Professional Documents
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Insiders Guide To Graduate Programs
Insiders Guide To Graduate Programs
Insiders Guide To Graduate Programs
Insider’s Guide to
Graduate Programs in Clinical
and Counseling Psychology
“Your book was the pivotal resource that helped me find my way to my current career. I
was one of those first-generation college students who really had no idea what I was doing
until I came across your book. The Insider’s Guide was truly indispensable and is largely
responsible for my career today.”
—Daniel J. Taylor, Ph.D., Professor of Psychology, University of Arizona
“The Insider’s Guide was an essential tool in helping me find the right doctoral program.
When applying to graduate programs in psychology, it can be difficult to navigate between
counseling or clinical, and Ph.D. or Psy.D. This book is organized in a way that helps you
compare and contrast programs. Seeing the various programs plotted on a continuum
from practice-oriented to research-oriented really helps you understand the type of train-
ing you will receive. There are so many programs to choose from—use this book to sort
out those you are most interested in, and you will end up saving money on applications
and finding the best fit.”
—Kimia Mansoor, Psy.D. student, The Wright Institute, Berkeley, California
“The Insider’s Guide was an invaluable resource for me as I tackled the tedious process
of applying to graduate school. With so many programs out there, this book provided
me with vital information to narrow down which ones would be right for me. The book
provides important details on each program—such as types of funding, emphasis areas,
and internship statistics—in a clear and organized manner. . . . I recommend it to all my
friends going through the process.”
—Mallorie Carroll, Ph.D., psychology resident,
Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas
“The advice and insights in this book helped me figure out my career and research inter-
ests, and it saved me from a lot of extra effort and heartache that I experienced when I
was working on the application process on my own. Highly recommended for anyone
considering graduate school!”
—Theresa Trieu, doctoral program applicant
“I highly recommend that all applicants to clinical and counseling psychology graduate
programs use this excellent guide to identify programs that match their specific career
interests, goals, and strengths. Applicants who start early and follow the step-by-step
advice in this manual will be well prepared to submit strong applications to programs that
will be interested in offering them admission. As the training director of an APA-accredited
counseling psychology program, I appreciate the detailed instructions for preparing a
compelling personal statement, creating a flawless CV, forging professional relationships
that will lead to strong letters of recommendation, and interviewing successfully. It will be
a pleasure to meet prospective graduate students who have put this ‘insider’ information
to good use!”
—Sharon (Sherry) Rostosky, Ph.D., Professor and Director of Training,
Counseling Psychology, University of Kentucky
“If you are interested in pursuing psychology in your graduate studies, you should take
a deep breath and pick up the Insider’s Guide to Graduate Programs in Clinical and
Counseling Psychology. . . . [The authors] guide the applicant along every step of the
application process. They point out the pitfalls, loopholes, benefits, and drawbacks to
almost every element of applying to graduate school. They fulfill their purpose to the
greatest possible degree and provide a resource that is thorough and articulate. Worry
not, potential psychology graduates: the Insider’s Guide to Graduate Programs in Clini-
cal and Counseling Psychology is your number-one resource and will provide you with all
of the information you need.”
—PsychCentral.com
“The definitive guide for those who are considering pursuing graduate-level degrees in
clinical or counseling psychology. It is the essential, practical reference every student must
have when considering graduate study in psychology. As the field continues to evolve,
students wishing to pursue further graduate education need this guide to make the right
academic decisions. . . . Should be mandatory reading for all undergraduates and others
considering graduate psychology education. I have recommended it to all of my under-
graduate students who are considering pursuing a career in psychology. *****!”
—Doody’s Review Service
“This is a useful resource for public and college libraries. Recommended. Lower-level
undergraduates and above; general readers.”
—Choice Reviews
“The Insider’s Guide focuses on the complete application process with sample documents,
worksheets, and timelines. Advice, warnings, and an easy-to-read format give this book an
edge over resources providing program descriptions only, such as the American Psycho-
logical Association’s Graduate Study in Psychology and Peterson’s Graduate Programs in
the Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences.”
—American Reference Books Annual
INSIDER’S GUIDE TO
GRADUATE PROGRAMS
IN CLINICAL AND
COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY
INSIDER’S GUIDE to
Graduate Programs
in Clinical and
Counseling Psychology
2020/2021 Edition
Michael A. Sayette
John C. Norcross
ISSN 1086-2099
CONTENTS
v
vi CONTENTS
Decision Making 132
Finalizing Arrangements 133
Post-Deadline Switches 134
If Not Accepted 135
Two Final Words 137
References 480
TABLES AND FIGURES
Tables
ix
x TABLES AND FIGURES
Figures
Michael A. Sayette, Ph.D., received his baccalaureate cum laude from Dartmouth Col-
lege. He earned his master’s and doctorate in clinical psychology from Rutgers University
and completed his internship at the Brown University School of Medicine. He is Professor
of Psychology at the University of Pittsburgh, with a secondary appointment as Profes-
sor of Psychiatry at the Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh
School of Medicine. He also serves on the faculty of the University of Pittsburgh Cancer
Institute and the Center for the Neural Bases of Cognition, a joint program of the Univer-
sity of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University. Dr. Sayette has published primarily in
the area of substance abuse. His research, which has been supported by the National Insti-
tute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, the National Institute on Drug Abuse, the National
Institute of Mental Health, and the National Cancer Institute, concerns the development
of psychological theories of alcohol and tobacco use. Dr. Sayette is a Fellow of the Ameri-
can Psychological Association (APA), the Association for Psychological Science, and the
Society for Personality and Social Psychology. He is a recipient of the Provost’s Award for
Excellence in Mentoring at the University of Pittsburgh, as well as the Toy Caldwell-Col-
bert Award for Distinguished Educator in Clinical Psychology from the Society of Clinical
Psychology (APA, Division 12). He has served on National Institutes of Health grant review
study sections and is on the editorial boards of several journals. He also has served as an
associate editor of the Journal of Abnormal Psychology and of Psychology of Addictive
Behaviors and is a member of the Editorial Committee of the Annual Review of Clinical
Psychology. Dr. Sayette is Director of Graduate Studies in the Department of Psychology
at the University of Pittsburgh and has directed graduate admissions for the clinical psy-
chology program. He has presented seminars on applying to graduate school at several
universities in North America and Europe.
John C. Norcross, Ph.D., ABPP, received his baccalaureate summa cum laude from Rut-
gers University, earned his doctorate in clinical psychology from the University of Rhode
Island, and completed his internship at the Brown University School of Medicine. He is
Distinguished Professor of Psychology at the University of Scranton, Adjunct Professor of
Psychiatry at SUNY Upstate Medical University, and a board-certified clinical psycholo-
gist. He edited the Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session for 10 years and served on
the editorial boards of a dozen journals. Past-president of the APA’s Division of Clinical
Psychology and Division of Psychotherapy, he served on the APA’s governing Council of
Representatives and the Board of Educational Affairs. Dr. Norcross has published more
than 400 articles and has authored or edited over 20 books, including Leaving It at the
xi
xii ABOUT THE AUTHORS
T
o paraphrase John Donne, no book is an island, entire of itself. This sentiment is
particularly true of a collaborative venture such as ours: a coauthored volume in its
16th edition comprising the program reports provided by hundreds of psychology
training directors throughout North America. We are grateful to them all.
We are indebted to the many colleagues, students, and workshop participants for their
assistance in improving this book over the years. Special thanks to Dr. John Dimoff for an
outstanding job coordinating the updates on the individual program reports. Thanks also
to Jake Ziede for verifying the URLs throughout the book and checking current sources.
William Burke, Director of Financial Aid at the University of Scranton, updates our sec-
tions on financial aid and loan options every two years. Seymour Weingarten and his
associates at The Guilford Press have continued to provide interpersonal support and
technical assistance on all aspects of the project. We are grateful to Dr. Tracy Mayne, who
coauthored several previous editions of the Insider’s Guide. Special thanks to our families
for their unflagging support and patience with late night work!
Finally, our efforts have been aided immeasurably by our students, undergraduate
and graduate alike, who courageously shared their experiences with us about the applica-
tion and admission process. Thank you for helping others to avoid your miscues and to
repeat your successes.
xiii
PREFACE
O
ne of the benefits of applying to clinical and counseling psychology programs is
that you earn the right to commiserate about it afterwards. A night of anecdotes and
complaints led us to review our travails and compare notes on the difficulties we
each experienced during the admission process. We emerged from diverse backgrounds
but wound up in doctoral programs in clinical psychology.
Although we approached graduate school in different ways, the process was much
the same. We each attempted to locate specific information on clinical and counseling
psychology admissions, looked to people around us for advice, took what seemed to be
sound, and worked with it. Not all the advice was good (one professor persistently rec-
ommended law school instead), and it was difficult to decide what was best when advice
conflicted.
All in all, there was too little factual information available and too much unneces-
sary anxiety involved. No clearly defined or organized system was available to guide us
through this complex process. So we decided to write an Insider’s Guide to Graduate
Programs in Clinical and Counseling Psychology. That was 15 editions and 30 years ago.
The last dozen years have seen the entire process of choosing and applying to schools
become progressively more complicated. Approximately 125,000 b achelor’s degrees
are awarded every year in psychology (www.apa.org/workforce/data-tools/degrees-
psychology), and about 20% of those recipients go on to earn a master’s or doctoral degree
in psychology. Clinical and counseling psychology programs continue to grow in number
and to diversify in mission: APA accredits 247 doctoral programs in clinical psychology,
76 doctoral programs in counseling psychology, and 13 doctoral programs in combined
psychology (see Table 1-3). Add in the dozens of non-APA-accredited doctoral programs
and the hundreds of master’s programs and you get a blizzard of graduate programs in
diverse subfields of psychology.
How can you develop your qualifications for graduate school in psychology? How
should you prepare for admission into these competitive graduate programs? To which
should you apply? And which type of program is best for you—master’s or doctoral, coun-
seling or clinical, practice-oriented Psy.D. or research-oriented Ph.D.? We’ll take you step
by step through this confusing morass and help you make informed decisions suited to
your needs and goals.
In clear and concise language, we assist you through this process, from the initial
decision to apply through your final acceptance. In Chapter 1, we describe clinical and
xv
xvi PREFACE
counseling psychology and both practice and research alternatives to these subfields. We
explain the importance of program accreditation and warn against many online graduate
programs that seek to separate you from your money. In Chapter 2, we feature the Boul-
der model (Ph.D.) and the Vail model (Psy.D.) of training psychologists and highlight their
salient differences so that you can make an educated choice between them. In Chapter 3,
we discuss the essential preparation for graduate school—the coursework, faculty men-
toring, clinical experiences, research skills, entrance examinations, and extracurricular
activities.
From there, in Chapter 4, we get you started on the application process and assist you
in understanding admission requirements. Special sections for research-oriented, practice-
oriented, racial/ethnic minority, LGBT, disabled, and international applicants individual-
ize the admissions advice. In Chapter 5, we show you how to systematically select schools
on the basis of multiple considerations, especially research interests, clinical opportuni-
ties, theoretical orientations, program outcomes, financial assistance, and quality of life.
Then, in Chapter 6, we take you through the application procedure itself—application
forms, curricula vitae, personal statements, letters of recommendation, academic tran-
scripts, and the like. In Chapter 7, we review the perils and promises of the interview,
required by 95% of APA-accredited clinical and counseling psychology programs. We pre-
pare you to master the interview in terms of preparation, travel, attire, nonverbal behav-
ior, stressful questions, and the dreaded wait for an admission offer. Last, in Chapter 8, we
walk you through the complexities of the final decisions.
With multiple worksheets and concrete examples, we help you feel less overwhelmed
and better informed. In the end, you will become more aware that you are the consumer
of a graduate program that best suits your needs.
In this new edition, we provide:
Updates on the required and recommended psychology courses for admission
New data on preadmission interview policies
Information on recent changes in graduate student loans (and debt)
Advice on using APA’s emerging centralized application service, PSYCAS
Updates on your probability of securing an APA-accredited internship
In addition, throughout the book, we highlight free resources to minimize the cost of
applying to graduate school and provide Web addresses to ease the admissions process—
locating compatible programs, communicating with potential faculty mentors, submitting
application forms, and helping faculty send letters of recommendation electronically. In
other words, we remove some of the work and cost of preparing and applying for gradu-
ate study in psychology.
We have conducted original research studies for this Insider’s Guide in an effort to
inform your decision making. These results provide crucial information on the differ-
ences between clinical and counseling psychology (Chapter 1), the distinctions between
Ph.D. and Psy.D. programs (Chapter 2), the uniqueness of PCSAS-accredited programs in
clinical science (Chapter 2), the importance of various graduate school selection criteria
(Chapter 3), the psychology coursework required for graduate admission (Chapter 3), the
average acceptance rates into psychology graduate programs (Chapter 4), the probability
of financial assistance (Chapter 5), and interview policies (Chapter 7). The results of our
studies allow you to search for particular research areas (Appendix E), clinical opportu-
nities (Appendix F), and program concentrations/tracks (Appendix G) as you consider
which graduate programs to apply to.
Indeed, we have extensively surveyed all APA-accredited programs in clinical, coun-
seling, and combined psychology for a quarter of a century now and present detailed
information on each in the reports on individual programs. This edition features reports
on 99% of the APA-accredited doctoral programs in the United States. A thorough time
line (Appendix A) and multiple worksheets (Appendices B, C, and D) supply assistance on
PREFACE xvii
INTRODUCING CLINICAL
AND COUNSELING
PSYCHOLOGY
A warm welcome to the Insider’s Guide. clinical and counseling psychology entail. Reading
If you are reading this book for the first time, through the next section may prove useful by mak-
then we assume you are either considering applying ing you aware of other programs of study that may
to graduate programs in clinical and counseling psy- better suit your needs.
chology or are in the process of doing so. For even Let us begin with clinical psychology, the largest
the best-prepared applicant, this can precipitate a specialty and the fastest growing sector in psychol-
great deal of stress and confusion. The mythology ogy. Two-thirds of the doctoral-level health service
surrounding this process is foreboding, and you may providers in the American Psychological Association
have heard some “horror” stories similar to these: (APA) identify with the specialty area of clinical psy-
“It’s the hardest graduate program to get into in the chology. Indeed, the discipline has exploded since
country”; “You need a 3.7 grade point average and World War II in numbers, activities, and knowledge.
outrageous GREs or they won’t even look at you”; Since 1949, the year of the Boulder Conference (see
“If you haven’t taken time off after your bachelor’s below), there has been a large and significant increase
degree and worked in a clinic or research lab, you in psychology doctoral graduates. Approximately
don’t have enough experience to apply.” 3,000 doctoral degrees in clinical psychology are
Having endured the application process our- now awarded annually in the United States—about
selves, we know how overwhelming and bewilder- half Ph.D. degrees and about half Psy.D. degrees. All
ing the task appears at first glance. However, we find told, doctoral degrees in clinical psychology account
that much of the anxiety is unwarranted. It does not for almost half of all psychology doctorates (APA,
take astronomical test scores or years of practical or 2019; Norcross et al., 2005). Table 1-1 demonstrates,
research experience to get into clinical and counsel- at 18-year intervals, the continuing popularity of
ing psychology programs. Although these qualifica- clinical psychology and the growing number of clini-
tions certainly help, they are not sufficient. Equally cal doctorates awarded annually.
important are a knowledge of how the admission These trends should continue well into the
system works and an infusion of extra effort into the future. The percentage of psychology majors among
application process. In this Guide, we will help you college freshmen has increased nationally to almost
to work smarter and harder in getting into graduate 5% (CIRP, 2016), making psychology the fourth or
school in psychology. fifth most frequent major. Indeed, according to data
from the U.S. Department of Education, interest in
Clinical and Counseling Psychology psychology has never been higher. The U.S. Bureau
of Labor Statistics (2019) projects that employment
Before dealing with the question of “how to apply,” of clinical and counseling psychologists will grow
we would like to address “why to apply” and what 14% from 2016 to 2026, faster than the average for
1
2 INTRODUCING CLINICAL AND COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY
all occupations. So, if you are seriously considering As shown in Table 1-2, clinical and counseling
clinical or counseling psychology for a career, you psychologists devote similar percentages of their
belong to a large, vibrant, and growing population. day to the same professional activities. About one-
A definition of clinical psychology was adopted half of their time is dedicated to psychotherapy and
jointly by the APA Division of Clinical Psychology and assessment and a quarter of their time to research
the Council of University Directors of Clinical Psy- and administration. A stunning finding was that 40%
chology (Resnick, 1991). That definition states that or more of clinical and counseling psychologists are
the field of clinical psychology involves research, routinely involved in all seven activities—psycho-
teaching, and services relevant to understanding, therapy, assessment, teaching, research, supervision,
predicting, and alleviating intellectual, emotional, consultation, and administration. Flexible career
biological, psychological, social, and behavioral mal- indeed!
adjustment, applied to a wide range of client popu- The scope of clinical and counseling psychology
lations. The principal skill areas essential to clinical is continually widening, as are the employment set-
psychology are assessment, intervention, consulta- tings. Many people mistakenly view psychologists
tion, program development and evaluation, super- solely as practitioners who spend most of their time
vision, administration, conduct of research, and seeing patients. But in truth, clinical and counseling
application of ethical standards. Perhaps the safest psychology are wonderfully diverse and pluralistic
observation about clinical psychology is that both professions. Consider the full-time employment set-
the field and its practitioners continue to outgrow tings of American clinical psychologists: 41% in pri-
the classic definitions. vate practices, 26% in universities or colleges, 8%
Counseling psychology is the second largest spe- in medical schools, 5% in Veterans Administration
cialty in psychology and another growing sector. As facilities, 4% in outpatient clinics, 3% in psychiatric
also shown in Table 1-1, counseling psychology has hospitals, another 3% in general hospitals, and 10%
experienced sustained growth over the past four in “other” placements (Norcross, Karpiak, & Santoro,
decades. We are referring here to counseling psychol- 2005). This last category includes, just to name a
ogy, the doctoral-level specialization in psychology, few, child and family services, correctional facilities,
not to the master’s-level profession of counseling. rehabilitation centers, school systems, health main-
This is a critical distinction: our book and research tenance organizations, psychoanalytic institutes, and
studies pertain specifically and solely to counseling the federal government.
psychology programs, not counseling programs. Although many psychologists choose careers in
Note. Data from National Research Council, National Science Foundation, and National Center for Education Statistics
(selected years).
INTRODUCING CLINICAL AND COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY 3
Note. Data from Norcross & Karpiak (2012), Goodyear et al. (2008), and Lichtenberg, Goodyear, Overland, Hutman, &
Norcross (2015).
private practice, hospitals, and clinics, a large num- not accurately capture the opportunities in the field.
ber also pursue careers in research. For some, this Approximately half of all clinical and counseling psy-
translates into an academic position. Continuing chologists hold more than one professional position
uncertainties in the health care system increase the (Norcross & Karpiak, 2012; Goodyear et al., 2016). By
allure of academic positions, where salaries are less and large, psychologists incorporate several pursuits
tied to client fees and insurance reimbursements. into their work, often simultaneously. They combine
Academic psychologists teach courses and conduct activities in ways that can change over time to accom-
research, usually with a clinical population. They modate their evolving interests. Of those licensed
hope to find a “tenure-track” position, which means psychologists not in full-time private practice, more
they start out as an assistant professor. After a speci- than half engage in some part-time independent
fied amount of time (typically 5 or 6 years), a univer- work. Without question, this flexibility is an asset.
sity committee reviews their research, teaching, and As a university professor, for example, you might
service, and decides whether they will be hired as a supervise a research group studying aspects of alco-
permanent faculty member and promoted to associ- holism, treat substance abusers and their families
ate professor. Even though the tenure process can
in private practice, and teach a course on alcohol
be pressured, the atmosphere surrounding assistant
abuse. Or, you could work for a company supervising
professors is conducive to research activity. They are
marketing research, do private testing for a school
often given “seed” money to set up research labs
system, and provide monthly seminars on mindful
and attract graduate students eager to share in the
meditation. The possibilities are almost limitless.
publication process. (For additional information on
This flexibility is also evident in clinical and
the career paths of psychology faculty, consult The
Compleat Academic: A Career Guide [Darley, Zanna, counseling psychologists’ “self-views.” Approximately
& Roediger, 2009], or Career Paths in Psychology half characterize themselves primarily as clinical
[Sternberg, 2016].) practitioners, 25% as academicians, 7% administra-
In addition, research-focused industries (like tors, 7% researchers, and 2% supervisors.
pharmaceutical and biomedical), as well as commu- Also comforting is the consistent finding of
nity-based organizations, are increasingly employ- relatively high and stable satisfaction with graduate
ing psychologists to design and conduct outcomes training and career choice. Over two-thirds of gradu-
research. Evaluation and outcome research com- ate students in clinical and counseling psychology
bines the use of assessment, testing, program design, express satisfaction with their post-baccalaureate
and cost-effectiveness analyses. Although lacking preparation. Moreover, 87 to 91% are satisfied with
the job security of tenure, industry can offer greater their career choice (Norcross & Karpiak, 2012; ‑Tib-
monetary compensation and is a viable option for bits-Kleber & Howell, 1987). The conclusion we draw
research-oriented Ph.D.s. is that clinical and counseling psychologists appre-
But even this range of employment settings does ciate the diverse pursuits and revel in their profes-
4 INTRODUCING CLINICAL AND COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY
sional flexibility, which figure prominently in their Evans, & Ellis, 2010; Norcross et al., 2019) shows
high level of career satisfaction. that, in rough figures, one-quarter of doctoral pro-
According to Money magazine and Salary.com, grams in counseling psychology are located in psy-
psychologist is one of the 10 best jobs in America. chology departments, one-quarter in departments
And so, too, is college professor. of counseling psychology, one-quarter in depart-
ments or colleges of education, and one-quarter in
assorted other departments. The historical place-
Relative Differences ment of counseling psychology programs in educa-
tion departments explains the occasional awarding
The distinctions between clinical psychology and
of the Ed.D. (doctor of education) by counseling psy-
counseling psychology have steadily faded. Gradu-
chology programs.
ates of counseling psychology programs are eligible A third difference is that clinical psychology
for the same professional benefits as clinical psy- graduates are more likely trained in projective and
chology graduates, such as psychology licensure, intellectual assessment, whereas counseling psychol-
independent practice, and insurance reimburse- ogy graduates conduct more career and vocational
ment. The APA ceased distinguishing many years ago assessment. Those applicants particularly interested
between clinical and counseling psychology intern- in vocational and career assessment should concen-
ships: there is one list of APA-accredited internships trate on counseling psychology programs.
for both clinical and counseling psychology students. Fourth, counseling psychologists more frequently
Both types of programs prepare licensed, doctoral- endorse humanistic and existential approaches to
level psychologists who provide health care services. psychotherapy, whereas clinical psychologists are
At the same time, six robust differences between more likely to embrace behavioral and cognitive-
clinical psychology and counseling psychology are behavioral orientations (Table 5-2, to be discussed
still visible (Morgan & Cohen, 2003; Lichtenberg et later). Such relative differences can guide your appli-
al., 2015; Norcross et al., 1998; Norcross, Sayette, cations if you harbor a strong preference for a par-
& Martin-Wagar, 2019). First, clinical psychology is ticular theoretical approach.
larger than counseling psychology: in 2018, there A fifth relative difference involves entry into
were 247 active APA-accredited doctoral programs counseling psychology programs. Fully one-third of
in clinical psychology and 76 active APA-accredited doctoral counseling psychology programs require a
doctoral programs in counseling psychology (Table master’s degree prior to entry. Essentially no clini-
1-3). About half of all doctorates (Ph.D.s and Psy.D.s) cal psychology program requires a master’s degree
awarded each year in psychology are in clinical psy- before admission (Norcross, Sayette, Stratigis, &
chology; about 8% are in counseling psychology Zimmerman, 2014). Thus, counseling psychology
(APA, 2019). programs accept far more master’s students (63% vs.
Second, clinical psychology graduate programs 23%) than clinical psychology programs (Norcross
are almost exclusively housed in departments or et al., 2019; Sayette, Norcross, & Dimoff, 2011). Put
schools of psychology, whereas counseling psychol- another way, clinical psychology programs tend to
ogy graduate programs are located in a variety of favor those applying with a baccalaureate degree
departments and divisions. Our research (Norcross, only.
Sixth, both APA figures (APA, 2019; APA Research same time, it is important to realize that Ph.D. pro-
Office, 1997) and our research (Bechtoldt, Norcross, grams in clinical psychology encompass an enor-
Wyckoff, Pokrywa, & Campbell, 2001; Norcross & mously diverse set of schools. Accordingly, these
Karpiak, 2012) consistently reveal that 15% more comparisons between clinical and counseling Ph.D.
clinical psychologists are employed in full-time pri- programs reflect general trends. For instance, as we
vate practice than are counseling psychologists. On describe in more detail in chapter 4, several APA-
the other hand, 10% more counseling psychologists accredited professional schools offering a Ph.D. in
are employed in college counseling centers than are clinical psychology accept more than half of those
clinical psychologists. who applied (Sayette et al., 2011). By contrast, the
Studies on the functions of clinical and coun- acceptance rates among Ph.D. clinical scientist pro-
seling psychologists substantiate these differences, grams accredited by PCSAS (see Table 2-1 and below)
but the similarities are far more numerous (Brems are vastly different, in the 2% to 8% range. In addi-
& Johnson, 1997; Goodyear et al., 2016). Thus, as tion, please bear in mind that these systematic
you consider applying to graduate school, be aware comparisons reflect broad differences in the APA-
of these differences but also remember that the two accredited Ph.D. programs; they say nothing about
subfields are similar indeed—which is why we fea- Psy.D. programs (which we discuss in the next chap-
ture both of them in this Insider’s Guide! ter) or nonaccredited programs.
In order to extend the previous research, we Please rely on the reports on individual pro-
conducted several studies on APA-accredited doc- grams at the back of this book, rather than on these
toral programs in counseling psychology and clinical generalizations alone. The notion of discovering the
psychology regarding their number of applications, best match between you and a graduate program is a
characteristics of incoming students, and research recurrent theme of this Insider’s Guide.
areas of the faculty (Norcross, Evans, & Ellis, 2010;
Norcross, Sayette, et al., 1998; Norcross et al., 2019; Combined Programs
Sayette et al., 2011). We found:
The average acceptance rates of Ph.D. clinical (6%) The American Psychological Association (APA)
and Ph.D. counseling (8%) psychology programs accredits doctoral programs in five areas: clinical
were quite similar despite the doubled number of psychology, counseling psychology, school psychol-
applications to clinical programs (202 vs. 101). ogy, other developed practice areas, and combined
The grade point averages (GPAs) and GRE scores psychology. The last category is for those programs
for incoming doctoral students were nearly identi- that afford doctoral training in two or more of the
cal in Ph.D. clinical and Ph.D. counseling psychol- specialties of clinical, counseling, and school psy-
ogy programs (3.5 to 3.6 for both). chology.
The counseling psychology faculty were more The “combined” doctoral programs represent a
interested than clinical psychology faculty in relatively new development in graduate psychology
research pertaining to minority/multicultural training, and thus are small in number, about 4% of
issues (69% vs. 32% of programs) and vocational/ APA-accredited programs (Table 1-3). Combination
career testing (62% vs. 1% of programs). In fact, programs appear as both Ph.D. and Psy.D. curricula
counseling psychology programs enrolled propor- and typically involve school psychology as one of
tionally more ethnic minority students than the their constituent components.
clinical programs (36% vs. 23%). In emphasizing the core research and practice
The clinical psychology faculty, in turn, were far competencies among the specialties, combined pro-
more interested than the counseling psychology grams try to enlist their respective strengths and
faculty in research pertaining to psychopathologi- to capitalize on their overarching competencies. In
cal populations (e.g., attention deficit disorders, doing so, the hope is that a combined program will be
depression, personality disorders) and activities “greater than the sum of its parts” (Salzinger, 1998).
traditionally associated with medical settings (e.g., For students undecided about a particular subfield in
neuropsychology, pain management, pediatric professional psychology and seeking broad clinical
psychology). training, these accredited combined programs war-
rant a close look.
These evidence-based relative differences can be The chief reasons that students select combined
used as a rough guide in matching your interests to doctoral programs are for greater breadth and flex-
clinical or counseling psychology programs. At the ibility of training and for more opportunity of inte-
6 INTRODUCING CLINICAL AND COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY
grative training across subfields. The emphasis on American State University (Hawaii), American Inter-
breadth of psychological knowledge ensures that national University (Alabama). (For additional infor-
combined training will address the multiplicity of mation about diploma mills, consult the fact sheets
interests that many students have and that many psy- at the Council for Higher Education Accreditation
chologists will need in practice (Beutler & Fisher, (CHEA) at www.CHEA.org and http://collegemouse.
1994). The chief disadvantages of combined pro- com/?s=unaccredited.)
grams are, first, their lack of depth and specialization The second type of accreditation pertains to the
and, second, the fact that other mental health profes- graduate program (or internship) itself. Specialized
sionals may not understand the combined degree. accreditation of the discipline is performed by APA
Our research on combined training programs and, to a lesser extent, Psychological Clinical Science
(Castle & Norcross, 2002; Cobb, Reeve, Shealy, Nor- Accreditation System (PCSAS, as explained below).
cross, et al., 2004) does, in fact, substantiate the APA is the only agency approved by both the U.S.
broader training and more varied employment of Department of Education and the Council for Higher
their graduates. Consult the Reports of Combined Education Accreditation to accredit all psychology
Programs at the end of this book for details on these programs and internships. PCSAS is recognized by
innovative programs. Also consult two special issues CHEA (but not the Department of Education) to
of the Journal of Clinical Psychology (Shealy, 2004) accredit clinical psychology doctoral programs (but
on the combined-integrative model of doctoral train- not other psychology programs). See: We told you it
ing in professional psychology. can get confusing!
This accreditation is a voluntary procedure for
A Word on Accreditation the doctoral program itself, not the entire institu-
tion. Most programs capable of meeting the require-
Accreditation of education in the United States proves ments of APA accreditation will choose to apply for
confusing, so we apologize in advance for the neces- accreditation. Accreditation of a clinical, counseling,
sary detour into accreditation matters. But, as you or combined psychology program by the APA pre-
will see, we shall soon apply all of this knowledge to sumes regional accreditation of the entire institution.
your quest for a graduate degree in clinical, counsel- As of 2018, APA has accredited 247 active clini-
ing, or combined psychology. cal psychology programs (73 of these awarding the
Accreditation comes in many guises, but the Psy.D. degree), 76 active counseling psychology pro-
two primary types are institutional accreditation grams (9 of these awarding the Psy.D. degree), and
and program accreditation. Institutional applies to 8 active combined professional–scientific psychology
an entire institution. Seven regional accreditation programs (5 of these Psy.D.). Table 1-3 summarizes
bodies, such as the Commission on Higher Educa- the number of APA-accredited psychology programs
tion of the Middle States Association of Colleges and by subfield or area (clinical, counseling, and com-
Schools, oversee accreditation for the university or bined).
college itself. An institution receives accreditation The Reports on Individual Programs in this book
when it has been judged to have met minimum stan- provide detailed descriptions of these 300+ APA-
dards of quality for postsecondary education. accredited clinical psychology, counseling psychol-
Beware of any institution that is not accredited ogy, and combined programs, respectively. We do
by its regional accreditation body. A degree from this not feature in the Insider’s Guide psychology pro-
institution will probably not be recognized by licens- grams that are unaccredited, inactive, or on proba-
ing boards, certifying organizations, or insurance tion. Nor do we present information about doctoral
companies (Dattilio, 1992). Be particularly careful school psychology programs, as they blend master’s-
about nontraditional or external degree programs level certification as a school psychologist by the
that offer the option of obtaining a degree based on state department of education with doctoral-level
independent study, typically away from the institu- licensure as an independent psychologist by the state
tion itself. Some of these are reputable programs, board of psychology.
but many are for-profit “diploma mills” (Angulo, Take note that APA does not accredit master’s
2016; Stewart & Spille, 1988). Many diploma mills programs. Accordingly, references to “accredited”
have names similar to legitimate universities, so you master’s psychology programs are to regional or
must be vigilant. Here are several diploma mills with state, not APA, accreditation.
potentially misleading titles: Columbia State Uni- The Standards of Accreditation for psychology
versity (Louisiana), La Salle University (Louisiana), programs can be obtained from the APA Office of
INTRODUCING CLINICAL AND COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY 7
APA decided to phase out accrediting Canadian be aware of this transition and the potential conse-
psychology programs in the last decade. At the end quences on internship and licensure in selected U.S.
of 2015, APA accreditation for programs located in states.
Canada came to a full stop. Mutual recognition agree- We do not want to discourage anyone from
ments will continue, but formal APA accreditation of attending excellent Canadian doctoral programs in
Canadian programs has not. Most jurisdictions in the psychology; we do want you to be informed consum-
United States recognize CPA-accredited programs for ers. Toward this end, Table 1-4 provides the names,
the purposes of licensure, but a couple do not. Thus, degrees (Ph.D. or Psy.D.), and locations of all CPA-
accredited doctoral programs in clinical, counsel- accredited doctoral program and internship. In fact,
ing, and combined psychology (for updates, consult psychology is the only health profession that does
www.cpa.ca/accreditation/CPAaccreditedprograms/). not currently require graduation from an accredited
Our Reports on Individual Programs provide program to sit for licensure.
crucial descriptive and application information on All other things being equal, an APA-accredited
each APA-accredited doctoral program in clinical, clinical, counseling, or combined psychology pro-
counseling, and combined psychology. The APA Edu- gram gives you a definite advantage over a nonac-
cation Directorate updates the listing of accredited credited program. As we warn our own students,
programs bimonthly on their website, www.apa.org/ “Do you want to spend your entire career explain-
ed. ing and defending why you did not attend an APA-
How important is it to attend an APA-accredited accredited program!?”
program? The consensus ranges from important
to essential. APA accreditation ensures a modicum Online Graduate Programs
of program stability, quality assurance, and profes-
sional accountability. Students in APA-accredited Practically every institution of higher education now
programs have a formal appeals mechanism to the offers online courses and distance education. The
profession and APA, but not so for students attending worldwide rate of growth in online courses is stag-
nonaccredited programs. Graduates of APA-accred- gering; tens of millions of students take them every
ited programs are practically guaranteed to meet the year. Some institutions have gone further to create
educational requirements for state licensure. The graduate programs that are entirely online, with all
federal government, the Veterans Administration, discussions being conducted electronically on bulle-
and most universities now insist on a doctorate and tin boards and all assignments being submitted by
internship from an APA-accredited program. computer.
The career outcomes of graduates from APA- Several of these online learning institutions
accredited programs tend to be better than those aggressively advertise doctoral programs in clini-
hailing from non-APA-accredited programs. Students cal psychology, including Fielding, Walden, Capella,
are in a more advantageous and competitive position Northcentral, and Phoenix universities. Fielding
coming from an APA-approved program in terms of Graduate University, located in California, requires
their internship match rate (Anderson, 2009; Cal- several weeks of in-person residency per year, and
lahan, Collins, & Klonoff, 2010; Graham & Kim, thus utilizes a distributed or hybrid model. It is the
2011); students enrolled in APA-accredited doctoral only online or distance program that has ever been
programs are three times more likely as those from APA accredited. APA does not accredit fully online
unaccredited programs to match (Norcross & Kar- programs in professional psychology.
piak, 2015). In fact, starting in 2018, students from We are frequently approached by students
nonaccredited programs cannot even participate in intrigued with these and other distance-learning
the computerized internship match process until doctoral programs and asked whether we think they
students from APA- and CPA-accredited programs are credible programs. Our answer is that a couple
have completed their matches. Graduates of APA of programs may prove credible, but definitely not
programs also score significantly higher, on average, preferred, for several reasons. First, we recommend
than do students of non-APA-accredited programs that students favor APA-accredited programs, and
on the national licensure exam (Kupfersmid & Fiola, only one of these programs has ever met the mini-
1991; Schaffer et al., 2012; Templer et al., 2008). The mum educational standards set forth by APA. Sec-
eventual employment outcomes favor psychologists ond, many psychology licensing boards will not issue
graduating from accredited programs as well (Gra- licenses to graduates of distance learning programs
ham & Kim, 2011; Walfish & Sumprer, 1984). (Hall, Wexelbaum, & Boucher, 2007). Third, online
Licensure and employment as a psychologist are programs lack quality control over their clinical
not precluded by attending a non-APA-accredited supervisors, who are scattered around the country.
program, but the situation is tightening. Only a hand- Fourth, much of the learning in clinical and counsel-
ful of states now require an APA-accredited doctoral ing programs occurs in close, interpersonal relation-
program and internship for licensure, but that num- ships with faculty on a daily basis. Frequent computer
ber of states will gradually increase. APA has officially contact is useful, but in our opinion, not equivalent.
requested that state licensure boards revise their And fifth, without sounding too stodgy, we believe
regulations to require completion of an APA- or CPA- online programs are still too new and alternative to
10 INTRODUCING CLINICAL AND COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY
have developed a track record of producing qual- ascertain how many of their graduates eventually
ity psychologists. Most psychology faculty, intern- become licensed psychologists.
ship directors, and potential employers feel likewise determine the residency requirement (how much
(Mandernach, Mason, Forrest, & Hackathorn, 2012); time per year is expected on campus).
graduates of non–APA-accredited distance programs expect no financial assistance from the online
have experienced difficulty in securing licensure and institution itself (but loans are available).
employment as psychologists. become comfortable and savvy with computers, as
Online education increases accessibility and con- most of your contact and assignments will be con-
venience for students in many areas of study. More ducted online.
than a quarter of undergraduate psychology courses be an organized, self-motivated individual who
are offered online (Hailstorks, Norcross, et al., 2019). can meet deadlines without supervision.
However, this benefit does not extend as readily to realize that the vast majority of interaction with
graduate psychology programs because, in addi- fellow students and professors will occur online.
tion to coursework, students need practical experi- be prepared for intensive research and writing on
ence, clinical supervision, research mentoring, and your own.
residency requirements (Murphy et al., 2007). APA
objects to the lack of ongoing, face-to-face interac- Practice Alternatives
tion and quality control in fully online graduate pro-
grams for health service psychologists. In addition to doctoral programs in clinical, coun-
Of course, each online program needs to be eval- seling, and combined psychology, we would like to
uated on its own merits, and each doctoral student describe several alternative programs of study that
must be considered for his or her individual abili- should be considered. We have classified these pro-
ties. In the end, graduate students will get out of a grams along the practice–research continuum. The
program what they put in—whether through a tra- practice-oriented programs are outlined first. Addi-
ditional, bricks-and-mortar institution or an innova- tional details on helping professions can be accessed
tive, online program. The early research on distance at the trustworthy O*NET OnLine (www.onetonline.
and online education indicates that it produces com- org/ and http://teachpsych.org/resources/Documents/
parable outcomes to traditional education, at least otrp/resources/himelein99.pdf). The latter site, A Stu-
in acquiring knowledge and academic skills. Unfor- dent Guide to Careers in the Helping Professions, by
tunately, there is insufficient research on the online Melissa Himelein, presents information on job duties,
preparation of professional psychologists to render potential earnings, required degrees, and the like.
any conclusions. You are restricted neither to clinical/counseling
Research demonstrates that many psychology psychology nor even to psychology in selecting a
majors—45% or so—are interested in online gradu- career in mental health. School psychology, as dis-
ate programs (Bendersky et al., 2008). Given the cussed below, is a viable alternative. Also note that
aforementioned problems with online graduate edu- psychology is only one of six nationally recognized
cation in psychology, we repeat our warning to be mental health disciplines, the others being psychia-
wary. Students matriculating into these online pro- try (medicine), clinical social work, psychiatric nurs-
grams often do so under the false belief that these ing, marital/family therapy, and counseling.
programs will offer comparable training, licensing, We do not wish to dissuade you from consider-
and professional benefits as traditional, accredited ing clinical or counseling psychology, of course, but a
programs. They rarely do. mature career choice should be predicated on sound
Should you, despite our warnings, decide to information and contemplation of the alternatives.
apply to online doctoral programs in psychology, we A primary consideration is what you want to do—
would advise you to: your desired activities. Conducting psychotherapy
complete your master’s degree in a conventional is possible in any of the following fields. Prescribing
program to secure one in-person degree and to medication is currently restricted to physicians and
meet the admission prerequisites of most online some nurse practitioners, although psychologists are
doctoral programs. steadily securing prescription privileges around the
obtain information on the program’s record of country. Psychological testing and empirical research
producing graduates who secure APA-accredited are conducted by psychologists. As discussed pre-
internships viously, psychologists also enjoy a wide range and
INTRODUCING CLINICAL AND COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY 11
pleasurable integration of professional activities. Fol- ing problems), adopting a broader ecological or com-
lowing is a sampling of alternatives to a doctorate in munity perspective, and changing social policies.
clinical or counseling psychology. Collaborative social action can be taken at neighbor-
hood, organizational, state, national, and interna-
1. School Psychology. Some undergraduates tional levels to advance social justice and to promote
express a particular interest in working with chil- positive behavior.
dren, adolescents, and their families. Admission into Graduate training in community psychology
the Boulder-model programs with a child clinical occurs within clinical-community psychology pro-
specialty is particularly competitive. A doctorate in grams or within explicit community psychology
school psychology is much more accessible, with two programs. The former are clinical psychology pro-
times the acceptance rates of child clinical programs. grams with an emphasis on or a specialization in
The APA has accredited 70 of these programs (61 community; these doctoral programs are listed in
Ph.D., 9 Psy.D.; Table 1-3), which provide doctoral- Appendix E (Research Areas) under “community psy-
level training in clinical work with children in school chology.” About 10 universities in the United States
settings. offer a doctorate in community psychology, and an
One disadvantage of pursuing a career as a mas- additional 15 offer a doctorate in clinical-community.
ter’s-level school psychologist lies in the fact that, If your interests lean toward prevention and commu-
unlike the other alternatives, one’s professional work nity-based interventions, then by all means check out
is typically limited to the school. If this limitation is a specialization or a program in community psychol-
not a concern, then training as a school psychologist ogy. The lively website of the APA division of commu-
can be an excellent option for those interested in nity psychology at www.scra27.org/ delivers further
working with children and families (Halgin, 1986). information about the field and training programs.
At the doctoral level, school psychologists are
credentialed to function in both school and non- 3. Clinical Social Work. A master’s degree in
school settings. Research finds substantial overlap in social work (M.S.W.) is a popular practice alterna-
the coursework of child clinical programs and school tive these days. One big advantage of this option is
psychology programs (Minke & Brown, 1996). Some a much higher rate of admission to M.S.W. programs,
differences remain, of course—such as more courses with about 65% of applicants being accepted to any
in consultation and education in school programs given program, on average (O’Neill, 2001). Other
and more courses in psychopathology in child clini- advantages are GREs rarely required for admission,
cal programs—but the core curricula are quite simi- fewer research requirements, opportunities for part-
lar. School psychology training at the doctoral level time study and night courses, and completion of the
is broadening to include experience outside of the M.S.W. in less than half the time necessary to obtain a
school setting and with adolescents and families as psychology Ph.D. With legal regulation and insurance
well (Tryon, 2000). reimbursement in all 50 states, clinical social work-
In the future, many school psychologist posi- ers have achieved autonomy and respect, including
tions will transition to the doctoral degree. The more opportunities for independent practice.
national school psychology organizations and the The major disadvantages lie in the less compre-
APA support this evolution, but state credentialing as hensive nature of the training, which is reflected in
a school psychologist remains overwhelmingly at the a lower pay scale as compared to psychologists. Not
master’s level. becoming a “doctor” and not conducting psychologi-
For further information, check out the websites cal testing also prove troublesome for some.
of the APA’s Division of School Psychology (www.apa. Students interested in clinical social work as a
org/about/division/div16.aspx) and the National Asso- career should peruse an introductory text on the
ciation of School Psychologists (www.nasponline. profession, consult career publications (e.g., Ritter
org). & Vakalahi, 2014), and peruse the website of the
National Association of Social Workers (NASW; www.
2. Community Psychology. This field shares naswdc.org). This organization provides detailed
with clinical and counseling psychology a concern information on the emerging field, student member-
with individual well-being and healthy psychologi- ship, and accredited programs in clinical social work.
cal development. However, community psychology Two other websites on social work programs also
places considerably more emphasis on preventing prove handy: www.petersons.com/graduate-schools.
behavioral problems (as opposed to treating exist- aspx and www.mswguide.org/schools/.
