with Dependent Sources
3. The Operational Amplifier: Basic Concepts and
Subcircuits
4. Analysis of Circuits with Op Amps

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 Dependent Voltage Source
vc
i
+ –
+ v –

Voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS): vc = µvx

Current-controlled voltage source (CCVS): vc = rmix

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 Dependent Current Source
ic
i

+ v –

Voltage-controlled current source (VCCS): ic = gmvx

Current-controlled current source (CCCS): ic = βix

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 Active Circuits
1. Dependent Sources
2. Analysis of Circuits with Dependent Sources
a. Branch Current Method
b. Node Voltage Method
c. Mesh Current Method
d. Equivalent Subcircuits
3. The Operational Amplifier: Basic Concepts and
Subcircuits
4. Analysis of Circuits with Op Amps

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Analysis of Circuits with Dependent Sources

4ix  8ix  30  3ix 30V 4 3ix V

+–
 15ix  30 –
8 ix
 ix  2 A

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 Branch Current Method (1)
a
Ex. 1
– 4Ω
i 0.5vx
ix  i  ic  4  0 4A vx
+ ix
4ix  6i  12 6Ω

+
– ic
ic  0.5v x  0.5  4ix  2ix 12V b

ix  i  2ix  4  0   i x  i  4 i x  6 A
  
 4ix  6i  12  4ix  6i  12 i  2 A

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 Branch Current Method (2)
Ex. 2 R2 E
+–
b : ic  i2  i3  0 i2
c : i1  i3  J  0 βi1
a b
A : R1i1  R3i3  R2i2  E  0 ic
R1 i1 i3 R3
ic   i1
J c

  i1  i2  i3  0

 i1  i3  J  0
R i  R i  R i  E  0
 11 3 3 2 2

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 Branch Current Method (3)
i3
i1  i2  i3  J Ex. 3 R3
vs R5
i2  i3  i4  i5  0 i5
–+
R2i2  R3i3  vs Rmi5
i2 R2

+
R4
R1i1  R2i2  R4i4  vs R1 –
J i1 i4 E
R4i4  R5i5  E
vs  Rmi5
i1  i2  i3  J
i  i  i  i  0
 2 3 4 5
  R2i2  R3i3  Rmi5  0
R i  R i  R i  R i  0
 11 2 2 4 4 m 5

 R4i4  R5i5  E
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 Node Voltage Method (1)
a
Ex. 1
– 4Ω
1 1 12 i 0.5vx
   va  4   ic vx
4A
4 6 4 + ix
6Ω

+
ic  0.5v x  0.5(12  va ) – ic
12V b

1 1 12
    va  4   0.5(12  va )
4 6 4
 12  va 12  ( 12)
ix  4  4
 6A
 va  12 V  
i   va   12  2 A
 6 6
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 Node Voltage Method (2)
 1 1  1 E
Ex. 2 R2 E
  v
 a  vb  J  ic  +–
R
 1 R 2  R 2 R2

 1  1 1  E βi1
  va    v
 b c i  a b
 R 2 R
 2 R 3  R2
ic
v R1 i1 R3
ic   i1   a
R1 J c

 1 1 1 1 E
    v
 a  vb  J 
R
 1 R2 R1  R2 R2

  1   1 v   1  1 v   E
   a   b
 R
 2 R1  R
 2 R3  R2
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 Node Voltage Method (3)
i3
R3
Ex. 3
 1 1 1   1 1  v R5
    va     vb  J  s vs i5
a b
 R1 R2 R3   R2 R3  R2 –+
 i2
   1  1  v   1  1  1  1  v  E  vs Rmi5 R2
   a   b

+
  R2 R3   R2 R3 R4 R5  R5 R2 R4 –
J R1 i1 i4 E
v E
vs  Rmi5  Rm b
R5

 1 1 1   1 1 Rm  Rm E
   v
 a     v
 b  J 
 R1 R2 R3   R2 R3 R2 R5  R2 R5

   1  1  v   1  1  1  1  Rm  v  E  Rm E
   a   b
  R2 R3   R2 R3 R4 R5 R2 R5  R5 R2 R5

