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Optimum Design of A Novel N-Way Planar Power Divider/combiner With Impedance Matching
Optimum Design of A Novel N-Way Planar Power Divider/combiner With Impedance Matching
org
Published in IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation
Received on 20th June 2011
Revised on 4th September 2011
doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2011.0201
ISSN 1751-8725
Abstract: A novel N-way planar power divider/combiner with arbitrary power division/combination ratios incorporating
impedance matching among the ports is introduced, which is configured as the combination of Wilkinson and Bagley power
dividers and possesses the advantages of both structures and avoids their shortcomings. This device performs as a single-layer
planar Bagley power divider, which divides the input power among an arbitrary number of output ports and vice versa. It also
acts as a Wilkinson power divider, which provides impedance matching among its input/output ports and exhibits high
isolation among its output ports. The bandwidth of the proposed divider is much broader than that of the simple Wilkinson
power divider. An equivalent circuit model is derived for the proposed N-section divider – combiner configuration, which is
used for its design. Two prototype models are designed, fabricated and measured for the verification of the method.
418 IET Microw. Antennas Propag., 2012, Vol. 6, Iss. 4, pp. 418 –425
& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2012 doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2011.0201
www.ietdl.org
2 Theory and analysis
The proposed power divider (or combiner) with three output
ports is shown in Fig. 1. Its equivalent circuit is shown in
Fig. 2, which is composed of microstrip line sections, chip
resistors, 908 bends, T junctions, and cross junctions [9].
The power divider configuration may divide the input
power into an even or odd number of output ports. For the
case of an odd number of output ports, two paths are
connected at their ends, as shown in Fig. 2.
For the simplicity of circuit analysis, we separate the output
port 4 into 4′ and 5′ and combine each line section series
admittances, as shown in Fig. 3. This 5-port network is
actually divided into a 3-port and a 6-port network as
shown in Fig. 3. In Fig. 3, the input port of each block is Fig. 1 Design parameters for the configuration of the 3-output
designated by an arrow. The directions of currents at the port power divider
Fig. 2 Equivalent circuit for the proposed 3-output ports power divider (combiner)
Fig. 3 Equivalent admittance matrices for the 3- or 4-output port power divider (combiner)
IET Microw. Antennas Propag., 2012, Vol. 6, Iss. 4, pp. 418– 425 419
doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2011.0201 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2012
www.ietdl.org
input and output ports are adapted according to the accepted place of [T (1) (2) (3) (4)
H ], [T H ], [T H ] and [T H ] in (3), respectively.
convention for admittance and transmission matrix Now, the transmission matrix [T V ]8×8 in Fig. 3 is
characterisation of networks. The admittance matrix of the obtained as (see (4))
3-port network may be obtained as
where [U ] is the unity matrix, [0] is the zero matrix, and
⎡ ⎤ y(l)
V ,ij is the entry of ith row and jth column of the
y(1) (2)
H,11 + yH,11 y(1) y(2) admittance matrix [Y (l) V ]. Equation (4) is used to compute
H,21 H,21
⎢ ⎥
[Y R ]3×3 =⎢
⎣ y(1)
H,12 y(1)
H,22 0 ⎥
⎦ (1) [T V ](1) in Fig. 3 by the substitution of matrices [0]2×2 ,
y(2) 0 y(2) [Y (l)