12 INTRODUCING CLINICAL AND COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY
4. Psychiatry (Medicine). Students often dismiss scriptions in virtually all states. Consult a textbook
the possibility of applying to medical schools, believ- on mental health nursing and visit the website of the
ing that admission is so difficult that it is out of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association at www.
question (Halgin, 1986), but the student interested in apna.org/ to learn more about psychiatric/mental
neuroscience and severe forms of psychopathology health nursing and its graduate programs.
may find this to be an attractive choice. Although the
application process necessitates more rigorous train- 6. Counseling. A master’s degree in counseling,
ing in biology, chemistry, and physics than required as distinct from a doctorate in counseling psychol-
in psychology programs, the admission rate may ogy, prepares one for state licensure as a professional
also be higher than the most competitive doctoral counselor. The high acceptance rates of counsel-
programs in clinical and counseling psychology. Of ing programs, their two-year program, their practi-
the 53,000 people applying to medical school annu- cal training, and eligibility for state licensure in all
ally, 40% are admitted, and about half of them are 50 states represent definite assets. Master’s-level
women. The average GPA of applicants accepted to clinicians, such as social workers and counselors,
medical school is a 3.7 (see aamc.org for details). have become the front-line providers of most men-
Wanted in particular are psychiatrists and pediatri- tal health services in community clinics and public
cians, both attractive specialties to those drawn to agencies. For those students committed to practice
mental health and children. and untroubled by the lack of training in conducting
Medical school thus remains an attractive option research and psychological testing, the profession
for many students headed toward a career in mental of counseling deserves consideration. Their flex-
health. For further information and demystification ible rolling enrollments, part-time study, and night
of this subject, refer to the data-driven The Official courses—all rarely offered by psychology doctoral
Guide to Medical School Admissions 2018 (by the programs—may make this a desirable alternative.
staff of the Association of American Medical Colleges, Visit the web page of the American Counseling Asso-
2018) and The MedEdits Guide to Medical School ciation (www.counseling.org/) for more information
Admissions: Practical Advice for Applicants and on careers and the web page of accredited counsel-
their Parents (Freedman, 2018). A prime website is ing programs (www.cacrep.org/directory/) to locate
www.aamc.org, the official website of the Association accredited counseling programs of interest to you.
of American Medical Colleges.
Several advantages of a medical degree should be 7. Marital & Family Therapy. Another master’s-
recognized. First, an M.D. (allopath) or D.O. (osteo- level mental health profession is devoted to conduct-
path) allows one to prescribe medication. Second, ing couples and family therapy. The simultaneous
the average income for psychiatrists is higher than strength and weakness of these graduate programs
for psychologists. Third, a medical degree permits are its specificity—training in couples and family
more work in inpatient (hospital) facilities. Appli- therapy, as opposed to broader and more compre-
cants should not dismiss this possibility out of hand, hensive training in multiple professional activities.
and should explore medicine as a career, especially Securing a master’s degree in this field should cer-
if their interests lie on biological and neurochemical tainly be considered by students with this definite
levels. and focal interest. All states now legally recognize
marital and family therapists. Check out the website
5. Psychiatric Nursing. The employment oppor- of the American Association for Marriage and Family
tunities for nurses are excellent at this time, espe- Therapy at www.aamft.org.
cially for psychiatric nurses who have the flexibility
of working in hospitals, clinics, health centers, nurs- 8. Psychology and the Law. There is a great deal
ing homes, or private practice. Of course, psychiatric of interest in the burgeoning amalgam of psychol-
nurses are nurses first and are required to obtain a ogy and law, as evidenced by an APA division, two
bachelor’s degree (B.S.N.) and to become registered professional societies, and many scholarly journals
(R.N.) prior to obtaining their Master of Science in (Bersoff et al., 1997; Otto & Heilbrun, 2002). Doc-
Nursing (M.S.N.). They do not conduct psychological toral students must be trained in both fields, of
testing and rarely perform research, but psychiatric course, increasing the length of graduate training.
nurses practice psychotherapy in both inpatient and Seven clinical programs now award law degrees
outpatient settings. Further, certified nurse practitio- and psychology doctorates together—joint J.D. and
ners now have the authority to write medication pre- Ph.D./Psy.D. programs—California (at Irvine), Cor-
INTRODUCING CLINICAL AND COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY 13
nell, Drexel, Florida, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Palo Of course, many licensed psychologists also per-
Alto (consult www.apadivisions.org/division-41/ form ABA and often supervise behavior analysts at
education/programs/). Graduates pursue both prac- the master’s level. Six percent of clinical psychol-
tice and research careers—practicing law in mental ogy faculty subscribe to ABA/radical behaviorism
health arenas, specializing in forensic psychology, as their theoretical orientation (Table 5-2). Consult
working in public policy, and pursuing scholarship the Reports on Individual Programs in this book to
on the interface of law and psychology, for example. identify those doctoral programs with faculty pro-
This is an exciting career, albeit one requiring extra viding training in ABA. As well, consult Appendix E
commitment in terms of effort and knowledge dur- (Research Areas) and Appendix G (Concentrations
ing doctoral studies. and Tracks) to locate those doctoral psychology pro-
Another three dozen clinical programs offer grams offering research and practice opportunities
Ph.D.s or Psy.D.s with specializations in forensic in behavioral analysis.
psychology or clinical forensic psychology. (Consult
Appendix G and the following websites for a list of 10. Other. Art therapy, human resources, music
the programs.) These clinical psychologists special- therapy, and a plethora of other human service pro-
ize in the practice of forensic psychology. It’s a grow- grams present attractive alternatives to clinical and
ing and exciting specialization in psychology, but one counseling psychology. They are typically less com-
that rarely involves the criminal profiling featured in petitive master’s-level programs in which admission
television shows and movies! Instead, forensic psy- rates are quite high and in which the training is quite
chologists are far more likely to conduct child cus- practical. Relative disadvantages of these programs,
tody evaluations, assess a patient’s psychological in addition to lack of a doctorate, include less pres-
damage, evaluate a person’s competence to stand tige, lower salaries, diminished probability of an
trial, consult with lawyers on jury selection, and con- independent practice, and variable licensure status
duct disability evaluations. For tips on undergradu- across the United States.
ate preparation and graduate training in forensic If one or more of these options seem suited to
psychology, consult these web links: your needs, discuss it with a psychology advisor,
http://teachpsych.org/resources/Documents/otrp/ interview a professional in that field, and examine
resources/helms06.pdf (Undergraduate Prepara- the websites for additional information.
tion for Graduate–Training in Forensic Psychol-
ogy) Research Alternatives
http://ap-ls.wildapricot.org/resources/Documents/
GuidetoGraduateProgramsinForensicPsych.pdf Some graduate students enter clinical or counsel-
(American Law–Psychology Society guide to grad- ing psychology to become researchers. They are less
uate programs in forensic and legal psychology, interested in working with patients than researching
2017–2018) clinical phenomena. If you are most interested in
www.abfp.com/ (American Board of Forensic Psy- research, here are some nonpractice alternatives that
chology) might appeal to you.
9. Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA). This is a 1. Social Psychology. Social psychology is con-
new profession rooted in the operant conditioning cerned with the influence of social and environ-
of traditional psychology. Behavior analysts conduct mental factors on behavior. Attitude change, social
behavioral assessment and modification, and they neuroscience, group processes, interpersonal attrac-
are certified in some states with a master’s degree. tion, personality, goal pursuit, social processes
The simultaneous benefit and limitation of a mas- related to health, and self-constructs are some of the
ter’s degree in ABA is that the clinical work is largely research interests. Social psychologists are found
restricted to children on the autism spectrum and in a wide variety of academic settings and, increas-
with intellectual disabilities. For those students inter- ingly, in many nonacademic settings. These include
ested in careers with youth and in implementing positions in advertising agencies, personnel offices,
evidence-based treatments, we recommend check- corporations, and other business settings. Check out
ing out ABA programs. Refer to the web pages of the official websites of the Society for Personality and
the Association for Behavior Analysis International Social Psychology (www.spsp.org) and the Social
(www.abainternational.org/welcome.aspx) and Psychology Network (www.socialpsychology.org) for
ABAEdu (www.appliedbehavioranalysisedu.org/). additional resources.
14 INTRODUCING CLINICAL AND COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY
which is geared more specifically for the researcher ogy doctorate (Ph.D.) may permit the greatest flex-
interested in clinical populations. ibility of all the aforementioned programs of study.
Experimental programs offer excellent training More than 100 M.D.-Ph.D. programs affiliated with
in research methods, statistical analysis, and hands- medical schools allow one to practice medicine and
on research experience. In fact, some experimental psychology while also affording advanced training in
programs now classify themselves as quantitative research and statistics. For an extremely bright and
or measurement programs. If interested in these motivated student, this can be a real possibility, but
programs, consult www.apadivisions.org/division-5/ it is certainly the most challenging of all the alterna-
resources/doctoral.aspx for a list of graduate psychol- tives. Earning two doctoral degrees will take longer
ogy programs with a measurement and quantitative than earning either alone. This choice is for some-
focus. one interested in the biological aspects of behavior
in addition to gaining a rigorous education in the sci-
7. Sport Psychology. This emerging specialization entific study of human behavior. The Association of
typically entails both research and applied activities. American Medical Colleges provides valuable infor-
Research focuses on all aspects of sports, whereas mation and a FAQ section on M.D.-Ph.D. programs
application involves individual skills training and (https://students-residents.aamc.org/applying-medi-
group consultation. Research and training encom- cal-school/article/applying-mdphd-programs-2/).
pass stress management, self-confidence, mental Once again, if your interest lies in research,
rehearsal, competitive strategies, and sensory-kinetic there are many options available besides clinical,
awareness. Consult the Directory of Graduate Pro- counseling, and combined psychology. Talking to
grams in Applied Sport Psychology (Burke, Sachs, professionals in the relevant discipline and consult-
& Tomlinson, 2018) for information on specific psy- ing textbooks about the discipline will help you to
chology programs. Consult, too, the website of APA’s explore that option more fully. An increasing num-
Division of Exercise and Sport Psychology at www. ber of websites also offer valuable career advice. Four
apa.org/about/division/div47.aspx for information on of our favorites are:
career possibilities in this area. www.psywww.com/careers/index.html
www.apa.org/students/
8. Medicine. A medical degree (M.D., D.O.) www.socialpsychology.org/career.htm
earned concurrently or sequentially with a psychol- www.gradschools.com
and deciding which program actually to attend. We clinical/counseling psychologist!”), even though the
have known people who have quit jobs or taken reality may leave you feeling discouraged at times.
months off just to invest all their time to the appli- Still, our approach is unabashedly encouraging
cation process. However, with this Insider’s Guide in that we support people seeking their goals. With
and a fair degree of organization, you can make such knowledge and perseverance, most of our students
extreme measures unnecessary. have made it. Consider the real-life story of Justin, a
Emotional strain is an inherent part of the appli- success story in the quest for a doctorate in clinical
cation process. This is unlike many job interviews, psychology.
where you are marketing yourself merely as a pro- Justin almost flunked out of college during his
vider of services. Here you are marketing yourself as first 2 years, before discovering his abiding interest
a human being. This is a personal process. The appli- in psychology. He took his GREs late in his senior
cation forms and interviews require self-exploration year without adequate preparation but obtained
and a certain amount of justification. Why do you combined verbal and quantitative scores of about
like clinical work? What do you enjoy about spend- 152. His applications to doctoral programs that year
ing time with people who are disturbed or strug- were hastily and poorly prepared. Justin was, to com-
gling? Do you really like research? You may end up plicate matters, grossly unaware of typical admis-
questioning your answers and may feel compelled to sion requirements, acceptance rates, and application
examine the beliefs that have led you to this point in guidelines. He had no clinical experience whatsoever
your life. and had never engaged in research beyond course
With the help of our book, you ultimately become requirements. Not surprisingly, letters of recommen-
the consumer for a program best fitted to you. And dation about him were mildly positive but without
86% of students say that their sense of fit with a pro- detail or conviction (the deadly, two-paragraph “He/
gram is the single most important factor in choosing she’s nice, but we haven’t had much contact” letters).
a graduate program (Kyle, 2000). By negotiating this He received dismal rejections, not even a hint of a
process in a systematic manner, you can become an possible interview or finalist pool.
informed, proactive consumer of psychology gradu- Well, as people are apt to do, Justin was about
ate programs. Most interviewers recommend that to surrender and throw in the towel. But he then
applicants complete the final interview in this way. attended one of our workshops and began to under-
With this approach to the admission process, much stand that he had neglected virtually every guideline
of the stress can be allayed. for sophisticated application to graduate school.
Although the application process itself can The next year was devoted to preparing himself
appear intimidating, or the prospect of being rejected for the hunt: he took extra courses after receiving his
upsetting, we urge you not to permit fear to cause degree to increase his GPA and to improve his GRE
you to abandon your goal. Do not allow yourself to psychology score; he volunteered 10 hours a week
be one of the students who gets rejected unneces- at two supervised placements; he worked 20 hours a
sarily. If you apply to the appropriate programs and week for a small stipend as a research assistant; and
present yourself effectively, your chances of getting he co-published three articles. Not surprisingly, his
in are vastly improved. In this Insider’s Guide, we letters of recommendation were now enthusiastic
will demystify the graduate application process, help and detailed. That year, Justin obtained six accep-
you successfully navigate it, and showcase your cre- tances into clinical doctoral programs with full
dentials. financial support at three of them.
There are concrete steps you can take to improve
your application. Knowledge of the application pro-
Our Approach cess can be as important as your actual credentials.
And if you do get rejected once, many steps can
Having now advised thousands of clinical and coun- enhance the probability of acceptance the next time
seling psychology aspirants and conducted scores of around, as in Justin’s case. Awareness of the rules and
workshops on applying to graduate school, the two the process makes a tremendous difference. Over the
of us have gravitated toward a particular approach to past 30 years, this Insider’s Guide has helped tens
the topic. It might be called realistically encourag- of thousands of students reach their goal of a doc-
ing. torate in clinical or counseling psychology—and we
It is realistic in that we present the hard facts hope you will be among them. In the following chap-
about the competition for entrance into doctoral psy- ters, we provide suggestions and strategies that will
chology programs. We will not resort to the disser- increase your attractiveness as an applicant. Let’s get
vice of feeding you illusions (“Anyone can become a to it!
C H A P T E R 2
C
linical psychology has two distinct training would encompass statistics and research methods,
models by which students earn their doctor- with core courses in development, biopsychology,
ates. In the words of the APA Standards of learning, and the like. The emphasis was on psychol-
Accreditation: “In general, PhD programs place ogy; clinical was the adjective.
relatively greater emphasis upon training related to The Boulder conference proved a milestone for
research, and PsyD programs place relatively greater several reasons. First, it established the Ph.D. as the
emphasis on training for engaging in professional required degree, as in other academic research fields.
practice.” Without a firm understanding of the differ- To this day, all Boulder model, scientist–practitioner
ences in these training models, many applicants will programs in clinical psychology award the Ph.D.
waste valuable time and needlessly experience disap- degree. Second, the conference reinforced the idea
pointment. that the appropriate location for training was within
In this chapter, we explain and distinguish university departments, not separate schools or insti-
between the two prevalent training models in clini- tutes as in medicine and law. And third, clinical psy-
cal psychology—the Boulder model (Ph.D.) and the chologists were trained for simultaneous existence in
Vail model (Psy.D.). Counseling psychology has par- two worlds: research/scientific and practice/profes-
allel differences in training emphases (Norcross et sional. Boulder-model psychologists are frequently
al., 2010, 2019); however, it offers only a handful of characterized as the practitioners among the scien-
Psy.D. programs (see Table 1-3). Thus, we spend most tists and the scientists among the practitioners.
of our time on clinical psychology in this chapter. The important implication for you, as an appli-
cant, is that Boulder-model programs provide rigor-
ous education as a researcher along with training
The Boulder Model (Ph.D.) as a practitioner. Consider this dual thrust carefully
before applying to Boulder-model programs. Some
The first national training conference on clinical first-year graduate students undergo undue mis-
psychology was held during 1949 in Boulder, Colo- ery because they dislike research courses and the
rado (hence, the “Boulder model”). At this confer- research projects that are part of the degree require-
ence, equal weight was accorded to the development ments. These, in turn, lead to the formal dissertation
of research competencies and practice skills. This required by Boulder-model programs. Many appli-
dual emphasis resulted in the notion of the clini- cants are specifically seeking this sort of training.
cal psychologist as a scientist–practitioner. Clinical Other applicants are seeking training focused
psychologists were considered first and foremost as on clinical practice. For these applicants, there is an
scientific psychologists and were to have a rigorous, alternative to the Boulder model: the Vail model of
broad-based education in psychology. Their training training psychologists.
18
CHOOSING THE Ph.D. OR Psy.D. 19
The Vail Model (Psy.D.) Clinical psychology boasts two established and
complementary training models, each of which grad-
Some dissension with the recommendations of the uates about an equal number of psychologists each
Boulder conference emerged at later training meet- year. Although Boulder-model (Ph.D.) programs still
ings; however, there was a strong consensus that outnumber Vail-model (Psy.D.) programs more than
the scientist–practitioner model, Ph.D. degree, and two to one (Table 1-3), Vail-model programs enroll,
university training should be retained. But in the as a rule, three to four times the number of incoming
late 1960s and early 1970s, change was in the wind. doctoral candidates. This creates numerical parity in
Training alternatives were entertained, and diversifi- terms of psychologists produced.
cation was encouraged. This sentiment culminated Details on individual Psy.D. (and Ph.D.) clinical
in a 1973 national training conference held in Vail, programs may be found in the Reports on Programs
Colorado (hence, the “Vail model”). in the back of this book. Here we focus on the gen-
The Vail conferees endorsed different princi- eral patterns of differences between the two training
ples than the Boulder model, leading to a diversity models.
of training programs (Peterson, 1976, 1982). Psy-
chological knowledge, it was argued, had matured Salient Differences
enough to warrant creation of explicitly professional
programs along the lines of professional training The primary disparity between Boulder-model and
in medicine, dentistry, and law. These “professional Vail-model programs lies in the relative empha-
programs” were to be added to, not replace, Boulder- sis on scientific research: Boulder programs aspire
model programs. There was also a clear mandate that to train producers of research; Vail programs train
students selected for these professional programs be consumers of research. Even Vail programs require
chosen from “a pool of socially responsive, cultur- research and statistics courses; you simply cannot
ally diverse, and professionally sensitive” applicants avoid research sophistication in any APA-accredited
(Korman, 1974, p. 44) instead of favoring grades and psychology program. The practice opportunities are
GRE scores alone. very similar for students in both types of programs.
Further, it was proposed that different degrees Several studies have demonstrated that initial
should be used to distinguish the scientist role worries about employment difficulties, licensure
(Ph.D.—Doctor of Philosophy) from the practitioner uncertainty, and second-class citizenship for univer-
role (Psy.D.—Doctor of Psychology). Graduates of sity-based Psy.D.s have not materialized (Hershey,
Vail-model professional programs would be practi- Kopplin, & Cornell, 1991; Peterson, Eaton, Levine, &
tioners or scholar–professionals: the focus would be Snepp, 1982). There do not appear to be strong dis-
primarily on practice and less on research. parities in the pre-internship clinical skills of Ph.D.
This revolutionary conference led to the emer- and Psy.D. students as evaluated by internship super-
gence of two distinct training models typically visors (Snepp & Peterson, 1988). Nor are there dis-
housed in different settings. Boulder-model (Ph.D.) cernible differences in employment except, of course,
programs are almost universally located in graduate that the research-oriented, Boulder-model graduates
departments of large universities. Vail-model pro- are far more likely to be employed in academic posi-
grams are housed in three organizational settings: tions and medical schools (Gaddy et al., 1995). While
a psychology department (as Ph.D. programs) Vail-model graduates may be seen as second-class
within a university-affiliated psychology school citizens by some Boulder-model traditionalists, this
(for instance, Rutgers and Adelphi universities) is not the case among health care organizations or
independent, “freestanding” university (for individual patients.
instance, the multiple campuses of Alliant Univer- Which training model do clinical psychologists
sity) themselves prefer? In one of our studies (Norcross,
Gallagher, & Prochaska, 1989), we found that 50%
These last programs are part of independent insti- favored the Boulder model, 14% the Vail model, and
tutions, some of which are run as for-profit compa- the remaining 36% both models equally. However,
nies. Although they are titled “universities,” they are preferences varied as a function of the psycholo-
frequently not comprehensive universities offering gist’s own doctoral program: 93% of the psycholo-
degrees in dozens of subjects. Rather, they only offer gists trained in a strong Boulder tradition preferred
degrees in a handful of subjects and thus are not the Boulder model or both equally. Likewise, 90% of
“universities” in the traditional sense of the term. the psychologists trained in a strong Vail tradition
20 CHOOSING THE Ph.D. OR Psy.D.
preferred the Vail model or both equally. In short, mentoring by full-time faculty will also be less in
psychologists preferred the training model to which Psy.D. programs.
they applied and in which they completed their train-
ing. 4. Acceptance rates. Both Vail and Boulder pro-
As we discuss in subsequent chapters, there are grams have similar admission criteria, which favor
important trade-offs between Vail-model Psy.D. and grade point average, entrance examination scores,
Boulder-model Ph.D. programs. Here are 9 differ- letters of recommendation, and so on. (All these
ences to bear in mind as you read through our book topics are covered in detail in later chapters.) But
and as you become an informed consumer. Vail-model programs afford easier admission than
Boulder-model programs. On average, clinical Ph.D.
1. Research skills. Vail-model (Psy.D.) programs programs accept 6% to 10% of applicants, whereas
provide slightly more clinical experience and courses clinical Psy.D. programs accept 41 to 50% of appli-
but less research experience and courses than do cants (Norcross et al., 2010, 2017; see Table 4-1 for
Boulder-model programs (Tibbits-Kleber & Howell, details).
1987). Clinical Ph.D. students will spend approxi-
mately half of their time in research (vs. clinical 5. Financial assistance. Admission rates are
training), whereas Psy.D. students will devote about a higher in Psy.D. programs, but financial assistance
quarter of their time to research (Ready & Santorelli, is lower. These numbers are plainly visible in the
2014). Psy.D. programs typically require a clinical dis- Reports on Individual Programs. As a rule, only
sertation, substantially less than an original research 1 to 10% of Psy.D. students will receive full financial
assistance (tuition waiver plus a paid assistantship),
dissertation required by Ph.D. programs.
whereas 70 to 100% of clinical Ph.D. students will
(Norcross et al., 2010, 2017; see Table 5-3 for details).
An important caveat: if you desire to teach and
conduct research full time at a 4-year college or uni-
We will return repeatedly to matters of financial
versity, we strongly advise you not to seek the Psy.D.
assistance and student debt throughout the Insider’s
degree. The Psy.D. is an explicitly professional or
Guide, but a few more words here about unequal
practitioner degree; your training and expertise will
“pay” in doctoral studies. Students with generous
be as a practitioner, not as a professor, researcher, or
stipends/grants and tuition waivers focus better on
academician.
learning and career prospects, while the rest fre-
quently spend much of their time preoccupied with
2. Length of training. The additional research
making ends meet. Unless born into a wealthy fam-
training and the large dissertation required in Boul- ily, those without stipends or fellowships typically
der-model (Ph.D.) programs translate into an addi- have two options: take out loans or work outside
tional year of training, on average. Students in Ph.D. the university. Both can prove a gamble and both
programs take significantly longer, 1 to 1.5 years detract from the educational experience. In this
longer, to complete their degrees than do Psy.D. stu- sense, unequal financial assistance frequently leads
dents (Gaddy et al., 1995; Norcross, Castle, Sayette, to unequal education and careers (Patel, 2015). So
& Mayne, 2004). Various interpretations are given to begin now thinking through the financial conse-
this robust difference, from “Psy.D. training is more quences of graduate school. No need to become dis-
focused and efficient” on one pole, to “Ph.D. training suaded or anxious; forewarned is forearmed.
is more comprehensive and rigorous” on the other.
6. Loan debt. The paucity of financial assistance
3. Class size. Each year, Boulder-model (Ph.D.) to Psy.D. students translates into increased personal
programs in clinical psychology will enroll 6 to 9 debt. If the program does not provide funding, then
new students. The rule of thumb is to accept one students are forced to rely on personal funds or
new student annually for each full-time clinical fac- loans. The median debt for Psy.D. recipients is now
ulty in that program. Each year, Vail-model (Psy.D.) $200,000 (American Psychological Association, 2015).
programs in clinical psychology will enroll 15 to 50 That does not include debt from undergraduate
new students (Norcross et al., 2011, 2017). The nat- education, which averages $33,000 to $37,000. The
ural consequence is that the number of students in median debt for clinical Ph.D. recipients is $75,000,
graduate courses tends to be much larger in Psy.D. less than half that of Psy.D.s but still substantial. (For
than in Ph.D. programs. The amount of individual comparison, the median debt for psychology Ph.D.s
CHOOSING THE Ph.D. OR Psy.D. 21
in nonclinical fields is $35,000; American Psychologi- From a student’s perspective, these 9 differences
cal Association, 2015.) between the Boulder (Ph.D.) programs and the Vail
(Psy.D.) programs do not reliably favor one training
7. Accredited internships. All doctoral students model over the other. As a potential applicant, you
in clinical, counseling, and combined psychology will probably prefer the shorter training and higher
must complete the equivalent of a year-long, full-time admission rates among Psy.D. programs, on the one
internship before receiving their degrees. Students hand. Easier to get in and quicker to finish. You will
desire an internship accredited by APA or, in lieu of probably prefer the greater probability of financial
that, an internship belonging to the APPIC (Asso- assistance, accredited internships, and higher licen-
ciation of Psychology Postdoctoral and Internship sure scores among Ph.D. programs, on the other
Centers). In 2012, the competition for an APA-accred- hand. More money and better outcomes.
ited internship was keen, with only 75% of intern
applicants matching with an accredited internship In the final analysis, the decision comes down to
(https://appic.org/Match/Match-Statistics). In 2018 your personal interests and career goals. Certainly
and 2019, the match rate increased to the point that if you have primarily academic or research aspira-
tions, then a Boulder model (Ph.D.) program would
about 90% secured an internship in the match (Clay,
be wise. Certainly if you adore clinical practice and
2018). The research consistently demonstrates that
dislike much of research, then a Vail-model (Psy.D.)
students enrolled in large, freestanding Psy.D. pro-
program would be your choice. These truly repre-
grams match at a lower rate than students enrolled
sent choice points for an informed student.
in smaller, Ph.D. programs (APPIC, 2006; Norcross &
Karpiak, 2015; Parent & Williamson, 2010).
A Bolder Boulder Model (Ph.D.)
8. Licensure exam scores. One disconcerting
pattern is that Vail-model, Psy.D. graduates do not The rise of the Vail model and the Psy.D. degree has
perform as well as Ph.D. graduates on the national long concerned many research-oriented academic
licensing examination for psychologists (Graham & psychologists, but their simmering concern rose to
Kim, 2011; Templer et al., 2008; Maher, 1999; Schaf- collective action in recent decades. Some psycholo-
fer et al., 2012). That is, Psy.D. graduates score lower gists believe that the professional schools, especially
and pass less frequently, on average, than graduates the large multi-campus institutions, have seriously
of traditional Ph.D. clinical programs on the Exami- compromised the quality of training and the scien-
nation for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP), tific nature of psychology.
In a provocative monograph, three prominent
the national licensing test. Higher EPPP scores are
clinical psychologists argued that the “evidence
reliably associated with the higher GRE scores, lower
shows that many clinical psychology doctoral training
admission rates, and greater research emphasis of
programs, especially Psy.D. and for-profit programs,
smaller-sized clinical programs (Sharpless & Barber,
do not uphold high standards for graduate admis-
2013). EPPP scores correlate .78 with the GRE General
sion, have high student–faculty ratios, deempha-
Test score, so the selectivity of the doctoral program
size science in their training, and produce students
and the student’s ability level may be more predic- who fail to apply or generate scientific knowledge”
tive than the graduate curriculum per se (Sharpless (Baker, McFall, & Shoham, 2009; see also Baker &
& Barber, 2013). McFall, 2014). As the role of psychotherapist has been
increasingly taken up by social workers, counselors,
9. Student outcomes. It should come as no sur- and assorted master’s-level clinicians, the distinctive
prise to you that almost all graduates (94%) of Psy.D. value of a doctorate in clinical psychology lies in a
programs wind up in practice or in mixed practice scientific approach to research and evaluation skills.
and academic positions (Ready & Santorelli, 2014). These authors advocated for a return to the Boulder
That’s what they sought and were prepared for dur- model of training and endorsed a different accredita-
ing their doctoral training. By contrast, clinical Ph.D. tion system—Psychological Clinical Science Accredi-
graduates wind up employed, in about equal pro- tation System (PCSAS)—which is supported by the
portions, in academic positions, mixed practice and Association for Psychological Science.
academic positions, and practice positions. That’s the This movement toward a “bolder” Boulder or
flexibility and double-duty of scientist–practitioner clinical scientist model was crystallized by the 1995
training. creation of the Academy of Psychological Clinical Sci-
22 CHOOSING THE Ph.D. OR Psy.D.
ence (APCS) and the initiation of the PCSAS accredi- Practice- Equal- Research-
tation system. APCS is an alliance of scientifically Oriented Emphasis Oriented
oriented doctoral and internship training programs. Programs Programs Programs
APCS programs are strongly committed to research (Scientist– (Clinical
training and to the integration of such training with (Practitioners) Practitioners) Scientists)
clinical practice. They are also committed to rais-
ing the standards of graduate education in psychol- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ogy and upholding a science of psychology, even
within professional training. (More information on
APCS can be found on their website: acadpsychclini- Psy.D. Programs Ph.D. Programs
calscience.org/). Table 2-1 presents the clinical psy-
chology Ph.D. programs that are accredited by PCSAS The practice-oriented Psy.D. programs account
and those that are members of APCS. for roughly one-third of APA-accredited programs.
Our studies have determined that APCS and Psy.D. recipients are typically known as practitio-
PCSAS-accredited programs are indeed distinct from ners. In the middle of the continuum are the equal-
other APA-accredited clinical psychology programs emphasis Ph.D. programs that account for another
in that they are more selective and more research- one-third of the APA-accredited programs. Graduates
focused. Based on the data from previous editions of of these programs are typically called scientist–prac-
our Insider’s Guide, we found that APCS Ph.D. pro- titioners. On the other end of the continuum are the
grams, compared to nonmember Ph.D. programs, research-oriented Ph.D. programs that account for
admit a lower percentage of applicants (who had the final one-third. These Ph.D. recipients are called
higher GRE scores) and were more likely to provide either scientist–practitioners or increasingly clinical
full financial support to their students. APCS pro- scientists, especially if they graduate from a PCSAS-
grams also subscribe more frequently to a cognitive- accredited program.
behavioral orientation, report a stronger research As you will soon discover in the Reports on
emphasis, and their faculty engage more frequently Individual Programs, training directors rated their
in research supported by funding agencies than non- programs along this continuum. They assigned them-
APCS programs (Sayette, Norcross, & Dimoff, 2011). selves a number from 1 to 7 corresponding to their
Students interested in the “bolder” Boulder or training model.
clinical scientist model will find these APCS-member Consider the heterogeneity within Psy.D. pro-
and PCSAS-accredited Ph.D. programs to be especially grams (Norcross, Castle, Sayette, & Mayne, 2004).
attractive. They proudly represent evidence-based, Yes, all are dedicated to training practitioners (rat-
research-focused training in clinical science. And, pre- ings of 1 to 3), but they do so in different settings
dictably, 75% plus of their graduates are employed in and in different ways. Some are small, university-
academic positions (Ready & Santorelli, 2014). That’s based programs accepting 15 students a year, and
the avowed mission of clinical scientist programs—to others are huge, for-profit campuses enrolling 70 to
produce academics and researchers, as well as practi- 80 students per year. It’s inaccurate to simply lump
tioners focused on research-supported practices. them all together. For example, the smaller, univer-
sity-housed Psy.D. programs are more likely to offer
A Continuum of Training Opportunities financial assistance than the larger, multi-campus
Psy.D. programs.
In truth, the doctoral training opportunities in clini- Also look at the diversity of Ph.D. programs in
cal, counseling, and combined psychology are more clinical psychology. They range from 4 to 7, from
nuanced than the either/or, Ph.D./Psy.D. dichotomy equal-emphasis, scientist–practitioner training to
we have presented above. There is considerable vari- the research-oriented, clinical scientist training. It is
ation within the Ph.D. and Psy.D., not only between mythical to treat clinical psychology Ph.D. programs
them. as homogeneous and unified (McFall, 2002). The
Think of a training continuum in psychology differentiation among types of clinical programs—
programs running from practice-oriented on the left beyond the dichotomy of Ph.D. and Psy.D.—is abun-
side to research-oriented on the right. In the middle dantly clear and consistently replicated.
are programs equally emphasizing science and prac- Our research substantiates a similar continuum
tice. Such a practice–research continuum is displayed among counseling psychology, except that there are
here. only 9 Psy.D. programs in counseling psychology
CHOOSING THE Ph.D. OR Psy.D. 23
TABLE 2-1. Clinical Psychology Ph.D. Programs Accredited by PCSAS and Members of APCS
Programs That Are Accredited by PCSAS Programs That Are Members of APCS (cont.)
Arizona State University Northwestern University
Boston University Ohio State University
Duke University Oklahoma State University
Emory University Pennsylvania State University
Harvard University Purdue University
Indiana University Rutgers University
McGill University San Diego State University
Northwestern University Southern Methodist University
Ohio State University Stony Brook University
Oklahoma State University Temple University
Penn State University Texas A&M University
Purdue University University of Arizona
Rutgers University University of Buffalo
Stony Brook University University of California, Berkeley
Temple University University of California, Los Angeles
University at Buffalo University of Delaware
University of Arizona University of Denver
University of California, Berkeley University of Georgia
University of California, Los Angeles University of Hawaii
University of Delaware University of Illinois at Chicago
University of Georgia University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign University of Iowa
University of Iowa University of Kansas
University of Kentucky University of Kentucky
University of Maryland University of Maryland
University of Minnesota University of Massachusetts, Amherst
University of Missouri University of Memphis
University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill University of Miami
University of Oregon University of Michigan
University of Pennsylvania University of Minnesota
University of Pittsburgh University of Missouri
University of South Florida University of Nevada-Reno
University of Southern California University of New Mexico
University of Virginia University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
University of Washington University of Oregon
University of Wisconsin, Madison University of Pennsylvania
Vanderbilt University University of Pittsburgh
Virginia Tech University University of Rochester
Washington University in St. Louis University of South Florida
University of Southern California
Programs That Are Members of APCS University of Texas
Arizona State University University of Utah
Binghamton University University of Virginia
Boston University University of Washington
Duke University University of Wisconsin, Madison
Emory University University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
Florida International University Vanderbilt University
Florida State University Virginia Commonwealth University
George Mason University Virginia Tech University
Harvard University Washington University in St. Louis
Indiana University West Virginia University
Kent State University Yale University
Michigan State University
24 CHOOSING THE Ph.D. OR Psy.D.
PREPARING FOR
GRADUATE SCHOOL
P
eople begin the graduate application process gist: Do not wait until the year of your application
at different stages in their lives. You may be a to begin the preparation. Securing admission into
junior or a senior in college. Maybe you have a competitive doctoral programs necessitates prepa-
bachelor’s degree in psychology and have worked for ration throughout your undergraduate career and
a year or two. Perhaps you are a master’s-level coun- any intervening years. Good grades, adequate test
selor or social worker who has decided to return scores, clinical work, and research experience can-
for a doctorate. Or maybe you were not a psychol- not be instantaneously acquired simply because you
ogy major but have decided to make a career change. have made a decision to pursue psychology as your
Depending on your situation, your needs will differ career.
somewhat. Therefore, each situation is addressed Plan ahead of time using the knowledge and
separately throughout this chapter. strategies presented in this chapter. Preparing for
One of the more perplexing decisions in apply- graduate study is not for seniors only (Fretz & Stang,
ing to doctoral programs is “When—apply now or 1980). Timeliness is everything, or, in the vernacular,
later?” A creative study of 1,034 Ph.D. students in “you snooze you lose” (Mitchell, 1996).
clinical psychology determined that, after complet- Much of the “advice” bandied about by fellow
ing their undergraduate degree, 57% postponed students and even some faculty is hopelessly general.
graduate study, 10% went directly to a terminal mas- Their well-intentioned comments are meant to be
ters’ program, and 33% proceeded directly to a clini- universal—one size fits all. However, this advice is
cal psychology Ph.D. program (Zimak et al., 2011). akin to the bed of the legendary Greek innkeeper,
Many students wait before applying to doctoral pro- Procrustes, who insisted on one size bed and who
grams. The top reasons for postponing graduate stretched or shortened his unfortunate guests to
school were to gain more research experience, fur- fit that bed! Do not fall prey to these Procrustean
ther personal development, secure life experience, maneuvers; different applicants have different needs.
take a break from school, obtain a job, and desire to Understanding your particular circumstances and
travel. All good reasons to wait to apply. needs will produce an individualized plan for apply-
The research data and our experience converge ing to graduate school.
on this central point: There is no preordained “right”
or “wrong” time in your life to attend graduate school
in psychology. The timing, the now or later decision, Different Situations, Different Needs
obviously depends on your life circumstances, career
aspirations, and current credentials. Undergraduates
Whatever your current status, recognize this Some of you are undergraduates, not yet in your
about becoming a clinical or counseling psycholo- senior year. By getting a head start, you can take the
25
26 PREPARING FOR GRADUATE SCHOOL
prerequisite courses and obtain the optimal clinical The decision to postpone graduate school for
and research training possible at your institution. a year or more can be influenced by the time con-
The more time invested in preparation, the better straints of the application process. Applications for
you will meet the requirements of the application doctoral programs in clinical and counseling psy-
process with confidence, which puts you in a very chology are typically due between mid-December
desirable position. This Insider’s Guide will provide and mid-February of the year before you plan to
you with information that can guide your undergrad- attend school. First-semester seniors just begin-
uate experiences, academic as well as practical. The ning an honors or research project may not be posi-
“Time Line” presented in Appendix A outlines impor- tioned to showcase their talents by application time.
tant steps to be taken during your freshman, sopho- The additional preparation for the Graduate Record
more, and junior years. Examination (GRE; see Entrance Examinations) may
lead a potential applicant to wait a year before apply-
Seniors ing.
For all these reasons, first-semester seniors
Some of you are college seniors, deciding whether may not easily meet the requirements of the recom-
to go directly to graduate school. This is a difficult mended Time Line presented in Appendix A. This is
time, and you are likely to be given advice ranging a frequent predicament, the solution to which is to
from “everyone must take time off” to “if you take off wait another year to apply or to do what you can in
a year, you’ll lose the momentum and never go back.” the remaining time available. In either case, do not
Obviously, this decision is based on the needs and give up!
experiences of each individual. There are two guide- Rather, review the Time Line carefully and check
lines, however, that can help you muddle through off what you have and have not accomplished before
these decisions. making the momentous decision to go for it this year,
or to wait until next year. Some shortcuts may well
1. Are you primarily interested in becoming a be necessary to apply this year; the ideal time line
practitioner and desire only minimal research will need to be modified to fit your reality (Keith-
training? If so, a practice-oriented psychology Spiegel, 1991). Some of the items will have to be sac-
program will probably best suit your needs. rificed, some accomplished later or more hastily, and
These programs tend to put more emphasis on others with great energy.
clinical experience. They favor applicants who Should you elect to wait a year after receiving
have gained clinical experience or a master’s your baccalaureate degree, you will begin the appli-
degree and who will come into a program with cation process almost immediately after graduation.
some practice skills already in their repertoire. In addition to gaining research and clinical experi-
The average age of students admitted into these ence, the year away from school is spent applying
programs is slightly older than that in research- to graduate school. This is not taking a year “off”;
oriented programs (McIlvried et al., 2010), rather, it should be an intense year of preparation for
reflecting time spent out of school in a work graduate admission.
environment. Consequently, if you are interested Our research on the admission statistics of APA-
in a practice-oriented program, you could take accredited clinical psychology programs demon-
time off to acquire experience in clinical work strates that, on average, 79% of incoming doctoral
and, to a lesser degree, research. students held bachelor’s degrees only and 21% pos-
2. Are you primarily interested in a clinical/coun- sessed a master’s degree (Norcross et al., 2010).
seling psychology program that is research-ori- However, this generalization is limited by significant
ented? If you have a solid grounding in research differences among the types of programs: research-
as an undergraduate, such a program is less likely oriented Ph.D. programs enrolled a significantly
to emphasize the need for clinical experience. higher percentage of baccalaureate-level students
The necessary and sufficient research experience (87% on average; 13% master’s), while Psy.D. pro-
can certainly be obtained during an undergradu- grams enrolled more master’s-level students (35% on
ate education without taking time off. Adding average).
research experiences and clinical skills to an In summary, the advantages of postponing
application, however, can only improve your graduate school depend on the type of psychology
chances of acceptance into a research-oriented training you desire and the strength of your current
program. credentials. If you desire to focus exclusively on clini-
PREPARING FOR GRADUATE SCHOOL 27
cal practice and a Psy.D. degree, it may be advisable Returning Master’s-Level Clinicians
to take time to acquire practical experience and to
save some money. If you are more research-oriented Some of you will be master’s-level clinicians inter-
and already possess skills in this area, you may be in ested in obtaining the doctorate in clinical, counsel-
a position to apply at present. If your current creden- ing, or combined psychology. Your wealth of practice
tials—grades, GRE scores, research—are marginal, experience gives you an immediate edge over under-
then another year may also be required. graduates in the admissions race to Psy.D. programs,
In using this book, you will be introduced to the but you cannot ignore the importance assigned to
admission criteria for graduate school. By using the grades, entrance examinations, research experience,
worksheets, you can determine how well prepared and letters of recommendation.
you are to apply at this point. Following the steps in Psy.D. programs and practice-oriented Ph.D. pro-
this book will help you assess how prepared you are grams tend to accept proportionally more incoming
to apply to graduate school successfully and whether students with master’s degrees than with baccalau-
some time out in the “real world” would be advis- reate degrees only. Interestingly, counseling psychol-
able. ogy programs also prefer master’s-level students:
Two-thirds of incoming students in APA-accredited
Previous College Graduates counseling psychology programs already held their
master’s (Norcross et al., 2009, 2019). Of course,
Some of you are college graduates and have already these are merely averages that mask the huge dif-
taken time off from school, or you are a member of ferences between, for example, the one-third of
the working world contemplating a career change. counseling psychology programs which only accept
Research suggests that those of you who postponed master’s recipients and the one-tenth of programs
doctoral studies are actually more satisfied with your which primarily accept baccalaureate recipients
decision than your peers who went directly to a ter- (Turkson & Norcross, 1996).
minal master’s program (Zimak et al., 2011). A solid Several researchers have conducted surveys of
work record, life experience, and a mature perspec- doctoral programs regarding their policies and expe-
tive on psychology are certainly advantageous. riences in accepting students with master’s degrees
Some of you may possess baccalaureate degrees in psychology. Following are several of the salient
outside of psychology. About one-third of psycholo- findings.
gists earned their bachelor’s degree in another disci- A prime question concerned the criteria on
pline (Lin, Christidis, & Stamm, 2017). Those college which the programs assessed and accepted master’s-
degrees can hail from other social sciences, engineer- level applicants.
ing, life science, business, and the humanities. No Respondents rated the importance of seven cri-
worries; you will learn later in this chapter that very teria for admission to their programs. Each criterion
few doctoral programs require a psychology major was rated on a 5-point, Likert-type scale ranging
for admission, Rather, they require core courses, so from least important to most important. The three
please attend carefully to that section. highest ratings were for GRE scores, letters of rec-
Those of you who have been out of school and ommendation, and research experience. The rest, in
in the real world for several years may feel at a disad- descending order of importance, were undergradu-
vantage in taking the GREs, finding academic letters ate grades, graduate grades, quality of the master’s
of recommendation, and locating research oppor- program, and practicum experience.
tunities. But by faithfully following the strategies in As you can see, GRE scores and research expe-
this Insider’s Guide, you can master these steps—as rience definitely count in admissions decisions for
have tens of thousands of returning students before master’s-level applicants. The lower ratings given to
you. And by reviewing the admissions criteria for graduate grades and to undergraduate grades reflect
graduate programs and using our worksheets, you concerns about grade inflation and about the diffi-
will evaluate the degree of your preparation in order culty of interpreting grade averages obtained from
to decide whether it is prudent to begin the applica- different institutions of higher education. The stan-
tion process immediately or to bolster your creden- dard deviation for graduate grades was particularly
tials before beginning. Pay particular attention to the high, indicating wide variability in the value accorded
steps listed under “application year” in the Time Line to graduate grades. Comments suggested that some
(Appendix A). schools downplayed graduate grades “because they
28 PREPARING FOR GRADUATE SCHOOL
are universally high”; another suggested that “high strong indicator for a master’s program, at least
grades don’t help, but poor grades hurt.” initially.