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 Mesh Current Method (1)
a
Ex. 1
– 4Ω
i 0.5vx
4(im  4)  6(im  ic )  12 4A vx im
+ ix
6Ω

+
ic  0.5v x  0.5  4ix  2ix – ic
12V b
 2(im  4)

 4(im  4)  6 im  2(im  4)  12

ix  im  4  10  4  6 A
 im  10 
i  im  ic  10  2(10  4)  2 A
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 Mesh Current Method (2)
Ex. 2 R2 E
+–
R1iA  R2iD  R3iB  E  0
iD
iB  iA  J βi1
a b
iB  iD  ic ic
R1 i1 i R3
A
iB
ic   i1 J c

 ( R1  R2  R3 )iA   E  ( R2  R3 ) J  R2  i1
iA  i1
 ( R1  R2  R3   R2 )i1  E  ( R2  R3 ) J
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 Mesh Current Method (3)
i3
R3
Ex. 3
 R1 (i A  J )  R2 (i A  iD )  R4 (i A  iB )  vs vs iD R5 i5
a b
 –+
 R4 (iB  i A )  R5iB  E i2 R2
 R (i  i )  R i  v Rmi5
 2 D A

+
3 D s
iA R4 iB –
vs  Rmi5  Rm ( iB ) J R1 i1 i4 E

( R1  R2  R4 )i A  ( R4  Rm )iB  R2iD  R1 J

  R4i A  ( R4  R5 )iB  E
 R i  R i  ( R  R )i  0
 2A m B 2 3 D

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1. Temporarily treat the dependent R2 E
source(s) as independent +–
source(s). i2
βi1
2. Perform branch current (or nodal a b
or mesh) analysis as usual to ic
determine the branch current (or R1 i1 i3 R3
nodal or mesh) equations. J c
3. Express the value of dependent
source(s) in terms of the branch
currents (or node voltages or
mesh currents).
4. Solve the equations.
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 Active Circuits
Ex. 4

a
+–
rmix

+
E –
J vy
c + –
R1 b d
R4
R2 ix R3
gmvy
e

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 Active Circuits
1. Dependent Sources
2. Analysis of Circuits with Dependent Sources
a. Branch Current Method
b. Node Voltage Method
c. Mesh Current Method
d. Equivalent Subcircuits
3. The Operational Amplifier: Basic Concepts and
Subcircuits
4. Analysis of Circuits with Op Amps

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 Equivalent Circuits (1)
Ex. 1 a a
Find i? – 4Ω – 4Ω
4A vx + 0.5vx 4A vx i 0.5vx
+ ix voc + ix
6Ω
+

+
– – ic – ic
12V b 12V b

vopen-circuit
Eeq  vopen-circuit Req 
ishort-circuit b
1 12
va  4   ic Req
4 4

+
Eeq i 6Ω
ic  0.5v x  0.5(12  va )
–
c
1 12
 va  4   0.5(12  va )  voc  4 V
4 4
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 Equivalent Circuits (2)
Ex. 1 a a
Find i? – 4Ω – 4Ω
4A vx 0.5vx 4A vx i 0.5vx
+ ix isc + ix
6Ω
+

+
– ic – ic
12V b 12V b

vopen-circuit
Eeq  vopen-circuit Req 
ishort-circuit b

4  ix  isc  ic  0  isc  ix  ic  4 Req

+
Eeq i 6Ω
ic  0.5v x
–
 ic  6 c
 v x  12 V
va  vb  
ix  12 / 4 Active
3A  isc  3  6  4  1A
Circuits - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 21
 Equivalent Circuits (3)
Ex. 1 a
Find i? – 4Ω
4A vx i 0.5vx
Eeq  vopen-circuit  4 V + ix
6Ω