V ]2×2 in Fig. 3 and [0]2×2 in place of [Y V ]2×2 ,
(1)
H,12 H,22 (2) (3)
[Y V ]2×2 and [Y V ]2×2 , in (4), respectively. Equation (4) is
also used to compute [T V ](3) in Fig. 3 by the substitution
where y(1) (2)
H,ij and yH,ij are the entries of admittance matrices
of matrices [Y (2) (3) (4)
V ]2×2 , [Y V ]2×2 and [Y V ]2×2 in Fig. 3 in
[Y (1) (2)
H ]2×2 and [Y H ]2×2 , respectively. We now obtain the place of [Y (1) (2)
V ]2×2 , [Y V ]2×2 and [Y (3)
V ]2×2 in (2),
admittance matrix of the 6-port network [Y S ]6×6 (in
Fig. 3), which is made into an 8-port network, as shown respectively. The resultant 8 × 8 order-transmission matrix
in Fig. 3. We first obtain the transmission matrices of the of the circuit in Fig. 3 may be obtained as
horizontal ([TH]) and vertical ([TV]) circuit blocks as
shown in Fig. 3 [T]8×8 = [T V ](1) (2) (3) (4)
8×8 ∗ [T H ]8×8 ∗ [T V ]8×8 ∗ [T H ]8×8 (5)
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
(1)
tH,11 0 0 0 tH(1),12 0 0 0
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 t (2) 0 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 t (2) 0 0 ⎥
⎢ H,11 ⎥ ⎢ H,12 ⎥
[A]4×4 = ⎢ ⎥ [B]4×4 = ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 (3)
0 tH,11 0 ⎦ ⎥ ⎢ 0 tH,12 0 ⎥
(3)
⎣ ⎣ 0 ⎦
(4) (4)
0 0 0 tH,11 0 0 0 tH,12
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ (3)
(1) (1)
tH,21 0 0 0 tH,22 0 0 0
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 t (2) 0 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 t (2) 0 0 ⎥
⎢ H,21 ⎥ ⎢ H,22 ⎥
[C]4×4 = ⎢ ⎥ [D]4×4 = ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 t (3)
0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 t (3)
0 ⎥
⎣ H,21 ⎦ ⎣ H,22 ⎦
(4) (4)
0 0 0 tH,21 0 0 0 tH,22
(4)
⎡ ⎤
y33 + 2 ∗ y34 + y44 y31 + y32 + y41 + y42 y38 + y48 y35 + y45 y37 + y47 y36 + y46
⎢ y31 + y32 + y41 + y42 y11 + 2 ∗ y12 + y22 y18 + y28 y15 + y25 y17 + y27 y16 + y26 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ y38 + y48 y18 + y28 y88 y58 y78 y68 ⎥
⎢
[Y S ]6×6 = ⎢ ⎥ (6)
⎢ y35 + y45 y15 + y25 y85 y55 y75 y65 ⎥ ⎥
⎣ y37 + y47 y17 + y27 y87 y57 y77 y67 ⎦
y36 + y46 y16 + y26 y86 y56 y76 y66
420 IET Microw. Antennas Propag., 2012, Vol. 6, Iss. 4, pp. 418 –425
& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2012 doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2011.0201
www.ietdl.org
([Y S ]6×6 ) in (7) (see (7))
where yR,ij and yS,ij are the entries in the ith row and jth
column of matrices [Y R ]3×3 and [Y S ]6×6 , respectively, and
−1
p11 p21 y + yS,22 yR,23 + yS,21
= − R,22 (8)
p22 p22 yR,23 + yS,21 yR,33 + yS,22
Fig. 4 Combination of the admittance matrices [YR](m+2)×(m+2)
We have thus designed a 4-output port divider. We may and [YS]6×6
obtain a 3-output port divider by connecting two ports, for
example, 4′ and 5′ in Fig. 3. We may increase the number
of output ports of the divider by connecting a 6-port circuit output ports. If the nth and (n + 1)th port in an (n + 1) port
([Y S ]6×6 ) as in Fig. 3 to the above 5-port circuit, to obtain a network are connected together the admittance matrix of the
5- or 6-output divider. n-port network may be obtained as (11) (see (11))
In general, a 6-port circuit may be connected to an (m + 2)
port circuit (as shown in Fig. 4) to increase the number of where yR,ij is the entry of ith row and jth column of the
output ports by one or two. Note that here m is always an odd admittance matrix of [Y R ] in (9). The scattering matrix of the
number. Consequently, the admittance matrix of the (m + 4) network may be obtained from its admittance matrix as
port network, namely [Y R ](m+4)×(m+4) may be obtained from derived above [7].