Another set of researchers (Littleford et al., 2018) Reluctance to commit to 5 to 7 years of additional
investigated whether credit for your master’s thesis education. The hesitation to pursue the Ph.D. or
could be transferred to the doctoral program and Psy.D. may be due to a confluence of educational
how much time was reduced when entering with a fatigue, financial limitations, or family responsi-
master’s degree. Completed theses could be trans- bilities. The 2 to 2.5 years of a terminal master’s
ferred for credit in about 10% of doctoral programs, program can prove quite appealing.
accepted for credit contingent on review at about 45% Low grade-point average. The vast majority of
of programs, and not transferrable in the remaining APA-accredited doctoral programs will not con-
45% of programs. So, maybe yes, maybe no. Entering sider applicants with a GPA below 3.0. Master’s
a doctoral program with a master’s degree typically programs, by contrast, accept proportionally far
reduces your time commitment by a semester or an more applicants than doctoral programs.
entire year. Relatively few APA-accredited programs Weak GRE scores. Similarly, most university-based
award more than a year of academic credit for mas- doctoral programs rarely accept bachelor’s-level
ter’s work. applicants whose combined Verbal and Quantita-
Master’s degree recipients with combined Ver- tive scores fall below 290.
bal and Quantitative GRE scores below 290 can take Scarce research or clinical experiences. Doctoral
hope from a study of similar students admitted to admission committees understandably desire that
Ph.D. programs (Holmes & Beishline, 1996). Ten you have had some direct experience with those
such applicants were admitted by virtue of “com- activities you intend to pursue for a lifetime.
pensatory virtues,” such as research presentations Late application. Doctoral programs hold to ear-
or publications that helped mitigate the effect of lier deadlines than do master’s programs, so those
low GRE scores. If you find yourself in this position, students waiting too late to apply will be redi-
emphasize the other, positive elements of your appli- rected to master’s programs.
cation and, again, seriously consider Psy.D. clini- Terse letters of recommendation. By virtue of late
cal and Ph.D. counseling psychology programs that transfer into a university or into the psychology
enroll a higher percentage of master’s-level students major, some students lack sufficient contact with
(Norcross et al., 2010). Assuming other parts of your faculty for them to write positive and detailed let-
credentials are acceptable, master’s recipients should ters of recommendation expected by doctoral pro-
not be discouraged from applying to doctoral pro- grams.
grams on the basis of GRE scores alone. Inadequate coursework in psychology. Doctoral
While clinical experience is valued, for most doc- programs require a minimum level of education
toral programs this factor is secondary to research. The in the discipline prior to acceptance, typically at
vast majority of APA-accredited doctoral programs pre- least 18 credits of psychology coursework.
fer a research thesis, journal article, or conference pre-
sentation over a graduate internship or post-master’s Completing a rigorous master’s program in psy-
clinical experience (Keller et al., 1995; Littleford et al., chology can correct many of the foregoing impedi-
2018). All doctoral programs expect some evidence of ments to acceptance into a doctoral program. As we
conducting empirical research: Ph.D. programs favor describe in Chapter 8, students typically strengthen
it over clinical experience, and Psy.D. programs weigh their grade point average, acquire clinical and
it equally with clinical experience. research experience, sharpen their career goals, and
establish close relationships with faculty during the
A Master’s Degree First? 2 full-time years of a master’s program. For these
and other reasons, many students opt for a master’s
A common question during our graduate school degree at one institution before seeking the doc-
workshops is whether students should secure a mas- torate at another. In fact, two to three times more
ter’s degree before seeking the doctorate. Unfortu- students earn master’s degrees than doctorates in
nately, there is no simple answer to such a complex psychology (APA, 2019; National Center for Educa-
question. Nonetheless, the following are some broad tion Statistics, 2016).
reasons for seeking a master’s degree first. Several studies (Bonifzi et al.,1997; Hines, 1985;
Uncertain career goal. Indecision about your sub- Littleford et al., 2018; Pashak et al., 2012), including
field in psychology, or outside of psychology, is a several of our own (Mayne et al., 1994; Norcross et
PREPARING FOR GRADUATE SCHOOL 29
al., 2004), have addressed the question of whether 2001). For two examples, your GRE Psychology Sub-
a master’s degree assists in gaining admission into a ject score is much less important than your GRE Ver-
doctoral program. The short answer is: It depends. bal and Quantitative scores, and your extracurricular
Doctoral psychology faculty were surveyed accomplishments do not count as much as you might
in detail regarding the value of a clinical master’s like (Cashin & Landrum, 1991). On the other hand,
degree for gaining admission to their programs you probably underestimate the prominence of other
(Bonifzi, Crespy, & Rieker, 1997). Assuming a good admissions criteria; two examples are letters of rec-
undergraduate GPA and good GREs, the effect of ommendation and research experience, which stu-
having a master’s degree on the applicant’s chances dents routinely undervalue compared to admissions
for admission was negative for 7% of the programs, committees (Nauta, 2000).
neutral for 48% of the programs, and positive for the In this section we acquaint you with the evi-
remaining 45%. However, assuming mediocre GPA dence-based practices of graduate admissions com-
and mediocre GREs, the effect of having a master’s mittees. Learn what they value in graduate applicants
was more neutral than positive overall. Put another and then tailor your application to those criteria to
way, it is clearly the applicant’s overall credentials— maximize your success. Remember: Privilege what
rather than possession of a master’s degree per se— admissions committees seek, not what you person-
that carries the day. ally think they should emphasize.
In another study of 221 psychology doctoral A number of studies have been conducted to
programs (Littleford et al., 2018), 53% viewed a mas- determine the relative importance of selection crite-
ter’s degree as having a positive effect on admission, ria in psychology graduate programs. The findings
44% as having no effect, and 3% as having a negative of one of our studies (Norcross, Kohout, & Wicher-
effect. The consensus is 50-50: 50% of programs con- ski, 2005) are summarized in Table 3-1. This table
sider receipt of a master’s degree positively, and 50% presents the average ratings of various criteria for
of programs consider it neutrally or negatively. admission into 410 doctoral programs and 179 mas-
Again, receipt of a master’s degree by itself does ter’s programs in psychology. A rating of 3 denotes
not guarantee admission into a doctoral program; high importance; 2, medium importance; and 1, low
instead, it is what you accomplish during your mas- importance.
ter’s program in terms of letters of recommendation, The top-rated criteria for doctoral programs
graduate grades, research experience, and your fit were letters of recommendation, personal state-
with the doctoral faculty. In other words, completing ments, GPA, interview, research experience, and GRE
a master’s program provides you with the opportu- scores. All received ratings of 2.50 and higher on the
nity to prove yourself and to gain the credentials for 3-point scale, indicative of high importance. Extra-
doctoral work. curricular activity and work experience were valued
The answer to the question of “A master’s degree substantially less.
first?” also depends on the doctoral degree you seek. The implications for enhancing your application
Research consistently demonstrates that Ph.D. clini- are thus clear and embedded throughout this Insid-
cal programs hold a positive bias toward baccalau- er’s Guide: secure positive letters of recommenda-
reate-level applicants. By contrast, Psy.D. programs, tion, write compelling personal statements, maintain
Ph.D. counseling psychology, and Ph.D. school psy- your GPA, ace the preadmission interview, obtain
chology programs view master’s degree recipients research experience, and prepare thoroughly for the
more favorably and accept higher proportions of GREs. At the same time, being heavily involved in
master’s-level applicants. In fact, fully one-third of student organizations and campus activities does not
counseling psychology doctoral programs require a carry nearly as much weight as these other criteria.
master’s degree for admission. Keep these patterns Being a volunteer soccer coach is not a path to gradu-
in mind as you consider the selection criteria of grad- ate school!
uate schools. Studies of the selection criteria of only APA-
accredited doctoral programs reveal time and time
Graduate School Selection Criteria again that research experience emerges as a top-
rated variable. The authors of one early study (Eddy
As an applicant, your perceptions of graduate admis- et al., 1987) pointedly concluded that there is simply
sions criteria probably differ from those of the admis- no better way to increase one’s chances for graduate
sions committee. Some of the things you may think school acceptance than research. Letters of recom-
are important are actually not so important (Collins, mendation, personal statements, interview perfor-
30 PREPARING FOR GRADUATE SCHOOL
mance, and clinical experience were also highly Smith, 2016; Littleford et al., 2018). We will return to
valued. However, as in previous studies, extracur- these desired characteristics in later chapters.
ricular activities, such as Psi Chi membership, were The remainder of this chapter highlights the piv-
rated relatively unimportant. otal criteria used by graduate admissions committees
Not all research experiences count equally in in selecting their students. We consider, in order,
graduate admissions. The most important are pub- coursework, faculty mentoring, clinical experience,
lished articles in referred journals and paper/poster research skills, entrance examinations, and extracur-
presentations at national conferences. Of course, ricular activities.
serving as first author counts more than second or
third author. Paper/poster presentations at regional
conferences follow in importance, then state confer- Coursework
ences. Publishing in nonrefereed or undergraduate
journals bring less credit in graduate admissions Although graduate programs in clinical and coun-
decisions, but still some credit (Kaiser et al., 2007; seling psychology differ slightly in the courses they
Keith-Spiegel et al., 1994). prefer you to take prior to admission, there are for-
In sum, the results of these and other studies tunately several “core” courses that nearly all require
(e.g., Briihl & Wasielski, 2004; Mayne et al., 1994; Lit- (Lawson et al., 2012; Smith, 1985). These include
tleford et al., 2018; Munoz-Dunbar & Stanton, 1999; Introduction to Psychology, Statistics, Research Meth-
Purdy et al., 1989) consistently indicate that the ideal ods, Abnormal Psychology, and a smattering of core
applicant has high GRE scores, strong letters of rec- psychology courses, such as developmental, person-
ommendation, research experience, clinical expe- ality, physiological/biopsychology, psychological test-
rience, and high GPA. The results also consistently ing, and social psychology.
demonstrate that the admission requirements for Our research on clinical and counseling doctoral
doctoral programs are more stringent than for mas- programs reveals that both Vail- and Boulder-model
ter’s programs. programs hold similar expectations on desirable
These are the so-called “objective” selection cri- undergraduate courses (Norcross, Sayette, Stratigis,
teria; other applicant characteristics certainly count & Zimmerman, 2014; Oliver et al., 2005). Approxi-
heavily but are not as amenable to quantification. mately 65% of the programs require or recommend
Admission committees rate the following applicant specific undergraduate courses, 20% require an
characteristics just as highly as the top objective cri- undergraduate psychology major, 7% specify a mini-
teria: interpersonal skills, ethical behavior, diversity mum number of psychology credits (but not specific
commitment, research match with faculty interests, courses), and the remainder have no set policy on
and clinical fit with the entire program (Karazsia & the matter. A few programs, almost all in counseling
PREPARING FOR GRADUATE SCHOOL 31
psychology, specify that a master’s degree is required lar psychology preparation with a couple of twists.
for admission (Norcross et al., 2014). Psy.D. programs desire more clinical courses (e.g.,
Table 3-2 presents the percentage of psychol- abnormal, personality, and testing), and the Ph.D.
ogy courses required (first column), choose among programs more frequently desire a research experi-
required (second column), recommended (third col- ence and laboratory course (Norcross et al., 2014).
umn), and any of these (fourth column) for entry The relative emphases along the practice–research
into APA-accredited programs. Bear in mind that continuum map onto different preferences for under-
these figures systematically underestimate the actual graduate coursework.
percentage of doctoral programs requiring these Doctoral programs require more courses on aver-
courses as they do not include programs requiring age than do master’s programs (Lawson et al., 2012;
a psychology major as a prerequisite and thus prob- Littleford et al., 2018; Smith, 1985). Accordingly, both
ably requiring most of the courses listed in Table 3-2 to meet admissions criteria and to improve your GRE
(Stoloff et al., 2010). Introduction to Psychology was Psychology Subject score, we heartily recommend
presumed to be a prerequisite for these advanced that you complete Learning and Conditioning, Cog-
psychology courses and was therefore omitted from nitive Psychology, a clinical or treatment course, and
the table. History and Systems. The safest plan, of course, is to
Courses you should complete, according to these complete a rigorous undergraduate major in psychol-
results, are Statistics, Research Methods, Abnormal ogy to satisfy all these courses, but a well-planned
Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Personality, minor in psychology will probably suffice. The rule
Biological/Physiological Psychology, Social Psychol- of thumb: the more competitive the graduate pro-
ogy, and Psychological Testing. At least one labora- gram, the more stringent the required undergradu-
tory course has also emerged as a “must” of late. ate coursework.
Both Psy.D. and Ph.D. programs request simi- If you were not a psychology major, it is impor-
tant that you take the minimum of core courses men- of the biological aspects of behavior, an increasing
tioned. In addition, you may have to invest additional focus in psychology today. If you have the time and
time studying for the GRE Psychology Subject Test abilities, these courses can distinguish a strong appli-
(more about this later). cation from an outstanding one.
If you have been out of college for several years As mentioned earlier, your GPA is an important
and feel deficient in psychology coursework, you criterion for admission. Two types of GPA are usually
might consider taking a few courses as a part-time considered by graduate programs: overall GPA and
student at a local university. Such coursework will psychology GPA. Most programs focus only on your
shore up your record and prepare you more fully for overall or cumulative GPA. Determine which GPAs
admission and the GRE. Those of you who are not programs evaluate and also how much importance
psychology majors but have studied extensively for they place on them. For example, if you have an over-
this test and have done well will often be considered all GPA of 3.2 (on a 4-point scale where A = 4, B = 3,
favorably by admissions committees. C = 2, and D = 1) and a psychology GPA of 3.6, you
Graduate selection committees prefer a broad might concentrate on schools that emphasize the lat-
undergraduate background in a variety of arts and ter.
sciences (Fretz & Stang, 1980). Exposure to biologi- Our research has shed light on the average GPAs
cal sciences, math competency, and verbal skills are among incoming doctoral and master’s students in
valued. If you are anxious or phobic regarding oral psychology (Norcross et al., 2005). For doctoral pro-
presentations, then by all means complete a public grams, the mean GPA is 3.54 for all undergraduate
speaking course. Composition and writing courses courses and 3.66 for psychology courses. For mas-
also prove vital; you may well face three or four ter’s programs, the mean GPA is 3.37 for all under-
major papers each semester in graduate school. graduate courses and 3.48 for psychology courses. Of
At this point, you may want to glance at the course, when interpreting these figures, recognize
Reports on Individual Programs following Chapter 8 that roughly half of the incoming students will pos-
to get a better idea of which courses particular doc- sess GPAs above these scores, and half of the students
toral programs recommend or require of applicants. will possess GPAs below them.
You will find the specific courses that each accred- Although we do not want to discourage anyone,
ited clinical, counseling, and combined psychology a GPA below 3.0 is considered unsatisfactory by most
program desires its applicants to have taken. APA-accredited programs. Regardless of the prestige
For students who have gotten an early start or of the undergraduate institution, admissions com-
who are seniors, we suggest considering advanced mittees view a GPA under 3.0 as below the acceptable
coursework. To allay any anxieties, we emphasize limits of course performance. If your GPA is below
that the vast majority of applicants do not take these 3.0, then consider the following steps:
courses as undergraduates. Your application can be Take additional courses to bolster your GPA.
very strong without taking the courses we are about Retake courses to improve it.
to mention. However, those fortunate enough to be Wait another year to apply in order for all of your
in a position to add these to their academic tran- senior-year grades to be factored into your GPA.
scripts should seriously consider doing so. Complete a master’s program to show doctoral
Consider an advanced or multivariate statistics admissions committees you can perform academi-
course. Statistical acumen is highly regarded, espe- cally at a higher level.
cially in research-oriented programs, and advanced
knowledge may pave the way for you receiving fund- Speak with an academic advisor or mentor about how
ing as a graduate assistant or research assistant. best to improve your standing within the workings of
Another suggestion is to complete a course focused your educational institution. Academic performance
on one of the data analysis programs. Learning one in your junior and senior psychology courses is par-
of the major statistical packages—Statistical Analysis ticularly vital. Your grades in these courses affect
System (SAS), Statistical Package for the Social Sci- your overall and psychology GPAs.
ences (SPSS), or R—is a definite advantage. Such Your “academic” performance is not limited to
knowledge increases your employability and may grades earned in the classroom. Faculty members—
catch the eye of a professor in need of a data analyst. several of whom may submit letters of recommenda-
Lastly, we recommend an advanced course in tion on your behalf—also assess your interpersonal
biopsychology, genetics, or neuroscience. This is skills, verbal ability, and professional commitment
certainly helpful in increasing your understanding in the classroom, outside formal coursework, and
PREPARING FOR GRADUATE SCHOOL 33
And third, once you get to know professors, you or behaviorally disabled people. Many students vol-
may work with them on a research project or as part unteer or intern during their undergraduate years,
of their clinical activities. You will be working closely whereas other people get paid as part of a summer
with your major professor in graduate school, and job or employment. In all APA-accredited programs,
you might as well begin soon as a colleague-in-train- you will be expected to have some clinical experi-
ing. Though more will be said about this matter later, ence as a prelude to your graduate training and as
we cannot overemphasize the need to cultivate such an aid to researching clinical problems. Some experi-
a relationship and obtain the rewards that can ensue. ence of this nature is considered essential.
To put it bluntly, the single largest contributor to What kinds of clinical experience count? Largely
preparedness for graduate school is students’ inter- two types—paid and volunteer—under individual
action with faculty members at their undergraduate supervision. Paid part-time work in a clinical set-
institution. That’s what the research concludes and ting may be available in your community (but your
what graduate students report (Huss et al., 2002; involvement should not be at the expense of your
Renn et al., 2014). Longitudinal studies of mentored academic performance). Returning master’s-level
college students indicate that the career benefits of clinicians will obviously have a multitude of employ-
that mentoring were still felt a decade after gradua- ment possibilities, whereas undergraduates will need
tion (Ghosh & Reio, 2013). to search vigilantly for part-time employment.
Where can you find such a mentor? Start with For college students, a prime opportunity is to
people already in your social realm and ask yourself complete an undergraduate practicum or field expe-
who is willing to help, who is skilled at giving advice rience for academic credit. This is a great way to “kill
and feedback, who is available, and who inspires you two birds with one stone.” Ninety percent of colleges
(Ritzer, 2018). You may locate mentors in classes, and universities provide undergraduate internships/
office hours, departmental events, research settings, field experiences in psychology for course credit
or clinical placements. Then, demonstrate that your (Norcross et al., 2016). Further, students consistently
interests overlap with potential mentors, schedule rate fieldwork as one of the most rewarding expe-
regular appointments, come across as enthusiastic, riences and relevant courses in their college career.
and respond to feedback with professionalism and Internships “pay” in multiple ways: clinical experi-
maturity (Ritzer, 2018). Successful mentoring ben- ence, academic credit, familiarity with behavioral
efits both parties. health agencies, professional supervision, potential
Psychology students with a mentor and with sources for letters of recommendation, and a shot at
high-quality interactions with faculty feel more pre- a full-time job.
pared for graduate school. And the second larg- Check with your undergraduate advisor, fac-
est contributor to graduate school preparedness is ulty mentor, and the college catalog to determine
research activity—a point to which we shall return whether such an opportunity exists for you. To learn
in a few pages. more about the specific placements, you should con-
Odysseus, the hero of Homer’s epic poem The sult the Psychology Department or the faculty mem-
Odyssey, left for the Trojan War and entrusted his ber responsible for internship placements.
wise friend, Mentor, to oversee the education of his In selecting a place to work or volunteer, please
son, Telemachus. The eponym “mentor” now refers consider several factors. Although it may be difficult
to a trusted guide, role model, and caring teacher to accomplish, it is ideal to gain clinical experience
(Wang, 2010). Your task is to be Telemachus (or a in a setting that complements a research interest. For
mentee) and find at least one Mentor to guide you example, if your research is in the area of alcohol
through the graduate admissions process. This Insid- abuse, you might seek experience in a college coun-
er’s Guide serves that purpose, but another real-time seling center or a substance abuse prevention pro-
person is highly recommended. gram.
The optimal program is one that will train you
Clinical Experience in clinical skills (such as crisis counseling on a hot
line), will enable you to deal directly with clients (as
What is clinical experience? In its loosest sense, it opposed to solely observing), and will provide regu-
involves working in human service or mental health lar supervision by an experienced clinician. Deter-
agencies. Graduate programs in clinical and coun- mine exactly what your responsibilities will entail.
seling psychology expect that you will have some Supervision is probably the most important con-
experience working with emotionally, intellectually, sideration in choosing a clinical setting. Try to receive
PREPARING FOR GRADUATE SCHOOL 35
individual supervision by a licensed professional, both educational and clinical services. Educational
one with a master’s degree or higher. Determine the activities might include tutoring, classroom man-
qualifications of the person who will be supervising agement, and one-on-one homework supervision.
your work. Aside from the valuable insight supervi- Clinical activities typically involve recreational
sors can offer, they may also be familiar with faculty supervision, art therapy, group skills-training, and
at graduate programs and assist you in selecting perhaps individual and family therapy. In recent
schools. In addition, you may eventually decide to years, most of these stand-alone schools have tran-
request letters of recommendation from them. Let- sitioned to dedicated classrooms, staffed by coun-
ters from clinical supervisors are particularly valued selors and special ed teachers, located in regular
by practice-oriented graduate programs. In a later schools.
section we offer suggestions regarding approaching Supervised homes for the developmentally dis-
professors for letters of recommendation. The same abled or chronically mentally ill. These are
strategies apply here. unlocked transitional facilities where clients live
If you are volunteering, you should insist on and work in a therapeutic milieu (an environment
receiving supervision. Learn not only who will super- consisting of peers). Depending on your prior
vise you, but also how often and for what length of experience, you might conduct skills training,
time. Be assertive when searching out and interview- recreational counseling, and work/school supervi-
ing possible agencies. If this seems challenging for sion. The programs are often behavioral, afford-
you, then remember that you are a volunteer—giving ing you experience with reinforcement schedules,
your time and energy, without financial compensa- shaping techniques, and token economies. Often
tion, to an agency that is in need of people like your- the goal is to graduate clients to the outside world.
self. You seek only experience and supervision. You Summer camps for the physically challenged,
are a valuable commodity; do not sell yourself short! developmentally disabled, or emotionally dis-
Numerous settings are available to people seek- turbed. These day and overnight camps expect
ing clinical experience. Here are a dozen excellent counselors to supervise recreation and train
sources of hands-on experience that can be found in campers in life skills and vocational activities. The
most communities: positions are usually paid, ideal for college stu-
Crisis hot lines. These typically provide training in dents gaining field experience while working for
counseling skills, suicide prevention, and outreach the summer. They also tend to be full-time posi-
services. The clientele range from sexual assault tions, while they last. They offer short-term but
victims to suicidal teens to lonely elderly who need intensive training.
to talk with someone. Volunteers usually provide Community mental health centers. These provide
telephone counseling, although opportunities to experience with patients suffering from serious
work with an emergency outreach team may also mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar
prove available. This can be a great way to gain disorders, substance abuse, and anxiety disor-
exposure to a multitude of psychopathologies and ders. The programs vary but are likely to include
to acquire fundamental helping skills. One word an outpatient department, partial (day) hospital-
of caution: new members of most crisis hot lines ization, and an education/outreach wing. Duties
are expected to take a large share of the midnight may entail assisting recreational activities, intake
to 8 A.M. shifts. Be prepared to pay your dues. interviews, and psycheducational groups. Though
Centers for homeless or runaway adolescents. supervising recreational activities allows contact
Much of what is done in these settings is similar with patients, you might not be observing any
to case management, in that these teenagers are clinical methods. Do not be shy about asking for
connected with social service agencies. However, greater responsibilities!
in-house counseling may also be provided to these College peer programs. These provide students
youths, who frequently come from disadvantaged with peer education and assistance on specific
families. Be particularly careful about specifying disorders, such as bulimia or substance abuse.
the supervision arrangement before starting. The Less common but still available is peer counsel-
facilities are often understaffed and financially ing on more general concerns, for example, “Need
strapped, meaning you may have to be assertive to to Talk? Call Us.” Both peer education and peer
get the desired training. counseling programs are typically flexible in the
Classes for emotionally disturbed children and number of hours you work and usually provide
adolescents. These placements offer exposure to training in listening and counseling skills.
36 PREPARING FOR GRADUATE SCHOOL
Women’s resource centers. These multiservice cen- school districts consistently emerge as some of the
ters offer or coordinate a plethora of human ser- most popular, youth-oriented placements.
vices for women—rape crisis counseling, domestic
violence education, victim advocacy, “safe homes” A word of caution about initial clinical encoun-
for victims of abuse, and so on. Possible activities ters: Be careful not to generalize from one experi-
likewise vary, but the training and esprit de corps ence. One of the authors worked at a crisis center for
are highly regarded. Students with abiding inter- adolescents in the Times Square area of New York
est in women’s rights and feminist therapy will City. The rate of employee turnover at this facility
find these placements particularly satisfying. was exceptionally high. The “success” rate for clients
Drug and alcohol treatment facilities. These was low, and the population proved difficult indeed.
feature a variety of detoxification and rehabilita- Although it was a rich experience, some of the vol-
tion interventions designed to help patients cope unteers became disillusioned with psychology as a
with the physical and psychological components result of working there. An unpleasant experience
of addiction. Although not all “D & A” programs may only mean that the particular population or set-
will afford undergraduate placements, substance ting was not suited to you. Try something else, and
abuse is one of the most popular research areas you may feel quite differently.
in clinical and counseling psychology (Dimoff et Though clinical experience is important (and
al., 2017; see also Appendix E). Students can gain often rewarding), it is only one of several crite-
exposure to several models of addiction, inter- ria prized for admission to graduate school. Some
act with a multidisciplinary treatment team, and Ph.D. applicants make the mistake of accumulating
observe clinical services with substance abusers a wealth of clinical work at the expense of gaining
across gender, racial, and socioeconomic lines. research training. By doing so, you may inadvertently
Psychiatric hospitals. These offer comprehen- position yourself as uninterested in research or per-
sive behavioral care in an inpatient setting and haps better suited to a Psy.D. than a Ph.D. program.
typically feature individual psychotherapy, group Clinical experience must be balanced with research
treatment, psychoactive medication, psychologi- competencies. This balance will be weighted toward
cal assessment, occupational therapy, and rec- clinical work or research depending on your desire
reational therapy. Students are likely to observe to earn either a Psy.D. or Ph.D. or whether the Ph.D.
patients with severe disorders receiving many program is practice or research-oriented.
treatments provided by multidisciplinary staff. In
addition, large state hospitals depend upon the Research Skills
kindness of volunteers to staff social events, com-
munity outings, and recreational opportunities Research experience, as discussed earlier in this
for patients. chapter, consistently emerges as a top admission
Legal and probation offices. These provide ideal criteria to nearly all Ph.D. programs in clinical and
experiences for students interested in forensic counseling psychology. To a lesser but still significant
applications. Students frequently volunteer or degree, Psy.D. programs also value your research
intern with District Attorney’s offices, probation experience for what it communicates about your
officers, criminal lawyers, state police, and other intellectual ability and professional commitment.
criminal justice professionals. In these settings, Recall the conclusion of one early study on gradu-
ask to be exposed to the psychological or psychi- ate school admission: there is simply no single bet-
atric side of criminal justice. ter way to enhance an application than by obtaining
School districts. These frequently offer internships research experience (Eddy et al., 1987). The desired
with school psychologists, guidance counselors, skills—to reason critically, to gather data, to access
and school counselors working with children from the research in pursuit of what works, to adapt the
kindergarten through twelfth grade. There are research to your professional activities, to write bal-
many opportunities to observe psychological test- anced conclusions, among others—are essential.
ing and feedback sessions (with parental consent, Even though all psychologists need not produce
of course), conduct behavioral ratings, participate original research, all must intelligently consume and
in counseling, and perhaps work with applied apply research.
behavioral analysts. These placements are limited The benefits of student research, according to
to weekday and daytime hours, which might inter- research (Landrum & Nelsen, 2002), boil down to
fere with your own courses or employment, but two dimensions. The first might be labeled specific
PREPARING FOR GRADUATE SCHOOL 37
skills and abilities. These skills include developing internships. These positions can provide valuable
clear research ideas, conducting literature searches, experience in randomized controlled trials. Con-
choosing appropriate measures, analyzing data, versely, community-based organizations commonly
using statistical procedures, preparing conference conduct outcome research around clinical or com-
presentations, and improving writing ability. The munity interventions and accept interns throughout
second dimension might be called interpersonal the year. If you have taken a statistics or research
goals. These tend to be overshadowed by the techni- methods course that included SPSS or SAS, you may
cal skills listed above, but they are critical benefits in have sufficient skills for an entry-level position on an
preparing and mentoring psychologists-in-training. active research team outside of a university.
These entail influencing decisions about graduate A fifth path is to complete a summer research
school, meeting other students involved in research, program, typically at a university for a couple of
getting to know faculty members better, improving weeks. These are structured, formal programs
teamwork, forming relationships for the basis of let- for stellar undergraduates interested in pursuing
ters of recommendation, developing leadership, and advance training in psychology research. APA, APS,
improving interpersonal communication. You seek and Psi Chi all offer such summer programs or grants
both types of benefits in securing a research experi- to create your own summer research directed by a
ence or assistantship. psychologist. APA maintains a list of Undergradu-
Gaining research experience is largely depen- ate Research Opportunities & Internships (at www.
dent on your own initiative. That can prove intimi- apa.org/education/undergrad/research-opps.aspx),
dating, so in the following sections we showcase the which presents dozens of research opportunities
key steps in maximizing your research involvement. lasting for a week up to the entire summer.
A sixth alternative, restricted to matriculated
Common Paths undergraduates, is to complete an honors thesis in
either a departmental or a university-wide honors
Let us begin by outlining 8 common avenues for program. As with additional courses and post-college
students engaging in scholarly research. The first is work, an honors thesis is a “feather in your cap.”
probably the most frequent—volunteering to work For students desiring to move straight into a Ph.D.
with a faculty member on one of his or her research program, it is one means of presenting evidence to
projects. A second avenue is to complete a student admissions committees that you are capable of per-
research program for a notation on your transcript forming graduate-level work. Many schools allow
but not academic credit. Students identify potential motivated students to complete an honors thesis, an
professors to work with from a faculty directory of original study that the student conceptualizes, con-
research interests, jointly complete a learning con- ducts, analyzes, and hopes to present at a regional
tract, and then devote a minimum number of hours conference or even publish. An honors thesis shows
(say, 75) throughout a semester working directly a genuine commitment to psychology and is a pal-
with the faculty sponsor. A third option is to enroll pable sign of ability in the applicant.
in independent psychology research for academic A seventh path, discussed fully in Chapter 8, is to
credit. This entails individual study and research complete a psychology post-baccalaureate program.
under the supervision of a faculty member and is These are designed for students with a bachelor’s
ordinarily limited to junior and senior psychology degree in any discipline (including psychology) who
majors. These three research paths are generally seek preparation for graduate training in psychology.
open to psychology majors as well as to graduated “Post-baccs” offer intensive research apprenticeships
students looking to obtain research skills. along with psychology coursework and clinical field-
A fourth and increasingly common approach work to enhance students’ credentials for entry into
is to work or volunteer for a researcher outside competitive graduate programs.
of your university—in a hospital, medical center, An eighth and final avenue toward acquiring
research institute, private industry, or community- research competencies is restricted to master’s stu-
based organization, for example. Especially in large dents. A comprehensive paper or a formal master’s
cities, researchers with major grants depend upon thesis, requiring original research, practically guar-
individuals (both pre- and post-baccalaureate) for antees additional experience with research. For this
study management, data collection, and statistical reason, undergraduates denied admission directly
analyses. Many industries, especially biomedical and into doctoral programs frequently enter master’s
pharmaceutical research, offer summer research programs to gain valuable research (and clinical)
38 PREPARING FOR GRADUATE SCHOOL
competencies. And remember: the majority of APA- you think you might get along, consider the rank of
accredited doctoral programs prefer master’s-level the professor. There are tenured faculty (a full or
applicants to have completed a thesis (Littleford et associate professor) and untenured (an assistant
al., 2018; Piotrowski & Keller, 1996). professor), both with respective advantages and dis-
Whichever avenue you eventually pursue, the advantages.
procedures are quite similar. Following is a step-by- Full or associate professors have been in the
step guide to making the most of your research expe- field longer and will probably have senior colleagues
rience. at other universities. If the professor is well known
in the discipline, it gives your letter of recommen-
Determining Your Interests dation that much more weight. If your professor’s
reputation is strong, with a long list of publications,
The initial step is finding research areas that inter- you are also likely to learn more and increase your
est you. If you are not interested in the work, it will own attractiveness as a candidate. However, once a
diminish your energy and enthusiasm and probably faculty member becomes tenured, he or she is no
your decision to apply to graduate school. A good longer under the same pressure to produce research
place to begin is to read through your department as when he or she was pursuing tenure. Certainly if
brochure or website describing faculty interests and these faculty members are still conducting and pub-
current research. If you are out of school, check lishing research and applying for grants, they are
with a local university. Visit with the Director of Psy- likely to be committed to maintaining their produc-
chology Advising or the Director of Undergraduate tivity. Regardless, you should establish that tenured
Studies in the psychology department (if a large uni- faculty are actively engaged in research and are cur-
versity) or the department chairperson (if a smaller rently publishing their work, probably by reviewing
college) to discuss research possibilities. Speak to their faculty website, their online CV, or list of recent
other students in the major about potential faculty publications.
mentors. Look for professors who have a proven Assistant professors are newer to the field, prob-
track record of scholarly publications. ably 1 to 7 years post doctorate. They often need
Once you have a list of faculty interests, you may more undergraduate help and may involve you to
find someone interesting but not be sure exactly your full potential. The possibility of being included
what the research is all about (“I’ve heard about on a research presentation or publication as a coau-
autism and think I’d like to study it, but I don’t know thor may also be increased. New assistant professors,
much about it . . .”). If publications are not provided in particular, may not yet have students but may have
on the departmental website, or if reprints are not start-up funds for their research. What they lack in
posted in the department, then you can go to PsycLIT terms of a reputation built on years of publications
or PsycINFO (found in most university libraries; ask may be balanced by their energy and their motiva-
at the reference desk) and read what that professor tion to produce.
has published in the area over the last 5 to 7 years. Some professors maintain large research facili-
This should make it easier to decide which profes- ties and employ vast numbers of undergraduates to
sors you would like to volunteer to conduct research help them with their data collection and coding. If
with. Do not narrow your choices too quickly! Find there are 10 undergraduates working in a lab, then
at least two or three professors whose work initially the attention given to each individual decreases, as
interests you. well as the value of the research experience. On the
other hand, some large laboratories provide unique
Selecting Professors research opportunities unavailable elsewhere. The
key is to talk to students who have worked in that
Next, find out more about that professor as a person. research lab to learn about their experiences and to
Do you know people who have taken a class with him determine if former students have had success apply-
or her? What did they think? Are there other under- ing to graduate school.
graduate or graduate students working with this An optimal research context, then, is one in
professor now? What do they do, and what is it like which a faculty member or research mentor has
working under this person? Is the professor easy to an established reputation in the field of inquiry, a
get along with? Is the professor helpful to students? record of producing publishable research, similar
Having narrowed the choice to two or three pro- interests to your own, a history of working success-
fessors whose research interests you and with whom fully with students, a propensity to share authorship
PREPARING FOR GRADUATE SCHOOL 39
credit with students, and the ability to construct dis- approach the next researcher or professor on your
crete research projects. Be guided by these general list.
principles in selecting professors to approach, but do After the initial contact, your next move is dic-
not expect all these qualities to be available to you. tated by your professor’s needs and your abilities.
Regardless of all your wonderful qualities, be pre-
Making Initial Contact pared to run some of the grunt work! Photocopy-
ing needs to be done, literature searches need to be
Having chosen a professor or researcher with whom conducted, and at times you might well be expected
you would like to work, it is now time to make your- to do some lab cleanup. You are “low on the totem
self known to him or her. Schedule an appointment pole,” so approach this with humility. But if you
or approach the professor during posted office have experience with test administration or statisti-
hours. It is natural to feel nervous! However, the cal analysis, let the professor know, being aware that
more familiar with his or her work you are, the more ultimately your activities will be dictated by his or
secure you are likely to feel. Once again, read what her needs. However, if grunt work is the full extent
the professor has written. Additionally, it helps to of your duties, your needs are not being addressed
remember that you are coming to the professor to properly. Spending a year doing nothing but photo-
offer your free services. copying or proofreading would constitute a waste of
A good opening line might be, “Hello, Dr. Jones, time.
my name is Chris Smith, and I’m a junior psychol- Research experience is, above all, an opportu-
ogy major. I’ve been doing some reading on autism nity to learn. Volunteer to be trained to be of more
and came across several of your articles. I’m pretty use. For example, learn the computer skills to input
interested and was wondering if I could help with data and conduct statistical analyses. Learn to score
your research projects.” As the conversation pro- and, more importantly, to understand a Minnesota
gresses, let the professor know your long-term goals Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) or a
as well as your immediate desire both to contribute Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). Learn how to
as a member of the research team and to acquire calibrate and run psychophysiological equipment.
research skills. Let him or her know you are seriously Learn what you can about the various equipment
considering graduate study in clinical or counseling and measures in use. And continuously ask questions
psychology—it will increase your appeal. about what you do not understand. When it comes
By way of a summary, here are a dozen steps in time to put your research on your curriculum vitae,
asking for a research assistantship (or teaching assis- these are the responsibilities you will list.
tantship) Some researchers hold a weekly lab group or
Go during office hours research meeting with graduate students, under-
Bring a CV or resume graduates, or both. These might entail a discussion
Begin with small talk (schmooze a bit) of the project at hand, a presentation on another
Express interest in the professor’s research area within psychology, or a training session for new
Manifest positive nonverbal behaviors people. In any of these cases, it is an opportunity to
Ask explicitly to serve as a research assistant learn. If you have not been invited to these meetings,
Explain why you quality for the position then go ahead and ask about them. Optimize your
Identify the time period or semesters contact with your professor! Convey your willingness
Request a decision date and enthusiasm. Give your professor reasons to write
Thank the professor for his or her time an outstanding letter of recommendation.
Follow-up on or after that decision date Finally, there are instances in which undergradu-
Have a backup plan (a Plan B) ates are supervised solely by graduate students and
have little contact with the professor in charge of the
Negotiating Research Responsibilities project. This can happen if faculty members have a
large number of students working with them or if
“Well, Chris, I’d be interested in speaking with you they are well known and are continually approached
about helping with my research . . .” You have made by masses of students. Being supervised exclusively
the contact. If the professor does not need help, by a graduate student can be an undesirable situa-
then you have lost nothing and gained experience in tion for a potential applicant. Although there is much
asking. Inquire if he or she knows of someone with to be learned from graduate students—and they are
similar interests who is looking for help, or simply fresh from the application process themselves—a let-
40 PREPARING FOR GRADUATE SCHOOL
ter of recommendation from a graduate student does too much for a Ph.D. applicant. The longer you have
not carry nearly the same weight as one from a pro- worked on a project and the greater your responsi-
fessor. Moreover, a lack of interaction with the pro- bilities, the more attractive you are as an applicant.
fessor means that he or she must depend solely on Ideally, you would work with two professors over the
graduate students for feedback on your work, thus course of your undergraduate education. This is not
detracting from the value of his or her assessment. necessary, but when schools expect three letters of
This is not to say that you must avoid research recommendation, having two letters summarizing
opportunities that are primarily supervised by grad- two research experiences proves particularly strong.
uate students. Again, determine how undergraduates Although they will allocate less time to research than
in prior years have fared coming out of this lab. In Ph.D. applicants, Psy.D. applicants are reminded that
sum, personal access to the faculty member is one of research is still a valued admission criterion.
several factors to be considered in your decision on One word of caution: do not overextend your-
where to volunteer for research experience. self. Be realistic about the amount of time you can
commit. Some students juggle two or three research
Arranging Credit and Semesters projects at once and end up performing poorly on
them all. Far more important to concentrate your
Most colleges allow students to complete a certain energies and perform solidly on one project than
amount of research experience for academic credit. it is to spread yourself too thin. Conduct as much
If the opportunity is available, take advantage of it. research as your academic studies and other commit-
Some professors may even demand that you sign up ments allow.
for credit, because it institutes a contract between An ideal time to begin research is during the
them and you about the number of hours per week summer, when you can balance it with a part- or
required and how long they can count on you to full-time job. Since most undergraduates and some
work with them. Generally speaking, multiply the graduate students leave during the summer, profes-
number of course credits by 3, and this will give you sors may be short-staffed during this period. It is a
the number of weekly hours that you will spend per- prime opportunity to optimize your usefulness at
forming research activities. the outset and increase your chances of picking up
Expect to spend two semesters on a project. This desirable skills.
demonstrates your commitment and allows ample The net result of your research experiences will
contact between you and your professor. Thus, work be skill enhancement and professional identification.
with someone an entire year before you plan to apply Depending on the nature of your project, you will
to graduate school. For instance, begin research in probably have engaged in a literature search, hypoth-
fall 2019 if you are applying in fall 2020 for a fall esis generation, experimental design, data collection,
2021 entrance to graduate school. statistical analyses, and the write-up.
In consultation with your faculty advisor, con-
sider applying for a university or national grant to Presenting and Publishing Research
fund your research project. These grant monies may
be used to purchase equipment, pay postage for sur- Presenting or publishing your research is a definite
veys, reimburse research participants for their time, asset. Opportunities for presentation are numerous:
and send you to a convention to present your find- a department or university colloquium, a local or
ings. In most colleges and universities, these small regional undergraduate psychology conference, an
grants are called undergraduate research grants, annual conference of a professional organization,
summer research fellowships, or something simi- a state or national psychology convention. Partici-
lar. At the University of Scranton, for example, the pation in research conferences is viewed favorably
President’s Fellowships for Summer Research allow as an index of your professional identification and
undergraduates to live on campus free for the sum- scholarly commitment. Check with your advisor or
mer, provide a tidy stipend, contribute up to $500 mentor about these and other possibilities for your
for research materials, and fund travel to a confer- work to be seen by colleagues.
ence to present the research. At the national level, Psi Publication of your research in a scholarly jour-
Chi and several publishers provide small awards and nal is held in high regard by graduate admissions
grants for research. Go to www.psichi.org/awards to committees. As we discuss in Chapter 7, research
access the list. experience leading to a coauthored publication is the
In terms of research, there is no such thing as most highly rated final selection criterion for Ph.D.
PREPARING FOR GRADUATE SCHOOL 41
(though not necessarily Psy.D.) admission decisions over a dozen years. The first rating scale empha-
following the interview. The peer-review process by sizes research activity. Examples of relevant activi-
which journals accept papers for publication gives ties include producing honors theses, serving as a
a seal of collegial affirmation that the research con- research assistant, conducting independent research,
tributes to the scientific understanding of behavior. coauthoring scientific publications, and developing
Although not common, undergraduate publication is research skills, such as data analysis and interview-
slowly becoming more frequent. ing.
If your research project is not quite up to the
standards of a competitive, peer-reviewed journal, Rating Criteria
then consider sending the paper to a journal pub- 5 Senior author of one or more articles in
lishing student research in psychology. One such significant journals in addition to experi-
publication is the Psi Chi Journal of Psychological
ence that provided a basis for extensive
Research, which is uniquely dedicated to educating
mastery of one or more directly related
and promoting professional development of under-
research skills.
graduate psychology students. Other publications
4 Coauthor of one or more articles in signif-
for student research in psychology include Modern
Psychological Studies, Journal of Psychology and icant journals in addition to experiences
Behavioral Sciences, and Journal of Psychological providing considerable familiarity with
Inquiry. All these journals publish research in psy- one or more directly relevant research
chology conducted and written by students. Look for skills.
their instructions to authors on departmental bulle- 3 Project leadership or significant participa-
tin boards or in Eye on Psi Chi (the newsletter of Psi tion in research activity (beyond activities
Chi). connected with coursework) serving to
Of course, though submission to these journals provide for considerable development of
can be instructive, publishing in them does not carry mastery of one or more relevant research
as much weight as publication in established peer- skills.
reviewed journals. In fact, research suggests that a 2 Experience that provides a basis for some
student publication in an undergraduate journal may familiarity with relevant research skills.
be judged neutral or even unfavorably by research- 1 Little if any experience according to these
oriented professors in a doctoral program (Ferrari & criteria.
Hemovich, 2004). So, aim to publish your research in
peer-reviewed, scholarly journals. The second rating scale, now in use at the Uni-
Still impressive is a paper/poster presentation at versity of Rhode Island, favors four criteria in evalu-
a state, regional, or national meeting. Only between ating research experience.
10% and 20% of undergraduate psychology majors 1. Demonstrated research productivity: sole or
present their research at a research conference, co-authorship of research publications, presen-
whether local, regional, or national (Terry, 1996; tation of papers at scientific meetings, other tan-
Titus & Buxman, 1999).
gible indications of research achievement.