+
– ic
isc  1A 12V b

vopen-circuit 4
Req    4 b
ishort-circuit 1
Req

+
Eeq i 6Ω
 Eeq ( 4)
–
i   2A c
Req  6 4  6

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 Equivalent Circuits (4)
Ex. 2 R2 E
E = 16 V; J = 2 A; R1 = 4 Ω; R2 = 6 Ω; +–
β = 2; find Req? i2
vopen-circuit βi1
a b
Req  +
ishort-circuit ic
R1 i1 voc
(vc  vb )  E  R2i2  R1i1  0 J –
c
voc  vb  vc
 voc  R1i1  R2i2  E
i1  J  voc  R1J  R2  J  E
i2  ic   i1   J  4  2  6  2  2  16  16 V

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 Equivalent Circuits (5)
Ex. 2 R2 E
E = 16 V; J = 2 A; R1 = 4 Ω; R2 = 6 Ω; +–
β = 2; find Req?
vopen-circuit βi1
a b
Req 
ishort-circuit ic
R1 i1 isc
i1  J  isc  0  isc  J  i1
J
 1 1  E c
  v
 a  J  ic 
 1R R 2 R2 a
va
ic   i1   βi1 ic R2
R1 R1 i1
va 5.09
 va  5.09 V  i1    1.27 A

+
R1 4
J –
E
 isc  2  1.27  0.73A
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 Equivalent Circuits (6)
Ex. 2 R2 E
E = 16 V; J = 2 A; R1 = 4 Ω; R2 = 6 Ω; +–
β = 2; find Req?
vopen-circuit βi1
Method 1
a b
Req 
ishort-circuit ic
R1 i1
voc  16 V J
c
isc  0.73A

16
 Req   22
0.73
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 Equivalent Circuits (7)
Ex. 2 R2 E
E = 16 V; J = 2 A; R1 = 4 Ω; R2 = 6 Ω; +–
β = 2; find Req?
βi1
i   i1  i2  0  i  i2   i1
Method 2
a b
ic
 R2i2  R1i1  10 R1 i1

i2  i1   i1  0 J
c
i1  0, 45A
 R2 i2
i2  1,36 A βi1 i
a
 i  1.36  2  0.45  0.45A
R1 i1 ic

+
10
 Req   22
–
0.45 10 V
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 Equivalent Circuits (8)
Ex. 2 R2 E
E = 16 V; J = 2 A; R1 = 4 Ω; R2 = 6 Ω; +–
β = 2; find Req?
βi1
Method 3
a b
v  R1i1  R2i2  0  v  R1i1  R2i2 ic
R1 i1
i1  1 J
 c
  i1  1  i2  0
 i2  3A R2 i2
βi1 i
 v  4  1  6  3  22 V a
1A

+
R1 i1 ic
22 v
 Req   22
1 –
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 Equivalent Circuits (9)
Ex. 3

a
+–
rmix

+
E –
J vy
c + –
R1 b d
R3
R2 ix
gmvy
e

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 Active Circuits
1. Dependent Sources
2. Analysis of Circuits with Dependent Sources
3. The Operational Amplifier: Basic Concepts and
Subcircuits
4. Analysis of Circuits with Op Amps

Active Circuits - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 29

The Operational Amplifier (1)

+
Input – Output

vo
v+
+ µ(v+ – v–)
–
v– µ=∞

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 The Operational Amplifier (2)
J R
vo  v  RJ – vo

+
vo   (v  v )   ( E  v ) io

+
 E  RJ –
 v  E
1 
 ( E  RJ )
 vo  J R
1  v– vo
 
v+ io
v  v  E

+


+
–
µ(v+ – v–)
vo  E  RJ
–
E
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 The Operational Amplifier (3)
i+
v+ +
vo
v– – io
i–

i  i  0
v  v
Ri  
Ro  0
Active Circuits - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 32
 The Operational Amplifier (4)
R1 R2
vi  R1ii R2 vi
 vo   vi ii if
vo   R2ii R1 – vo
vi