the admittance matrices [Y R ](m+2)×(m+2) and [Y S ]6×6 as
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
yR,11 0 0 0 0 yR,12 yR,13 0 0 0 p11 p21 0 0 0 yR,12 yS,32 yS,42 yS,52 yS,62
⎢ 0 yS,33 yS,34 yS,35 yS,36 ⎥ ⎢ 0⎥ ⎢p p 0 0 0⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ yS,32 yS,31 0 0 ⎥ ⎢ 12 22 ⎥ ⎢ yR,13 yS,31 yS,41 yS,51 yS,61 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
[Y R ]5×5 = ⎢
⎢ 0 yS,43 yS,44 yS,45 yS,46 ⎥ ⎢
⎥ + ⎢ yS,42 yS,41 0 0 0⎥ ⎢
⎥∗⎢ 0 0 0 0 0⎥ ⎢
⎥∗⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎥
⎢ 0 yS,53 yS,54 yS,55 yS,56 ⎦ ⎢
⎥ ⎥
0⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎣ yS,52 yS,51 0 0 ⎣ 0 0 0 0 0⎦ ⎣ 0 0 0 0 0 ⎦
0 yS,63 yS,64 yS,65 yS,66 yS,62 yS,61 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(7)
(10)
(11)
IET Microw. Antennas Propag., 2012, Vol. 6, Iss. 4, pp. 418– 425 421
doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2011.0201 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2012
www.ietdl.org
the widths and lengths of line section. Table 2 Optimum dimensions (unit, mm) of the 3-output port
power divider
i
W1 W2 W3 W4 W5
error = Wtijk (Sijk − Gijk )2
k i=1 j=1 1.91 1.19 1.56 0.88 2
n W6 W7 W8 L1 L3 L7
+ W Dwijk (Dwijk − DwGijk )2 (12) 1.27 1.49 1.35 8.05 7.39 6.17
k i=2 j=i+1
422 IET Microw. Antennas Propag., 2012, Vol. 6, Iss. 4, pp. 418 –425
& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2012 doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2011.0201
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The return losses (Sii) at the divider ports as obtained by
the proposed design algorithm, HFSS full-wave simulation
software and measurement are all less than 220 dB in the
specified bandwidth (the curves are omitted for brevity).
The power division ratios (S1i) obtained from the proposed
algorithm and measurement are drawn in Fig. 7.
The variation of power division levels is less than 0.5 dB.
The isolations among the output ports (Sij ) are drawn
in Fig. 8. They are less than 220 dB in the design
frequency interval. The phase difference among the output
port signals is drawn in Fig. 9. It is less than 58 in the
design frequency interval. The variations of group delay
among the input and output ports are about 4 ps in the
design frequency interval.
The discrepancy between the simulation results and
measurement data is because of the approximate circuit Fig. 9 Signal phase differences among the output ports of the
model (which ignores the coupling among line sections), 3-output port power divider
tolerance of resistors, imperfect fabrication processes and
measurement errors.
70, 40, 60 and 50 V at ports 1, 2, . . . ,6, respectively. The
5 Example 2 geometrical dimensions of the divider configuration are
indicated in Fig. 10. The design frequency interval is
We next design a power divider (or combiner) with five 5 – 7 GHz. The chip resistors for this divider are selected
output ports, having different impedances equal to 50, 50, equal to 100 V. The substrate RT5880 is selected for the
Fig. 7 Insertion losses among the input and output ports of the 3-output port power divider
Fig. 8 Isolations among the output ports of the 3-output ports power divider
IET Microw. Antennas Propag., 2012, Vol. 6, Iss. 4, pp. 418– 425 423
doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2011.0201 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2012
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Fig. 10 Design parameters for the configuration of the 5-output port power divider
Table 3 Design goals of 5-output port power divider to 3. A photograph of the fabricated prototype of the optimum
divider is shown in Fig. 11.
G11 G22 G33 G44 G55 G66 G12 The scattering parameters of the fabricated power divider
220 220 220 220 220 220 27 are measured by the Agilent Network Analyzer E5071C,
with assumed port impedance of 50 V. Then its admittance
G13 G14 G15 G16 G23 G24 G25 matrix is obtained, which is independent of port impedance.