Most regional and national meetings are listed
2. Breadth and quality of experience: development
in each issue of the American Psychologist, APS
of one or more research skills, data collection
Observer, and Eye on Psi Chi. These meetings are
with different populations, work on more than
also listed on the Psi Chi website. Psi Chi members
who present papers can receive a regional research one project.
award, which should be duly noted on your curricu- 3. Research interest: the strength of interest in
lum vitae and graduate application. Refer to Eye on research can be inferred from research activity
Psi Chi, ask your local Psi Chi moderator or consult over a sustained period of time and recommen-
their website under the six Psi Chi regions (www. dations from research supervisors documenting
psichi.org/page/regions_main#). skills, motivation, participation, and accomplish-
Graduate programs will assess your research ments.
experience in different ways, of course. Nonethe- 4. Individual autonomy: responsibility for plan-
less, as an aid to applicants, we reproduce below ning, implementing, and carrying out research
(with permission) two rating scales employed by one tasks as a member of a research team or evidence
Ph.D. clinical program (University of Rhode Island) of independent work.
42 PREPARING FOR GRADUATE SCHOOL
Rankings are based on the aforementioned crite- gram had GRE scores of 160 or better (Rem, Oren, &
ria and assigned as follows: Childrey, 1987). This suggests that, even if a program
does not emphasize entrance exams, (1) scores can
Rating Criteria still play a major role in the selection of candidates,
5 Satisfies all four criteria or (2) applicants with high exam scores are also the
4 Satisfies three criteria applicants considered most desirable on the other
3 Satisfies two criteria admissions criteria.
2 Satisfies one criterion Consequently, the best assistance that we can
1 Evidence of some prior research involve- offer is a brief description of each test, an overview
ment or interest of minimum and actual GRE scores of incoming
graduate students, guidelines for deciding how much
Balance is the key. On the one hand, an absence preparation will be needed, and study suggestions
of research experience is usually seen as a serious for each test.
drawback to an application to a doctoral psychol-
ogy program. On the other hand, over committing GRE General Test
yourself to multiple projects simultaneously can
Use of GRE scores for admission to clinical and coun-
lead to poor performance and a neglect of clinical
seling psychology programs continues to be the
experience and GRE preparation. And do not for-
norm and continues to be controversial (Dollinger,
get: research also provides you with professional
1989; Ingram, 1983; Sternberg, 1997). Let’s summa-
networking contacts. The professors or graduate
rize each side of the controversy.
students with whom you collaborate are excellent
On the one hand, the traditional rationale—but-
sources of information about the discipline and
tressed by considerable evidence—is that the GRE
about applying to graduate school.
is ordinarily more valid than undergraduate GPA
in predicting graduate school success (Goldberg
Entrance Examinations & Alliger, 1992; Kuncel & Hezlett, 2010). Decades
of research indicate that the GRE General Test has
About 90% of doctoral clinical psychology programs, moderate predictive validity for graduate school per-
82% of doctoral counseling psychology programs, formance. A meta-analysis of studies conducted in
and 81% of master’s psychology programs require psychology and counseling departments found that
you to complete the Graduate Record Examination GRE scores predicted about 8% of the variance in
(GRE) General Test (Pagano, Wicherski, & Kohout, graduate school grades (Goldberg & Alliger, 1992). A
2010; Turkson & Norcross, 1996). Fewer will also later meta-analysis of two dozen studies encompass-
require the GRE Psychology Subject Test. The two ing more than 5,000 test takers similarly reported
GRE tests are often used to complement each other that 6% of the variance in graduate-level academic
in admission decisions because the General Test is a achievement was accounted for by GRE scores (Mor-
measure of broad abilities, and the Subject Test is an rison & Morrison, 1995). These and other studies
index of achievement in a specific field of study. The indicate that GRE General Test scores are generaliz-
Miller Analogies Test (MAT) is required by fewer pro- ably valid in a modest way for all sorts of measures
grams, about 3% of graduate programs in psychology of graduate performance, especially when selection/
(Murray & Williams, 1999; Norcross et al., 2005). admission ratios are taken into account (Kuncel &
Blanket statements about entrance exams remain Hezlett, 2010).
difficult because not all schools require all tests, and Another rationale is that GRE performance is an
some schools require additional testing (for exam- “equalizer” among the diverse curriculum require-
ple, in the past the University of Minnesota required ments and grading practices in thousands of under-
clinical psychology applicants to take the MMPI—a graduate institutions. Grade inflation has become
personality and psychopathology inventory!). More- rampant among undergraduate institutions: between
over, not all schools weight these test scores equally 1988 and 2018, the average grade point average has
among the admission criteria. Some schools clearly steadily increased from 2.9 to almost 3.4 (Rojstac-
state a minimum score that all applicants must zer, 2019). The entrance exam is probably the only
obtain, whereas others state that they have no such standardized measure of all applicants that an admis-
criteria. sions committee has. Does a 3.7 GPA and stellar let-
Interestingly, a study showed that even without ters of recommendation from a small local college
an imposed cutoff, applicants admitted into its pro- reflect more, the same, or less knowledge than a 3.3
PREPARING FOR GRADUATE SCHOOL 43
GPA and strong letters of recommendation from an ing scores are presented on a 130 to 170 scale in
Ivy League university? Since all students take the 1-point increments. Most graduate schools rely on
identical GRE test, the playing field is leveled. the Verbal and Quantitative scores in evaluating can-
On the other hand, research indicates that, didates.
inside the deliberations of graduate admissions com- The Analytical Writing (AW) section is delivered
mittees, GRE scores are accorded priority beyond on the computer, and you word-process responses.
what most departments would admit or that creators It is designed to measure your ability to articulate
of the test would advise (Posselt, 2016). Concerns and support complex ideas, examine claims and
about relying on GREs also receive support from the accompanying evidence, and express the elements
research. Socioeconomic status (SES) does relate to of standard written English. You will write two sepa-
test performance, and members of certain ethnic rate essays. For the “Analyze an Issue” task, you will
groups tend to score lower than other groups, but choose one of two essay topics selected by the com-
GREs predict graduate performance across SES and puter from a larger pool. For the “Analyze an Argu-
for all ethnic groups (Kuncel & Hezlett, 2010; Sackett ment” task, you do not have a choice of topics; the
et al., 2009). Moreover, Subject Test scores tend to be computer will present you with a single topic for
better predictors of graduate performance than the which you provide a critical, logical analysis.
General Test scores (Kuncel, Hezlett, & Ones, 2001), Your essays are read and scored by two trained
but programs overwhelmingly look at the General raters using a holistic 6-point scale (scoring guide-
Test scores. lines can be found at www.ets.org/gre/revised_gen-
In any case, the GREs are here to stay for the eral/scores/?WT.ac). Your AW score is reported on a
vast majority of psychology doctoral programs in the 0–6 scale in half-point increments. On average, stu-
United States. The more competitive the program, dents score 4.2 on the AW, with psychology majors
the more likely the GREs are required for admission. scoring slightly higher at 4.4 (ETS, 2007). Since the
Information about the GRE and registering to AW test is relatively recent, many graduate schools
take it are all online at www.ets.org/gre/ or www.gre. are not placing as much emphasis on it as the Verbal
org. Bookmark that site as you will return to it fre- and Quantitative scores in admission decisions.
quently. At the website you can order (with a credit The GRE General Test continues to be a com-
card) test preparation books and download prepara- puter adaptive test, meaning that correct answers
tion software. to early questions lead to more difficult subsequent
The test is similar in format to the Scholastic questions. This is not question by question but sec-
Aptitude Test (SAT) or the American College Test tion by section, so that within a section, you can skip
(ACT, minus the science part) that most of you took a question and return to it later.
prior to college. The three GRE scales are Verbal Rea- This 3-hour, 45-minute computer-based test
soning (V), Quantitative Reasoning (Q), and Analyti- begins with the Analytical Writing section. That’s
cal Writing (AW). followed, in any order, by two Verbal sections, two
The Verbal and Quantitative scales are multiple- Quantitative sections, and one unscored section.
choice in format, and scores on the test are based on Within any section, you can skip a question and
the number of correct answers selected. The Quan- come back to it later, if you like, and you can also
titative (Q) Reasoning section expects you to know revise and edit your answers. All told, you will prob-
arithmetic, algebra, geometry, probability, and statis- ably spend about 4 to 5 hours at the testing center.
tics, and it allows you to use an on-screen calculator. When you complete all sections of the GRE at
Calculus is not needed for, or covered on, the quant the testing center, you will be asked on the com-
section. The Verbal (V) Reasoning section measures puter screen three questions: Do you want to cancel
your ability to analyze written material, understand your scores? If not, would you like the “Most Recent
the meaning of words and sentences in context, and Option” of sending your scores from only your cur-
comprehend relationships among concepts. The rent test administration or the “All Option” of send-
dreaded antonyms and analogies are gone, replaced ing your scores from all General Test administrations
with additional questions on reasoning skills and in the last five years? And, to which four graduate
reading comprehension. Text completion questions schools would you like your free score reports sent?
provide a short narrative with certain words omitted If you do not cancel your scores, then your Ver-
from the passage; your task is to select the word that bal and Quantitative scores are immediately pre-
best fits the targeted omission. sented on the computer screen. Your Analytical
The Verbal Reasoning and Quantitative Reason- Writing score will arrive in another 4 weeks or so. If
44 PREPARING FOR GRADUATE SCHOOL
you cancel your scores, then you are not provided tion you will need for the GRE Revised General Test,
with those scores. ask yourself several questions:
The GRE ScoreSelect option lets you decide
which GRE scores to send to graduate schools. But 1. What were my SAT (or ACT) scores? The SAT and
now it gets a little complicated. On test day, when GRE tests are highly correlated, so this may be
viewing your scores at the test center, you can your first clue as to how much preparation is
choose to submit your most recent scores or all of ahead of you.
them. After test day, when you send additional score 2. How well have I done on multiple-choice tests
reports for a fee, you can submit to graduate schools in college? There is a certain savvy to taking
the scores from the most recent test administration, standardized tests, and this is one way to assess
scores from all test administrations, or from one or yours.
as many test administrations as you like from the last 3. How anxious do I become in a testing situation?
five years. That is, after test day and for a fee, you A moderate amount of test anxiety is optimal:
have greater options. too little anxiety can breed indifference, but too
In all cases, you select scores for a particular test much begets interference (you may recognize
date. Thus, you cannot pick, say, your Quantitative this relationship between arousal and perfor-
score from one test administration and your Verbal mance as the Yerkes–Dodson Law). If you tend
score from another test date. All scores obtained on to experience tests with more than moderate
a test date are sent. discomfort, then you might benefit from addi-
The folks at GRE advertise the ScoreSelect option tional preparation aimed at relaxing yourself and
as presenting your best to graduate programs. Since building your confidence.
it is a relatively new option with the test, it is too 4. Can I discipline myself to do the necessary
early to determine how graduate admission commit- studying? Be honest with yourself. If you can-
tees will use and interpret receipt of a select subset of not imagine sitting down regularly and studying
your GRE scores. Nonetheless, it is obviously in your independently for the GREs, you might be better
best interest to submit only your highest scores. off taking a preparatory course offered online or
The testing center consists of multiple cubicles, privately in most cities.
each containing a computer station. The center may
be noisy, so many of our students recommend wear- Students typically spend an inordinate amount
ing ear plugs or accepting the offered headphones to of time worrying about the GREs. The myth exists
minimize the extraneous noise and to enhance your that clinical applicants need a score of 160 on each
concentration. (You may not bring or wear your own of their scales to be considered seriously. This is
headphones in the testing center.) simply not the case. Some Psy.D. programs do not
Testing centers must maintain test security, so even require the GREs. On the other hand, many
many centers resemble a lockdown and perform APA-approved Ph.D. programs prefer GREs of 150 or
airport-level screening. You will probably be asked above. The average GRE score (combined Verbal and
to empty your pockets and turn them inside out, Quantitative) of first-year graduate students in psy-
lift your pants or shirts half-way for inspection, and chology master’s programs is 299; in doctoral psy-
be subjected to a magnetic wand passing over your chology programs, 308 (Norcross et al., 2005).
body. Some test-takers are unnerved by the presence However, even these averages mask considerable
of cameras in the center (or above the cubicle). But variation in preferred minimum GRE scores. In our
knowing all of these security precautions in advance studies of the admission statistics of APA-accredited
will probably decrease your anxiety. clinical programs (Mayne et al., 1994; Turkson &
The GRE registration booklet and the free tuto- Norcross, 1996), we found that the preferred mini-
rial software (POWER PREP II, available on your mum scores differed consistently according to the
new favorite, www.gre.org or www.ets.org/gre/) will type of program. As shown in Table 3-3, research-ori-
familiarize you with the computer-based adaptive ented clinical Ph.D. programs preferred the highest
format of the Verbal and Quantitative sections. These GRE scores—about 150 each for the Quantitative and
and other resources will also prepare you for the Verbal scales. Psy.D. programs were willing to accept
Analytical Writing section. You should be exquisitely lower (but still not low) minimum GRE scores—
familiar with the test format and computer functions about 145 each on the two scales.
before test day! Remember that these are the minimum scores
In deciding how much and what type of prepara- for admission consideration, not the average scores
PREPARING FOR GRADUATE SCHOOL 45
TABLE 3-3. Minimum GRE Scores Preferred by APA-Accredited Clinical Psychology Programs
Psy.D. Practice- Equal-emphasis Research-
programs oriented Ph.D. Ph.D. oriented Ph.D. All programs
Preferred minimum score M M M M M
Quantitative scale 145 147 147 148 147
Verbal scale 155 158 158 160 158
Psychology subject test 542 601 581 605 587
Note. Adapted from Mayne, Norcross, & Sayette (1994) and Turkson & Norcross (1996).
of accepted students. Those scores are higher than The take-home point here is that the more
the minimums, of course. Please pay more attention research-oriented and the more competitive the
to the average scores of incoming students; the mini- doctoral program, the more stringent the admission
mum required scores are at the lowest end of accept- requirements in terms of GREs and GPAs. The pay-
able scores to get in the door. off for the more stringent admission requirements is
Table 3-4 provides the average GRE scores of far more financial assistance and far less debt, as we
incoming clinical psychology students across the detail in Chapter 5.
practice–research continuum. As seen there, the Even if your scores are lower than 145, you can
research-oriented Ph.D. programs demand the high- bolster other areas of your application to overcome
est scores: 152 Quantitative, 160 Verbal, and 683 Psy- low scores. But if your GRE scores are below 140,
chology Subject Test on average. And if you apply to then most Ph.D. programs will not seriously consider
PCSAS programs, the average scores will probably your application. In this case, it will probably be
prove even higher (Norcross et al., 2018; Sayette et necessary to take them again after completing a pre-
al., 2011). Students entering the equal-emphasis pro- paratory course or after spending time with a study
grams tend to score a bit lower, followed by students guide. Or you may decide to apply to Psy.D. and mas-
enrolling in university-based Psy.D. programs. Our ter’s programs as well.
research indicates that students entering freestand- Overconfidence can be disastrous here. Even if
ing Psy.D. programs tend to score lower than stu- you obtained 700 SATs, aced every multiple-choice
dents entering the other types of programs; however, exam in college, and are cool-headed in testing situa-
of late, those programs have been steadily not requir- tions, you still must familiarize yourself with the test
ing or not reporting GRE scores. That’s why average format and complete the practice test offered in the
scores for students in freestanding Psy.D. programs application booklet. It certainly would not hurt to
are not reported in Table 3-4; only 22% of those pro- prepare more, but this should be considered the bare
grams reported such scores (Norcross et al., 2010). minimum.
TABLE 3-4. Average GRE Scores of Incoming Students in APA-Accredited Clinical Psychology
Programs
Freestanding University-
Psy.D. based Psy.D. Equal- Research-
programs programs emphasis Ph.D. oriented Ph.D. All programs
GRE scores M M M M M
Quantitative scale — 148 151 152 151
Verbal scale — 156 159 160 159
Analytical writing — 4.7 4.9 5.1 4.9
Psychology subject test — 644 669 683 672
Many self-study manuals and software packages Specific work on test-taking skills and the short-
are sufficient for a disciplined applicant to ready him cuts that can make problems easier
or herself for the GRE. These resources provide help- Brief introduction to relaxation exercises that can
ful test-taking hints, vocabulary and math reviews, counter performance anxiety
and sample tests that the student can self-administer.
Many include actual questions given on past GREs The imposed structure on studying and the
that can provide a real flavor for the material you will deliberate use of test-taking skills can prove use-
see on testing day. Sample questions and download- ful. Although these classes cannot guarantee that
able practice software can also be ordered on the they will improve your scores, they are undoubtedly
official GRE website at www.gre.com. the best course of action for many students. Hav-
In addition to the official site, several commer- ing advised graduate-school applicants for several
cial Internet sites provide valuable tips and full- decades now, we have repeatedly witnessed the ben-
length practice tests. Some of the material is offered efits of these formal GRE prep courses.
for free; some offered for a price. Visit: Many students attempt to strengthen their vocab-
www.princetonreview.com/gre ulary for the GRE Verbal section by preparing flash-
www.kaptest.com/GRE/ cards or memorizing a vocabulary word each day. The
www.mygretutor.com
early research on the word-a-day method suggests
www.greguide.com/
it can slightly enrich your vocabulary (Prevoznak &
Bubka, 1999), but more importantly, it gets you into
We heartily recommend taking an online GRE the swing of GRE preparation and the admissions
practice or diagnostic test. A practice GRE test serves process. If you are inclined to try this method, con-
as a diagnostic tool to assess your abilities, gauges sider receiving a word a day from the app at Diction-
ary.com or the website www.wordsmith.org, both
your competitiveness for admission to graduate
of which present a word with its pronunciation and
programs, and identifies areas that need further
examples. Or try the vocabulary builders at www.
improvement (Walfish, 2004). Our favorites are the
number2.com and www.grammar.com/vocabulary-
practice GRE tests at www.kaplan.com and www.
builder. They require only a couple of minutes per
princetonreview.com. These are free and confiden-
day.
tial; use the practice test as a starting point.
Scheduling when to take your general GRE
Lastly, give yourself at least 6 weeks of study
should be carefully considered. If you do poorly on
time if you decide to prepare for the GRE on your
the test, you can retake it. Consequently, it is prudent
own and at least 8 weeks if you do not have a lot of
to take it at least 6 months before the application
time to devote solely to studying. deadline, which gives you time to study and prepare
Figure 3-1 provides a worksheet for preparing on for a second administration. For undergraduates
your own for the GRE General Test. It has proven a planning to apply to doctoral programs during their
“winner” with our own students in scheduling the senior year, this means taking it during the summer
administration date and in decreasing their anxiety. following your junior year or early fall of the senior
The worksheet walks you step-by-step through the year. For those who have already graduated, this
process. means taking it the late spring or summer before you
Students feeling less confident, more anxious, plan to apply.
or “out of the exam business” should contemplate We are frequently asked by students in our grad-
private courses designed to help you prepare for the uate school workshops if they should retake the GRE
GRE. They offer a number of benefits beyond those General Test if they are dissatisfied with their origi-
of study guides: nal scores. Our immediate answer is: it depends. If
A structured time each week when you learn the you studied diligently for the test and performed
material similarly to the practice tests and your SAT scores,
An impartial instructor who can assess your then no—probably do not retake the test.
strengths and weaknesses But if any of the following factors apply to you,
An abundance of study materials and the possibil- then retaking the test seems like a good idea (Keith-
ity of individual tutoring Spiegel & Wiederman, 2000):
The chance to take the entrance exams under You were ill the day you took the GRE
actual test-taking conditions (especially helpful for You were distracted by test anxiety
those with test anxiety) You did not prepare sufficiently for the test
PREPARING FOR GRADUATE SCHOOL 47
Today’s date:
When do you plan to take the GRE for the first time?
Describe how you will prepare for the GRE.
What GRE study resources do you have now?
What GRE study resources do you need to obtain soon?
Have you used the free GRE PowerPrep II? Yes No
If no, please go to the ETS website (www.ets.org/gre/revised_general/prepare/powerprep2)
Have you completed a free GRE diagnostic or prognostic test? Yes No
If no, please go to Princeton (www.princetonreview.com/grad/free-gre-practice-test#!practice) and/or
Kaplan (www.kaptest.com/gre/gre-practice/free-gre-practice-test)
How many hours have you studied as of the date you are completing this form? hours
How many total hours do you plan to study? hours
How many weeks are there between now and the date of your scheduled GRE? weeks
Write how many hours you will spend per week on dedicated GRE preparation (use as many weeks as applies to your
situation):
Can you realistically dedicate that much time each week? Yes No
If yes, congratulations. If no, please rethink your timetable.
You were unfamiliar with or confused by the com- Should you decide to retake the GRE General
puter-based format Test, please be aware of the probable effects of
Your SAT scores were much higher than your GRE repeating it. The average score gain for repeaters
scores is about 2 points on both the Verbal scale and the
Your scores on the GRE practice/diagnostic tests Quantitative scale. Increases of more than 8 points
were consistently higher than your actual GRE rarely occur, in only 1 or 2% of repeaters (ETS,
scores 2011).
48 PREPARING FOR GRADUATE SCHOOL
The vast majority of graduate schools take the ferent preparation and test-taking strategies on your
highest combination of your various GRE scores. Say part.
you scored 154 Verbal and 148 Quantitative the first The GRE Psychology Test consists of about 205
time, and 157 Verbal and 147 Quantitative the second multiple-choice questions. Each item has five options,
time. Most graduate programs will calculate your from which you select the correct or best response.
scores for admission purposes as 157 Verbal and 148 The total time allotted for the test is 2 hours and 50
Quantitative. minutes.
We have not said much about your score on the The GRE Psychology Test yields a total score and
third GRE scale: the Analytical Writing (AW) test. six subscores. The possible scores range from 200
That’s because only about 35% of psychology graduate to 990 in 10-point increments. Virtually all gradu-
programs are using it in their admissions process (Bri- ate programs concentrate on the total score, not
ihl & Wasieleski, 2007). Programs using the AW rated on the subscores. The preferred minimum score is
it as medium or low in importance in their admissions 587 for clinical psychology doctoral programs and
decisions. Few programs have minimum or cutoff 541 for counseling psychology doctoral programs
scores for the AW (Briihl & Wasieleski, 2007). (Mayne et al., 1994; Turkson & Norcross, 1996). That
Thus, your GRE scores are still widely calculated is, most programs will expect you to secure a score
as the sum of your Verbal and Quantitative scores— at or above this number. But here again, as shown
known respectively as the GRE-V and the GRE-Q. in Table 3-3, the preferred minimum ranges from a
Keep in mind, though, that particular professors low of 542 in Psy.D. programs to a high of 605 in
who are interested in working with you (especially research-oriented Ph.D. programs.
true at research-oriented Ph.D. programs) may Actual scores of admitted students are predict-
decide to weigh your various GRE scores differently ably higher than the minimum scores (see Table 3-4).
than what their program suggests. Consequently, all The average GRE Psychology Subject Test score of
your scores—including the AW—may come into play. incoming students into APA-accredited programs is
Your GRE General Test scores can partially deter- about 650 (Norcross et al., 2018, 2019). That num-
mine where to apply. Low scores suggest applying ber differs again across the practice–research contin-
only to institutions whose minimum scores you sur- uum: students entering more research oriented and
pass or who do not require the test. In this way, your more competitive doctoral programs average higher
GREs can help you make realistic decisions as to your scores.
chances of being accepted at a given school and ulti- The six subscores are Biological, Cognitive,
mately whether to apply there. Social, Developmental, Clinical, and Measurement/
Methodology. Each subscore section will assess
GRE Psychology Subject Test approximately 14% to 20% of the Subject Test items.
Other areas of psychology are tested and included in
The General Test measures knowledge acquired your total score but not in your subscores.
over a long period of time and not indigenous to Percentages of questions devoted to a subject
any specific field of study. By contrast, the Subject area will fluctuate from one test administration to
Tests—such as the Psychology Subject Test—assume another. Nonetheless, the general breakdown of the
an undergraduate major or extensive background in test content looks like this (ETS, 2019):
the specific subject. Consequently, the test may prove
relatively difficult if you were not an undergraduate Physiological/behavioral neuroscience 13%
psychology major. Lifespan development 13%
Another difference between the General Test Clinical and abnormal psychology 13%
and the Subject Test lies in the mode of administra- Social psychology 13%
tion. The General Test is a computer-based test avail- Measurement and methodology 12%
able year-round at over 850 test centers. The Subject Memory 8%
Test, by contrast, continues to be a paper-based test Sensation and perception 6%
offered three times during the academic year (Sep- Thinking and cognition 5%
tember, October, and April). General (e.g., history, I/O) 5%
Table 3-5 summarizes the differences between Personality 4%
the GRE Revised General Test and the GRE Subject Learning 4%
Test. These profound test differences will lead to dif- Language 3%
PREPARING FOR GRADUATE SCHOOL 49
TABLE 3-5. Comparison of the GRE Revised General Test and the GRE Psychology Subject Test
Revised General Test Psychology Subject Test
Administration schedule Throughout the year Three times per year (Sep., Oct., & Apr.)
Recommended test date Summer of junior year Sep. or Oct. for Ph.D./Psy.D. applicants
Early Fall of senior year November for master’s applicants
Repeat policy May repeat test once every 21 days up to 5 May repeat test as often as it is offered
times per year
Scoring procedure Adaptive: your responses determine difficulty Total items answered correctly
level of subsequent questions in that section
Scores range 130–170 for Verbal and Quantitative; 0–6 for 200–990
Analytical Writing
Scores on the GRE Psychology Test are best The GRE Psychology Subject Test is designed
predicted by your GRE General Test scores and the to be challenging. Students accustomed to getting
number of basic psychology courses completed. The 90% correct on in-class exams often worry about the
irony is that students can obtain excellent grades in large number of items they miss. The average student
all their psychology courses but still not perform answers about half the items correctly, misses about
adequately on the Psychology Test if they have not 30%, and omits 20% (Kalat & Matlin, 2000). Because
taken the critical courses. A narrow focus on—and your score is based on the total number of questions
many courses in—clinical psychology or counsel- answered correctly, guessing does not lower your
ing will probably detract from your score since this score. You are not penalized for guessing; but you
one area only accounts for 13% of the test items. The are rewarded for eliminating one or two possible
questions are drawn from courses most commonly answers.
offered at the undergraduate level within psychology Adequate preparation is essential for this test.
(ETS, 2019). We—and others—suggest four steps: (1) obtain
A maximum number of “traditional” courses in online the free GRE Psychology Test Practice Book
psychology, as represented in the foregoing list, and that describes the test structure, content, and
a minimum of special topics and “pop” psychology instructions and that contains one actual full-length
will prepare you best for the GRE Psychology Subject GRE Psychology Test; (2) review a good introduc-
Test. Choose your elective courses for breadth and tory psychology textbook; (3) volunteer to be a TA
rigor, not merely your specialized interest. (teaching assistant) for the Introduction to Psychol-
50 PREPARING FOR GRADUATE SCHOOL
ogy course; and (4) purchase one of the study guides or counseling psychology graduate programs. Rather,
with practice tests. Our favorite study guides are GRE low scores mean you will apply to programs that do
Psychology Test with CD-ROM (Kellogg & Pisacreta, not emphasize or require GRE scores or that accept
2010, published by Research & Education Associa- scores in your range. You can partially compensate in
tion), Cracking the GRE Psychology Subject Test (Jay, other areas to help offset weak GRE scores.
2010, published by Princeton Review), GRE Subject Conversely, at highly competitive programs,
Test: Psychology (2016, published by Kaplan), and strong GRE scores do not guarantee acceptance.
Barron’s GRE Psychology (Freberg & Palmer, 2015). We have heard from indignant applicants following
If these four steps do not suffice, then private courses rejection who did not realize that there were dozens
in preparing for the psychology test are available. of other applicants with combined Verbal and Quan-
Of late, the number of graduate psychology pro- titative scores above 320 (approximately the 95th per-
grams requiring the GRE Psychology Subject Test has centile). As with each admission criterion, entrance
dropped. Many doctoral programs request or rec- examinations are only one part of the overall picture
ommend that applicants complete the test, but not of a candidate. The best anyone can do is to make his
many are requiring it (Morgan, 2015). As a result, or her application as appealing as possible.
we advise you to take the subject test when you are
applying to schools that recommend or require it as
part of the admissions decision. We also recommend Extracurricular Activities
that you take it to demonstrate your knowledge of
psychology; virtually all admissions committees will An applicant’s extracurricular pursuits are accorded
be impressed by a high score even if they do not less weight than GPAs, GRE scores, research com-
formally require it. Applicants to master’s program, petencies, and clinical experiences. The research
however, may save money and time by skipping the reviewed earlier in this chapter clearly bears this
Psychology Subject Test unless one or more of the point out. However, extracurricular activities, such
master’s programs insist upon it. as student leadership and campus involvement, are
still considered in evaluating the “total person” of
the applicant.
Miller Analogies Test
The admission implications are thus proscriptive
A few clinical and counseling psychology graduate and prescriptive. Strictly in terms of enhancing your
programs request the MAT, a 50-minute test consist- candidacy (not in terms of other goals, such as life
ing of 100 word analogies. Your score is the total satisfaction), favor good grades and research expe-
number correct; the mean for students intending rience over extracurricular activities. Involvement in
to study psychology in graduate school is 50 to 51 a dozen student organizations will not compensate
(The Psychological Corporation, 1994). As with the for meager grades and research; doctoral programs
GREs, booklets are available to improve your scores will not accept you because you are coaching the
on the test, and it is useful to take practice tests to junior high’s cheerleading squad. When confronted
familiarize and prepare yourself for the actual event. with time conflicts, recall that admissions commit-
There are states in which the MAT cannot be admin- tees place a premium on variables other than intense
istered (e.g., New York) because of test disclosure campus commitments.
laws enacted in those states, so be sure to locate the Having stated the obvious but unpleasant facts,
testing center nearest you. we urge you to routinely engage in some campus
The MATs are rarely required by graduate schools, and community pursuits. The reasoning here is that
only 3% of them (Norcross et al., 2005). Because the clinical and counseling psychology programs seek
test can be scheduled at any time, through a net- well-rounded individuals exhibiting community
work of testing centers nationwide, consider taking involvement and diverse interests. The “egghead” or
this test after you have received your GRE scores and “Mr. Peabody” image is to be avoided in the practice
after you have selected the program you would like of psychology, where your interpersonal skills are
to apply to. You will save time and money if none of as crucial as your scientific preparation. Moderate
the schools that interest you require the test. Or they involvement can also better acquaint you with faculty
may be satisfied with your scores on the far more members, who may serve as sources of recommen-
comprehensive GRE General Test. dations, and with the discipline of psychology itself.
Finally, low scores on entrance exams do not You can create professional opportunities by being
automatically preclude you from applying to clinical involved in departmental activities. “Familiar faces”
PREPARING FOR GRADUATE SCHOOL 51
are frequently given first shots at clinical or research ident, of course, but every student can step forward
opportunities. and become an officer, a committee chair, or a per-
Applicants frequently learn too late that active son in charge of a club activity. Demonstrate that you
involvement outside of the classroom is an indis- can lead as well as follow; show that your peers like
pensable education in and of itself. Consider the fol- and respect you.
lowing student qualities contained in many letter of Third, we heartily recommend that you join the
recommendation forms: American Psychological Association (APA) and/or
Academic performance the Association for Psychological Science (APS) as
Organizational skills a student affiliate. Your APA affiliation brings with
Interest/enthusiasm it monthly issues of the American Psychologist, the
Interpersonal skills flagship journal, and the Monitor on Psychology,
Emotional stability the association’s magazine. Similarly, APS member-
Communication skills ship includes subscriptions to the monthly journal
Originality/resourcefulness Psychological Science and the APS Observer. Student
Social judgment membership in professional associations reflects
Responsibility/dependability favorably on your commitment to the discipline, and
Stress tolerance this affiliation should be recorded on your curricu-
lum vitae. Your psychology advisor might have appli-
Most of these dimensions refer to faculty–student cations for student affiliation in his or her office; if
interactions outside of the classroom, not to your not, go online to apa.org/members/your-member-
course grades. Many a bright student has sabotaged ship/join/index and www.psychologicalscience.org/
his or her educational experience, recommendation join/.
letters, and career goal by not becoming engaged on Fourth, additional campus and community
campus or in the community. commitments should be guided by your interests.
Many practice-oriented applicants profess that But those associated with human services, social
they are pursuing psychology to help and serve their causes, and artistic endeavors seem to be differen-
fellow humans, but then lack evidence of such ser- tially rewarded. These will obviously differ by locale;
vice! Avoid this glaring inconsistency in your appli- examples include Hand-in-Hand, campus ministries,
cation by participating in a couple of human service course tutoring, peer advising, Take Back the Night,
activities and duly noting them on your resume or homeless shelters, LGBTQ Pride Alliance, women’s
curriculum vitae. Demonstrate that you are, in fact, centers, BACHUSS, environmental causes, SADD,
committed to individual and societal improvement. theater productions, creative writing, Amnesty Inter-
Otherwise, your professed motivations for entering national, and the like.
the field sound empty. A fifth and invaluable extracurricular experience
In your extracurricular activities, try to exhibit is to attend a regional or national psychology conven-
the personality traits which, interacting with intel- tion. The benefits are many: socializing you into the
ligence, relate most to vocational success—namely, profession; learning about ongoing research; discov-
conscientiousness and agreeableness (Jensen, 1998; ering how students and professors present research;
Sackett & Walmsley, 2014). Be responsible, depend- meeting and hearing nationally known psycholo-
able, friendly, and pleasant. These traits apply to gists; adding to your growing professional network;
every kind of educational and job success. What’s attending sessions designed for prospective graduate
more, you want colleagues and friends to docu- students; experiencing the intellectual stimulation;
ment in their letters of recommendation that you are and enjoying the interpersonal camaraderie of fel-
extraordinarily conscientious and relentlessly cheer- low students and psychologists (Lubin, 1993; Tryon,
ful. 1985). For all these reasons, we have never—and we
Five specific suggestions come to mind regard- mean never—heard a single graduate school appli-
ing the extracurricular activities to pursue. First, join cant express disappointment about attending his or
departmental student organizations, such as the Psy- her first psychology convention.
chology Club, Psi Chi, and the American Psychologi- The challenge for most prospective psychologists
cal Society’s Student Caucus. This is, after all, your is to locate and afford one of these psychology confer-
chosen profession, your future career. ences. To locate upcoming conferences in your area,
Second, become a leader in one of those student ask your psychology professors, consult the lists reg-
organizations. Not every student can be elected pres- ularly published in Eye on Psi Chi and American Psy-
52 PREPARING FOR GRADUATE SCHOOL
chologist, and keep an eye open for announcements administered nationally by Psi Chi or those awarded
and posters on departmental bulletin boards. Con- locally in your university. Passivity doesn’t cut it in
vention season in psychology is from March to May, graduate school (or life).
when the regional psychological associations hold Finally, as part of your preparation, discuss
their annual conventions. These include the East- your graduate plans with those people who will be
ern Psychological Association, Midwestern Psycho- affected by those plans, such as partner, spouse, par-
logical Association, Rocky Mountain Psychological ents, children, and close friends. The sooner you start
Association, Western Psychological Association, and discussing your plans, the better. You may move hun-
Southeastern Psychological Association. The national dreds of miles away and will probably be working 60
conventions of APA and APS are annually held in the hours a week as a graduate student. Your absence—
late spring and summer months. To afford the travel psychological and physical—will likely impact other
and lodging, consider organizing a convention trip people close to you. Begin the discussions now, not
with your fellow students, requesting information after you apply (Megargee, 2001).
on special hotel and registration rates for students, In this chapter, we reviewed six admission cri-
volunteering as a convention assistant, and holding teria—coursework, faculty mentoring, clinical expe-
fund-raisers with psychology student organizations rience, research skills, entrance examinations, and
to offset your expenses. By hook or crook, definitely extracurricular activities—and recommended ways
plan on expanding your extracurricular horizons by to improve in these areas. The material covered in
attending a psychology convention. this chapter concerns how you as the applicant can
Extracurricular activities should reflect your enhance your credentials and marketability. But the
active and passionate pursuit of excellence. Join application process goes both ways. In addition to
honor societies, compete for awards, pursue honors, selling yourself, you are also a consumer, evaluating
and consider applications for Truman, Rhodes, and the programs and deciding which ones are for you.
Fulbright scholarships. Actively investigate under- In the next two chapters, we help you evaluate
graduate grants for your research, such as those characteristics of graduate programs.
C H A P T E R 4
GETTING STARTED
U
p to this point in the Insider’s Guide, we have only accept 10 out of 250 applicants.” Whichever of
focused on how you can enhance your creden- these situations applies, simply submitting an appli-
tials before beginning the application process. cation minimizes your chances of acceptance. You
At some point, you must take realistic stock and can do a great deal to increase your admission proba-
evaluate where you stand as an applicant. Maybe you bilities and to decrease your anxiety as you compare
have taken your GREs. Perhaps you have signed up yourself to exaggerated standards.
for upper-level psychology courses and have earned
a satisfactory GPA. You have been supervised in a
Common Misconceptions
clinical setting and have begun research. You have
reviewed your credentials and found that you have We begin by dispelling three common misconcep-
many strengths but also a few weaknesses. You either tions about clinical and counseling psychology pro-
shore up the deficient areas or make a decision to go grams. The first misconception: there is a strong
ahead with what you have and hope to sell it well. correlation between a university’s undergraduate
In other words, you are ready to get started with the reputation and the status of its psychology graduate
application process. programs. Many of the best undergraduate institu-
Process is an appropriate word to describe tions—Brown, Princeton, and the elite liberal arts
the endeavor that you are about to begin. The way colleges, for example—do not even offer graduate
you approach this task will greatly influence your studies in clinical or counseling psychology.
chances of gaining admission. Sure, you can quickly A second myth is that you should apply to a grad-
complete an application online and passively wait for uate psychology program on the basis of that institu-
an interview. And this may work if your credentials tion’s sports performance. We have met a number of
are extremely strong. But for most individuals, an students who have used this selection criterion with
informed approach to the process can make all the unfortunate consequences. Please do not allow your
difference! application decisions to rest on whether a university
Prospective graduate students frequently become has an excellent football team or whether their bas-
nervous about the application process for several rea- ketball team made it to the Final Four of the NCAA
sons. Perhaps the following remarks sound familiar: tournament! Do not scoff at the reality of this prac-
“Well, I have good recommendations and a 3.3 GPA, tice; careful research has demonstrated that winning
but my GREs are low”; “I have good GREs and spent a a national championship in a visible college sport
year working at a clinical placement, but I don’t have consistently translates into increased applications to
a lot of research experience”; “Although my creden- the winning institution (Toma & Cross, 1998).
tials are excellent, all the schools that I applied to A third common misconception holds that there
53
54 GETTING STARTED
is an authoritative list of the finest graduate programs toral program might be accepted into that particu-
in clinical psychology. In reality, unlike business or lar program, a far greater percentage of the entire
law schools, there is no definitive ranking of the “best” applicant pool will be accepted into some clinical or
psychology graduate programs. The quality of a pro- counseling doctoral program.
gram depends on what you are looking to get out of Note, too, that the 10% figure refers only to
it. The best program for someone seeking to become a acceptance rates of APA-accredited programs in clini-
psychologist conducting psychodynamic psychother- cal or counseling psychology. The acceptance rates
apy in private practice is probably not going to be the at non-APA-accredited doctoral programs are double
program of choice for someone who has set his or her that for APA-accredited programs: 20% for nonac-
heart on becoming a psychophysiological researcher credited Ph.D. programs and 60% for nonaccredited
at a medical school. Each person could attend the Psy.D. programs (Norcross et al., 2005). The accep-
“best” school for psychology in his or her interests. tance rates for master’s programs are also much
We want to shift the burden from you trying to higher than those for doctoral programs. The aver-
meet a school’s admissions demands to you finding age acceptance rates for master’s programs are 37%
a school that meets your needs. Doctoral programs in clinical psychology and 63% in counseling psy-
are looking for students with direction and passion. chology (see Table 1-5).
This does not mean you have made an irrevocable In reality, that 10% acceptance figure applies only
commitment to an area of research or type of clinical to APA-accredited Ph.D. programs. As we have already
work. It means that you have an idea of the profes- emphasized, Psy.D. programs offer higher acceptance
sional work you would like to do and toward which rates—40 to 50% of applicants are admitted on aver-
theoretical orientation(s) you lean. age to any single program (Norcross et al., 2010, 2018).
You are selecting an institution because it will Please do not confuse the acceptance rate with
mold you in the direction you have chosen. Doctoral the attendance rate, a frequent trick of undergradu-
programs will look for this attitude in your state- ate institutions trying to boost their reputations.
ment of purpose. During your interviews, you will be Academic administrators are fond of asking incom-
asked about which professors you want to work with ing students to look around at, say, their fellow 1,000
and what thoughts you have about their research freshmen selected from, say, 10,000 applicants. They
projects. Even more likely, you will be directly asked, imply that 1 in 10 applicants were accepted. In fact,
“Why are you applying here instead of someplace that’s the attendance rate or the “yield.” The actual
else?” By identifying your graduate training goals, acceptance number is probably 5,000 or 6,000 stu-
you will impress interviewers with your direction dents, of which 1,000 elected to attend. Same lesson
and passion. in graduate school: Programs typically accept far
more students than actually attend.
Acceptance Rates Acceptance rates vary tremendously from doc-
toral program to doctoral program as a function of
The most pervasive myth about doctoral psychology the practice–research dimension. As shown in the
programs is that “hardly anyone gets in—only 10%.” Reports on Individual Programs following Chapter
Like most myths, this one does have a grain of truth. 8, acceptance rates at research-oriented clinical Ph.D.
The average acceptance rate for all APA-accredited programs, such as Harvard and Yale, start as low as
Ph.D. programs in clinical and counseling psychol- 2%. And acceptance rates at freestanding Psy.D. pro-
ogy is, in fact, 10% (Norcross et al., 2004, 2010, 2018). grams go as high as 70%.
But in a very real way, the 10% figure is misleading Table 4-1 summarizes the results of our studies
and inaccurate on many counts. on acceptance rates to APA-accredited clinical psy-
Let’s begin our foray into acceptance rates by chology programs as a function of the type of pro-
defining the term. “Acceptance rate” refers to the gram. All types of programs average between 150
percentage of applicants accepted for admission into and 250 applications per year. Research-oriented
a single graduate program, not the percentage of the Ph.D. programs accept only 7% of their applicants,
entire applicant pool to all programs accepted for on average, whereas the corresponding figures are
admission in a given year. The clinical doctoral pro- 14% for equal-emphasis Ph.D. and 16% for practice-
gram at University X may accept only 15 of 150 appli- oriented Ph.D. programs. University-based Psy.D.
cants (10%), but many of the applicants to University programs accept 40% of their applicants on average,
X not accepted there will be admitted elsewhere. and freestanding Psy.D. programs accept 50%. That’s
Although only 10% of the applicants to a single doc- quite a range of acceptance rates—7% to 50%—all
GETTING STARTED 55
TABLE 4-1. Average Acceptance Rates for APA-Accredited Clinical Psychology Programs
Freestanding University- Practice- Equal- Research-
Psy.D. based Psy.D. oriented Ph.D. emphasis Ph.D. oriented Ph.D.
Number of applications 227 163 155 160 183
Number of acceptances 108 58 18 16 12
Acceptance rate 50% 40% 16% 14% 7%
in APA-accredited doctoral programs in clinical psy- She now realizes that for anyone considering a
chology. And that’s why we urge caution in tossing national search the $1,000 estimate is conservative.
around the 10% acceptance rate. The good news is that graduate schools are sensi-
tive to financial hardship and that, for many students,
the burdensome short-term cost is an excellent long-
Costs of Applying
term investment. Schools build into the application
process allowances for students who cannot afford
Applying to graduate school is an expensive propo-
the expense. Even the GRE has a fee waiver for stu-
sition—not only in terms of your valuable time but
dents in dire financial circumstances.
also in terms of hard money. Application fees average
Moreover, think of the application cost as an
$60 per doctoral program and $50 per master’s pro-
investment in yourself and in your career. If you
gram. Only 7% of graduate schools let you apply for
gain acceptance into a doctoral program with tuition
free (Norcross et al., 1996, 2004). The fee (in 2019)
remission and a stipend for 4 years, your $1,250 can
for the GRE General Test is $205, with a $50 resched-
be converted into an $100,000 to $150,000 payback
uling fee, and the Psychology Subject Test costs
over the course of your graduate career.
another $150. ETS will electronically transmit your
The bottom line in getting started is this: antici-
GRE scores free of charge to four graduate schools
pate the costs of applying to graduate school and
that you designate in advance; however, each addi-
plan to have the funds (or waivers) available before
tional score report costs $27 per recipient. Throw in
you begin completing applications.
the costs of transcripts, postage for letters of recom-
mendation, and the innumerable telephone calls,
and the investment can become quite costly. All told, Starting Early
we estimate that applying to 12 doctoral schools will
run about $1,000 (and that number can increase Let’s discuss timing up front. Applications to doctoral
depending on the cost of traveling to multiple inter- programs are typically due from the middle week
views). in December to the second week in February. The
Several students challenged our estimate that sooner you begin preparing, the more advantage you
the graduate application process would cost them at can take of an aggressive, early start to the admission
least $1,000. They protested that our figure was way process. As mentioned in earlier chapters and in the
too high. So, we encouraged them, like good psy- Time Line (Appendix A), for undergraduates, ideally
chologists, to collect data as they proceeded through this would take place the summer of your junior year.
the process. Here is the breakdown of costs from one For others, this would best occur the summer of the
applicant who applied to a dozen doctoral programs year before you plan to attend graduate school. If it is
in 2015: past that point, you are not too late. You can follow
the steps we will describe as late as October of your
Taking the GRE General & Subject tests $340 application year.