+
i f  ii   kvi io
R1

io
vi

+
R1  R2  vo
–
ii
vi  vo  vo  1   vi
R1  R2  R1 
R1 R2

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 The Operational Amplifier (5)

vi

+
– vo
vo  vi

v1 v1 v2

R1 R1 R2
v1
 v1 v2  R1 Ro
vo      Ro R2
v2
 R1 R2  – vo

+
v2
R2
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 The Operational Amplifier (6)
R1 R2
v1

R3 v–
– vo
v2

+
v+
R4

v1  v v  vo

R1 R2
 R2  R4 R
v2  v v  vo    1 v2  2 v1  k2v2  k1v1

R3 R4  R1  R3  R4 R1

v  v

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 The Operational Amplifier (7)
R C
vi
iC
ii
– vo
vi  Rii

+
io
dvC d (  vo ) dvo vi
iC  C C  C 
dt dt dt R
ii  iC vi
 dv0   dt
RC
1
 v0 
RC  vi dt

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The Operational Amplifier (8)
v1 R1
v2 R2 C
v3 R3
– vo

+
Active Circuits - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 37
The Operational Amplifier (9)
C R
vi
ii iR
– vo

+
dvi io
ii  C
dt
vR vo dvi vo
iR   C 
R R dt R
ii  iR dvi
 v0   RC
dt

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 The Operational Amplifier (10)

R2 Rf
vi +–
R3 Rf
–

+
R1 Rf
– vo

+
Active Circuits - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 39
The Operational Amplifier (11)

R1 Rf
– vo1

+
vi
R2 Rf
– vo2

+
R3 Rf
– vo3
+

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 The Operational Amplifier (12)
R2
vo   vi R1 R2
R1 vi
Voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS) if
ii
vi – vo
i f  ii   kvi

+
R1 io
Voltage-controlled current source (VCCS)
vo   R2i f  ki1
Current-controlled voltage source (CCVS)

R2
Rf
R  R  i2
i f  i1  i2  i1  1 i1   1  1  i1  ki1 i1 R1 if
R2  R2  –
Current-controlled current source (CCCS)

+
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The Operational Amplifier (13)
vo2

+
v2 –
R R R

RP R v–
– vo

+
v+
R
v1 – R
vo1

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 Active Circuits
1. Dependent Sources
2. Analysis of Circuits with Dependent Sources
3. The Operational Amplifier: Basic Concepts and
Subcircuits
4. Analysis of Circuits with Op Amps
1. Branch Current Method
2. Node Voltage Method
3. Mesh Current Method

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 Analysis of Circuits with Op Amps
i+
v+ +
vo i  i  0
v– –
io v  v
i–
io
v+ + v+
µ(v+ – v–) vo gm(v+ – v–)
+

–
v– µ→∞ v– gm → ∞
–

ix ix io
+
rmix vo βix
+

–
rm → ∞ β→∞
–
Active Circuits - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 44
 Branch Current Method (1)
Ex. 1
–+
E1 = 7 V; E2 = 4 V; E3 = 2 V; R1 E3 R3
R1 = R2 = R3 = 2 kΩ; R4 = 6 kΩ; E1 R2 vo

+
R5 = 3 kΩ; solve the circuit?

+
–

+
–
– R5
E2
R4
–+
R1 E3 R3
E1 R2
+

vx
+

– v+ +
+

–
R5 µ(v+ – v–)
–
vo vo

+
E2
–
v– µ→∞
µvx
+

R4 – –

Active Circuits - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 45

 Branch Current Method (2)
Ex. 1 i1 i3
E1 = 7 V; E2 = 4 V; E3 = 2 V; –+
R1 = R2 = R3 = 2 kΩ; R4 = 6 kΩ; R1 E3 R3
E1 R2
R5 = 3 kΩ; solve the circuit?