27 27 27 27 220 220 220 Subsequently, the scattering parameters of the divider with
distinct and different port impedances are computed by
G26 G34 G35 G36 G45 G46 G56
appropriate relation [7, 11, 12].
220 220 220 220 220 220 220 The return losses (Sii) of this divider as obtained by three
sets of data through the proposed numerical design
algorithm, HFSS and measurement better than 220 dB in
the design frequency interval (the curves are omitted for
brevity). The power division ratios (S1i) for the above set of
data are drawn in Fig. 12. Their variations are less than
0.5 dB. The isolation among the output ports (Sij ) are better
than 220 dB inside the design frequency interval (the
curves are omitted for brevity).
6 Conclusions
A novel device configuration is presented for the arbitrary
division and combination of microwave power together with
the incorporation of impedance matching among its terminal
ports. The proposed single-layer planar structure is capable
Fig. 11 Photograph of the fabricated 5-output port power divider of providing a much broader bandwidth than the Wilkinson
power divider for the division of input power among its
output ports and also combining several input powers into an
design and fabrication of the 6-port divider. The design goals output port. In contrast, the N-way Wilkinson and Gysel
and optimum dimensions of this divider are given in Table 3. power dividers require a multi-layer structure to provide
All Wt’s are equal to 1 except for Wt12 , Wt13. . .Wt16 are equal several output ports. The proposed device may be obtained
Fig. 12 Insertion losses among the input and output ports of the 5-output port power divider
424 IET Microw. Antennas Propag., 2012, Vol. 6, Iss. 4, pp. 418 –425
& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2012 doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2011.0201
www.ietdl.org
for matched terminal ports and also high isolation among its 4 Oraizi, H., Sharifi, A.-R.: ‘Design and optimization of broadband
output ports. The proposed device configuration is quite asymmetrical multisection Wilkinson power divider’, IEEE Trans.
MTT, 2006, 54, pp. 2220–2231
simple and may be readily used for the practical applications 5 Rudge, A.W., Milne, K., Olver, A.D., Knight, P.: ‘The handbook of
of microwave power combination and division. antenna design’, vol. 2 (Peter Peregrinus Ltd, London, 1983)
The circuit design by the proposed method is quite effective 6 Oraizi, H., Ayati, S.-A.: ‘Optimum design of a modified 3-way Bagley
and gives the optimum configuration. Further optimisation rectangular power divider’. Mediterranean Microwave Symp., August
2010, pp. 25–28
by the available full-wave EM simulation softwares is not 7 Oraizi, H., Ayati, S.-A.: ‘Optimum design of broadband n-way
needed. Other combinations of available power dividers may rectangular power dividers with arbitrary power division and
be further investigated to obtain improved designs. impedance matching’, IET Microw. Antenna Propag., 2011, 5, (12),
pp. 1447– 1454
8 Goldfarb, M.E.: ‘A recombinant, in-phase power divider’, IEEE Trans.
7 References MTT, 1991, 39, pp. 1438–1440
9 Wadell, B.C.: ‘Transmission line design handbook’ (Artech House, MA,
1 Wilkinson, E.: ‘An N-way hybrid power divider’, IRE Trans. MTT., 1991)
1960, 8, (1), pp. 116 –118 10 Optimization toolbox of MATLAB. ver. 7.4.0.287 (R2007a), Math
2 Gysel, U.H.: ‘A new N-way power divider/combiner suitable Work, Inc., Natick, MA, 29 January 2007
for high-power application’, IEEE Trans. MTT., 1975, 75, 11 Ha, T.T.: ‘Solid-state microwave amplifier design’ (John Wiley and
pp. 116 –118 Sons, NY, 1981)
3 Oraizi, H., Sharifi, A.-R.: ‘Optimum design of a wideband two-way 12 Gao, J.: ‘RF and microwave modeling and measurement techniques
gysel power divider with source to load impedance matching’, IEEE for field effect transistors’ (SciTech Publishing, Inc., Raleigh, NC,
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IET Microw. Antennas Propag., 2012, Vol. 6, Iss. 4, pp. 418– 425 425
doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2011.0201 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2012