Sending GRE scores to 12 schools $216 Applying to graduate school is like planning
Forwarding transcripts to 12 schools $120 a political campaign or a military operation. It is
Application fees for 12 programs $610 impossible to begin too soon or to be too thorough
(Megargee, 2001). Recognize this about the appli-
That’s a total of $1,286, before she traveled to cation process and start almost a year before you
three doctoral programs for admission interviews. expect to begin graduate school. Completing the
56 GETTING STARTED
application materials in the fall semester alone will to narrow your interests and educate yourself about
consume as much time as a 3-credit course! them.
Virtually all APA-accredited clinical, counseling, In addition to the resources in this book, a num-
and combined psychology programs only accept ber of Internet sites will help you at this stage of the
matriculating students for their fall semesters. As process. You can familiarize yourself with psychol-
mentioned earlier, in order to be accepted for the ogy graduate programs in the United States and
fall of 2021, most doctoral programs have applica- Canada by accessing a large number of websites. Our
tion deadlines anywhere from mid-December 2020 favorites are:
to February 2021. The typical deadline for doctoral www.apa.org/about/students.aspx
programs in clinical and counseling psychology is (APA’s site for students includes a list of accredited
January 15 (Norcross et al., 1996). Accordingly, you programs, relevant articles, and other useful mate-
will need college transcripts, test scores, and letters rials)
of recommendation, not to mention time to prepare www.socialpsychology.org/clinical.htm
yourself before the application deadline. You should (features hyperlinks to hundreds of departments
expect to begin no later than the fall of the year in the United States offering a Ph.D. in psychol-
before you intend to attend graduate school. If you ogy)
are willing to put in the maximum effort to get into a www.petersons.com/graduate-schools.aspx
program, expect to begin the spring before that. (brief descriptions of programs offering graduate
The APA has accredited 247 active doctoral training in clinical and counseling psychology)
programs in clinical psychology, 76 active doctoral
programs in counseling psychology, and 13 active All these—and other—sites enable you to take
doctoral programs in combined psychology through- a virtual tour of graduate programs in professional
out the United States (Table 1-3). Toss in nonaccred- psychology. Develop an early feel for departments
ited doctoral programs and the mass of master’s and begin to sharpen your interests.
programs in clinical and counseling psychology and Next is the task of putting this knowledge to use.
you wind up with over a thousand graduate pro- You have interests, and you now need to learn which
grams. How does one proceed in whittling this list to graduate programs can provide these research or
a manageable number? clinical opportunities. Although knowing how much
To begin the selection process, ask yourself, you enjoy research or clinical work may not take a lot
“What do I want to do as a psychologist? What kind of of reflection, deciding whether to select a research-
research or clinical work do I like? Is there some arti- oriented, a practice-oriented, or an equal-emphasis
cle I’ve read or presentation I’ve heard that intrigues clinical/counseling psychology program is a question
me?” There is a certain advantage if you have already with far-reaching ramifications.
conducted research or completed clinical experience This question tends to divide people into three
as an undergraduate and know something about the groups: the research-oriented (clinical scientists);
discipline. And, if you have completed an honors the practice-oriented (practitioners); and the dually
project or thesis, you may even have a certain degree committed (scientist–practitioners). The following
of expertise. Or you may decide you would like to try sections are designed to lead each group in its appro-
something different in the future. priate direction. As explained in Chapter 2, these
For example, suppose you have an interest in sui- groups tend to follow three rather distinctive career
cidology, but you are not sure that you want to do paths in the profession of clinical and counseling
research in that area or exactly what that research psychology (Bernstein & Kerr, 1993; Conway, 1988;
would entail. Or you think you’d like to specialize Ready & Santorelli, 2014).
in suicide prevention, but you’re uncertain how psy- We have repeatedly surveyed APA-accredited
chologists treat the issue clinically. Familiarize your- clinical and counseling psychology programs over
self with the area. Ask one of your professors for the past 30 years. Their responses to our question-
readings. Check out a current textbook devoted to naires (e.g., Mayne et al., 1994; Norcross et al., 1998,
the topic. Go to a suicide prevention or crisis center 2004, 2014, 2018, 2019; Oliver et al., 2005; Sayette &
and read through their literature. Search the Inter- Mayne, 1990; Sayette et al., 1999, 2011; Turkson &
net. Then decide whether you like the questions Norcross, 1996) can serve as the basis for your ini-
being asked and the methods used to answer them. tial selection of graduate programs. By using their
Use as many sources as possible to gain information responses, we will lead you through an exercise that
GETTING STARTED 57
will generate a list that ranks schools by how closely sentation of some institutions on the list. Also, some
they meet your expectations and interests. programs had research interests combining two dif-
As you review the Reports on Individual Pro- ferent areas—say, Dialectical Behavior Therapy for
grams, bear in mind that the listings are alphabetical, anxiety disorders—and listed a single grant under
not geographical. We present the programs alphabet- both.
ically, but sometimes the order is counterintuitive. Appendix B, entitled “Worksheet for Choosing
For example, the University of Arkansas is not listed Programs,” is used to select programs to which you
under “U,” but between Arizona State University and will eventually apply. Begin by writing your research
Auburn University. Thus, you might need to look interest in the far left-hand column. In the next col-
under two letters to identify programs of interest. umn, marked “Schools,” write the list of schools
Please also note that large, multi-campus institu- under that heading in Appendix B. In columns 3 and
tions are listed together in the Reports on Individ- 4, write the number of faculty in that area at each
ual Programs. Alliant University, to take the biggest school and whether they are grant funded. In addi-
example, offers 10 APA-accredited programs in clini- tion, some schools merely indicated the presence of
cal psychology at several campuses. They are all pre- grant funding and not the total number of grants.
sented under “Alliant” with their campus location. Thus, a “1” in the “Grants” column indicated at least
one grant. A “0” indicates no grants, and numbers
For the Research-Oriented and Dually greater than 1 indicate multiple grants.
Committed There are two worksheets provided in Appendix
B, allowing you to explore different research areas.
This section guides those applicants centrally If you have more than two main areas of interest,
focused on research and those with equal interests unless they are closely related, you may find the list
in practice and research. We group these two sorts of becoming exceptionally long. In that case, you can
applicants together because their initial selection of either reduce your areas of interest or complete this
schools will place primary emphasis on the research worksheet with the aid of a trusted professor who
available at each program and secondarily on the can help you pare the list to a manageable number.
clinical work available. This will allow people with If you have more than one area of interest, then put
an equal emphasis to cast their nets as widely and as stars next to the programs that have faculty conduct-
efficiently as possible. ing research in both.
One question we asked of each graduate pro- If your interests lean toward research, then
gram in our studies was, “In which areas of research you want to pick programs highly regarded in the
are your faculty presently working? Do they presently research area you would like to pursue. How do you
have a grant in that area?” Appendix E lists all the evaluate the clinical and counseling psychology pro-
research areas provided by the graduate programs grams on your list in terms of research?
along with the number of faculty interested in these Refer to Table 4-2, which is adapted from an
areas and an indication of whether they have a grant. analysis provided by Calivate Analytics. The data
This information provides you with an index of how reflect journals indexed in the following Web of Sci-
intensively each program is pursuing this area of ence Core Collection editions: Science Citation Index
research. Thus, a program with three faculty mem- Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Arts
bers researching autism that has a grant supporting and Humanities Citation Index. All psychology and
their work indicates serious involvement on the part psychiatry journals included in the Web of Science
of that program. collections from 2012 through the end of 2016 were
Find your areas of interest in the appendix; analyzed to determine the institutions with the most
underneath them you will see a list of programs citations. The goal was to identify the institutions
doing that type of research. In addition, you will employing faculty members who authored the most
know the number of professors with whom you frequently referenced articles in psychology and psy-
could potentially work and whether there is grant chiatry journals. These two categories of journals
money supporting their research. publish the bulk of research conducted by clinical
A few words of caution in interpreting this appen- and, to a lesser degree, counseling psychologists.
dix: not all programs were equally comprehensive The table lists, in rank order, the frequency with
listing research areas. Some schools only included which articles written by members of a particular
core faculty, whereas others included adjunct faculty. institution are cited. Only those institutions with an
This accounts for what seems to be an overrepre- APA-accredited clinical, counseling, or combined pro-
58 GETTING STARTED
TABLE 4-2. Institutions with Most Citations, Most Papers, and Greatest Impact in Psychology/
Psychiatry
Citation Web of Science Impact
Rank Institutiona Citations Documents (Citations Per Paper)
1 Harvard University 42538 6288 6.76
3 Yale University 22953 3420 6.71
4 University of California Los Angeles 22700 3321 6.84
6 University of Pittsburgh 17605 2804 6.28
7 University of Michigan 16839 2706 6.22
8 University of Pennsylvania 16606 2428 6.84
9 University of California San Diegob 15332 2345 6.54
10 New York Universityc 15088 2392 6.31
11 University of Minnesota Twin Cities 14957 2456 6.09
13 Duke University 14336 2086 6.87
14 University of North Carolina Chapel Hill 13682 2221 6.16
15 University of Washington Seattle 12623 2041 6.18
16 Boston University 11463 1690 6.78
17 Northwestern University 10926 1835 5.95
18 Washington University (WUSTL) 10889 1353 8.05
19 Emory University 9853 1468 6.71
20 Vanderbilt University 9842 1350 7.29
21 Penn State University 9729 2103 4.63
23 University of Wisconsin Madison 9275 1388 6.68
24 Ohio State University 9199 1857 4.95
29 University of California Berkeley 8135 1177 6.91
30 Arizona State University 7963 1591 5.01
31 University of Iowa 7574 1114 6.80
32 Florida State University 7570 1370 5.53
33 University of Maryland College Park 7511 1310 5.73
34 Michigan State University 7476 1318 5.67
35 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 7455 1406 5.30
36 University of Southern California 7399 1226 6.04
37 University of Virginia 7345 1022 7.19
38 University of Texas Austin 7017 1401 5.01
39 University of Illinois Chicago 6710 1185 5.66
40 Indiana University Bloomington 6403 1160 5.52
41 University of Rochester 6338 991 6.40
42 University of Connecticut 6164 1185 5.20
43 University of Miami 6156 1289 4.78
44 University of Arizona 6109 869 7.03
45 Rutgers State University 5992 1243 4.82
46 University of Florida 5975 1223 4.89
47 Virginia Commonwealth University 5610 1144 4.90
48 University of South Florida 5484 1264 4.34
49 University of Colorado Boulder 5456 850 6.42
50 University of Missouri Columbia 5452 997 5.47
51 Temple University 5405 1018 5.31
54 University of Georgia 5265 944 5.58
55 State University of New York (SUNY) Stony Brook 4787 791 6.05
56 Purdue University 4728 906 5.22
58 Texas A&M University College Station 4702 877 5.36
59 University of Oregon 4625 750 6.17
61 University of Utah 4411 942 4.68
63 University of Cincinnati 4315 743 5.81
64 University of Kansas 4193 975 4.30
65 Yeshiva University 4116 648 6.35
(cont.)
GETTING STARTED 59
Note. The data reflect journals indexed in the following Web of Science Core Collection editions: Science Citation Index Expanded, Social
Sciences Citation Index, and Arts and Humanities Citation Index. Data included herein are derived from Clarivate Analytics InCites.
© Copyright Clarivate Analytics 2017. All rights reserved.
a Institutions without APA-accredited programs in clinical or counseling psychology have been omitted from this table.
b San Diego State University and the University of California San Diego have a joint clinical psychology Ph.D. program.
c This university has an APA-accredited counseling psychology program, but does not have an APA-accredited clinical psychology program.
GETTING STARTED 61
gram are included on this list. It should also be noted their application list. Look up each school on your
that the list only includes those institutions that pro- list in the Reports on Individual Programs. If any of
duced at least 600 articles over the 5-year span; as these schools offer only Psy.D. programs, you can
a result, several smaller institutions with clinical or delete that program.
counseling psychology programs did not make the The first column under the “Clinical” section of
list. You might examine other rankings, though our Appendix B is marked “Orientation.” Under each pro-
sense is that the top programs appear fairly consis- gram listed in our reports on individual programs,
tently across methods and across lists. you will see a list of five theoretical orientations:
Although it has its critics, another popular rank- psychodynamic/psychoanalytic
ing of clinical psychology programs appears in U.S. radical behavioral/applied behavioral analysis
News and World Report’s ranking: www.usnews. systems/family systems
com/best-graduate-schools/top-health-schools/clini- humanistic/existential
cal-psychology-rankings. This listing focuses on clini- cognitive/cognitive-behavioral
cal psychology rather than all of psychology. While
U.S. News weighs heavily program reputation, you If you are clearly committed to (or strongly lean-
also might review a study that evaluated the scholarly ing toward) one of these orientations, then some
productivity of 166 APA-accredited clinical psychol- program faculty should share that orientation. Check
ogy Ph.D. programs using a number of objective, nor- each program on your list and see if a suitable per-
mative variables (e.g., number of total publications; centage of the faculty shares your orientation. If so,
Stewart, Roberts, & Roy, 2007). These authors also mark the “Orientation” column with a “+” sign. If
show that rankings based on their analyses reveal a not, mark it with a “–” sign.
reasonable association with the U.S. News rankings. If you are unsure of an orientation, or see your-
This article also provides a nice summary of prior self as integrative or eclectic, then gravitate toward
efforts to rank the productivity of psychology depart- programs with a wide variety of faculty orientations.
ments. If there is representation among the faculty in three
Using Table 4-2, write the citation ranking for or more of these orientations, that’s a good sign. If
each school in column 5, labeled “Citation Rank.” the total you get when adding all the percentages in
Be advised that this ranking reflects the psychology the different orientations is greater than 100%, that
department in general, not only the clinical or coun- also earns a plus. It means several (or most) of the
seling program. In fact, some of the institutions on faculty bridge orientations and are integrative them-
the original list (e.g., Stanford University, which was selves. In other words, professors are listed under
ranked #5) were removed from our listing in this more than one category. In either case, mark the
book because they do not offer doctoral programs in “Orientation” column with a “+” sign. If the faculty
clinical or counseling psychology. Inclusion of these are of one or two orientations and without overlap,
nonclinical influences will affect the ranking of the then mark this column with a “–” sign.
schools you have selected. Still, this will provide you The second column under “Clinical” is “Res/
with a rough idea of where each school stands in Clin.” Turn to Appendix F, “Specialty Clinics and
terms of its research productivity. A university that Practica Sites.” This is a list of specialty clinics and
makes it onto this list is probably a strong research- practica available at APA-accredited programs. Spe-
oriented institution. If the school fails to appear on cialty clinics focus on a specific clientele, such as
the table, then it may or may not emphasize psycho- depressed, addicted, or eating-disordered clients.
logical research. Practica are field placements, usually outside the
As mentioned, any APA-accredited program must university, where students will conduct clinical work
provide both practice and research training. Thus, it in their second, third, and/or fourth years of study.
is important also to evaluate the practice opportuni- Some practica also specialize in a certain clientele.
ties available. As already mentioned, Psy.D. programs If you have a research interest in a particular popu-
by definition emphasize practice and train students lation, it is important that the population be avail-
to be practitioners. Although it is possible to obtain able for you to study and that you have the chance to
research training at a Psy.D. program, this is not work with that population clinically. For this reason,
the stated intention of such practitioner programs. it is a great help for a researcher to have a specialty
Consequently, a student with a clear research focus clinic or practicum in his or her area.
should choose a Ph.D. program. For the research-ori- Look up your research area in Appendix F. If
ented, this column will be used to cross schools off any of the programs on your list in Appendix B has
62 GETTING STARTED
a clinic or practicum in that area, mark the “Res/ tion, whether it has clinical training or a formal track
Clin” column with a plus. You can do likewise using in your area of interest, how it ranks in terms of pro-
Appendix G, “Program Concentrations and Tracks.” ducing outstanding clinicians, and whether it rates
Programs offering a formal track or concentration in itself as emphasizing practice or research.
your area of interest deserve a plus as well. Given the information before you, you may
Again, this is only one indicator and must be already begin crossing programs off your list. If
kept in perspective. Most programs will have their you’re research-oriented, and the program is a Psy.D.
own psychological training clinic, where clients may program or rates itself a 1, 2, or 3 (meaning it is prac-
be seen or made available for research. Additionally, tice-oriented), you can probably delete that school.
a faculty member may have a research population Alternatively, if your interests reflect equal research
readily available in the community. And last, a few and clinical emphasis and you lean toward a psy-
programs did not include practica placements off chodynamic orientation, you may want to cross off a
campus in the community, thus underrepresenting school that rates itself as a 7 (very research-oriented)
their practica opportunities. Still, being informed or whose faculty is 100% cognitive or behavioral.
about a clinic or practicum specializing in your pop- Your revised list of schools can probably satisfy
ulation of interest is certainly an advantage in select- your research and practice interests. In addition,
ing potential graduate programs. you have the start of a ranking system, which gives a
The third column under the “Clinical” section rough idea of how well each school conforms to your
is marked “Rank.” Here, we refer to a program’s interests and needs. Unfortunately, this provides you
production of students who go on to distinguished with only half of the information you need to begin
careers as practitioners, as measured by becoming writing to schools. The second part of this process
ABPP Diplomates. The ABPP refers to diplomate sta- asks, “How close do you come to the standards they
tus awarded by the American Board of Professional specify?” This is covered in a later section entitled
Psychology (www.abpp.org), which certifies excel- “Assessing Program Criteria.”
lence in more than a dozen subfields of psychol-
ogy, including clinical psychology and counseling For the Practice-Oriented
psychology. ABPP represents board certification for
psychologists; the entrance requirements and per- This section furnishes guidance to those applicants
formance standards are more rigorous than those who are centrally focused on psychological practice.
involved in licensure and represent advanced com- These applicants will begin to choose their graduate
petence. programs based on their theoretical orientation and
Put a “+” in the “Rank” column in the “Clinical” the availability of practice opportunities.
section for programs with multiple faculty with ABPP Begin by familiarizing yourself with all the APA-
after their names. Though faculty without ABPP pro- accredited Psy.D. programs listed in the back of this
vide fine clinical training, this designation indicates book. With this list, turn to Appendix B, “Worksheet
that the faculty have an excellent track record. for Choosing Programs.” Under the column marked
Finally, there is a column in Appendix B marked “School,” write the names of the programs that inter-
“Self-Rating.” The first question we asked each doc- est you. As well, take a look at those comparatively
toral program to answer was, “On a 7-point scale, rare Ph.D. programs that emphasize practice over
how research- or practice-oriented would you rate research.
your program?” (1 = practice emphasis; 4 = equal In addition to these Psy.D. and few Ph.D. pro-
emphasis; and 7 = research emphasis). You will find grams, you may have a specific patient population
the school’s rating of itself under each listing in the that you are especially eager to work with. Perhaps
reports on individual programs sections. Mark this you already have a sense that you want to work with
number under the “Self-Rating” column. patients suffering from, say, anxiety, addictive, or
What you now have is a list of programs that offer autistic disorders. In this case, turn to Appendix F.
research in your area of interest. You also have the This appendix, “Specialty Clinics and Practica Sites,”
number of faculty in the area that you might work lists specialty clinics or practica areas available at dif-
with and whether they presently have grant fund- ferent programs. Specialty clinics focus on specific
ing. Finally, you have an approximate rank of that clientele, such as depressed or eating-disordered cli-
school’s research standing. ents. As mentioned in the previous section, practica
In clinical terms, you have some sense of whether are placements, typically off campus, where a stu-
that school will conform to your theoretical orienta- dent will conduct clinical work in his or her second,
GETTING STARTED 63
third, and/or fourth year of study, and some practica themselves. In either case, mark the “Orientation” col-
also specialize in treating a certain clientele. For a umn with a “+” sign. If you’re integrative and the fac-
practice-oriented student, it would be especially ulty are of one or two orientations and do not overlap,
desirable to be in a program with a specialty clinic then mark this column with a “–” sign.
in his or her particular area of treatment interest. The next column is marked “Res/Clin.” As we
Therefore, write the names of programs with spe- mentioned previously, even if you are looking for
cialty clinics or practica in your area of interest on a practice-oriented program, you still will conduct
your list in Appendix B. some research: a lengthy professional paper or a clin-
Do likewise for programs that offer a formal ical dissertation at least. Consequently, it is impor-
track or concentration in your area of interest. This tant that someone in your program is conducting
information can be found in Appendix G, “Program research in an area that interests you. With this in
Concentrations and Tracks.” mind, look through Appendix E and locate area(s) of
A word of caution is in order. Most programs research that you find interesting. Under each area,
have their own psychology training clinic where you will find a list of schools that have researchers in
clients may be seen or made available for research. that field. If any of the schools on your list in Appen-
Practica may also be available in a wide range of set- dix B is listed here, place a “+” in the column marked
tings in the community, providing fertile ground for “Res/Clin.”
a rich clinical experience. Still, a clinic or practicum The third column under “Clinical” is marked
specializing in a population of special interest to you “Rank.” Here, we refer to a program’s production of
is a definite plus and an additional piece of informa- students who go on to distinguished careers as prac-
tion on which to base your decision. If a program titioners, as imperfectly measured by their becoming
both offers a Psy.D. and has a specialty clinic or con- ABPP Diplomates. The ABPP refers to diplomate status
centration in your area, then put a star next to it. awarded by the American Board of Professional Psy-
The next important column for the practice- chology (www.abpp.org), which certifies excellence in
oriented applicant is marked “Orientation.” In the more than a dozen subfields of psychology, including
Reports on Individual Programs, you will find each clinical psychology and counseling psychology. ABPP
school listed, along with information pertaining to represents board certification for psychologists; the
its program. Among that information, you will see a entrance requirements and performance standards
list of five theoretical orientations, followed by the are more rigorous than those involved in licensure
percentage of the faculty that subscribes to that ori- and represent advanced competence.
entation: As you read through the faculty profiles online,
psychodynamic/psychoanalytic carefully note the doctoral programs with multiple
radical behavioral/applied behavioral analysis faculty with ABPP after their names. Place a “+” in
systems/family systems this column for such programs. Though faculty with-
humanistic/existential out ABPP provide fine clinical training, these desig-
cognitive/cognitive-behavioral nations indicate that the faculty have an excellent
track record. You also may wish to place a “+” for
If you are clearly committed to (or strongly lean- programs located in densely populated areas, as they
ing toward) one of these orientations, then some may (though not always) offer a wider diversity of
portion of the faculty should share that orientation. clinical training opportunities than would programs
Check each program on your list and determine if a in less populated and more homogeneous areas.
suitable percentage of the faculty shares your orien- Finally, there is a column in Appendix B marked
tation. If so, mark the “Orientation” column with a “Self-Rating.” In the reports on individual programs
“+” sign; if not, mark it with a “–” sign. you will find each school’s rating of itself (1 = prac-
If you are unsure of your orientation or see your- tice emphasis; 4 = equal emphasis; and 7 = research
self as integrative or eclectic, then gravitate toward emphasis). Mark this number under the “Self-Rat-
programs offering a wide variety of faculty orienta- ing” column. Though Psy.D. programs are practice-
tions. If there is representation among the faculty in oriented by definition, they differ on how much
three or more of these orientations, that’s a good sign. research they expect their students to conduct. Thus,
If the total you obtain after adding up all the percent- their ratings will enable you to estimate what each
ages in the different areas is greater than 100%, that program will expect of you. This self-rating will also
also proves advantageous. It means several (or most) help you avoid a Ph.D. program with a specialty clinic
of the faculty bridge orientations and are integrative in your area that is clearly research-oriented.
64 GETTING STARTED
What you now have is a list of programs that are minority professionals. Typical methods for recruit-
practice-oriented and/or that offer a specialty clinic ing underrepresented groups to clinical, counsel-
or formal track in your practice area of interest. You ing, and combined psychology programs are offers
have some sense of whether these schools will con- of financial aid, the use of personal contacts, funded
form to your theoretical orientation and whether visits to programs, use of APA’s Minority Under-
they have ongoing research in your area of clinical graduate Students of Excellence (MUSE) program,
interest. You also have their self-rating of the pro- diversity courses, special events, reimbursements of
gram’s emphasis on practice or research. application fees, and preferential screening (Rogers
Given the information on your worksheet, you & Molina, 2006; Steinpreis et al., 1992). Programs
may already begin crossing programs off your list. If often make an extra effort to review minority appli-
you’re practice-oriented and a Ph.D. program offers cations to ensure that qualified candidates are given
a specialty clinic in your area but rates itself with a due consideration.
6 or 7 (very research-oriented), you may delete that In fact, a study of Psy.D. programs revealed that
school. Alternatively, if you’re behaviorally oriented, 82% of them implemented formal minority admis-
you may want to cross off a school where 100% of the sions policies designed to improve racial representa-
faculty is psychodynamic/psychoanalytic. tion (Young & VandeCreek, 1996). The study found
Your revised list of schools can provide you with that:
practice-oriented training and possibly specialized 94% of the programs gave extra points on ratings
clinical training in your population of choice. In of application materials to minority applicants;
addition, you have the start of a ranking system that 69% of the programs waived or lowered GRE
gives you a rough idea of how well each school con- scores for minority applicants;
forms to your interests and needs. Unfortunately, this 41% of the programs waived or lowered GPA cut-
list only provides you with half the information you offs for minority applicants; and
need to begin writing to schools. The second half of 21% of the programs interviewed all minority
this process is related to how closely you come to the applicants, regardless of the quality of their appli-
specified standards of these programs. This is cov- cation materials.
ered in the “Assessing Program Criteria” section.
As a consequence, ethnic minorities in the appli-
For the Racial/Ethnic Minority Applicant cant pool are more likely than whites to receive offers
of admission (Munoz-Dunbar & Stanton, 1999). Our
Before continuing to the assessment of program guidance and the following worksheets in this Insid-
criteria, it is important to discuss the special case er’s Guide may thus not accurately reflect a minor-
of minority applications. “Minority” in this con- ity applicant’s enhanced chances of acceptance. We
text refers to racial or ethnic background, although recommend that you carefully read program descrip-
with women comprising 75% to 80% of all doctoral tions regarding their minority selection procedures
students in psychology (IPEDS, 2017), a few gradu- and encourage you to apply to programs that are
ate programs are starting to treat men as minority within reach of your credentials.
applicants. Black men in particular are woefully Several ethnic/racial minority students have writ-
under-represented as students in psychology gradu- ten to us over the years and complained that they
ate schools, accounting for a mere 2% of psychology were neither actively recruited nor accepted for
Ph.D.s (Gardere, 2015). admission into doctoral psychology programs. So
Ethnic minority students now account for 21% of let us be perfectly clear and honest: Most, but not
master’s students in psychology and 27% of doctoral all, doctoral programs have implemented policies (as
students in psychology (Norcross, Kohout, & Wicher- reviewed above) to recruit and admit underrepre-
ski, 2005). In clinical psychology, that number hov- sented racial/ethnic minority students. However, that
ers around 23%. The Reports on Individual Programs does not mean that all programs will be knocking
in the back of this book show the percentage of eth- down your door to interview you. Nor does that mean
nic minority students attending each APA-accredited that most programs will finance your interview. Nor
program. does that mean acceptance is a certainty. Doctoral
Nearly every APA-accredited program makes programs will evaluate all candidates on their GPAs,
special efforts to recruit applicants of color (Munoz- GREs, letters of recommendation, research experi-
Dunbar & Stanton, 1999; Rogers & Molina, 2006), ences, and so on. A modest advantage is just that—an
recognizing the need in our society for well-trained advantage, never a guarantee.
GETTING STARTED 65
APA is committed to ensuring that the practice of inquire about the atmosphere of inclusivity toward
psychology—and the production of psychologists— sexual minorities within a particular program. In
is in the vanguard of addressing the needs of cultur- this section, we review the research and advice on
ally diverse populations. Several arms of APA have LGBT applicants’ selection of graduate programs and
produced free, valuable publications toward this end: present potential strategies for those who elect to
the guidebook For College Students of Color Apply- come out during the application process.
ing to Graduate & Professional Programs (www. Before turning to the specifics, let us emphasize
apa.org/careers/resources/guides/grad-school.aspx) this general point: The burden should not be placed
and the APAGS Resource Guide for Ethnic Minority on the potentially stigmatized applicant to disclose
Graduate Students (www.apa.org/apags/resources/ sexual orientation. Such a burden promotes silence
ethnic-minority-guide.aspx). and fear. Rather, each applicant should choose his/
Although the special consideration given minor- her own path, and program faculty should create an
ity applicants is advantageous, it also represents a inclusive, welcoming atmosphere for all students.
special challenge. One well-qualified minority stu- The APA accreditation guidelines require doctoral
dent was advised by a university career counselor programs to embrace diversity in their students.
that he would have no problem getting into the Qualitative research (e.g., APA, 2006; Lark & Cro-
doctoral program of his choice. He applied to sev- teau, 1998; Rader, 2000) indicates that LGBT psychol-
eral very competitive programs, and received accep- ogy students screen prospective graduate schools
tances and offers of financial aid across the board. for their gay affirming (or at least, nonhomophobic)
Unfortunately, he skipped the process of matching position. The typical criteria used for screening pro-
his interests with the strengths of the program. After spective programs are (Biaggio et al., 2003):
a single year, he was looking to transfer to another reports of other LGBT students
program that had more faculty conducting research presence of faculty who are openly lesbian/gay or
and psychotherapy in his areas of interest. heterosexual allies
The moral of the story is: Don’t let the potential availability of specific training on LGBT issues and
admission advantage of being an ethnic/racial minor- opportunity to work with LGBT clients
ity candidate become a disadvantage. Just because sensitivity to diversity on campus (including the
you can get into a program doesn’t mean that it is the presence of LGBT support and advocacy groups)
program for you. A rigorous, tailored approach to the geographic location of the program (frequently
application process is the best approach for everyone. avoiding programs in conservative rural areas)
If you are a minority student and are not quite size of the educational institution (larger public
ready to pursue a doctoral degree, you may consider institutions being relatively more liberal)
enrolling in a post-baccalaurate program to shore up
credentials and to become more certain that a doc- In addition, we recommend that LGBT students
toral program in psychology is the right path. Some look for climate indicators favorable to sexual diver-
universities offer post-bac experiences targeted to sity. Screen prospective programs by:
minority students. For instance, at the University searching departmental and university home
of Pittsburgh, the Hot-Metal Bridge program offers pages for the presence of an LGBT student union
a dual-semester post-baccalaureate fellowship pro- and faculty teaching and researching on sexuality.
gram designed to help minority applicants prepare looking for specific housing policies for LGBT cou-
themselves for doctoral training. ples.
avoiding institutions that require a religious or
For the LGBT Applicant doctrinal oath and that prohibit LGBT organiza-
tions on campus (more than 50 religious colleges
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered (LGBT) have asked the U.S. Education Department to let
applicants to doctoral programs can face the same them discriminate on the basis of sexual orienta-
social and interpersonal hurdles as ethnic/racial tion or gender identity; Jaschik, 2015).
minority applicants. There is, however, a key dif- seeking programs with curricula that explicitly
ference: There are limited federal protections for integrate LGBT and other diversity issues.
members of the LGBT community. This fact may lead reviewing APA’s list of graduate faculty in psychol-
lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered students to ogy interested in lesbian, gay, and bisexual issues
question whether to disclose their sexual orientation (available at www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/sur-
(“come out”) in the application process, or even to vey/q6-7-table.pdf).
66 GETTING STARTED
evaluating the university’s mission statement for a it serves as a key piece of information in your deci-
formal commitment to diversity of sexual orienta- sion process.
tion. Another strategy is to raise sexual orientation at
determining if the institution has a coordinator the point at which an offer of admission is tendered.
(or office) for lesbian, gay, and bisexual concerns. As discussed in subsequent chapters, once an offer is
considering the state laws concerning equitable made, an applicant has latitude in negotiating mat-
treatment of LGBT. ters around admission, tuition remission, funding,
and so on. This can be the time to indicate that a gay-
Homophobia and heterosexism persist in the affirmative environment is one of the factors in your
United States and, unfortunately, also in institu- decision of which program to accept and to inquire
tions of higher education. Although the situation has about the atmosphere in that program. Still other
improved considerably in recent decades, some insti- LGBT students elect not to disclose until they actu-
tutions remain “tolerant” as opposed to “affirming” ally matriculate in the program and begin course-
of sexual diversity, whereas other institutions may work.
favor an LGBT student to maintain or expand pro- Whatever path you take, your sexual orientation
should not be the defining topic of your application;
gram diversity.
your composite strengths as a potential doctoral
The question, then, is whether to come out dur-
student remain the center of your application. For
ing the application process. On one side, there is the
additional information, consult the APAGS Resource
risk of being rejected from a program where some
Guide for LGBT Students in Psychology (www.apa.
discrimination persists. On the other side, there is the
org/apags/resources/lgbt-guide.aspx) and Gradu-
potential advantage of being a member of a minority
ate Faculty in Psychology Interested in Lesbian,
group in a program that actively pursues diversity. In Gay, and Bisexual Issues (at www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/
either case, the alternative to not coming out during resources/survey/q6-7-table.pdf).
the application process is to come out later, or to try
to hide your sexual orientation for 4 to 6 years.
If and when to disclose sexual orientation in the For the Disabled Applicant
admissions process is ultimately a personal decision,
and it can occur at different stages in the process: Organized psychology is increasingly aware that
in the application itself, during the interview, upon diversity extends beyond gender, ethnicity, and sex-
acceptance to the program, or upon the decision to ual orientation to all individual differences, including
attend the program. As part of your application, you disability status. Applicants with disabilities confront
can indicate your sexual orientation in your research many of the same prejudices as other minority popu-
lations, including obstacles to graduate applications
interests (e.g., lesbian health), clinical experiences
and interviews. According to the National Science
(e.g., working with gay youth), and/or extracurricu-
Foundation, psychology and the social sciences are
lar activities (e.g., member of the LGBT alliance on
slightly more likely than other disciplines to have
campus). More directly, you can incorporate your
graduates with some type of disability—about 2%.
sexual identity into the personal statement, espe-
APA’s Resource Guide for Psychology Graduate
cially if it has bearing on your choice of clinical or
Students with Disabilities (www.apa.org/pi/disabil-
research work, or your decision to pursue psychol- ity/resources/publications/resource-guide.aspx) pres-
ogy as a career. If you do come out in your personal ents tips on applying to graduate school, requesting
statement, then ensure this fact is integrated into fair accommodations, and preparing for a successful
the overall statement and not simply a dangling fact experience. The guide also lists national resources
unconnected to the rest of what you’ve written. on disability issues; our favorite is Dr. Ken Pope’s
Some applicants choose to come out during the website on accessibility in psychology graduate edu-
interview process with a simple but straightforward cation and practice (at kpope.com). APA has also
statement: “As a lesbian (or a gay man), it’s important initiated a Disability Mentoring Program to match
to me to be in a gay-friendly environment. Would psychology students with veteran disabled psycholo-
being gay be a concern in this program?” Though it gists (www.apa.org/pi/disability/resources/mentor-
would be a mistake to over-generalize, such ques- ing/index.aspx).
tions are typically met with positive responses about When and how to disclose a disability is a com-
program diversity and discussions of resources for plex and personal decision, a decision that you must
LGBT students. If such questions are met otherwise, make after sorting through the choices and perhaps
GETTING STARTED 67
discussing them with a mentor. There are eight dif- base. But submit your graduate school application
ferent occasions during the admissions process when well before the deadline and anticipate hearing
you might choose to disclose (Khubchandani, 2002): from the graduate admissions committee about the
In your personal statement or application form equivalency of your undergraduate and graduate
When a prospective graduate school contacts you degrees. With regard to mastery of the English lan-
for an interview guage, most graduate schools will require applicants
During the interview whose native language is not English to take the Test
After the interview but before an offer of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL; www.
After the offer but before an acceptance toeflgoanywhere.org/). The cost of taking the TOEFL
After you start the graduate program varies by country, but is currently $200 in most U.S.
After a problem on the job locations.
Never (disclose) International students need to start the appli-
cation process earlier because it takes longer and
There are pros and cons for each timing of dis- entails more paperwork. In addition to the TOEFL,
closure, but ultimately your decision will be based international applicants will need to arrange for
on what you know about yourself and what you certified transcripts in English from each university
have learned about the particular graduate program attended and, for those not citizens of the United
(Khubchandani, 2002). If and when you do disclose States, an Affidavit of Support, a document demon-
a disability, be straightforward and factual about strating they possess adequate funding to meet the
it only as it affects your specific job functions, as costs of at least one full academic year. That Affida-
defined by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). vit is required before applying for the student visa
Specify the type of accommodation that you will (Landi, 2010).
require or the work restrictions that are involved. In determining where to apply, the usual crite-
Don’t dwell on your disability; instead, be enthusias- ria pertain to international students, as reviewed
tic about your skills and resources. Stress that your in Chapter 5, with a few twists. Search for graduate
disability did not interfere with previous perfor- programs that already enroll some international stu-
mance or attendance. dents (as shown in our Reports on Individual Pro-
Your multiple abilities, not select disabilities, are grams), that feature international faculty, that offer
what count in graduate school. As with ethnicity and special services for international students, and that
sexual orientation, your disability status should not conduct cross-cultural research. A multicultural
occupy center stage in your application. Assertively learning environment and greater support from
request fair accommodation and accessibility as pro- training programs improve international students’
vided by law, to be sure. But help the admissions psychosocial and academic adjustment (Hasan et al.,
committee avoid the stereotype of equating you 2008).
with your disability. Your application should focus In the current political climate, also search for
squarely on your credentials and accomplishments. universities with a documented history of supporting
international students dealing with travel bans and
immigration restrictions. Such assistance can take
For the International Applicant the form of support groups, legal guidance, infor-
mational resources, and formal declarations that the
APA-accredited programs tend to look favorably upon school is a safe space (Lee, 2013). Some universities
qualified international students. In fact, fully 9% of provide formal mentoring for international students;
counseling psychology doctoral students (Norcross the APA Division of Counseling Psychology pairs vol-
et al., 2019) and 6% of clinical psychology doctoral unteer mentors with international student mentees
students (Norcross et al., 2018) are international. (www.div17.org/sections/international/community/
Graduate psychology education in the United States imoc/).
is definitely going more global. We also heartily recommend two detailed guides:
The unique challenges for international stu- Studying Psychology in the United States: Expert
dents revolve around demonstrating equivalent aca- Guidance for International Students published by
demic preparation, mastery of the English language the American Psychological Association (Hasan et al.,
(if not the native tongue), and beginning the entire 2008) and Succeeding as an International Student
process earlier than usual. With regard to creden- in the United States and Canada published by the
tials, the GRE scores will address your knowledge University of Chicago Press (Lipson, 2013). In addi-
68 GETTING STARTED
tion, consult with the international student offices at programs on your list, you should seriously consider
the universities to which you are applying. postponing applications to better prepare yourself or
applying to less competitive master’s programs.
Begin by transferring the name of each school
Assessing Program Criteria
from Appendix B to the “School” column of Appen-
dix C. Simply copy the list from one table to the
Assessing the criteria that clinical and counseling
other. Also copy the number in the “Self-Rating” col-
psychology programs use to evaluate applicants is a
umn from one worksheet to the other. Next, look
vital step in applying to graduate school. This repre-
at the first program on your list in the Reports on
sents the inside scoop on how well you meet what
the graduate program demands—whether you pos- Individual Programs. Read through all of the infor-
sess “the right stuff” they seek. mation provided to start familiarizing yourself with
To illuminate this point, we will relate the story that program.
of one applicant we knew several years ago. She was As you begin completing Appendix C and list-
a psychology major from an elite university who ing each school’s admission criteria, remember that
had conducted research with a prominent psycholo- these are approximations of your strength as an
gist. She had fine letters of recommendation and applicant to that particular program. These scales
clinical experience with developmentally disabled are not set in stone and do not guarantee that you
children, but her GREs were in the 150s. Thinking will be accepted. You may not readily fall into any
that her credentials were superb, she applied to the of the categories listed and may need to make rough
most competitive research-oriented programs and estimates. Or you may find that you fall between cat-
one practice-oriented program. She was rejected egories and have to add 0.5 point here or subtract 0.5
across the board at these top research schools and point there. If you think it is appropriate to modify
just barely made it into what she had mistakenly con- the categories or scoring systems, by all means do so.
sidered her practice-oriented “safety school.” Her The most important result is not an absolute num-
mistake was to ignore the fact that all the research- ber, but a relative sense of how well you meet each
oriented programs to which she applied specified program’s admission criteria.
minimum GRE scores of 160 or more. Her applica- You may also discover that a graduate program
tion was unsuccessful because she ignored one piece does not require certain entrance examinations,
of essential information. She was nearly rejected in or gives no mean GRE scores, or doesn’t mandate
the more practice-oriented program she had felt was courses for admission. In this case, simply score a “0”
a “sure thing” because she did not possess the clini- in the appropriate column. When it comes time to
cal experience they were looking for. total each school’s score, the 0s will neither detract
The moral of the story is twofold: (1) Attend from nor add to your ability to meet their require-
closely to the admission standards of each program. ments.
If a school sets standards you cannot realistically Now, go to the respective Reports on Individual
meet, then think thrice about applying there. (2) Programs and look at the prerequisite courses. You
Apply to programs with a range of admission criteria, will see two questions pertaining to course prepara-
and consider a safety school as one that announces tion prior to applying: “Courses required for incom-
admission requirements that you exceed by a wide ing students to have completed prior to enrolling?”
margin. This does not guarantee acceptance, but and “Recommended but not mandatory courses?”
does dramatically increase the probability of making Underneath each question you will find a list of
it into their finalist pool. courses that the particular school assigned to each
Now, turn your attention to Appendix C, “Work- category. On your list in Appendix C, under the col-
sheet for Assessing Program Criteria.” In Appendix umn marked “Courses,” score yourself as follows (in
C, you will rate yourself on how well you conform this table, “M” indicates “mandatory” and “R” indi-
to each school’s admission requirements. The aim is cates “recommended”):
that you not waste time and money applying to pro-
grams that indicate in no uncertain terms that you do +2 You have taken all the M and R courses
not meet their admissions criteria. There is no rea- and earned B+ or better in them all.
son to feel inadequate because you fall short of these +1 You have taken all the M courses and/or
specifications. There may be programs on your list several of the R courses and earned B+ or
with requirements you do meet or exceed. If you are better.
unable to meet the minimum requirements of any 0 You have taken all the M courses, but
GETTING STARTED 69
none of the Rs, or earned B– or lower in probably desire an applicant to have research experi-
some M courses. ence. Under the “Research” column in Appendix C,
–1 You have not taken one or two of the M rate yourself as follows:
courses, or have earned B– or lower in
several of them. +2 The school rates itself as a 6 or a 7 and
–2 You have not taken several or any of the you will have completed an honors thesis
M courses or have received C or lower in or will have at least 2 years of experience
some of the M or R courses. in psychology research (beyond required
coursework).
The next section on each “Program” page is +1 The school rates itself as a 4, 5, 6, or 7 and
marked GREs and GPA. This section gives mean you will have at least 1 year of experience
scores for the GREs and GPAs for each program in psychology research.
listed. 0 The school rates itself as a 1, 2, or 3.
On your list, under the columns marked “GRE-V” –1 The school rates itself as a 4 or 5, and you
(verbal), “GRE-Q” (quantitative), and “GRE-S” (psy- have no research experience.
chology subject test), score yourself as follows: –2 The school rates itself as a 6 or 7, and you
have no research experience.
+2 You exceed the school’s mean score by at
least 8 points. Similarly, a program emphasizing clinical work
+1 You exceed the school’s mean score by will prefer that an applicant enter with some prac-
more than 4 but less than 8 points. tical experience in human services or health care.
0 You meet the school’s mean or exceed it Under the “Clinical” column, rate yourself as follows:
by less than 4 points.
–1 You do not meet the school’s mean score, +2 The school rates itself as a 1 or a 2, and
but are less than 8 points below it. you will have worked in a full-time (35+
–2 You are below the mean score by 8 points hr./week) clinical position for at least 1
or more. year.
+1 The school rates itself as a 1, 2, 3, or 4 and
For GPA, we asked programs for the mean score you will have volunteered part-time (8+
of their incoming class and asked if that applied to hr./week) at a clinical facility for at least 1
more than one type of GPA. It is not uncommon for year.
programs to look at cumulative or overall GPA (all 0 The school rates itself as a 5, 6, or 7.
undergraduate courses taken) and psychology GPA –1 The school rates itself as a 3 or 4, and you
(only psychology courses). Again, it is wise to review have no clinical experience.
the average GPA of incoming students. Under the col- –2 The school rates itself as a 1 or 2, and you
umn marked “GPA,” score yourself as follows: have no clinical experience.