+
vx
i2

+
–

+
–
R5
vo
–
i1  i2  i3  0 E2
i4 µvx

+
R4 –
R1i1  R2i2  E1  E2
  12
R2i2  vx  R4i4  E2  i1 
2   6  i1  0.5 mA
R3i3  R5i4  vx  E3  
( R4  R5 )i4   vx
Active Circuits - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 46
 Node Voltage Method (1)
Ex. 1
–+
E1 = 7 V; E2 = 4 V; E3 = 2 V; R1 E3 R3
R1 = R2 = R3 = 2 kΩ; R4 = 6 kΩ; E1 R2 vo

+
R5 = 3 kΩ; solve the circuit?

+
–

+
–
– R5
E2
R4
–+
R1 E3 R3
E1 R2
+

vx
+

– v+ +
+

–
R5 µ(v+ – v–)
–
vo vo

+
E2
–
v– µ→∞
µvx
+

R4 – –

Active Circuits - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 47

 Node Voltage Method (2)
Ex. 1 i1 i3
v1
E1 = 7 V; E2 = 4 V; E3 = 2 V; –+
R1 = R2 = R3 = 2 kΩ; R4 = 6 kΩ; R1 E3 R3
E1 R2
R5 = 3 kΩ; solve the circuit?

+
vx
i2

+
–
i5
i1  i2  i3  0

+
–
R5
– v2 vo
E2
i4  i5  0 i4 µvx

+
R4 –
E1  v1 E2  v1
i1  ; i2 
R1 R2  E1  v1 E2  v1 E3  vo  v1
E3  vo  v1  R  R  0
i3   1 2 R3
R3 
v2 v2  vo  v2  v2  vo  0
i4  ; i5   R4 R5
R4 R5
Active Circuits - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 48
 Node Voltage Method (3)
Ex. 1 i1 i3
v1
E1 = 7 V; E2 = 4 V; E3 = 2 V; –+
R1 = R2 = R3 = 2 kΩ; R4 = 6 kΩ; R1 E3 R3
E1 R2
R5 = 3 kΩ; solve the circuit?

+
vx
i2

+
–
i5

+
–
R5
 E1  v1 E2  v1 E3  vo  v1 – v2 vo
 R  R  R3
0 E2
 1 i4 µvx

+
2
 R4 –
 v2  v2  vo  0
 R4 R5
vo   vx   (v1  v2 )
2  3
 v1  3 76
 3  v1  6 V  i1   0.5 mA
2
 
Active Circuits - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 49
 Mesh Current Method (1)
Ex. 1
–+
E1 = 7 V; E2 = 4 V; E3 = 2 V; R1 E3 R3
R1 = R2 = R3 = 2 kΩ; R4 = 6 kΩ; E1 R2 vo

+
R5 = 3 kΩ; solve the circuit?

+
–

+
–
– R5
E2
R4
–+
R1 E3 R3
E1 R2
ix
ix io
+

–
R5
– vo
E2 βix
R4 β→∞
ic = βix
Active Circuits - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 50
 Mesh Current Method (2)
Ex. 1 i1
E1 = 7 V; E2 = 4 V; E3 = 2 V; –+
R1 = R2 = R3 = 2 kΩ; R4 = 6 kΩ; R1 E3 R3
E1 R2
R5 = 3 kΩ; solve the circuit? ix
iD

+
iA iB

+
–
R5
– vo
E2
R4
R1iA  R2 (iA  iB )  E1  E2 ic = βix

R2 (iB  iA )  R4 (iB  ic )  E2 9   80
 iA 
R3iD  R5 (iD  ic )  E3 18  70  iA  0.5 mA
ic   ix   (iB  iD )    i1  0.5 mA

Active Circuits - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 51