+2 You exceed the school’s cumulative GPA At this point, you should have completed the first
by 0.3 points or more. nine columns of Appendix C from “School” to “Clini-
+1 You exceed the school’s cumulative GPA cal.”
by less than 0.1 point. Additional information provided for each pro-
0 You meet the school’s average GPA. gram in the Reports on Individual Programs are
–1 You do not meet the school’s cumulative “How many students applied in 2017?,” “How many
GPA, but are less than 0.1 below it. applicants were offered admission in 2017?,” and
–2 You are below the school’s cumulative by “How many admitted students are incoming?” These
more than 0.3 points. give a rough estimate of the competitiveness of a pro-
gram.
Next, look back to the second column of Appen- In applying to programs, be realistic and reason-
dix C, “Self-Rating.” This is how the program rates able. You may have a sterling application, but when
itself on the practice–research continuum. If a pro- Yale and Harvard accept roughly 2 in 100 applicants,
gram emphasizes one more than the other, this gives you had best be applying to other places as well.
some indication of what it would consider important Apply to several schools with a range of competitive-
in an applicant. A program that stresses research will ness as a precautionary measure.
70 GETTING STARTED
Bear in mind: Programs accept more appli- From the “Total” column of Appendix C, evaluate
cants than wind up attending. This makes programs each program as follows:
appear more restrictive than they actually are. This is
why we added the third item regarding the number 10 to 14 Your chances are very good. Apply to
of students who will enter the program—a number many of these schools, since your applica-
invariably smaller than the number of accepted stu- tion may be especially strong here.
dents. For example, an applicant gaining acceptance 6 to 9 Your chances are good. These schools are
to five programs will ultimately reject four of them. within your reach, as you exceed several
A Ph.D. program planning on an incoming class of of the requirements.
six students may accept ten or twelve students before 4 to 5 Your chances are moderately good here,
filling their new class or cohort. A large Psy.D. pro- but be sure to apply to some schools
gram may accept 100 students to yield the desired 50 where you rank more highly.
students attending. 0 to 3 Your chances are fair here; these schools
In the column marked “Compete” in Appen- are within your range of abilities. Your
dix C, record the ratio of applications to acceptances. application may not be outstanding, but
It should be noted that competitiveness is difficult it is somewhere between “adequate” and
to quantify. Although we have selected the ratio of “more than adequate.” Be sure to apply to
applicants to acceptances as our measure, other rel- several schools in a higher range.
evant criteria include GRE scores and GPA. Since we 0 to –3 These schools are a stretch for you. Go
have already discussed these criteria, we are using ahead and apply to a few, but the bulk of
this opportunity to highlight yet another area related your applications should go to schools on
which you achieved a higher score.
to competitiveness.
< –3 These schools are looking for something
The last column is marked “Total.” Add the num-
different from your experience or perfor-
bers under the “Courses,” “GRE-V,” “GRE-Q,” “GRE-
mance at this time.
S,” “GPA,” “Research,” and “Clinical” columns. This
will provide you with a total somewhere between
Although this worksheet embodies most of the
–14 and +14, which is a rough indication of how well
criteria used by admissions committees, it of course
you meet each school’s admission requirements and
cannot integrate all possible criteria. If a professor
expectations.
has expressed interest in conducting research with
Now you have a grand list of doctoral programs
you, for example, the worksheet total may under-
that are performing research or clinical work in the estimate your chances for acceptance. Other useful
areas you have specified. In addition, you have sev- resources when selecting your list of schools include
eral indications of how well each school will address specific professors, undergraduate psychology advi-
your needs and expectations as a graduate student. sors, and the websites of the respective programs.
Finally, you have a rating of yourself as an applicant Graduate students at your local university can also
to each program. prove helpful, and a few large universities have even
We recommend that you begin your decision- created notebooks on clinical and counseling psy-
making process by selecting the programs that have chology graduate programs (Todd & Farinato, 1992).
admission requirements within your reach. As you Take advantage of all the available information to
look through the “school requirements” part of your augment the data provided in the Reports on Indi-
list, note any negative numbers, say, –3 to –14. Unless vidual Programs.
you can reasonably expect to change these to zeros Using the system in Appendix C, delete some of
or better before you complete your applications, you the schools that list admission criteria outside of your
are better off dropping these programs from your present range. This will enable you to begin the next
list. After that, you will need to decide which are the phase: selecting programs that match your training
reasonable places to apply. and career goals.
Below is a rating system based on your “Total” For the research-oriented applicant, these deci-
column for each program. Although this system may sions may be easiest. Look at the schools remain-
help you decide where to apply, it is by no means ing on your worksheet. Note the number of faculty
definitive. These are approximations, and ultimately interested in your research area(s) and whether they
you will have to decide where to apply based on this are funded. Grant funding is a rough indicator of the
and any other information to which you are privy. intensity of the program’s commitment to a particu-
GETTING STARTED 71
lar research area. The premise is that a grant-funded without sacrificing high standards in research. Using
area probably offers more opportunities to study the your list, find the programs that are moderate or high
topic and may be more likely to generate research. in research productivity and that have a number of
In addition, grant funding has the potential of mak- people interested in your area. Ensure that they rate
ing assistantship money available. This by no means themselves as a 4 or 5, indicating that they emphasize
suggests that a program that does not have a grant in practice and research nearly equally. Then, deter-
your area is not conducting current research or will mine if their theoretical orientation aligns with yours
not have money available to you. Additionally, a pro- and whether they offer a specialty clinic or formal
gram with several faculty in an area may simply be tracks in your area. Again, you will find a range of
“between” grants. Thus, the number of faculty alone programs, some conforming to your needs better
also can indicate a school’s commitment to this area than others. This is exactly what you want at this
of research. point in the process.
Next, check the program’s productivity rank- You are now ready to gather the detailed infor-
ing (Table 4-2) and their self-rating as more practice mation necessary to choose among the 15 to 30
or research-oriented. Again, if you are research- programs you will use for your selection pool. If
oriented, you may well find yourself crossing those your number of programs does not fall within these
schools off your list that are low on productivity and parameters, then you should consider modifying
that are clearly practice-oriented. You will discover your list. The website and email address of each pro-
that this shortens your list but that you still have a gram are listed with each entry in the Reports on
number of doctoral programs that cover a wide Individual Programs.
range of desirability. This is exactly where you want In addition to your direct access to Reports of
to be at this point! Individual Programs in the back of this book, you
What you desire is a list of 15 to 30 programs for can go online and quickly gather additional infor-
which you will secure additional information. Then, mation. APA offers a free search feature for all of
you can begin fine-tuning and selecting the 10 to 20 its accredited doctoral programs at apps.apa.org/
programs to which you will actually apply. accredsearch/. APA’s online Graduate Study in Psy-
If you are more strongly inclined toward practice, chology provides (for a fee) three-month access to
you will find yourself crossing schools off your list its database, which includes master’s programs and
that are research-oriented, favor theoretical orienta- doctoral programs outside of the clinical, counsel-
tions different from your own, or are too restricted ing, and combined areas. Petersons (www.petersons.
for your needs. The programs highlighting clinical com/) also provides free searches (albeit with annoy-
work, and especially those sharing your orientation ing advertising) of graduate programs by degree and
or providing a track or clinic in your area, will be the state.
most desirable. At this juncture, all you need is to spend a few
The applicant equally emphasizing practice and hours on the web. Upwards of 99% of graduate pro-
research training is the most challenged. You want grams post their application forms and instructions
a program that is research-oriented, but not at the online.
expense of clinical work. But you also want a pro- Congratulations! You have taken the initial steps
gram that will offer high-quality clinical training in your application process.
C H A P T E R 5
SELECTING SCHOOLS
B
etween late summer and late fall, you will scan tightening your choices: research interests, clinical
websites and download files describing each opportunities, theoretical orientations, financial aid,
graduate program. You are ahead of the game program outcomes, and quality of life.
if you begin during late summer, because most appli-
cants will not be starting this process for another 2
A Multitude of Considerations
to 3 months. This presents an opportunity for you
to leverage an early start to set yourself apart as an
Each graduate school applicant is undeniably unique
organized and optimal candidate. in his or her reasons for applying to particular pro-
When applying for undergraduate study, you grams in clinical or counseling psychology. As we
probably visited a few colleges to help you decide advise students and conduct workshops on graduate
where to apply. When applying for graduate study, by admissions, we hear a litany of restrictions: “I have to
contrast, visits are rare—at least until you are invited stay close to my spouse in Los Angeles,” “It must be
for an interview. The exception may be when you live a Catholic school,” “I can only attend if I receive full
close to a graduate school of special interest. But oth- financial aid,” “The program needs to be gay friendly
erwise, you will only visit doctoral programs “virtu- or have gay faculty mentors,” “I am interested solely
ally” through online descriptions until invited for a in cognitive-behavioral programs,” “I would really
pre-admission interview. like to be near the mountains,” “The program must
In order to select programs that best suit your have lots of women faculty,” and so on. There is obvi-
needs and interests, we again return to the founda- ously no single, definitive list of factors to consider in
tional questions: What is it I want for myself? What selecting potential schools. Although we will exam-
is it I’m interested in doing? And where do I want to ine the six most common considerations, we are
do it? A firm commitment to a single practice inter- unable to canvass the almost infinite range of rea-
est, research area, geographic location, or theoretical sons for selecting programs to which to apply.
orientation is not required at this time; however, the In an ideal world, graduate student aspirants
more specific your interests, the more intelligent a would have sufficient funds and freedom to consider
choice you will make. any psychology program in the country. In the real
In the previous chapter, we helped you to start world, however, you may be limited in your choice
narrowing your choices of potential graduate pro- by financial, family, and geographic considerations.
grams. We did so by identifying your professional Although we appreciate these real constraints, we
interests, by comparing your credentials to those encourage you not to be prematurely limited by your
required by potential graduate programs, and by own vision. Try to think broadly and boldly. It is,
searching for initial matches. In this chapter, we will quite simply, your career at stake.
review six critical variables to take into account in Geographic location will be a determining factor
72
SELECTING SCHOOLS 73
for some applicants. By this we mean both the area Research Interests
of the country and proximity to significant others in
your life, such as parents, spouses/partners, siblings, The websites for doctoral programs will feature fac-
or lovers. If you do not possess the mobility to relo- ulty members in that department and their current
cate to another area of the country, then you might research. You are looking to learn from the faculty,
delay applying until your situation changes or apply so our advice is to locate the professors who are
only to regional schools, even if they prove less desir- experts in your interests. If you are interested in
able. Don’t spend time, money, and energy on futile clinical child or pediatric psychology, locate those
missions, in this case applying to programs you will psychologists active in training and research in that
not attend. field. If you are interested in clinical health psychol-
At the same time, we heartily encourage you ogy, find the researchers or clinicians tackling that
to “get out of town.” Far too often students restrict subject.
themselves unnecessarily to schools close to their Scan the faculty member’s web page and the
homes or to their undergraduate institution. Yet, description provided by the department. Read these
graduate programs that better match their needs may descriptions carefully. What kind of questions are
be located across the country or four states south. they asking? Have you asked yourself those same
Your future demands that you look around the entire questions? Is this the sort of thing you can envision
country and Canada. yourself exploring? Have you read a sample of what
The gender, ethnicity, or sexual orientation they have written?
composition of graduate programs may be an influ- In selecting professors whose interests parallel
ential factor for other applicants. If this is the case your own, you are searching for a good match. You
for you, obtain updated resource directories from are looking for mentors—psychologists who will take
you on as an apprentice and teach you about your
the American Psychological Association and apply
chosen profession. Indeed, the admission system
accordingly. Three examples are APA’s Graduate Fac-
for virtually all research-oriented Ph.D. programs is
ulty Interested in the Psychology of Women (forms.
explicitly mentor-based: Students are chosen for their
apa.org/pi/women/gradsearch/), Directory of Ethnic
interest in working, at least initially, with an individ-
Minority Professionals in Psychology (www.apa.org/
ual faculty mentor with a shared research interest.
pubs/books/4070873.aspx), and Graduate Faculty
The more similar your views are, the better the
Interested in Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Issues in
match. For example, if you are practice-oriented,
Psychology (www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/survey/
psychodynamically disposed, and interested in pri-
q6-7-table.pdf). The Reports on Individual Programs
vate practice, you might choose to cross off your list
also present the percentage of ethnic minority, inter- a program with professors who operate exclusively
national, and women students in each clinical, coun- from behavioral orientations and research perspec-
seling, and combined psychology program. These tives. This does not mean your interest has to be pin-
can be useful sources of direction in your choice. point focused. Knowing you would rather investigate
Our general point is this: think through your or treat psychodynamically may be enough to nar-
personal reasons for applying to certain programs row your list of schools down to a sufficient range.
and then proactively secure information about those But the more focused, the better your fit.
considerations. Even if your choice of programs is As you review the faculty web pages and depart-
limited, make it an informed choice. Accept as you mental descriptions, you will develop a sense with
must the restrictions in the range of potential gradu- whom you would like to work and who will have the
ate schools, but do not leave your future to chance! facilities to allow you to research or treat the popu-
The rule of thumb in selecting schools: Appli- lations of interest. Eventually you should have a list
cants to clinical scientist Ph.D. programs match pri- of 10 to 20 programs with faculty with whom you
marily to the research interests of individual faculty, would like to work and a general idea of what each
applicants to scientist-practitioner Ph.D. programs of them does.
match to both the research interests of individual Having created such a list of programs, we sug-
faculty and the offerings of the entire program, and gest that you review the recent articles or books that
applicants to Psy.D. programs match primarily to the these professors have written. Most websites include
clinical interests and theoretical orientations of the a sampling of each faculty member’s recent publica-
entire program. This general rule will guide how you tions. So examine their bibliographies online, inspect
select graduate schools of potential interest. the program homepage, or search the Psychologi-
74 SELECTING SCHOOLS
cal Abstracts on PsycInfo for the last 5 to 7 years to responses. If not, there should be equipment avail-
locate some recent publications. Then go online and able somewhere in the department or university.
look them up. What methods do they use? What are We realize that this investigative process requires
the specifics of their treatment or research that hold time and energy. It may also provoke anxiety in an
your attention? If you notice yourself quickly getting already nerve-wracking application process. This
bored or saying, “So what? OK, so alcoholics tend to is one reason we advocate an early start. Again, we
smoke more? Who cares?”, then you have a valuable emphasize that you can get into a graduate program
piece of information. If you find their articles inter- without doing this extra work. This preparation,
esting, you are on the right track. Get excited about however, will give you the edge to get into the pro-
your profession and where you want to attend gradu- gram of your choice or to overcome weaknesses in
ate school! your application.
Here are additional bits of information you can
gather to whittle down your number of applications Clinical Opportunities
in terms of research interests. Consult:
the data in the Reports on Individual Programs
Having read articles, chapters, or books by the pro-
in this book, especially the section devoted to fessors with whom you would like to work, you
research areas know better which ones you find stimulating. How-
national webpages devoted to research special-
ever, if your career interest is primarily practice, it is
izations; for example, directories of graduate possible that the faculty members you’re interested
programs in child clinical (www.clinicalchildpsy- in working with do not have recent publications in
chology. org), health psychology (www.health- your area(s) of interest. Or you know a program has a
psych. org), and trauma psychology (www. formal track in your area or a substance abuse clinic,
apatraumadivision.org/671/training-sites.html). but you can’t figure out which professors treat clients
individual faculty via email (discussed in the next or supervise students there.
section) Your first recourse should be to search the uni-
professors and/or graduate students at your own versity’s website to locate this information. If it is not
school about the programs in question on the psychology program’s web page, then it may
the CUR Registry of Undergraduate Research- exist on the individual professor’s website or some-
ers and Graduate Schools (www.cur.org/proj- where else within the university’s website.
ects_and_services/registry/students), which links You can also check the Reports on Individual
under-graduate students who have research Programs at the back of this book and particularly
experience with graduate programs interested in Appendices F (Specialty Clinics) and G (Programs
recruiting such students. Concentrations and Tracks). They will immediately
inform you of the prominent clinical offerings of the
When it comes to your research interests, dis- doctoral programs.
cover if there are medical schools, academic health Our research indicates 67% of clinical psychol-
centers, or neuroscience facilities at your disposal. ogy and 27% of counseling psychology programs
Library facilities should be a prime consideration, offer formal tracks or concentrations (Stratigis, Zim-
but we have found that medical libraries in particu- merman, & Norcross, 2014). The most prevalent
lar contain journal subscriptions not available else- tracks across all APA-accredited programs are child
where. More importantly, access to journals online clinical/pediatric, health psychology, neuropsychol-
through the university is essential. An associated ogy, adult, forensic, family/marriage, and multicul-
medical school or hospital may also offer facilities tural/cross-cultural.
and populations available for your research. Deter- Certain practice areas are emphasized by clini-
mine if they are present, and then investigate their cal programs, others by counseling psychology pro-
relationship to the Psychology Department. grams. More than half of the clinical programs offer
In addition, learn more about the research space child clinical/pediatric while none of the counseling
dedicated to your area. For example, does someone programs offer it. More clinical psychology programs
have the requisite equipment, lab or research space, also feature neuropsychology, adult, and forensic
funding? If you desire to conduct research in car- tracks. By contrast, more counseling psychology pro-
diovascular psychophysiology and you have found a grams offer multicultural/cross-cultural, family/mar-
professor who has published several articles, deter- riage, social justice, and vocational tracks (Norcross
mine if he or she has equipment to monitor cardiac et al., 2014). So, in part, your clinical interests may
SELECTING SCHOOLS 75
influence whether you are drawn to clinical or coun- what they want and where they fit in. In fact, some
seling psychology. doctoral programs require students to work with sev-
If all else fails, email the department coordinator eral professors during their initial year before select-
and ask that person for materials specific to the track ing an adviser or a major professor. Nonetheless, it is
or clinic you would like to pursue. Or ask to speak to your advantage to spend sufficient time deciding
with the director of that clinic or coordinator of that which professors would best suit you. Locate pro-
track to determine which faculty are practicing and grams and professors who match you; then contact a
supervising there. few of them to test the waters.
Now, we are going to suggest something that Figures 5-1 and 5-2 show sample email letters of
can prove useful in making final decisions about introduction, the former for research-oriented appli-
where to apply and in increasing your chances of cants and the latter for practice-oriented. These are
being accepted there. During early fall of the year not forms to copy in which you simply insert your
you apply, contact a few of the professors you have own words! Show a draft of your email to a mentor
been investigating. Email the ones whose interests to preview how well it is likely to be received. When
are most closely aligned to your own. Practically all these emails are professional and succinct, they
program websites include faculty email addresses. are generally well-received by potential professors.
There are many reasons to directly contact a fac- According to our own students, approximately 75%
ulty member. First, it gives you an opportunity to gain of these emails receive a response, most within three
information you probably could not gather in any or four days.
other way—information about the program, its facili- But let us forcefully reiterate the caveats about
ties, and its faculty. Second, these emails give you a sending letters of introduction. Do not send a formu-
chance to know someone you are genuinely inter- laic letter; it must be tailored to the faculty member.
ested in working with. It gives you an opportunity Do not send an email inquiring if the faculty member
to evaluate how happy you would be in a mentorship is accepting new students until you have thoroughly
with this faculty member. Of course, there must be searched her website and the departmental web-
aspects of this person’s research or clinical work that site for that information. Do not ask about a faculty
attract you. If you do not know his or her interests member’s research or clinical interests; those are
or the literature well enough to demonstrate a work- presented on the website. Do not email a request to
ing knowledge of the individual’s contributions, do speak with a professor or a grad student before apply-
not email. Professors routinely receive letters from ing; they will contact you if you rise to their finalist
people looking to make contact, and unless you can pool. Any of these mistakes will probably place you
pique their interest and demonstrate familiarity with on the professor’s reject list.
their work, you are unlikely to receive a response. Asking a busy professor to stop what she is doing
Whether your interests are oriented toward to send you an email describing future research at
research, practice, or both, you are not looking to this early stage in the process risks irritating her.
take this person, or the field, by storm. You seek to Indeed, one of us was told by a prominent faculty
make a contribution in this particular area, a con- member that students who send him a request to
tribution made after you have learned and gained elaborate on his research before applying usually are
experience under their mentorship. Or, you are look- not invited to interview! Keep in mind that even the
ing to gain experience and clinical training with an busiest faculty members are motivated to review the
experienced practitioner. promising graduate applications, and if you are in
Take a moment to look at this relationship from the mix, there will be ample opportunity to ask your
the professor’s perspective. If she is a researcher, questions as the admission process moves along.
then she is looking for students to help with that Students have asked us whether it is acceptable to
research, for students with the knowledge and drive send letters to more than one faculty member at the
to help design and run studies. If she is a practitioner, same program. Despite the fact that applicants may
then she is looking for individuals eager for supervi- have multiple research and clinical interests, most
sion who will carry a client load. And that is what faculty (ourselves included) react negatively to learn-
you have to offer. You seek the best fit between your ing that the same person has written to more than
interests and a program and its faculty. one faculty member. Remember, there is a certain
Contacting a professor is not a necessity. Many amount of self-interest involved: We’re looking for
students are admitted to excellent programs and bright, motivated students to collaborate in research
then take one or two years to explore, to discern and practice. It can be awkward when an admissions
76 SELECTING SCHOOLS
I am a psychology senior at Babylon University, where I have been working with Dr. Frances
Murrow, studying the causes and consequences of math anxiety. As I was searching the
research literature, I read several of your articles concerning the use of mindfulness and
acceptance techniques to improve test anxiety.
After reading your article “The Uses of Mindfulness with Children” (December 2018
issue of Clinical Child Psychology), I have a question I hoped you could answer. We used
several of the questionnaires that you used in that study. In looking at our data, we found that
participants responded quite differently to the Test Anxiety Questionnaire at various times in
the semester. We found that the farther into the semester students progressed, the more their
anxiety affected their scores. Have you also found this to be the case in your research?
On a related matter, I will soon be applying to clinical psychology doctoral programs that
offer research experience in anxiety. I read on your program’s website that you are taking on
new graduate students. I hope to get the chance to meet you in the future.
Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to hearing from you.
Sincerely yours,
Chris Smith
committee is discussing an applicant, and two faculty “cold” seems overly daunting, consider alternatives.
express a desire to work with him/her, only to dis- Local and regional conferences present prime oppor-
cover that the applicant has been actively expressing tunities for meeting potential mentors and gathering
detailed interest in both of them. information about graduate programs. Numerous
Our advice: Unless a couple of faculty members societies hold yearly conferences in which research
share highly overlapping research interests, don’t is presented in specialty areas of psychology. For
write to more than one faculty member in any doc- example, if one of your interests lies in health psy-
toral program. If you do write to more than one, be chology or behavioral medicine, there is the Society
open about it in your emails. for Behavioral Medicine, the American Psychoso-
What if the professor does not respond within matic Society, and the Society for Psychophysiologi-
a few weeks? Absence of a response does not mean cal Research. If, for another example, your interests
that you will not work with that individual if you lie in psychotherapy, there are the annual confer-
are accepted. Most likely the professor received too ences of the Society for Psychotherapy Research, the
many queries to respond. Indeed, at some schools, Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy,
professors are receiving dozens of emails during the and the Society for the Exploration of Psychotherapy
months leading up to the application deadline. Later, Integration. Your psychology advisor can probably
when your application is reviewed, your email may suggest several societies in each area of psychology.
be read. Student membership in a scientific society brings
If the contacted professor does write back, then a number of benefits. For beginners, it will prob-
it may be the beginning of a working relationship. ably provide you access to an electronic directory
Even if you are not accepted to his or her program or of members (including contact information), which
ultimately decide not to attend, you are making pro- is an easy way of ascertaining who is practicing and
fessional contacts in your field. There is no guideline researching in your area. Most scientific organiza-
as to exactly how to behave from here, since each tions will invite you to join their electronic listservs.
professor is different. But you should begin getting With membership also typically comes a newsletter
a sense of whether this is the right person (and pro- or a journal, which delivers a sense of the leaders in
gram) for you. the field.
If the task of introducing yourself to a professor Attending a professional conference can provide
SELECTING SCHOOLS 77
a great deal more information, as we have already compiled, in part, by surveying the clinical Psy.D.
emphasized in Chapter 3. If you are interested in par- students at the Graduate School of Applied and Pro-
ticular professors, you may have a chance to see them fessional Psychology at Rutgers University and ask-
in action if they are presenting an address or poster. ing them what questions they had (or wish they had)
In this way, you get acquainted with the person and asked when applying to Psy.D. programs.
the research without taking the risk of formally intro-
ducing yourself. Alternatively, you may approach the
professor directly and express your interest in the Theoretical Orientations
research or ask your psychology advisor to make the
introduction. Many graduate students first met their A question related to clinical and research opportu-
mentors in these ways. nities is whether the graduate program will provide
Determine if the department’s psychological training in your desired theoretical orientations. We
clinic serves the surrounding community or only the are not recommending that you prematurely affili-
college community. College students are fine clients ate with a single theoretical camp; rather, we suggest
with whom to begin, but you will probably desire a that you identify those orientations you are inter-
greater diversity of populations and disorders. Learn ested in learning more about and those you are not.
more about the school’s affiliated or specialized Several practice-oriented programs in the
departmental clinics. Who can work there and when? Northeast U.S. are strongly committed to a psycho-
Who conducts the clinical supervision? Do you have analytic approach. By contrast, the vast majority of
to be affiliated with a specific professor, or is there a research-oriented, PCSAS-accredited programs heav-
competitive process toward earning that placement? ily endorse cognitive and behavioral approaches. The
If you’re choosing a program in part based on the immediate implication is to avoid applying to pro-
availability of its clinic, then how available will that grams that will not offer supervised experience in
clinic be to you? your theoretical approach(es).
Table 5-1, Questions to Ask about Psy.D. Pro- The Reports on Individual Programs provide the
grams, contains questions more specific to Psy.D. approximate percentage of faculty in each program
and practice-oriented Ph.D. applicants. This list was who subscribe to the five most popular theoretical
Sincerely yours,
Chris Smith
Note. Data from Norcross, Sayette, & Wagar-Martin (2019) and Norcross, Sayette, & Pomerantz (2017).
SELECTING SCHOOLS 79
among doctoral programs as a function of their fessional fads, undergoes transformation over time.
placement along the practice–research continuum. Extrapolating from historical trends and expert
Research-oriented programs, as a rule, have a higher predictions (Norcross et al., 2013), mindfulness,
percentage of cognitive-behavioral faculty, while cognitive-behavioral, integrative, multicultural, and
practice-oriented programs have a higher percent- exposure therapies will be in the ascendancy in the
age of psychodynamic faculty (Sayette et al., 2011). near future. By contrast, transactional analysis, clas-
These differences are quite large: Fully 84% of faculty sical psychoanalysis, Jungian therapy, and existen-
members in research-oriented Ph.D. programs are tialism are expected to decline. In an era of managed
cognitive-behavioral versus 32% in practice-oriented care, theoretical orientations that emphasize brief
Psy.D. programs. Only 5% of faculty in research- problem-focused treatments and document their
oriented Ph.D. programs are psychodynamic versus effectiveness will probably thrive.
28% in practice-oriented Psy.D. programs (Norcross,
Sayette, & Pomerantz, 2018). Financial Aid
Our longitudinal data on faculty theoretical
orientations reveal that the field has moved from The next question, and it is by no means premature,
a relative balance of theories to the domination of is the availability of financial aid. Unless you can
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT; Heatherington et afford to pay for graduate school on your own or
al., 2012; Levy & Anderson, 2013; Norcross, Sayette, you are prepared to take out substantial loans, you
& Pomerantz, 2018; Sayette et al., 2011). This is espe- require knowledge about the probability of support
cially true in clinical psychology Ph.D. programs, as directly from the doctoral program. This is not a sug-
discussed above. gestion to avoid schools with scarce financial aid. It is
The upshot is to investigate thoroughly the area a suggestion not to apply only to schools with scarce
of psychology (clinical, counseling) and the type of financial aid.
program (practice-oriented to research-oriented) APA’s (2017) Ethical Principles of Psychologists
that regularly provide training in your preferred the- and Code of Conduct requires truth in advertising
oretical orientation(s). Applicants seeking extensive about graduate programs. Standard 7.02 (Descrip-
training in non-CBT will need to be particularly vigi- tion of Programs) stipulates that “Psychologists
lant in investigating and selecting potential graduate responsible for education and training programs
programs. take reasonable steps to ensure that there is a cur-
In addition to reviewing the faculty theoretical rent and accurate description of program content . . .
orientations in the Reports on Individual Programs, stipends and benefits, and requirements that must be
those of you with an intense hankering for training met for satisfactory completion of the program. This
in a particular orientation may want to peruse spe- information must be made readily available to all
cialty directories. A number of professional societies interested parties” (www.apa.org/ethics/code/). Not
publish lists of graduate programs that offer training only is it your perfect right to request such informa-
in their theory of choice. The Association for Behav- tion, but it is also the ethical obligation of the gradu-
ioral and Cognitive Therapies (ABCT), for example, ate psychology program to provide it.
publishes a directory of graduate programs in cog- Until relatively recently, only a minority of psy-
nitive-behavior therapy and experimental clinical chology doctoral programs were fully disclosing all
psychology (www.abct.org). The APA Division of Psy- of the information requested by the APA Commis-
choanalysis, for another example, provides a list of sion on Accreditation (Burgess, Keeley, & Blashfield,
universities in the United States that offer psychoana- 2008). But the APA now requires accredited doctoral
lytic-friendly graduate programs (www.apadivisions. programs to publicly post on their websites their
org/division-39/leadership/committees/grad-stu- educational outcomes and financial costs to allow
dents/graduate-programs.aspx). The Society for the for informed decision-making among prospective
Exploration of Psychotherapy Integration (SEPI), for students. We will discuss where this information is
a final example, has pulled together a list of integra- posted and how to access in the next section (Pro-
tive training programs on its website (www.sepiweb. gram Outcomes). For now, please know that a prime
org/page/training; Norcross, Nolan, et al., 2017). objective of this Insider’s Guide is to present finan-
Search the web and consult your advisors regarding cial aid information in our Reports on Individual
the existence of specialty directories in your field of Programs.
interest. Calculating the total cost of full-time graduate
The popularity of theories, as with other pro- study must include both academic expenses and liv-
80 SELECTING SCHOOLS
ing expenses. The academic side includes tuition, ing doctoral students who receive full tuition waiver
fees, supplies, and textbooks. Full-time tuition ranges only, full assistantship/fellowship only, and both
from a low of $10,000 a year for some in-state Ph.D. tuition waiver and assistantship for each doctoral
students to $35,000 for private, Psy.D. programs. Mul- program.
tiplying the tuition by 4 years gives you some idea of Table 5-3 summarizes these data across the prac-
the probable tuition burden. The living side includes tice–research continuum for APA-accredited clini-
rent, transportation, food, clothing, insurance, and cal psychology programs. The continuum moves
entertainment. Health insurance has emerged as a from the freestanding Psy.D. programs on one end,
large part of the cost of graduate studies. Some assis- through the equal-emphasis Ph.D. programs in the
tantships include health insurance, but others do middle, to the research-oriented Ph.D. programs
not. Not surprisingly, most graduate students are rel- on the other end. As seen there, the probability of
atively poor; at least you will have company in your receiving financial assistance in graduate school is
financial misery (Fretz & Stang, 1980). a direct function of the type of program (Norcross
Determine the availability of teaching assistant- et al., 2010). Only 1 to 10% of Psy.D. students, on
ships and research assistantships from the program’s average, will receive both a tuition waiver and a
home page and the Reports on Individual Programs. full assistantship, compared to 89% of students in
In particular, determine the percentage of first-year research-oriented Ph.D. programs in clinical psychol-
students who receive assistantships. Is it 100%, 50%, ogy. You don’t need to perform a t test; that is a large,
or 0%? Do the assistantships include health insur- significant difference. Indeed, the gap in funding
ance? If not, you will either go without insurance or between freestanding Psy.D. programs and research-
purchase it on your own. oriented Ph.D. programs seems to be expanding.
On average, 57% of full-time doctoral students The equal-emphasis Ph.D. programs tend to fall in
in psychology receive some financial support from between; about 54% of their students receive both a
the program; the remaining 43% do not. The picture tuition waiver and a full assistantship.
is less encouraging for full-time master’s students Figure 5-3 graphically illustrates the probability
in psychology: only 23% receive any support (Gehl- of getting in (acceptance rates) and getting money
man, Wicherski, & Kohout, 1995). As you can see, the (percentage of students receiving full support)
probability of financial support from the program across APA-accredited clinical psychology programs.
itself is a very salient consideration in narrowing The two graphs demonstrate that higher acceptance
your choices. rates come at a (tuition and living) cost to the incom-
Be wary of online descriptions of doctoral pro- ing student. More rigorous admission standards and
grams that simply declare “all incoming students acceptance odds translate into increased probabil-
receive financial aid” unless that same description ity of substantial financial aid. In the most extreme
provides the sources of the aid and the typical mon- comparison, freestanding Psy.D. students are 7 times
etary stipend. We are aware of several psychology more likely to gain admission but 50 times less likely
programs that automatically award “fellowships” to receive full funding (stipend plus tuition waiver)
to every student in the amount of $3,000 but then than are students in research-oriented Ph.D. pro-
immediately charge over $30,000 annual tuition! grams (Norcross et al., 2010). An awareness of these
Hence, we use the phrase full assistantship in our trade-offs among the different types of programs will
Reports on Individual Programs. enable you to make informed choices regarding your
These reports provide the percentages of incom- graduate applications and career trajectories.
TABLE 5-3. Percentage of Students Receiving Financial Aid in APA-Accredited Clinical Psychology
Programs
Free-standing University-based Equal-emphasis Research-oriented
Psy.D. Psy.D. Ph.D. Ph.D.
Full tuition waiver only 0% 1% 3% 0%
Full assistantship only 13% 21% 20% 8%
Both waiver and assistantship 1% 10% 54% 89%
FIGURE 5-3. Getting in and getting money in various types of clinical psychology programs.
There is financial aid available from graduate doctoral program that remits your tuition and pro-
schools to students possessing sterling credentials, vides a stipend, such as PCSAS-accredited programs,
and we wish to reaffirm its existence. At the same likely leads to less debt than what is depicted in this
time, you need to be realistic about the probability figure for all Ph.D. programs.
of direct financial assistance and pragmatic about the The U.S. Department of Education recently
means to obtain funds for what graduate programs launched a College Scorecard to improve financial
do not provide. The increasing number of clinical transparency and accountability in higher education.
and counseling psychology doctoral programs dur- You can access data on the cumulative loan debt of
ing a period of economic downsizing raises difficult graduates by field of study and by individual uni-
questions about internal funding opportunities and versity; for example, determine the average debt for
federal financial assistance. students in the clinical psychology Ph.D. program at
Our findings (Norcross et al., 2010; Norcross, Auburn University. Access those public data at https://
Sayette, & Pomerantz, 2018) on financial aid portend collegescorecard.ed.gov/data/preliminary/.
a “pay as you go” expectation for half of all doctoral The research is crystal clear: Graduate student
candidates in clinical and counseling psychology. debt in psychology has experienced a dramatic
This is particularly true, as we have seen, for Psy.D. increase in the past decade (Doran et al., 2016). This
students. The explicit expectation, as is true in such debt is increasing beyond what might be expected
other practice disciplines as medicine and law, is that by tuition hikes alone. Faculty members need to
graduates will repay their debt after they are engaged become more aware of and advocate for financial
in full-time practice. We should note, however, that solutions; potential applicants need to conduct a
uncertainties regarding health care—specifically thoughtful cost/benefit analysis of applying to gradu-
changes in insurance coverage for mental health—in ate programs that do not offer substantial financial
the United States make this expectation difficult to assistance (Doran et al., 2016).
evaluate at the present time. With a median starting salary of approximately
The debt may be substantial. Research indicates $70,000 for new psychology doctorates, this debt
that 78% of recent graduates in clinical and coun- represents a heavy financial burden for many years
seling psychology are saddled with debt related to to come. (Go to the Loan Repayment Calculator at
graduate studies (over and above any debt associated www.finaid.org/calculators/ for a sobering look at
with their undergraduate education; APA Center for repayment schedules.) Estimated monthly payments
Workforce Studies, 2011). for the median debt were $2,000 for Psy.D. recipients
As shown in Figure 5-4, recent graduates of and $850 for Ph.D. recipients. The rule of thumb is
Psy.D. programs report a median debt of $200,000 that your debt should not exceed twice your starting
(American Psychological Association, 2015). The salary.
median debt for clinical/counseling Ph.D. graduates Recently minted clinical and counseling psy-
is $75,000, lower but still substantial. These results chologists saddled with heavy debt frequently place
are adapted from a survey of recent psychology doc- other life goals on hold. Seventy-three percent of
toral graduates in late 2014. Of course, attending a new graduates report delaying saving for the future,
82 SELECTING SCHOOLS
FIGURE 5-4. Median debt by subfield and type of degree for doctoral graduates.
Data from American Psychological Association of Graduate Students (APAGS) survey of recent psychology doctorates in
2014; APA Center for Workforce Studies.
67% delaying retirement planning, 57% purchasing a complicated because not all Psy.D. programs provide
home, and 46% having children (American Psycho- similar amounts of financial assistance. An average
logical Association, 2015). These numbers appear of 14% of incoming Psy.D. students to a freestand-
scary, but debt is increasingly inevitable for many ing program will receive any financial support from
seeking advanced degrees in health professions. We the program and only 1% of incoming students will
desire to inform you in the Insider’s Guide, not to receive a full boat (tuition remission plus full assis-
scare or dissuade you from pursuing your vocational tantship). By contrast, an average of 32% of incoming
dreams. Psy.D. students to a Psychology Department pro-
In large part, the difference in debt between gram will receive some financial support and 10% of
Psy.D.s and Ph.D.s is attributable to the huge differ- incoming students a full boat (see Table 5-3). That’s a
ences in financial aid between Vail-model and Boul- whopping difference.
der-model programs as pictured in Table 5-3. The Recent years witnessed the collapse of Argosy
APA researchers who compile debt data concluded, University, a multicampus for-profit institution offer-
“It is important to disseminate this information to ing Psy.D. degrees. The Argosy chain closed abruptly
students who may be considering a career in psychol- in the spring of 2019, leaving thousands of doctoral
ogy—so that their decisions can be fully informed” students throughout the country without a graduate
(Kohout & Wicherski, 1999, p. 10). We wholeheart- program and scrambling for universities to accept
edly agree. their transfer credits. And before closing, Argosy Uni-
In fact, we conducted a study that looked at the versity failed to distribute tens of millions of dollars
financial assistance offered by various types of Psy.D. in federal aid to thousands of its students. Those are
programs (Norcross et al., 2004). You may recall the risks of attending poorly funded, for-profit insti-
from Chapter 2 that Psy.D. programs can be housed tutions. APA accredits both private and public, both
in three different settings: (1) in a university’s Psy- non-profit and for-profit, programs as long as they
chology Department; (2) as a separate school or meet the quality standards. But please be aware that
institute in a university; (3) as a private, freestand- for-profit companies are intent on making that profit,
ing institution without affiliation to a comprehensive which typically precludes giving applicants substan-
university. As you have already learned, Psy.D. pro- tial financial assistance. Let the Argosy tragedy raise
grams give proportionally less financial assistance to your caution in attending private and for-profit insti-
students than Ph.D. programs. But it gets a bit more tutions that lack stable financial histories.
SELECTING SCHOOLS 83
If you require considerable financial assistance Many universities provide webpages on these
directly from the graduate program, then do not sources of funding graduate school. They often list
apply to the freestanding Psy.D. programs. Your school- or program-specific scholarships and fellow-
best bet, financially speaking, will be the university- ships available to incoming students. It is worth the
affiliated Psy.D. programs and, of course, the equal- added effort to examine the financial aid pages at each
emphasis and research-oriented Ph.D. programs. school to search for scholarship programs for which
How do students cobble together the necessary you may be eligible. As you can anticipate, the web
funds to pay for doctoral study in clinical and coun- has exploded with interactive sites devoted to secur-
seling psychology? By a mixture of means: ing financial assistance for graduate school. Many of
university-provided financial assistance these are useful, but be wary of and avoid those that
personal savings charge you for their services. An unbiased site hosted
family support by the University of Scranton (www.scranton.edu/
graduate school loans financialaid, click on loans and financing options)
earnings during graduate school furnishes frequent updates. Be sure to check out
federal fellowships or traineeships the loads of advice and searchable databases on line
at www.finaid.org, www.studentaid.ed.gov/, and at
The financial assistance provided directly by the www.petersons.com/graduate-schools.aspx. Explore
university can come in many guises. It may be a fel- all these possibilities early and actively.
lowship, scholarship, or grant—none of which must Federal funding is also available for psychol-
be repaid. These are monies provided by the school ogy graduate students, either in the form of training
on the basis of merit, talent, or financial need. Finan- and research grants to institutions, which then fund
cial assistance may come as a research assistantship graduate assistantships, or in the form of fellowships
(RA), teaching assistantship (TA), or general assis- and dissertation grants awarded directly to students.
tantship (GA). These bring a modest salary and some- The National Science Foundation (NSF), for example,
times partial tuition remission for 10 to 20 hours funds Minority Graduate Fellowships. The National
of work per week; we will have more to say about Institutes of Health (NIH) fund psychology student
these assistantships in Chapter 8 once you have been awards through the National Institute of Mental
admitted to a graduate program. In clinical, counsel- Health, the National Institute on Drug Abuse, the
ing, and combined psychology doctoral programs, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism,
paid internships and part-time employment are occa- and the Office of AIDS Research. Check out these
sionally available as well. programs through their webpages: www.nsf.gov and
In addition to aid provided by the school itself, www.nih.gov.
financial assistance is available from external private Several funding directories are available free of
and public organizations. This funding comes under charge from philanthropic and professional organi-
several names—self-sought, external, independent— zations. Among the more prestigious (and therefore,
to distinguish it from financial aid provided internally more competitive) are the predoctoral fellowships
by the university. External financial aid is provided sponsored by the Danforth Foundation, Ford Foun-
by foundations, for example, the National Research dation, and Armed Forces Health Professions Schol-
Council and Fulbright Scholarships, and from the arship. The American Psychological Association
military, such as the Post-9/11 GI Bill. Numerous publishes a searchable database Directory of Selected
scholarships and fellowships are offered annually, Scholarship, Fellowship, and Other Financial Aid
but you will need to research those that pertain to Opportunities for Women and Ethnic Minorities in
your circumstances. Psychology, which we highly recommend (www.apa.
Your local Office of Career Services and Office org/about/awards/index.aspx). The APA Minority Fel-
of Financial Assistance can direct you to potential lowship Program is online at www.apa.org/pi/mfp.
sources of external support for graduate studies. We APA offers an online list of resources for financial
recommend Shay Spivey’s (2016) Find Free Money assistance at www.apa.org/education/grad/applying.
for Graduate School and The Graduate School aspx.
Funding Handbook (Hamel & Furlong, 2011). These Federal student loans are available for graduate
two books transverse the entire geography of finan- students, but these are monies that must be repaid
cial aid—grant applications, loan possibilities, train- with interest. The William D. Ford Federal Direct
ing fellowships, federal and state support, and other Loan Program, generally known as Direct Stafford
sources of money for graduate study. Loans, is available to assist graduate and professional
84 SELECTING SCHOOLS
students who may borrow up to $20,500 each aca- Regularly visit the APA website (www.apa.org/
demic year (total of $138,500). The interest rates on apags/resources/loan-repayment.pdf) for updates on
new federal education loans are tied to the 10-year loan forgiveness. We advise you to carefully investi-
Treasury rate, plus a fixed margin. The interest rates gate the options early and often.
on new loans are fixed for the life of the loan; how-
ever, each year’s new loans will have different fixed
Program Outcomes
rates, based on current market rates. In 2019, that
interest rate for graduate students was 6.08%. The in-
The success of a doctoral program can be measured
school interest on these unsubsidized Staffords may
in many ways: the knowledge of the graduating stu-
be paid semi-annually or deferred and repaid when dents; the quality of the faculty; the careers of the
principal repayments begin. alumni; the public good; and so on. As part of their
The government also offers Graduate PLUS APA accreditation requirements, doctoral psychology
Loans, federally sponsored loans for students attend- programs must publicly disclose their education and
ing graduate school at least half time. With a Grad training outcomes to allow for informed decision-
PLUS loan, you may borrow up to the full cost of your making among prospective students. The required
education, less other financial aid received including information must all be located in one place on the
Stafford Loans. Graduate students must exhaust their web and must be titled Student Admissions, Out-
federal Stafford loan eligibility before applying for a comes, and Other Data. These data permit you to
Graduate PLUS loan. In 2019, the PLUS Loan interest directly ascertain several key indicators of a pro-
rate was 7.08%. The bottom line is that every half- gram’s success—or program outcomes, as they are
time graduate student is eligible for loans to finance known in research circles—in selecting graduate
his or her education, if necessary. programs to which to apply.
Speaking of loans reminds us to mention loan Table 5-4 summarizes the student admissions
repayment options and loan forgiveness programs. and outcomes of the University of Alabama’s clini-
We recommend that you visit the U.S. Department of cal psychology program for the past seven years in
Education website, www.ed.gov, which describes stu- the tabular format prescribed by APA. Similar tables,
dent loan types and loan repayment options. Three under the title of Student Admissions, Outcomes,
options that can trim loan payments for graduate stu- and Other Data, must be available on the websites of
dents are the graduated repayment plans, income- every APA-accredited program no more than one click
sensitive repayment plans, and the loan consolidation away from the home page; these are requirements of
plans. See the website for details, but remember that APA accreditation in compliance with Implementing
most student loans only permit a single refinancing Regulation C-26. Use our Reports on Individual Pro-
or consolidation. grams to find the web addresses or search for them
About 30 federal agencies offer loan forgiveness online. These tables are loaded with valuable infor-
or repayment programs, and psychologists are eli- mation on acceptance rates, GRE and GPA averages,
gible for many of these. Prominent examples are the: probability of securing an APA-accredited internship,
National Health Services Corps (nhsc.hrsa.gov; and time to complete the program.
for those psychologists pursuing primary care Of course, we have compiled most of this infor-
careers) mation for you in this Insider’s Guide, and will walk
Indian Health Service (www.ihs.gov/careeropps/ you through these considerations throughout the
loanrepayment/; for psychologists working in des- book. For now, we direct your attention to three criti-
ignated underserved areas) cal measures of program outcome: internship match,
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (for those attrition rate, and licensure data.
committed to working with veterans) To receive your doctorate in clinical, counsel-
National Institutes of Health (www.lrp.nih.gov/; ing, or combined psychology, you must complete the
for those spending at last 50% of professional time equivalent of a one-year, full-time internship. The
conducting research) best way to do so is to complete an APA-accredited
Public Service Loan Forgiveness Program (studen- internship, as many universities, states, and govern-
taid. ed.gov/sa/repay-loans/forgiveness-cancella- ment agencies insist on graduation from both an
tion/public- service) APA-accredited doctoral program and an APA-accred-
Army Reserve Medical Corps (for those in the ited internship. The process of obtaining an APA-
armed forces) accredited internship occurs on match day (when
SELECTING SCHOOLS 85
The following charts contain information about our most recent cohorts of clinical graduate students at the University of
Alabama at Tuscaloosa.
Year of entry 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Admissions data
Number of applicants 223 305 195 261 287 252 232
Number offered admission 23 16 12 16 19 12 15
Size of incoming class 15 11 7 12 10 9 11
Number of incoming students 15 11 7 12 10 9 11
receiving fundinga
Internship data
Number of students applying 11 8 14 10 15 8 9
Obtained internships 10 8 14 10 15 8 9
(91%) (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%)
Obtained APA/CPA-accredited 10 8 14 10 15 8 9
internships (91%) (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%)
Graduation data
Number of students who took Total graduates (N = 73) Cumulative
Less than 5 years to complete degree 4 (5%) 4 (5%)
5 years to complete degree 17 (23%) 21 (29%)
6 years to complete degree 35 (48%) 56 (77%)
7 years to complete degree 13 (18%) 69 (95%)
More than 7 years to complete degree 4 (5%) 73 (100%)
Attrition data
Students admitted to the program between 2008 and 2012 = 65
Students who left the program prior to completion of Ph.D. = 8 (12%)
Licensure data
2008–2016 Ph.D. graduates who are currently licensed = 70 of 77 (91% licensure)
Tuition and fee schedule for graduate students
Full-time rates per semester
Hours Resident Nonresident
9–15 $5,390.00 $14,615.00
University fees or costs: $27.00 per credit hour.
Note. Adapted with the kind permission of Dr. Beverly E. Thorne, University of Alabama.
aAll students admitted to the clinical program are offered a graduate assistantship, which includes a tuition grant for the academic year.
86 SELECTING SCHOOLS
a computer matches applicants to internship sites in problems, family considerations, financial needs, or
February). program dissatisfaction. But better programs tend to
In 2012, only about 75% of applicants were boast higher graduate rates. Be certain that the pro-
matched to an APA-accredited internship position on grams you are considering graduate at least 80% of
match day. That left one-quarter of doctoral psychol- their students. In other words, avoid any program
ogy students without an accredited internship. About where 20% or more of its students dropout. That typ-
half of the unmatched students completed an unac- ically spells trouble.
credited internship that year, and about half needed The average attrition rates for APA-accredited
to apply for internship the following year, delaying clinical and counseling psychology Ph.D. programs
their graduation by a year. That’s why it is important hover around 4% (Klonoff, 2016). Attrition tends to
for you to select schools that will maximize the prob- be higher for unaccredited and Psy.D. programs,
ability of you being matched. which give less financial assistance and take in far
In 2018 and 2019, about 90% of applicants more students. The attrition rates during the past
secured an APA-accredited internship on match day. 7 years for individual APA-accredited programs are
That improved placement rate is due to an increase in listed in the respective Reports on Individual Pro-
the number of internship positions and to the recent grams.
rule that only students attending APA-accredited pro- After years of hard work completing a doctoral
grams can participate in the first phase of match day. program and an internship, you naturally expect to
The match rate is not as dismal as it was several years pass the national licensure examination in psychol-
ago; the internship crisis has largely abated. ogy—the Examination for Professional Practice in
Still, attending a selective APA-accredited doc- Psychology (EPPP). But not everyone passes on the
toral program substantially increases the probabil- first try or even on subsequent tries. If you attend
ity of matching to an APA-accredited internship. For
an APA-accredited program, you stand a 77% chance
example, APA-accredited Ph.D. programs routinely
of passing on any single attempt (www.asppb.net).
place 90% plus of their students in accredited intern-
If you attend a non-APA-accredited program, that
ships while APA-accredited Psy.D. programs typically
chance drops to 65%. The more selective and the
place 60%. Psy.D. students tend to match at a lower
smaller the program, the higher the licensure pass
rate than Ph.D. students, in spite of applying to more
rate (Sharpless & Barber, 2013).
internship sites than Ph.D. students (Callahan, Col-
Thus, as you select potential programs, seriously
lins, & Klonoff, 2010).
consider the licensure pass rates of their graduates.
The picture is especially bleak for students in
These statistics are helpfully presented on the web-
unaccredited doctoral programs: only 27% of stu-
dents from unaccredited Ph.D and 8% from unac- site of the Association of State and Provincial Psychol-
credited Psy.D. programs match with APA-accredited ogy Boards at www.asppb.net. Click on the link for
internships (Norcross & Karpiak, 2015; mitch.web. Psychology Licensing Exam Scores by Doctoral Pro-
unc.edu/files/2013/10/MatchRates.pdf). Students gram and you will find a table of pass rate for each
enrolled in unaccredited doctoral psychology pro- program. Graduates of the University of Alabama’s
grams are rarely invited to accredited internships. clinical program, for example, have recently passed
APA and the training community have reduced the at a 94% clip. That’s typical of the smaller, more com-
internship imbalance (Grus et al., 2011), and enroll- petitive, scientist-practitioner Ph.D. programs in the
ments in the larger accredited Psy.D. programs have Boulder model tradition. Graduates of the less com-
decreased in recent years (Hatcher, 2013, 2015), pre- petitive, huge Psy.D. programs, particularly the for-
saging continued improvement in match outcome profit institutions, typically score much lower on the
during the coming years. That’s good news for appli- EPPP (Graham & Kim, 2011; Templer et al., 2008;
cants and the profession. The upshot is for you, as Schaffer et al., 2012). Their average licensure pass
an applicant, to critically evaluate the program out- rates fall in the 55% to 75% range.
comes—financial assistance, internship match, licen- One day, while discussing these figures in class,
sure rates, and so on—before you apply and then an undergraduate spontaneously yelled, “Why would
again after you have received admission offers. anyone even THINK about applying to a program
Another index of program quality is the attrition where only half the graduates can pass the licensure
or dropout rate. Doctoral students leave a gradu- exam!?” That memorable event led us to formulate
ate program prematurely for many reasons, such the three-quarters rule: Apply only to doctoral pro-
as pursuing an area other than psychology, health grams where three-quarters or more of their stu-
SELECTING SCHOOLS 87
dents secure an APA-accredited internship, complete [the time it ordinarily takes to complete a doctor-
their degrees, and pass the licensure examination. ate] to be trained by the best people in my field.” At
That’s our general advice, but you will need to the other extreme are those who will only apply to
tailor it to your individual situation and goals. On programs situated near family, friends, or an attrac-
occasion, a couple of our students have entered a tive community. “Six years,” they say, “is too long to
doctoral program with an alarmingly high attrition be away from what I need as a person.” We will not
rate or a depressingly low licensure pass rate, but be so presumptuous as to advise which position you
they did so with their eyes wide open. That’s pre- should adopt, except to remark that you should care-
cisely our intent in helping you select potential grad- fully weigh personal (location, fit) and professional
uate programs: well-informed consumers aware of (reputation, opportunities) considerations.
the facts and the tradeoffs about program outcomes.
Putting It All Together
Quality of Life
Having seriously reflected on your own interests and
A sixth and final consideration in selecting potential having carefully examined the clinical opportunities,
graduate schools concerns the quality of student life. research training, theoretical orientations, financial
It may be difficult to imagine, but occasionally you aid, program outcomes, and quality of life of various
will want a break from graduate studies, to relax or schools, you are close to completing applications.
engage in some nonpsychological pursuit! Now is the time to put together all the informa-
Get a handle on your own needs. Can they be tion you have obtained about yourself and graduate
met by the university and surrounding community? programs in the form of a final list of schools—any-
Do you want world-class museums, fine dining, and where from 10 to 20, depending on the specificity of
professional theater? Then you probably want to live your interests and the strength of your credentials.
in or near a city. If not, do you have a car capable of As you make a final list of the applications you are
regularly getting you to one? Or do you get away to about to complete, make one last check to ensure
the mountains, enjoy camping, and find the city dis- that you are applying to the programs that best fit
tracting? Do you prefer to work at your office late at your needs. You may do this informally by mentally
night and need a campus that’s safe after dark? Then reviewing the program information or you may do
be sure to apply to some suburban or rural cam- this systematically by completing Appendix D.
puses. Also, consider whether you have friends or To complete Appendix D, write the name of
family nearby. Having a place to escape to can prove each graduate program in the first column. In col-
vital, especially if you do not have the funds to really umn 2, “School Criteria,” write the total you com-
escape. puted for each school in Appendix C. This is an
You are not going to base your decisions exclu- index of your strength as an applicant and should
sively on any of these nonacademic factors. But you range from about 5 to 15. For each of the next six
can increase the probability of having everything you columns, you can rate your impressions about each
want by applying to schools you know can provide program on a 5-point scale. Create these scales in
it all. ways that are relevant to you. The important thing
The web is an excellent resource for investigat- is to know where each program rates in these areas
ing locations, towns, and cities that are far away and in terms of your needs and desires. Below are some
that you may not have the time or finances to visit. examples of rating systems you might model your
Large cities have their own web pages, which include own after.
pictures, maps, attractions, and so on, for potential In the column marked “Research,” rate how
visitors and residents. Take the time to “virtually” strongly you believe you fit the program’s professors
explore the cities of programs on your list. You may and their research interests:
find that it is far more (or less) desirable than you
had imagined. 1 I do not know enough about them, but
The weight accorded to the quality of life in their research is in my general interests.
application decisions varies considerably among peo- 3 I like the specifics of their research but do
ple. At one extreme are those applicants who give not know enough about their lab or their
little thought to program location and heavily value personalities.
the research and clinical opportunities. In the words 5 I have been in contact with these profes-
of one faculty colleague, “I’d live in hell for 6 years sors and am impressed by their facilities
88 SELECTING SCHOOLS
and by them personally. I would like to 5 In recent years, all first-year students have
work with them. gotten full stipends and full tuition remis-
sion.
In the column marked “Clinical,” rate each
school according to how its practice opportunities Or, possibly:
suit your needs.
1 There is no funding for first-year students
1 The school has only a psychological train- and no mention of outside means of sup-
ing clinic that treats students, and I want port.
more experience. 3 I am likely to get at least tuition remission,
3 The school has a fine psychological train- though only for the first 2 years.
ing clinic, but it has no practica in the 5 The school guarantees tuition remission
community, and getting various popula- for 4 years, and that’s all I need.
tions may be difficult.
5 The school has many excellent clinical Under the column marked “Program Outcomes,”
opportunities, including a specialty (e.g., rate each program on its record of internship match,
eating disorders) clinic or track in my area attrition rate, and licensure pass. For example:
of interest.
1 This program matches less than 50% of its
Or, possibly: students with APA-accredited internships
and less than three-quarters of their stu-
1 The program requires students to find dents pass the licensure exam.
their own clinical placements in the com- 3 This program reports a reasonable attri-
munity, and I don’t like that system. tion rate and about three-quarters of
3 The program has a college counseling its students match with APA-accredited
internships.
center, but I’m not interested in working
5 This program has a consistent track
only with college students.
record of high student success in match-
5 The program maintains an excellent psy-
ing to APA-accredited internships and
chological services clinic, and that’s all I
passing the licensure exam.
need.
And last, rate the “Quality of Life”:
“Theoretical Orientation” is the following col-
umn:
1 This program is located in an unattractive
area and seems bereft of culture.
1 The program avers strict adherence to,
3 I am indifferent to the location, and there
and training in, a theoretical orientation
is culture within the college community.
that contrasts with mine. 5 The area is ideal for me, and there are
3 The program offers some courses and museums, concert halls, and theaters
supervision in my preferred theoretical nearby.
orientation.
5 The program provides considerable train- Or, possibly:
ing in my preferred theoretical orienta-
tion plus other opportunities. 1 This university is located in an unsafe sec-
tion of a large city where I don’t know
Next, consider “Financial Aid”: anyone.
3 This university is located in a small city,
1 There is no funding for first-year students, and a friend of mine also attends.
and I need it. 5 This university is located in a small col-
3 I am likely to get at least tuition remission lege town, and I have several close rela-
and have the possibility of working part- tives and friends there.
time for the university. It is likely that I
could be a resident advisor and get free Look at your list. Are you applying to graduate
housing. programs within a realistic range of admission crite-
SELECTING SCHOOLS 89
ria? Are you applying to some programs where you number of schools. However you define quality, we
like the faculty, where the clinical facilities are suit- implore you not to apply to any programs below your
able, where the theoretical orientation is compatible, personal line of acceptability. You owe it to yourself
where the program outcomes exceed the three-quar- and to your future career.
ters rule, where financial aid is available, and where Before moving on to the next chapter of this
you will feel comfortable living? If the answer to all of Insider’s Guide and the next step in the application
these is “No,” then go back a step. Find graduate pro- process, take one final moment to celebrate. You
grams where these qualities are present, possibly in deserve it! You have learned much about graduate
abundance, and add them to your list of applications. training in clinical and counseling psychology, inves-
“What,” you might reasonably ask, “are accept- tigated potential graduate programs, assessed your
able ratings in Appendix D for the program out- match with those programs, and whittled down your
comes?” Our threshold of quality is expressed in final list. You have already mastered challenges more
the three-quarters rule (at least three-quarters of intense than those associated with many college
the students complete the program, secure an APA- courses. So, after weeks of arduous and sometimes
accredited internship, and pass the licensure exam). anxious work, you deserve affirmation and reward.
But you may need to relax that rule if your creden- Give them to yourself or, at least, allow us to affirm
tials are a bit weak or if you are applying to a limited and reward you from afar.
C H A P T E R 6
APPLYING TO PROGRAMS
Y
ou are ready to complete the graduate appli- tion, transcripts, entrance examination scores, and
cations. You have assessed your interests and an application fee. In this chapter, we trace the req-
have located programs that provide the desired uisite steps of compiling, completing, and transmit-
training and mentorship. You have evaluated your ting these materials in a coordinated fashion. But
credentials and have chosen programs that will con- before we address the nuts and bolts of doing so, let
sider you seriously. You have downloaded applica- us touch upon the crucial question of how many pro-
tions and related materials. You have judiciously grams to apply to.
looked at programs’ research offerings, clinical
opportunities, theoretical orientations, financial aid,
student outcomes, quality of life, and other variables How Many?
of importance to you. Your task now is to actually
apply to these graduate programs. The average number of applications made by stu-
Attack this application process with all the drive dents to clinical and counseling psychology pro-
and commitment you can muster. The rewards of grams is about 10. The precise number to which
applying are typically in direct proportion to your you should apply depends on the strength of your
exertion. Try to emulate the hypomanic zeal of suc- credentials and the competitiveness of the prospec-
cessful medical school applicants. As they will readily tive programs; more applications are indicated for
inform you, the application itself reflects directly on weaker credentials and more competitive programs.
your potential as a graduate student. In a real sense, Another way to answer the “how many” ques-
your professional future is at stake. tion is to apply to a sufficient number of programs so
The application year, as it is known, will prob- that if the worst happens and you are not admitted
ably prove intense. We suggest that you take a lighter anywhere, you can reassure yourself that you gave
course load or work schedule during the fall of your it your best shot. “I did my best” is far better than
application year. Completing applications, securing condemning yourself afterwards for not applying to
letters of recommendation, and writing personal a few more programs.
statements constitute more work than a typical col- Our rule of thumb is to apply to at least 10 to 12
lege course. We also suggest that you inform friends doctoral programs: five “safe” (you clearly meet or
and family members that you will be more preoccu- exceed their standards); five “target” or “ambitious”
pied and distracted than usual. Position yourself for programs (your credentials just make their require-
a busy fall. ments); and perhaps one or two “reach” or “stretch”
A completed application will typically consist of programs (where you do not approximate their stan-
the following elements: application form, curriculum dards but you have a particular hunch, research com-
vitae, personal statement, letters of recommenda- patibility, or personal relationship that has a chance
90
APPLYING TO PROGRAMS 91
of sweeping you into the finalist pool). We have met and probably enhance your Internet and telephone
industrious students who have applied to over 40 presence so that it conveys a professional demeanor.
programs and confident students who have applied Here’s a self-audit checklist used by several
to just four or five. career service offices:
But don’t pull a Missar, as we say at the Univer- email address: Is it professional and permanent?
sity of Scranton. David Missar was an exceptional signature line: Are you accurately represent-
undergraduate and good-humored fellow (who gave ing your credentials? There has been a flurry of
us permission to use his story as a lesson for others complaints lately about students listing baccalau-
to learn). He had a sky-high GPA, impressive GREs, a reate degrees on their signature lines before the
practicum to his credit, and even a coauthored pub- degrees had been awarded.
lication. He was feeling a bit too confident in apply- Google yourself: Are you satisfied with what you
ing to only four Ph.D. programs, all located around found?
his home town of Washington, DC, which happens to social networking sites (e.g., Facebook, LinkedIn):
host some especially competitive programs. Despite Would you be comfortable if a potential gradu-
his stellar academic credentials, Dave did not receive ate mentor were to view your profiles, pictures,
any acceptances his first year because his research groups, and friends’ comments? Scrub any ques-
interests and strengths did not match those of the tionable posts or photos.
clinical faculty and institutions to which he applied. personal website or blog: Does it follow the rule of
Had he applied to a greater number or a larger vari- “if you wouldn’t want to read it in the front page of
ety of programs, he surely would have been accepted the newspaper, don’t put it on the web?”
somewhere, as he was easily the next year when he voicemail: Is your message professional and clear?
corrected his miscalculations.
Take a few moments before completing appli-
cations to evaluate and improve your electronic
Web Self-Audit
footprint. What entertains family and friends may
alienate academics, who may question your judg-
For all of its wonders, the web presents ample oppor-
ment and seriousness.
tunities for mischief and an anti-professional impres-
sion. Photographs of your high jinks and drinking
games on Facebook may entertain fellow students, Application Form
but probably not the director of clinical training.
Cute email addresses, such as bongmeister@gmail. You have a list of 10 to 20 programs in front of you.
com or hotchick@outlook.com, may delight roman- The deadlines range from mid-December to mid-Feb-
tic partners, but certainly not the dean of the gradu- ruary. It is now time to start writing.
ate school. Almost 70% of Facebook photos among One of the easiest parts is filling out the applica-
medical students reflect the use or abuse of alcohol, tion itself. Nearly all graduate programs now request
and psychology students are likely to post compara- that you submit an application on line. Be careful
ble photos (Linton, 2011). to scrutinize your materials and catch any errors,
Nearly 70% of employers research potential job including typos, prior to submitting. Proofread the
candidates on social media and the web (Career- documents several times and try to cut and paste a
Builder, 2017), and that number is growing. The top fully formed personal statement from a word pro-
reasons not to interview or hire an applicant were cessing file. The completed application reflects on
that the candidate: posted provocative or inappro- you; keep it professional and neat.
priate materials; posted information about them Begin completing the application forms at least
drinking or using drugs; expressed discriminatory one month before the earliest deadline. Some appli-
comments related to race, gender, or religion; bad- cants, particularly undergraduates in their senior
mouthed their previous institutions or peers; lied year, wait until the end of the fall semester on the
about their qualifications; and were linked to crimi- holiday break. This is too late—do not wait, lest you
nal behavior. We know for a fact that many members be rushed, unprepared, and working on a tight dead-
of graduate admission committees are screening line.
applicants on the web and deciding not to interview Unlike the medical school process, which uses
them based on their social media profiles. Ponder an identical application form for every school, each
before you post! Before you complete any applica- graduate program in psychology has its own, unique
tion is the time to conduct a web self-audit to assess application. Providing the same information over and
92 APPLYING TO PROGRAMS
over again in slightly different formats can become You then click through a series of forms that
frustrating and time consuming. require you to input the undergraduate institutions
There may be relief from this drudgery in sight. you attended, the classes you have completed, and
APA offers PSYCAS, a centralized application ser- your GRE scores. You will upload existing docu-
vice for graduate study in psychology. The goal is to ments, such as your curriculum vitae (explained in
streamline the application and review process for the next section), unofficial transcripts, writing sam-
both students and graduate programs. PSYCAS is not ples, and statements of purpose. Finally, you will be
a common application, but a national online plat- asked to provide the contact information for those
form to securely submit your application forms, aca- who have agreed to write you letters of recommen-
demic transcripts, recommendation letters, and test dation. Submitting applications is worse than filling
scores to a single site. The cost of using the service is out income tax returns (Fretz & Stang, 1980). Allow
$65 for the first application and $35 for each subse- yourself enough uninterrupted time to do it care-
quent application. fully and completely. Incorrect spelling, incomplete
In 2019, 26 universities participated in PSYCAS, answers, and poor grammar will hurt your chances.
with more expected to join in the future. Although Some additional tips:
too early to predict its success, similar centralized Keep the application forms for each school sepa-
application services have become the norm in other rated. Individual computer files or paper folders
health professions as they reduce the workload of all for each program might help. Since the application
participants. forms are often poorly marked, you may not oth-
Until then, you will need to proceed online to erwise know which forms belong to which school.
the graduate admissions section of each university’s Create a spreadsheet to keep track of your multi-
website. There is usually a section entitled “Applica- ple applications—the application deadlines, num-
tion Instructions,” which summarizes the compo- ber of recommendations required, what was sent,
nents, deadlines, and processes of applying. In a few what was received, and so on. This method helps
cases, you will be instructed to download a paper to organize the blizzard of paperwork, especially
application form; however, in most cases, you will be if you are applying to 10 to 20 graduate programs.
asked to create an account to start a new application. Save a hard copy or electronic file of each applica-
You do so by furnishing your name, email address, tion. Graduate schools have been known to lose—
and usually your birthdate. or misplace—entire forms. A copy and backup file
You then receive an email with a link to create will enable you to quickly resubmit if necessary.
your account. Once your account is created with a
login name and password, you specify the type of Curriculum Vitae
program and the start year; for instance, Fall 2020
Doctoral Program. You are then instantly directed to Curriculum vitae means, literally, “the course of your
the application itself. life.” The vitae or CV summarizes your academic and
Each application will request the following infor- employment history in a structured form.
mation from you in faintly different formats: Both resumes and CVs summarize your creden-
Full name tials, but they differ in several ways. A resume is typi-
Previous and maiden names cally for employment, whereas a CV is for graduate
Citizenship status school and academic positions. Resumes are brief,
Current mailing address typically on a single page, whereas CVs go on for sev-
Permanent home address eral pages. Resumes frequently list objectives, such
Telephone numbers as “To obtain an entry-level position in . . .”, but CVs
Educational history do not. Resumes often present personal interests and
Field of study hobbies; CVs rarely do.
Relevant courses taken Figures 6-1 and 6-2 present two possible for-
Grade point averages mats for a CV; you will need to adapt these samples
Academic honors to your individual needs. Although the samples are
Clinical experience single-spaced and occupy only one page, CVs are
Special qualifications double-spaced between entries (single spaced within
Employment history an entry) and occupy several pages.
Research experience As a general rule, keep the CV honest and posi-
Teaching experience tive. Never fabricate, but perhaps “embellish” appro-
APPLYING TO PROGRAMS 93
November 2020
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal History:
Business Address: Department of Psychology
Babylon University
Babylon, New York 12345
Phone: (516) 555-1212
Home Address: 1017 Jefferson Avenue
Cherry Hill, NJ 08002
Phone: (609) 555-1212
Email: csmith@babu.edu
Citizenship: United States of America
Educational History:
Babylon University, Babylon, New York
Major: Psychology
Degree: B.S. (anticipated), May 2021
Dean’s List, 2017–2020
Who’s Who Among Students in American Colleges & Universities, 2019
Honors Thesis: Investigation of the relationship between self-esteem and math performance (Chairperson: Rita Murrow, Ph.D.)
Professional Positions:
1. Telephone Counselor, Mesopotamia County Community Crisis Center, Babylon, New York. Part-time position, 2017–
2019. Duties: used a crisis intervention model to counsel a wide range of callers. Supervisor: Randal Kaplan, M.A.
2. Mental Health Technician, Friendship House, Jackson, Wyoming. Full-time summer, 2018. Duties: recreational counseling
and supervision of 20 behaviorally and emotionally disturbed children. Supervisor: Doris Day, M.S.
3. Research Assistant, Babylon University. Half-time position, 2018–2019. Duties: word processing, manuscript preparation,
and data analysis. Supervisor: Theodore Demanding, Ph.D.
Membership in Professional Associations:
Psi Chi (International Honor Society in Psychology)
American Psychological Association (student affiliate)
Alpha Gamma Epsilon Omega (National Honor Society in Ergonomics)
Professional Activities:
President, Babylon University Chapter of Psi Chi, 2019
Member of Program Committee, Babylon University Psychology Conference, 2019
Papers Presented:
Smith, C. E., & Murrow, F. A. (2018, April). Self-esteem and math performance: Another look. Poster presented at the
meeting of the Babylon Psychological Association, New York, NY.
Publication:
Murrow, F. A., & Smith, C. (2019). The effects of self-esteem on math test performance. Journal of Psychology, 46, 113–117.
Campus Activities:
Psychology Club, member (2014–2019) and president (present)
University Singers, Babylon University, 2017–2019
Hand-in-Hand, participant (2017–2019) and campus coordinator (2019)
References:
Frances Murrow, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Babylon University, Babylon, NY 12345. Voice:
516-555-1212; email: murrow@babu.edu
Theodore Demanding, Ph.D., Professor and Chair, Department of Psychology, Babylon University, Babylon, NY 12345.
Voice: 516-555-1212; email: les@babu.edu
Doris Day, M.S., Senior Therapist, Children’s Hospital, 78 Oak Street, Jackson, WY 12345. Voice: 307-555-1212
Note. Adapted from Hayes & Hayes (1989) with permission of the authors.
priately. The line to be drawn here is demarcated by disciplines of honor societies; for example, Psi Chi
whether you can look an interviewer directly in the (International Honor Society in Psychology), 2019.
eye and factually defend an entry that could subse- Professional memberships listed on your CV should
quently be corroborated by a supervisor, professor, be career relevant, not memberships in fan clubs or
or another person. Structured brevity is the key; on sports teams. Format any presentations or pub-
lengthy expositions of experiences are best left to lications in APA style, thereby demonstrating your
personal statements or job descriptions. familiarity with the psychologist’s publication man-
Your “academic resume” should be positive, ual.
upbeat in tone. Avoid any negative features that Clinical experiences and research experiences
might red-flag your application. Save confessions and can be listed together or separately, depending on
excruciating honesty for the clergy and psychothera- what will strengthen your CV. If you have two or
pist. Omit sections that do not apply to you, such as more research experiences, then create a separate
“Presentations” or “Publications” if you have none at section to highlight those. In either case, indicate
this point in your career. position title, relevant dates, number of hours, duties
Let’s proceed through the different sections performed, and the supervisor. Maintain parallel-
of a CV and offer additional hints. List your legal ism throughout your listed experiences, using action
name, including any suffixes such as “Jr.” Distinguish verbs to describe your duties and responsibilities.
between a current address and a permanent home The increasing prevalence of service learning in
address, if this applies to your living circumstances. college has led some students to cite each of their
Note any anticipated changes in your address. brief service experiences separately under Clinical
Include telephone numbers and email addresses at Experience. We do not recommend that you do so.
which program directors or professors can easily Trying to pass off required, 10 to 20 hour visits as an
reach you. Remember that your email account at your intensive clinical experience is misleading. Instead,
undergraduate institution will eventually expire, clearly (and honestly) identify them together under
so consider putting a second email address on the a single entry as “Service Learning” and specify the
application. If you share voicemail or an answering various locations and total number of hours. Exag-
machine with other people, ensure that they will gra- gerating the required 20 hours of service learning as
ciously take a message and reliably transmit that mes- volunteer experience calls your integrity and judg-
sage to you. ment into question.
Information on your partner/marital status and The names of your references should be listed
dependents is definitely optional. Opinions differ on only after you have obtained their permission to do
whether you should include this material on your CV: so. Never list a reference on a CV or application until
the probable positives are that you are being honest you have secured that person’s agreement to write a
and sharing information about yourself; the likely letter. Double-check that you accurately list the per-
downsides are that the information may be used son’s full name, terminal academic degree, profes-
against you or lead to illegal considerations in admis- sional title, and contact information. Misidentifying a
sion decisions. The marital/partner status question part-time lecturer as a “Professor” or a master’s-level
is now almost moot since approximately half of all clinician as a “Dr.” will detract from your application.
graduate students in psychology are married (Pate, Place the date (month and year) in smaller font
2001). on the upper right-hand corner of the CV. In this way,
Regarding education, list degrees as “antici- you can submit an addendum if your credentials sig-
pated” if they have not yet been awarded. Impressive nificantly improve by, say, having a paper accepted
grade point averages may also be listed here. Honors for publication or receiving your department’s stu-
are listed in chronological order, usually excluding dent of the year award.
those obtained in high school unless they were huge. Lay out the information in an attractive and
If you received an award or honor specific to a uni- organized manner. Select a plain font, such as Times
versity (e.g., the Lawrence Lennon Memorial Award), Roman or Arial, and a large enough font so that read-
then record what it is for in parentheses following ers don’t need to squint. Use a consistent format
the award. As two examples: Provost’s Scholarship, both within each section and between sections. For
2015–2019 (one-half tuition scholarship for excep- example, if you opt to list your clinical experiences
tional academic performance) and Lawrence Len- from the most recent to the past, then maintain that
non Memorial Award, 2016 (awarded for superior reverse chronological format in all the other sections.
performance in psychology). Similarly, specify the Here is an idea to enhance the CV for students
96 APPLYING TO PROGRAMS
who have developed specific research or computer ies, print your CV on standard-sized white, ivory, or
competencies. List them on your vitae as a separate cream stock. Purchase good quality bond paper for
section. Computer skills might include proficiency these documents. Avoid onionskin paper, goldenrod
with SPSS, SAS, R, Pascal, Harvard Graphics, Chart- color, odd-sized papers, memo pads, green or red
master, SigmaScan, SigmaPlot, CricketGraph, and ink, and other unconventional materials.
Aldus Pagemaker. Research skills might include per- Although much of the information contained in
forming computerized library searching on PsycInfo the CV is requested on the application form itself, we
or Medline, administering the Wisconsin Card Sort- believe the inclusion of a CV enhances your applica-
ing Test (or another psychological test), or operat- tion—providing it is properly prepared. A CV denotes
ing an electroencephalograph (EEG). Also include a scholarly demeanor, highlights your accomplish-
here any special skills, such as certification in the ments, and communicates familiarity with the work-
Facial Action Coding System, fluency in foreign lan- ings of academia.
guages, or proficiency in American Sign Language. A
faculty member screening applications may realize Personal Statements
that these competencies are exactly what he or she
is looking for in a new graduate assistant or research Another bridge you must cross is writing the personal
assistant. So use your CV to showcase your abilities! statement or essay. Every program will want to know
Omit this optional section if you have none or only why you chose psychology and the subfield within
one specific competency; in the latter case, describe it. Admissions committees will also want to know
that qualification in your personal statement. how you came to this decision and what professional
What should not be put on the CV? Eliminate goals you have in mind. These essays, required by
listings of religion, hobbies, pets, favorite books, more than 95% of doctoral programs, go by different
and items of that kind (Hayes & Hayes, 1989). Never names: statement of goals, personal essays, profes-
include your social security number (someone could sional objectives, and personal statements.
steal it), and information about your physical appear- By whatever name, your personal statement will
ance or health isn’t appropriate. Nor is a photograph be heavily weighed in the admissions decision. As
customary. reviewed in Chapter 3, your personal statement is
Padding of all varieties must be avoided. Padding the first or second (with letters of recommendation)
occurs when a reader reacts to the CV as more form most important admission criterion for doctoral pro-
than substance (“Who are they trying to fool?!”). grams (Norcross et al., 2005; Davis, Doll, & Sterner,
Potentially risky is listing professional projects under 2018). These count a lot!
way—one or two legitimate research projects may Each application will ask the questions in a dif-
pass but any more will probably be considered sus- ferent way because each program has different
pect. Other signs of padding, and therefore sections expectations of students and different approaches to
to exclude, are conventions attended, journals read, training. Read the instructions carefully. You cannot
and projects you worked on in a nonprofessional word process one statement and submit it to every
capacity. program.
Pumping up your past on CVs and applica- Do not misinterpret the meaning of “personal”
tion forms is common but inadvisable. A survey of in personal statement. This essay is not the place to
2.6 million job applications discovered that 44% of espouse your philosophy of life, to describe your first
them contained lies (Kluger, 2002); do not be among romance, or to tell the story about your being bitten
the 44%. Once you are caught fibbing on a gradu- by the neighbor’s dog and subsequently developing
ate school application, it is practically impossible to an anxiety disorder. Instead, think of the essay as a
restore your integrity and character at that program. professional statement. Write about your activities
While some of your friends may exhort you to exag- and experiences as an aspiring psychologist (Bot-
gerate your previous positions and to recalculate toms & Nysse, 1999).
your GPA, we strongly advise honesty. Inconsisten- An analysis of 360 essays required as part of the
cies between your CV and academic transcripts or graduate application process demonstrated wide
letters of recommendation can cost you an admission variability in the content requested (Keith-Spiegel &
offer. Wiederman, 2000). The most frequent requests were
Proofread the document carefully; review it with to articulate:
an advisor or mentor before you send it. For the Career plans
handful of graduate programs requesting hard cop- Clinical experiences
APPLYING TO PROGRAMS 97
specifically desire to work with that person and cant, you should devote a substantial amount of time
your application might look too diffuse. thinking, writing, rethinking, and rewriting the per-
Cast your interests in fairly broad terms—not sonal statement. Expect to prepare four or five drafts.
administering the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Your statement should include personal details that
but neuropsychological assessment; not a mail relate to your ability to be a successful graduate
survey of counseling psychologists, but the char- student and that demonstrate maturity, adaptation,
acteristics and practices of mental health profes- and motivation—the very characteristics sought by
sionals. admissions committees.
Nominate at least two professors with whom you Another question we are frequently asked is,
would like to work at that graduate program. Some “How distinctive or unique should my personal state-
faculty members may go on sabbatical, retire, or ment be?” Our answer is: as distinctive or unique as
not take on new students. This, too, enhances the you are. Some applicants labor under the delusion
chance of a successful match. that personal statements should resemble creative
In rare instances, you might nominate just one writing samples that magnify their singular accom-
professor; for instance, if the program is research- plishments or that set the world on fire. Set the bar
oriented and there only is one attractive faculty more realistically and aim for a personal statement
member there with whom you intensely desire to that tells your own story clearly and convincingly.
work. In this case, prior to writing your statement, A good idea is to show humility. Even if you have
ensure from the faculty member’s webpage or golden research and clinical experiences and 330
from personal communication that he/she is tak- GRE scores, you are still entering as a student. You
ing a new student that year. are coming to learn. Mention the areas you hope to
Integrate the program’s training philosophy into develop during your graduate school experience.
your personal statement. For example, “I reso- Your personal statement should lead the reader
nate with Babylon University’s goal of producing to say, “I want to meet and interview this person.”
multiculturally competent psychologists to work It should leave a memorable, positive impression
directly in the community.” of your accomplishments and potential. You want a
ticket to the dance.
A commonly asked question is, “How personal Be prepared to back up the claims you make in
should I get in my personal statement?” Although your personal statements. If you profess a working
there is no universal answer, several suggestions can knowledge of, say, cognitive therapy, then be pre-
be offered. A personal detail, such as describing how pared for questions on the work of Aaron Beck, Albert
growing up with a handicapped or disturbed sibling Ellis, and Marsha Linehan. Similarly, if you claim flu-
has affected your life and decision to enter psychol- ency in Spanish, then expect one of the interviews to
ogy, is appropriate. However, depicting the situation be conducted entirely in Spanish (Megargee, 2001).
in intimate detail without relating it to its contribu- The “to do’s” of personal statements are pro-
tion to your own growth may lead an admissions cess suggestions and thus difficult to pinpoint, but
committee to question your judgment. the “not to do’s” are content-oriented and easier to
A rule of thumb is to be introspective and self- delineate. We characterize three such “nots” as the
revealing without sounding exhibitionistic. For three H’s: Humor, Hyperbole, and Hard luck stories.
example, it is fine for an applicant to state how per- Humor rarely works in a formal written statement;
sonal life experiences have contributed to better so unless you are an unusually gifted satirist, we rec-
self-understanding, but it sounds peculiar when the ommend you avoid jokes, cuteness, and funny stories
applicant goes into great detail about particular rela- about your life. Similarly, hyperbole rarely impresses
tionships or early life events (Halgin, 1986). Although the admissions committee. References to your “over-
allusions to applicants’ personal psychotherapy in whelming childhood trauma” and “triumph over
personal statements do not appear to overly stigma- undiagnosed learning disabilities” in personal state-
tize candidates or lead disproportionately to their ments cast doubt on the veracity and accuracy of your
rejections (Schaefer, 1995), we recommend against judgment. Same for over-the-top flattery of graduate
including your personal therapy in written materials programs and faculty members. Avoid the hyperbolic
sent to virtual strangers. language of always, never, worst, and every in your
Many personal statements prove ineffective statement.
because students do not spend enough time prepar- And hard luck stories typically come off feebly.
ing them (Osborne, 1996). Therefore, as an appli- Many students financed their undergraduate educa-
APPLYING TO PROGRAMS 99
tions, many survived disastrous relationship choices, To set yourself apart from the pack, avoid the
and many muddled through three academic majors general and the cliché. If we had a dollar for every
before discovering their niche in psychology. Avoid essay that started with, “I have always wanted to be a
making adversity the theme of your statement. psychologist” and “My friends constantly tell me that
Our advice is supported by an interesting study I am a good listener,” then we surely would be inde-
on the “kisses of death” in the graduate school appli- pendently wealthy! Please say something specific and
cation process (Appleby & Appleby, 2004). Eighty- distinctive about you and your path.
eight chairs of graduate admissions committees The research indicates that psychology faculty
provided examples of application materials that members particularly favor four content themes:
caused the admissions committee to draw negative highlighting specific strengths, citing professional
conclusions about the applicant. These kisses of reasons for attending graduate school, explaining
death in damaging personal statements tended to how your desire to expand knowledge fits with the
be (a) overly altruistic, (b) excessively disclosing, (c) program, and demonstrating that your interests align
nonspecific, or (d) professionally inappropriate. with faculty members’ research (Davis et al., 2018).
Examples of the overly altruistic statements were Focus on these themes when possible.
“I want to help all people live happy lives” and “I One way to make your personal statement
want to help people because of how very much I have sparkle is to describe any teaching assistantships or
been helped.” Examples of excessive self-disclosure experiences. Talk about how you learned leadership
were “being a recovering drug addict daughter of a skills and teamwork in this role. Specific examples
sexually deviant and alcoholic mother” and excruci- of how you responsibly handled challenging courses
ating details of an applicant’s year-long struggle with or teaching activities will lead the reader to infer you
painful hemorrhoids! The applicant who wrote “I am possess the “right stuff.”
open to research and practice in any area of psychol- Your personal statement should tell a compel-
ogy” was summarily dismissed from consideration, ling, integrative story of a reflective individual who
as such vague, global statements have no place in a notes accomplishments without joking or bragging
graduate application. or sobbing. As our colleague Sue Krauss Whitbourne
Our favorite example of professional inappropri- puts it: Don’t say it softly or loudly, just say it clearly!
ateness was the applicant who submitted a statement You will be asked in practically every personal
of purpose titled “Statement of Porpoise” that con- statement and personal interview why you chose to
tained drawings of the sea mammal and a description apply to this particular graduate program in clinical,
of the applicant frolicking in the ocean with a por- counseling, or combined psychology. Figure 6-3 pres-
poise on a visit to Florida. As we said, avoid humor, ents a portion of a sample statement, addressing this
hyperbole, and hard luck in your personal statement. ubiquitous question, written by one of our under-
graduate students in his successful bid for entry into faculty or mentors a rough draft of your personal
a clinical psychology doctoral program committed statement; give them a formal draft once you have
to the scientist–practitioner model. His reasons for reworked it and your peers have reviewed it. Let
applying to “State University” are presented as a sin- them know where the statement is going, and they
gle example; your statements will need to be tailored can guide you on form and content. In fact, some fac-
to your interests and credentials as well as the appli- ulty ask that you bring in the exact wording of the
cation instructions. Remember that this is just one questions, along with your formal draft, so that their
part of an entire autobiographical statement. feedback can be pinpoint targeted.
His why-I-applied-to-your-program state- Then, revise it again. Take the critical feedback
ment illustrates several important points. First, he seriously and rewrite accordingly. You will under-
advances multiple reasons for applying to that par- standably protest that you have already devoted
ticular program. Five reasons sound much more hours to your statement. One of our students com-
convincing than one or two (though don’t overdo it). plained that she had spent 10 hours preparing only
Second, his reasons for applying to State U. primar- 750 words! But remind yourself that the extra hour
ily address his professional match with the program you put in now may mean the difference between
(their reputation, faculty members, clinical oppor- acceptance and rejection by a particular program.
tunities) but nicely concludes with a personal touch As you examine the final draft, perform a mental
(geographic location). Third, he mentions two spe- checklist: Does the statement have a theme or focus?
cific faculty and several potential research interests Does it proceed logically and chronologically? Does
in an attempt to maximize a match. Fourth, the state- it highlight your specific strengths and demonstrate
ment reflects his careful reading and incorporation how your interests align with the graduate faculty?
of the program’s self-description; for example, he Does it contain proper grammar, spelling, and punc-
cites the opportunity to immerse himself early into tuation? Does it come alive with detail and language?
research and names the Psychological Services Cen- Does it avoid the three H’s? Does it begin and end
ter. Fifth, the statement is systematically organized with attention-grabbing sentences? Does it commu-
and clearly written—indicators of an organized and nicate passion? (Keith-Spiegel & Wiederman, 2000).
clear-thinking graduate student! For further tips on writing your personal state-
Some applicants unwittingly insult admissions ment, skim Donald Asher’s (2012) Graduate Admis-
committees because their personal statements sions Essays: Write Your Way into the Graduate
declare that the primary reason for applying is the Program of Your Choice and Colleen Redding’s
program’s convenient location or inexpensive cost. (2015) Grad’s Guide to Graduate Admission Essays:
One of our colleagues, who compares matching with Examples from Real Students Who Got into Top
doctoral programs to dating rituals, exclaims that’s Schools. Also visit the following websites:
like saying you are dating someone because he/she is www.psywww.com/careers/perstmt.html
These are unique in that these documents are not provides sage warnings about interpersonal behav-
prepared by or controlled by you. Here, you must iors that annoy professors.
depend on the kindness and support of others. W hat Other students receive neutral letters of rec-
do admission committees gain from letters of recom- ommendation through no fault of their own. They
mendation? The answer is a personal but objective experience difficulty in securing detailed letters of
evaluation of your work from a professional expe- recommendation because they:
rienced in the field. Admission committees desire a Transferred from one college to another college
more independent sense of your abilities and experi- before graduating (which occurs, according to the
ence than what you provide about yourself. Conse- U.S. Department of Education, to almost one-third
quently, it is best to have at least two of the people of all students);
writing your letters be at the doctoral level in psy- Attended a mammoth state university where they
chology or psychology-related disciplines. One fine took only huge lecture classes and never had the
letter from a master’s-level clinician is usually accept- same psychology professor twice;
able, but he or she will not be in a position to attest Switched majors relatively late in their college
to your ability to complete doctoral studies. career and did not get to know their psychology
By the same token, bachelor’s degree recipients, professors well;
friends, and relatives should never write letters of Completed college part-time for 10 or so years and
recommendation to doctoral programs. They simply did not acquire close contacts with full-time fac-
do not possess the experience or knowledge of what ulty members.
it takes to earn a doctorate. Letters from politicians,
clergy, and your psychotherapists typically are inap- We are sympathetic to these plights. If you fall
into one of these categories, then you need to double
propriate as well—they tend to write personal and
your efforts to get involved in clinical experiences,
psychological testimonies instead of academic letters
research activities, and departmental matters—and
of reference.
do so quickly.
Choose people with whom you have worked for
Most doctoral programs request three letters
a long enough period, preferably for a year or more.
of recommendation. Try to secure letters that will
That typically excludes a professor with whom you
furnish the admissions committee the information
have taken a single class, even if you did get an A.
it needs. At a practice-oriented program, one letter
If you wrote a particularly strong paper in the class
from a clinical supervisor, one letter from a profes-
and the professor knows you a bit better, then he or
sor, and one from a research advisor would probably
she could serve as a reference, but this reference is
prove the ideal mix. At a research-oriented program,
still not the most desirable. At best this person can two letters from research advisors and one from a
say, “This student was always on time, participated clinical supervisor or professor would probably be
in discussions, attended office hours, and tested very better. All things being equal, it is preferable to have
well. On this basis I consider him/her an intelligent your “research” letters come from faculty. However,
student and a good candidate for graduate school.” if you believe that a letter from an employer would
By contrast, admissions committees want to hear prove substantially more helpful than that of a pro-
something more detailed, like: “This student has fessor with whom you are not well acquainted, then
worked with me for an entire year and completed it is probably a good idea to use the employer.
two of my courses. During that time she scored Our general advice was confirmed by an intrigu-
MMPIs, tested participants using a polygraph, ana- ing study (Keith-Spiegel & Wiederman, 2000) that
lyzed data, and conducted her own honors thesis. asked members of admissions committees to rank
She was dependable and worked beyond what was sources of recommendation letters. Raters were
required by the department. Given this student’s asked to assume that the letters from these sources
intelligence, motivation, and responsibility, I think were equally positive so that rating variations were
she would make an outstanding doctoral student.” due solely to the referee’s characteristics. The most
Though the above is a strong example, the point is valuable sources of letters of recommendation were
that you want someone to attest to your ability and (in descending order): (1) A mentor with whom
responsibility. the applicant has done considerable work; (2) the
Table 6-1 lists some of the self-sabotaging things applicant’s professor, who is also a well-known and
students do to receive neutral letters of recommen- highly respected psychologist; (3) an employer in a
dation. Although presented for its humor, the list job related to the applicant’s professional goals; (4)
102 APPLYING TO PROGRAMS
the chair of the academic department in which the cated. Ask the department secretary or chairperson
applicant is majoring; (5) a professor from another to contact the faculty member for you or perhaps
department from whom the applicant has taken a they shall give you an email address to do so yourself.
relevant upper-division course. By contrast, a letter Do not worry about asking: academics and research-
from a graduate teaching assistant was rated, essen- ers understand job changes and expect to contribute
tially, as no help. And a letter from one’s personal recommendations for years after they have left an
psychotherapist was rated negatively! institution.
Applicants are naturally tempted to request a Crucial: First ask the person writing the letters
recommendation from, for want of a better term, whether he or she can write you a good one. Ask this
“nice” professors. As long as those professors have direct and specific question: “Would you be comfort-
worked extensively with you and are respected, that able writing me a good letter of recommendation for
is a fine plan of action. But asking nice professors graduate school?” If the person is hesitant or gives
instead of credible, respected professors can result any indication of reservations, ask someone else! A
in trouble. Even the kindest, student-centered pro- bad letter of recommendation is deadly. Better to
fessors cannot comment on what they do not know have one brief letter from a professor who gave you
directly about you. Avoid securing brief, diffuse let- an “A” than from someone who might express reser-
ters from friendly folks who say nothing of substance vations about your abilities. “I don’t know” is better
or import. Follow the research and seek high-impact than “I know, and I have reservations.”
letters that yield both gravitas (seriousness) and veri- The way you approach professors for a recom-
tas (the truth). mendation is an underappreciated topic. Remember,
It’s not unusual to seek letters of recommenda- you will ask, “Are you comfortable writing me a good
tion from faculty members who have retired or relo- recommendation for graduate school?” If the person
APPLYING TO PROGRAMS 103
responds in the affirmative, we strongly recommend and interpersonal skills so that they do not resort to
that you provide that person with a letter similar filling your recommendations with irrelevant con-
to that shown in Figure 6-4. If you worked in this tent.
professor’s laboratory and if the lab was fairly large, Here’s how one doctoral program (University of
you might also provide an outline of the various Rhode Island) attempts to translate the content of
tasks you conducted while working there. This will recommendation letters into numerical ratings.
help refresh the professor’s memory and make for a
stronger letter. The person writing a letter of recom- 1 Summary recommendations in all three
mendation needs sufficient information to produce a letters are neutral or negative. Positive
credible and informative letter. You can be powerful and negative assessments are listed. Over-
in shaping a professor’s letter of recommendation! all evaluation in all three is neutral.
Do all of these steps in person. Yes, it is inter- 2 Letters meet criteria between anchor
personally anxious to ask someone, “Can you write points 1 and 3.
me a good letter of recommendation?” And, of 3 Summary recommendations in all three
course, all of these steps are painstaking and time- letters are positive and general. Positive
consuming. But that is precisely the point: You are statements from all three letters. State-
demonstrating your interpersonal skills, responsibil- ments are general in nature.
ity, and work ethic to the professor even as you are 4 Letters meet criteria between anchor
requesting a letter of recommendation attesting to points 3 and 5.
those attributes. Thus, ask in person during a formal 5 Summary recommendations in all three
meeting–not in an email, not by telephone, not in a letters are excellent and detailed. Positive
few minutes before work or class, not by placing a statements from all three letters are very
recommendation form in the person’s mailbox. Take favorable and very detailed in their sup-
the initiative and do it directly in real-time (Norcross port.
& Cannon, 2008).
This letter—and the attendant course listing and Note, again, that the emphasis is on positive tone
CV—will promote accuracy and detail. These are and supportive detail. This is the sought-after result
essential characteristics of strong letters of recom- of your extra work in providing references with fac-
mendation in that the admissions committee looks tual information and assertive requests for letters of
for positive tone and detail. A two-paragraph lauda- recommendation. A “liability letter” is one that com-
tory letter on the order of “Great student, fine per- municates limited knowledge of the applicant, lead-
son” simply doesn’t make the detailed case for your ing an admissions committee to conclude that the
admission into competitive graduate programs. person was only minimally connected to professors
What admissions committees also find useless in in his or her undergraduate or master’s department
letters are duplicate and irrelevant information. One (Halgin, 1986).
set of researchers (Elam et al., 1998) queried mem- Most universities request that recommenders
bers of admissions committees and discovered the complete a rating form as well as a separate letter.
five least helpful aspects of letters of recommenda- These forms can be handled in two ways, depend-
tion: ing upon the graduate school’s instructions and
Repetition of information from the application the recommender’s preferences. One way is to pro-
(e.g., repeating grades and scores available else- vide your professor with these printed rating forms
where) and stamped envelopes addressed to the schools
Unsubstantiated superlatives or vague generalities to which the forms are to be sent. This is a small
Detailed descriptions of grades in one particular but crucial precaution—do not take the chance
course that postage will delay return of the letter. It is also
Lack of strong relationship between applicant and courteous: Your professor is doing you a favor tak-
letter writer ing considerable time and contemplation to write a
Inclusion of irrelevant information, such as reli- strong letter.
gious beliefs or hearsay The second and more frequent way is that the rat-
ing forms are submitted electronically to the gradu-
Put another way, give your referees sufficient ate program. In this case, you list on your application
data to render informed and positive letters about the names, positions, and email addresses of people
your personal characteristics, academic strengths, writing you letters of recommendation. The graduate
104 APPLYING TO PROGRAMS
November 2020
My latest GRE scores were 156 Verbal, 160 Quantitative, and 5.0 Analytical Writing. My
Psychology Subject Test score was 610.
(If applicable:)
In your laboratory in Fall 2019, while participating in undergraduate research, I was
involved in several different activities. My responsibilities included entering participant
data, conducting telephone screening interviews to determine participant eligibility, and
coding several indices of social functioning during a key interaction period in the alcohol
administration study. I also participated in the weekly journal club meetings.
Chris Smith
Encls.
schools then directly contact your referees via email Character or integrity
and provide them with the URL and a password to Special skills, such as computer or lab
electronically submit their letters of recommenda-
tion to your application file. Online submission of The recommendation form used by PSYCAS, the
recommendations streamlines the entire process and centralized application service for graduate study in
has become the standard. psychology (introduced earlier in this chapter), asks
For several years we have been tracking the fre- evaluators to rate similar applicant characteristics.
quency of graduate programs requesting electronic The ratings are made on a five-point, Likert-type
submission of letters of recommendation. Approxi- scale (1 = poor to 5 = excellent) on:
mately 90% of Ph.D. programs at large universities Adaptability
have gone electronic. For Psy.D. and master’s pro- Empathy
grams, not so much: we estimate about 65%. Hardworking
The recommendation forms from graduate Interpersonal Relations
schools may appear to be quite different at first Oral Communication
glance; however, closer inspection will reveal that Organizational Skills
they all request essentially the same information. Reaction to Criticism
The forms typically ask the recommenders to note Self-Awareness
the length of time they have known you and in what
capacities. Then the referees rate your research abil- Written Communication
ity, originality, writing skills, organizational abil-
ity, maturity, interpersonal skills, persistence, and One vital lesson to be learned is that graduate school
similar qualities on a structured grid. Typical forms aspirants should make a concerted effort to behave
request an appraisal of the applicant in terms of 10 in ways that allow them to acquire relevant skills
qualities in comparison with others applying for (research, writing, speaking, computer) and to be
graduate study whom the referees have known in perceived by at least two of their professors as moti-
the applicant’s proposed field of study. The rating vated, bright, emotionally stable, capable of working
grid offers responses of top 3%, next 10%, next 20%, well with others, and possessing integrity (Appleby
middle third, lowest third, and unable to judge. On et al., 1999).
most forms, an open space is then presented for a Recommendation forms, by law, will contain a
narrative description of your strengths and weak- waiver statement asking whether you do or do not
nesses. The forms usually conclude with a request waive your right to inspect the completed letter of
for a summary rating: a check mark on a continuum reference. The Family Education Rights and Privacy
from “not recommended” to “highly recommended” Act of 1974 (FERPA or the so-called Buckley Amend-
or a numerical value representing an overall ranking ment) mandates that students over age 18 be given
of this student to others taught in the past. access to their academic records unless they waive
Researchers have identified the most frequent the right. This is a complicated topic, but we invari-
applicant characteristics that recommenders were ably advise applicants to waive their right of access
requested to rate on these forms (Appleby, Keenan, providing, as previously discussed, the person writ-
& Mauer, 1999). The resulting list—based on the ing the letter knows the student well and has agreed
analysis of 143 recommendation forms—describes to provide a strong recommendation. Do not waive
the characteristics that psychology graduate pro- access—or better yet, do not request letters—from
grams value in their applicants. In descending order persons you do not trust or do not know.
of frequency, the top dozen are as follows: A confidential letter carries more weight. By
Motivated and hardworking waiving your right to access, you communicate con-
High intellectual/scholarly ability fidence that the letters will be supportive, and you
Research skills express trust in your reference. In fact, over 90% of
Emotionally stable and mature health profession schools prefer letters of recommen-
Writing skills dation that are waived by the student (Chapman &
Speaking skills Lane, 1997). Our experiences and naturalistic studies
Teaching skills/potential (e.g., Ceci & Peters, 1984; Shaffer & Tomarelli, 1981)
Works well with others indicate that professors’ honest evaluations will be
Creative and original compromised when you have access to what they
Strong knowledge of area of study have written. By waiving the right, you are communi-
106 APPLYING TO PROGRAMS
cating an intent to have the “truth” told. Otherwise, or professional standards. If faculty defer on your
admissions committees may lump the letter with all request for a letter, politely inquire about their rea-
the other polite and positive testimonials (Halgin, soning and graciously thank them for their candor.
1986). Worse, admissions committees may suspect One clever study asked psychologists how they
that your unwillingness to waive your right means would handle requests for a letter of recommenda-
that you are worried that your letters might be weak. tion from a student exhibiting particular problems
In making your choice to waive or not, be clear (Grote, Robiner, & Haut, 2001). The majority indicated
about the law. Most students correctly know that if that they would not write a letter for a student who
they waive their rights they may never see the let- was abusing substances or who had shown unethical
ter. However, many students erroneously think that behavior. For most of the other student problems—
choosing not to waive their rights means that they interpersonal problems, lack of motivation, paucity
can see their letter if they do not get accepted or that of responsibility, marginal clinical skills—psycholo-
they have a right to preview the letter before it is sent gists routinely would tell the student about their res-
(Ault, 1993). These are common fallacies, but falla- ervations, then write the letter including the negative
cies nonetheless. information. If faculty members tell you that they have
The relevant laws do not dictate that professors reservations about your behavior, then they will prob-
must show students the completed letter. One study ably include the negative evaluation in their letter.
(Keith-Spiegel, 1991) of college faculty found that Politely inquire if their reservation will in fact appear
17% never show students their letters of recommen- in the letter. If so, thank them for their candor and
dation, 46% usually do not, 8% only to students they perhaps withdraw your request for a letter.
know well, 15% only if students ask, and 14% rou- The last impression you make on the recom-
tinely show students their letters. Nor does the law mender concerns your organization and preparation.
guarantee a student access to letters if the student is When your recommendation packet is complete and
rejected from a graduate program; in fact, students orderly, the person feels respected and remembers
may inspect their files at a graduate school only after you as a dedicated student. When, on the other hand,
they have been accepted at and enrolled in that grad- your packet is disorganized and incomplete, you
uate school (Ault, 1993). frustrate the person and behaviorally remind him or
Going one step further, contrary to some stu- her of your weaknesses.
dents’ beliefs, faculty do not have to write letters of We therefore recommend that you create a sum-
recommendation for students. Letters are a common mary table of your graduate program applications
and voluntary courtesy, not a job requirement. and place it on the top of the materials you deliver
Why might faculty members decline to write a to the referee (along with the aforementioned letter,
letter for a student? The single most common rea- CV, and various forms). A shortened sample of such
son is that they don’t know the student well enough a table is provided in Table 6.2. The table will assist
(Keith-Spiegel, 1991). Other frequent reasons given and impress the recommender while simultaneously
by faculty are that they question the student’s motiva- helping you remain organized and on-deadline.
tion level, emotional stability, academic credentials, Deliver the entire recommendation packet to
the recommender at a single time. Do not drib and secure electronic transmissions among higher educa-
drab—another form a week later, a forgotten pro- tional institutions (Fauber, 2006).
gram added later by email, a transcript added two A reminder: request an unofficial copy of your
weeks after the packet was delivered. Provide the own transcript in September or October prior to
packet all at once in complete fashion. Get OCD and applying. Inspect it closely for errors and omissions.
double-check everything. Horror stories abound regarding erroneous tran-
Play it safe and provide the reference packet at script entries misleading admissions committees—
least 6 weeks before the earliest deadline. Complet- an initial grade of I (incomplete) becoming an F
ing your recommendation will not be the top prior- (failure), honors credits not registered, unpaid term
ity of the person you have asked to write it, or he or bills delaying transcripts, and so on. Don’t leave it to
she may be out of town prior to the deadline. Do not chance; check it out yourself.
take any chances that a letter will be late. Allow 3 One creative researcher (Landrum, 2003) sur-
weeks and ask if the letter has been sent. Be politic: veyed graduate admissions directors about the
do not pester, but do follow up. impact of transcripts and withdrawals in the admis-
If you seek additional information on request- sions process. Results demonstrate that your tran-
ing letters of recommendation, then we suggest the script will get a careful review in practically all
pointers and videos offered by the following web- programs and will be reviewed by more than one
sites: member of the admissions committee in about 87%
gradschool.about.com/od/askingforletters/ht/ of the programs. With respect to the effects of course
howletter.htm withdrawals (dropping a course after mid-semester)
www.apa.org/education/grad/application-video- on transcripts, less than 4% of programs indicated
series.aspx that a withdrawal from a single course would hurt
www.writeexpress.com/recommendation-letters. an applicant’s chance of admission into the graduate
html program. But more than 20% of the programs indi-
www.psychwww.com/careers/lettrec.html cated that two or more withdrawals hurt a student’s
www.boxfreeconcepts.com/reco/ entry into their graduate program. Thus, our advice
to students contemplating a course withdrawal is
Transcripts and GRE Scores that one is probably not hurtful, but that two or more
withdrawals, especially from required courses such
A graduate application will not be complete—and as statistics and research methods, may well have a
probably not even considered by the admissions negative impact.
committee—unless the required academic tran- With respect to GREs, score reports will auto-
scripts and entrance examination scores have been matically be mailed to you and electronically sub-
received. Your task here consists of requesting orga- mitted to the four graduate schools you listed when
nizations to transmit official copies of these materi- you completed the GRE testing. The mailing date for
als to the graduate schools of your choice and then the score reports is approximately 6 weeks after the
ensuring that the schools have received them. test date for paper-based testing (Psychology Subject
With respect to transcripts, you must request Test) and 2 weeks for computer-based testing (Gen-
that the Registrar’s Office of all attended colleges eral Test). Your copy of the score report is intended
and universities send an official copy of your tran- only for your information; official reports are sent
script directly to the graduate school. An official copy electronically and directly by ETS to the score recipi-
appears on security-sensitive paper and contains the ents you designate. This procedure—as with the reg-
seal, stamp, and authorized signature of the insti- istrar transmitting an official transcript—is intended
tution. The cost of transcripts varies from place to to ensure that no questions are raised about the
place, but it averages $5 to $10. Submit transcript authenticity of a score report.
requests at least 1 month before the application dead- You will probably be applying to more than the
line. Many universities take two weeks during the four schools you initially designated for GRE score
semester to process these requests. Some graduate reports. Toward this end, you will submit online
programs require hard copies of transcripts mailed an Additional Score Report (ASR) after test day and
from academic institutions, but most institutions now remit your payment of $27 for each score recipient
transmit transcripts online. Dedicated cyber-pipeline listed, charged to your credit card. You can order
organizations, such as the National Student Clearing- ASRs online, by mail, and by fax. You will select to
house (https://studentclearinghouse.org/), provide send the report from your most recent, all, or any
108 APPLYING TO PROGRAMS
specific test administration. Your scores will be trans- corresponds with your own, this may open a door
mitted to your designated programs approximately for you. However, if there is a question about your
five business days after you place the order. You may paper’s quality, do not send it. A questionable paper
have your GRE scores transmitted at any time during may do more harm than good.
the 5-year period after they are initially reported.
Application Fees
Unsolicited Documents
Last but unfortunately not least, most schools
During our grad school workshops, we are frequently require application fees. These fees range from $0 to
asked, “What if a program doesn’t ask for something $100 per school, and average $60 for doctoral pro-
that I’d like to send?” Some examples are the curricu- grams and $50 for master’s programs. Credits cards
lum vitae, a research paper, and job descriptions. If are typically used when applying electronically. Or, if
a graduate program does not want additional docu- need be, you can send a personal or a cashier’s check
ments, it will state so clearly on the application. In (never cash).
that case, do as the program requests. But even then, If you are in dire financial need or are experi-
you may make additional documents a part of your encing trouble meeting application expenses, read
application if you have come to know a professor at the application instructions carefully. There is usu-
the school and have shared these documents with ally a statement allowing fees to be waived because
him or her. of financial hardship. Go to the school’s application
Send a curriculum vitae and/or job descriptions website or call and ask how to have the application
if they are applicable. One benefit of doing so is that fee waived. That some students cannot afford the
you will spend less time focusing on the details of fees is the reason schools make the allowance in
these work experiences in your personal statement. the first place. Graduate schools are sensitive to the
You can relate how the experiences influenced you impoverished status of many applicants, so feel no
without wasting space explaining exactly what you compunction about requesting a fee waiver.
did. For example, prior to graduate school, one of
us worked with a psychotherapist conducting a social
skills group for preadolescents. In the personal state- Check and Recheck
ment he focused on how that experience had affected
him. By referring to the “enclosed job description,” At this point, you have completed the application
the personal statement did not get bogged down in forms, requested letters of recommendation (and
the details. seen to it they were sent), written your personal
As a professional, you will need a CV eventually, statement, asked to have transcripts and GREs trans-
and we recommend you begin one even if you do mitted, and prepared the unsolicited documents you
not use it in every application. Start a vitae file and plan to include. Once again, before you submit the
toss notes and memos into it regarding assistantship material, ask your mentor or a professor to check it
duties, noteworthy activities, committee assignments, for accuracy and clarity. Have friends review it for
professional associations—in short, everything you typos and spelling. All material should look neat and
need to update your vitae (Hayes & Hayes, 1989). professional. It represents you in a real way. Any-
If you have a large number of work experiences, thing sloppy or tattered can convey the message that
be careful not to overwhelm admissions committees you are careless and unprofessional. Submission of
with paperwork. Choose one or, in a rare case, two materials should reflect a meticulous attention to
experiences that showcase your credentials and that detail. Finally, ensure your personal statement is
highlight characteristics not likely tapped by those not among those we see each year that carelessly
writing your letters of recommendation. Sending includes the name of a different university when
multiple job descriptions may weaken their impact explaining why it is a perfect match for you!
and increase the chances that the most laudatory After all this effort, make certain your applica-
ones will not be read (or at least not carefully). tion is sent on time. In most cases, the application is
If you have authored an honors thesis, a confer- sent electronically. If a couple of graduate programs
ence poster, or an original research paper and have request that you send the application the old-fash-
received positive faculty feedback on it, then by all ioned way, we suggest (if you can afford the extra
means include it as an electronic document with expense) that you send your application via FedEx,
your application. If there is someone whose research UPS, Express, or certified mail. Each of these will
APPLYING TO PROGRAMS 109
allow you to track your materials to ensure they have major midwestern university. The university, which
arrived and to document the name of the person to (annoyingly) required two official sets of GRE scores,
whom they were delivered. However, our suggestion claimed that they never received either set. The stu-
does not imply that you should wait until the last dent was caught in the middle between two opposing
minute to express mail your application, implying claims. She telephoned ETS again and the universi-
procrastination (not a positive quality in a graduate ty’s graduate admissions office repeatedly. The GREs
student). Do use express mail, but do it well ahead of had to be resent, at the student’s expense.
the deadline. We estimate that 50% of graduate programs will
One of the most frustrating experiences in the send an email apprising you of the application mate-
graduate application process is confirming that the rials they have received on your behalf. Another 20%
respective programs have, in fact, received all of to 25% of graduate programs will post an application
your materials. Your application, transcripts, GREs, status page on their website where you can check
letters of recommendation—all need to be received, yourself. That leaves 25% of the graduate programs
processed, and filed correctly by the graduate admis- that you can either blindly trust (which we do not
sions office. We have heard hundreds of horror sto- recommend) or that you can contact (which we do
ries about application materials being lost or misfiled recommend).
or sent to the wrong department. It happened to one Call or email the admissions office and verify that
of us! your materials have been received. You have invested
Recently, one of our students shared a similar too much sweat, time, and money to leave the appli-
story. The ETS claimed that her GRE scores were cation to chance. Do not rely on graduate schools to
electronically transmitted to and downloaded at a keep you apprised; take personal responsibility.
C H A P T E R 7
MASTERING
THE INTERVIEW
T
he applications have been electronically sub- from which they will accept 90 in order to obtain 50
mitted or physically mailed and are now out confirmed acceptances.
of your hands. Following the short-lived relief A handful of clinical and counseling psychology
of finishing your applications, this period can be a programs will not require personal interviews, and
nerve-wracking time. Now it is up to the graduate they will most likely state so in the application mate-
programs to decide which applicants to contact for rials. Make a note of this so that you do not become
further consideration and probable interviews. distressed when you are not invited. We wonder
The doctoral admissions process has been char- which is worse: the disappointment of not being
acterized as “multiple hurdles” (King, Beehr, & King, asked to interview or the stress of being asked!
1986). The initial hurdle in most programs is the Our recent research on APA-accredited doc-
minimum GRE or GPA score. The second hurdle is toral psychology programs found that 97% of them
the rating of applications on such criteria as clinical required a preadmission interview (Ziede et al.,
experience, research skills, letters of recommenda- 2019). As shown in Figure 7-1, 57% of APA-accredited
tion, personal statements, and the like. Being invited programs strongly preferred an interview in person
for an interview means you have successfully leaped
these early hurdles, and this is a great compliment in
and of itself. You have been asked to the dance! The
final and determining hurdle for most programs is
the personal interview.
Let’s look at this situation from the perspective of
graduate programs. APA-accredited clinical psychol-
ogy programs receive an average of 202 applicants
(Norcross et al., 2018), and APA-accredited counsel-
ing psychology programs receive an average of 101
(Norcross et al., 2019). The admissions committee
must narrow the large applicant pool to a smaller
number to invite for interviews. Programs ordinar-
ily interview two to three times as many students as
they can admit. A research-oriented Ph.D. program
will typically invite 20 applicants for interviews, from
which 10 to 12 will be tendered an offer to obtain
7 confirmed acceptances. By contrast, a large Psy.D. FIGURE 7-1. Preadmission interview policies of
program may invite 120 applicants for interviews, APA-accredited programs.
110
MASTERING THE INTERVIEW 111
but were willing to accept a telephone or real-time rejected, politely thank the person. You never know:
video interview if necessary. Another 27% of the pro- you may apply there again or have professional con-
grams absolutely required a face-to-face interview. tact with the people in that program in the future. If
Thirteen percent required the interview in person, your application is still being considered, then it is
by telephone, or via video (such as on Skype, Google permissible to ask when you might expect a decision.
chat, FaceTime, or ooVoo). All told, only 3% of pro- Just be careful not to sound rigid or demanding.
grams did not mandate an interview before admis- If you are offered a personal interview at two
sion into the program. doctoral programs on the same day, not to worry.
Since some programs absolutely insist on inter- Should you be so blessed, we recommend that you
views in person, do not apply to distant programs (1) inquire if the programs have alternative interview
requiring an in-person interview unless you can days (and schedule one program on the alternative
afford it. Only in rare instances will graduate pro- day). If not, then (2) ask if you can complete a video
grams reimburse the applicant for all interview costs, or telephone interview at the less-preferred program.
and only 10% of the programs reimburse for some of Remember that approximately two-thirds of pro-
the costs (Kohout et al., 1991). In other words, more grams will accept a telephone or video interview. If
than 80% of the programs expect you to absorb all you value both programs equally, then (3) accept the
the interview expenses. interview at the least expensive program or the pro-
Expect to hear from interested doctoral programs gram with the higher likelihood of acceptance.
that require interviews from early January through Many of the best-qualified applicants will wres-
early March. The contact date will depend in part tle with interview scheduling conflicts. There are
on the practice-research emphasis of the program: only so many weekends available from mid-Janu-
the clinical scientist and scientist-practitioner Ph.D. ary to March, and doctoral programs devote a lot
programs contact finalists earlier and typically fin- of expense and planning on the campus interview
ish their admission offers in late February or March, day. If you must decline an interview or arrange for
whereas practice-oriented Ph.D. and Psy.D. programs a video interview, communicate clearly that it does
contact finalists later. Programs rarely contact stu- not reflect your program interest. Be apologetic and
dents in the finalist pool after March 30 because ini- sincere.
tial admission offers must go out on April 1, at the Likewise, if you have depleted your funds for
latest. It is still possible to be contacted, however, if interview travel, then honestly inform the program
you are on the alternate or waiting list. and respectfully request a phone or video inter-
view. Your email might read: “I am very interested
Interview Strategically in your program and initially planned to attend your
interview day on February 15th. Unfortunately, my
Should you receive an invitation for an interview, personal finances do not allow me to travel to State
congratulations! Your odds of eventual acceptance at University on that day. I am hopeful that you will per-
that graduate program have just skyrocketed. mit me to conduct a video conference interview on a
The simple situation occurs when you are invited day that is convenient for you. Thanks very much for
on a couple of interviews, the dates of the inter- understanding; I do wish that I could visit in person.”
views do not conflict, and you have set aside enough Realize, though, that in some instances, this decision
money to travel to all the interviews. If only life were may harm your probability of admission.
so accommodating! Instead, some applicants will not Many applicants obtain strategic information
receive any interview offers, some will be invited to on interview invitations and admission offers from
interview on a day they are already scheduled else- online message boards. The last few years have wit-
where, and still others will have depleted their funds nessed an increase in the number and popularity of
and cannot afford interview travel. these message boards devoted to doctoral programs
How to handle these complex situations? In a in psychology (Fauber, 2006). Three examples spring
word, strategically. Think through your options, dis- to mind: PsychGrad.org, the Student Doctor Network
cuss them with your mentor, and consider the fol- (psychology), and Yahoo Message Board. These and
lowing strategies. other online boards are particularly valuable for
If you have not received an interview request or notifying everyone the moment interview invitations
a rejection letter by the middle of March, then calmly are extended and admission offers are delivered.
email or telephone the doctoral program and inquire They also provide peer support through the taxing
about the status of your application. If you have been application process. However, we have read much
112 MASTERING THE INTERVIEW
online advice that is questionable, even downright a conversational tone to grueling questions, from
wrong. So use the free online boards to secure stra- casual to formal, from mundane content to intru-
tegic information and timely support from peers but sively personal content. Be prepared for all styles,
be wary of the proffered advice. and remember that all count equally in the final
analysis. That final analysis is the program’s unenvi-
able task of deciding which of the interviewees they
The Dual Purpose
will eventually select for admission.
The interview provides a critical opportunity for
information gathering, not only for the graduate pro- Rehearsal and Mock Interviews
gram but also for you. That is, the dual purpose of an
interview is for the program to check you out and for Rehearse the interview beforehand with your mentor,
you to check out the program. Perhaps right now it a professor, a career counselor, or a knowledgeable
seems outrageous to contemplate evaluating a doc- friend. Videotape the “mock” or pretend interview
toral program—you’re probably delighted just to be and review it later with an eye toward improvement.
asked to visit! But a few interviews and an acceptance Technology has simplified the process, as Big Inter-
or two will reorient your perspective. If you go on view and other online programs allow you to record
more than one interview, these interactions will give a practice interview from your computer, to review
you decisive information in choosing which program the video, and then share it with a career counselor
to attend. You will find out about clinical training, or mentor. That will build your comfort and confi-
faculty members, student life, program fit, research dence for the real deal.
facilities, and the like. Although the research-oriented programs are
Interviewers will look at your social skills, your usually less personal and invasive in their interviews,
emotional stability, your professional maturity, your it may behoove you to get accustomed to being asked
focus, and your goals. The interviewers may want to personal questions without being thrown. Such prac-
see the development of your pursuits, the connection tice is invaluable, especially for preparing you to
between your research and clinical work, or perhaps think on your feet. Rehearsing also will desensitize
your adherence to the Boulder or Vail model. You you to some degree, take the edge off of your anxi-
may be asked pointed questions and will be expected ety, and add to your comfort with the process. Dur-
to ask probing questions about the program. The ing the interview, you are on stage selling yourself,
graduate program’s emphasis along the practice– and knowing what the interview is all about can only
research continuum will influence the nature of the help.
interview. Recall our rule of thumb: Applicants to Leave your mistakes at the mock interview. Rid
clinical scientist Ph.D. programs match primarily to yourself of the vocal tics that afflict many psychology
the research interests of individual faculty, applicants students: “you know,” “like,” “really,” and “issues.”
to scientist-practitioner Ph.D. programs match to Speak professionally and concisely. Become experi-
both the research interests of individual faculty and enced in dressing and behaving like the psychologist
the offerings of the entire program, and applicants you aspire to become.
to Psy.D. programs match primarily to the clinical In keeping with the dual purpose of the inter-
interests and theoretical orientations of the entire view, rehearsing will also afford you practice in the
program. Expect to spend more time interviewing interview style you seek to convey. A respectful and
with your potential research mentor during Ph.D. curious tone—“I am wondering about the chances of
interviews. You and the program will probably not receiving an assistantship if I am fortunate enough to
have even selected a potential mentor or advisor yet be accepted?”—is preferable to a blunt and forceful
in a Psy.D. interview. disposition—“How much will you pay me if I come?”
Although the interview often generates anxiety How you phrase a question is important. The inter-
for an applicant, it need not. As with anything else in viewer will be more impressed with your eagerness
the application process, the more you prepare, the to learn if you ask how many courses in an area are
more confident and less nervous you will feel. offered as opposed to how many are required (Mega-
The interview is highly charged for the appli- rgee, 2001).
cants and programs alike. Both wish to be evaluated Rehearsing will also entail preparation for fre-
positively and to achieve the best match. You are not quently asked questions of applicants. Table 7-1 pres-
alone in trying to put your best foot forward! Inter- ents 25 common interview questions to anticipate
view styles, moreover, vary tremendously—from and prepare for. We strongly recommend that you
MASTERING THE INTERVIEW 113
have a concise and thoughtful response ready for Beneath the dozens and dozens of possible ques-
each of these. An “I haven’t really given that question tions that an interviewer could ask, career experts
much thought” answer hurts. Role-play these ques- say they all boil down to just a few basic questions.
tions several times. Request that your mock inter- The people making the final decisions want to know
viewer ask many of the questions in Table 7-1. (Bolles, 2013):
The type of doctoral program will naturally Why are you here? (As opposed to another gradu-
influence the content of interview questions. For ate program; in other words, how well do you fit
those of you interviewing at research-oriented Ph.D. with us?)
programs, don’t be surprised if most of the inter- What can you do for us? (How can your skills,
view questions focus on your research experiences knowledge, and experience enhance our pro-
and how your research interests match with particu- gram?)
lar faculty members there. The interview also might What kind of person are you? (Are you reliable and
include discussing past research projects to allow personable? Can we trust you with our research
the professor to evaluate how well you think on your projects and/or our clinic patients?)
feet and how well you can describe the conceptual What distinguishes you from 20 other people who
underpinnings of your research experiences. For can do the same tasks? (Do you work harder, lon-
those of you interviewing at Psy.D. programs, most ger, more thoroughly? Can you better articulate
of the questions will center on your clinical experi- conceptual issues related to past research?)
ences, career interests, and your match with the pro- Can we get you here? (If we accept you into our
gram. program, what is the probability that you will
114 MASTERING THE INTERVIEW
attend? How much will it cost us—in tuition remis- a successful ending, both for you and the other party
sion or an assistantship, for example?) involved in the situation. “The other person appreci-
ated my listening, instead of arguing, and in the end
Of course, you cannot anticipate all possible agreed to go with the group decision. He was happy
questions. Some interviewers pride themselves on and the project ended with us all learning a lot and
avoiding stock questions and instead asking novel earning an A on the project.”
questions, thus precluding rehearsed and polished Your answers to behavior-based questions will
replies. The rationale behind these queries, such as enable you to concretely demonstrate integrity, resil-
“Who are your heroes?” and “What was the best day ience, creativity, persuasion, and time management
in your life?” is that they give a glimpse into your as opposed to simply saying you possess those traits.
natural response style and tap into spontaneous Apply the three S’s to similar questions as those
information processing. One method to handle novel presented above involving conflicted relationships,
queries is to delay thoughtfully, remark that it is one ethical dilemmas, and complicated decisions. Visit
you have not been asked before, request a moment of websites on behavioral and situational interviews to
contemplation, and then respond forthrightly. get comfortable and competent in answering such
Similar to novel questions are behavior-based questions; two of our favorites are the behavioral
interview questions. These increasingly assess an interview links off of Quintessential Careers (www.
applicant’s behavioral repertoire and prior experi- quintcareers.com) and Big Interview (biginterview.
ences. The behavioral questions rely on the familiar com/). Practice the three S’s in your mock interview
psychological dictum, “Past behavior is the best pre- and you will be prepared to tackle the thorniest
dictor of future behavior,” to glean something about questions.
your future behavior in their doctoral program. To
answer them effectively, you will prepare several Interview Attire
compelling stories that draw on your background to
highlight your skills and competences. Your interview rehearsal should direct attention to
Six examples of behavior-based questions are: your physical attire, which will prove influential in
Tell me about an instance when someone asked attributions made about you. For women, we recom-
you to do something that you considered ethically mend a pant suit or a suit with a skirt, dark in color
or morally wrong. How did you respond? or muted plaid, polished pumps or medium heels in
Describe the biggest challenges you faced in the matching color. Wear a simple style blouse, white or
past year and how you handled it. soft color. Interview professionals suggest a no-dis-
Tell me about a work or school situation where traction hairstyle, tasteful makeup, and clear or light
you had to do creative problem solving. nail polish. One pair of small earrings should suffice.
Relate a recent situation in which you had to per- Nothing too short, tight, or uncomfortable. Avoid
suade someone to accept your idea or proposal. wearing spikes or stilettos; others may see them as
Present an example when multiple priorities were “club attire” and you may suffer from bruised feet or
pulling you in several directions at the same time buckling ankles. Dress for success!
and how you dealt with it. For men, we recommend a conservative two-
Tell me about an instance when you were unsuc- piece suit or a jacket and slacks, white or light shirt,
cessful in reaching a goal that involved a client or and contrasting tie. Three-piece suits and “funeral
a fellow student. outfits” are out. Wear shined brown or black shoes
that are well maintained; as your parents have prob-
In responding to such questions, follow the three ably told you, the way you take care of your shoes
S’s: Situation, Skills, and Success. First, describe the communicates a lot about you. Dark socks only;
situation and your challenge or conflict. For exam- save your white socks for work-outs. Hair should be
ple, “I was working with a group of students for a trimmed and neatly groomed.
class project and all of us but one student agreed on For men, women, and gender-fluid, plan your
the way to proceed.” Second, identify the skills that interview clothes in advance. Try them on, and lay
helped you to master the situation. For example, “I them out well before the interview to ensure that
tried to understand the dissenter’s perspective, com- they fit, are clean, and are in good repair. Avoid any-
municate that understanding back to him, spoke to thing too tight or uncomfortable, especially shoes.
the faculty member about her preferences, and asked Some applicants prefer to “be themselves” and
the dissenter for a compromise.” Third, communicate may still get in without changing their everyday
MASTERING THE INTERVIEW 115
appearance. Nevertheless, we recommend that attire schedules and fares from both sources—the airlines’
should err on the side of conservative and formal; website and commercial websites—and then make a
better to be overdressed and loosen a tie or remove a decision.
scarf than to be underdressed for the occasion. Avoid Remaining flexible in your travel schedule will
flashy colors and loud fashions. Jewelry should be probably save you money. It may save you money to
conservative and understated; go light on the per- leave from a different city than the one closest to
fume and cologne. Leave the piercings at home. You you. We have saved hundreds of dollars on airfare by
don’t want interviewers remembering you for what simply driving an extra hour to another airport. Or it
you wore, but for who you are and what you will may save you money to fly to a different city and then
bring to their program. That is, be noticed for your drive an hour or two to the interview. Try inserting
abilities, not your clothing. nearby alternative cities in your computer search and
Applicants occasionally complain to us that many see what fare comes up. One applicant flew out of
faculty interviewers are wearing business casual, and Washington, DC instead of his home airport of Nor-
thus wonder why they (the applicants) can’t wear folk, Virginia, and reduced his ticket price from over
business casual as well. Our answer is clear: You are $1,000 to $278 (Megargee, 2001).
an applicant trying to make a stellar impression as a Another way of being flexible is changing when
serious, motivated candidate for a competitive gradu- you fly. As most business travelers return home on
ate program. You are seeking to distinguish your- the weekend, airlines typically offer deep discounts
self as one of the premier students, not one of the on trips that extend over a Saturday night. The cost of
underdressed herd. We urge you to dress for success another night at the hotel might save you hundreds in
in interviews, not in business casual. You can wear airfare. And consider flying on the “red eye” or “night
casual clothes after you are admitted to the program owl” flights that crisscross the country overnight. To
for most of your graduate life. But during the inter- fill otherwise empty seats, airlines frequently offer
view, you never have a second chance to make a first reduced fares at unpopular (and ungodly) hours.
impression. Booking an airline ticket with multiple desti-
Questions about the program and other writ- nations (circle trips) can also ease the toll on your
ten material should be held in a professional attaché credit card. You can fly from Chicago to an inter-
or briefcase. The location and weather will influ- view in Denver and then onto an interview in Dallas
ence your choice of clothing. Reliable answers about before returning to Chicago. This circle ticket often
expected attire can be provided by graduate students costs less than a separate round trip to each destina-
with whom you are staying prior to the interview tion.
itself. Build in time for travel delays due to inclement
weather. After all, you will be traveling during the
Travel Arrangements months of January, February, and March. Even if your
flight is between two uniformly sunny cities in the
While preparing and rehearsing for the interviews, South, the originating aircraft may be stuck in the
you simultaneously will be making arrangements snow in the Northeast or grounded because of sleet
to travel to the interviews. The costs of travel vary in the Midwest.
wildly—from a few bucks for driving to and parking Some doctoral programs coordinate rides from
at a local university on interview day to more than the airport to the university for applicants, but most
$1,000 for a 3-day jaunt across the nation involving do not. You are on your own. In advance of your
air travel, rental car, and hotel. Our intent in the fol- arrival, check out bus and train routes. The univer-
lowing paragraphs is to save you hassle and money in sity’s homepage will typically have public transpor-
getting to the interviews. tation routes and driving directions from the local
As a general rule, you can save a great deal of airport to the campus.
money by booking early and paying promptly for air If public transportation is unavailable, you will
travel, but you will probably incur a stiff penalty for need to rent a car at the airport. You will discover,
making any changes in your reservation. So begin again, that the rental costs vary widely. And you will,
early to locate those bargains. Start by going online again, investigate the costs early and aggressively
to seek the best fares through airline websites. Before to locate the best fare. Rely on the three traditional
booking, take a quick look at kayak.com, expedia. sources—the rental company’s toll-free number, its
com, travelocity.com, and other commercial sites website, and the commercial travel websites—for
that promise the lowest possible fares. Compare the several rental companies.
116 MASTERING THE INTERVIEW
Renting a car on your own will require at least at the airport. The moral: take only carry-on luggage
three things: a valid driver’s license; a major credit and do not travel in cutoffs, warm-up suits, or t-shirts
card in your name; and a chronological age over the unless you are prepared to interview in that outfit.
minimum, typically 25 years of age. The latter can Dress and travel like a professional.
be a huge hassle if you are still an undergraduate; be
aware of the company’s age policy in advance. Most
Interview Style
companies will charge an extra daily fee for renters
age 21 to 24—typically about $25 per day.
The objective of your interview style is to present
Most doctoral programs will extend you an invi-
yourself as a confident, knowledgeable, and genuine
tation to room with a graduate student in the pro- person—an imperfect human, to be sure, but one
gram the night before the interview. If possible, take without major interpersonal deficits or gross psycho-
advantage of this opportunity. It will allow you to pathology. We frequently characterize this as your
save money, acquire masses of information, and gain best authentic self – natural, curious, relaxed, and
a sense of student life and the campus community self-assured while on your best behavior, as your par-
from people in a position to know. If you reside with ents might say.
a graduate student, request a tour the day or night Soothe your understandable anxiety with suffi-
before the interview. Ask to see the psychology build- cient preparation, relaxation methods, and healthy
ing, the training clinic, the library, and a few labs. If self-talk. Your best authentic self is most likely to
possible, get comfortable with the rooms where the materialize when you moderate your anxiety. Remind
interviews will be held. yourself that you have been invited for a good rea-
Unfortunately, not all programs offer or provide son; you are capable and accomplished. Temper your
a free place to sleep. In these cases, unless you have negative, scary thoughts; by virtue of completing the
a large extended family, you will spend an evening interview, the odds of your acceptance are much
or two in a hotel. Your task here is to secure a safe, higher.
convenient location at a reasonable rate. Use the AAA The interview is designed for the interviewer to
app and the web for preliminary reconnaissance. If get to know you as a person—your interpersonal
you have wheels, you can often save money by stay- skills, career goals, and clinical acumen. One of the
ing at one of the less expensive motels on the edge of few empirical studies on the role of the personal
town or near an Interstate exit. In particular, if you interview in the psychology admission process found
are on a tight budget, be sure to check out places that the rating of an applicant’s clinical potential was
with the code word “Inn” in their names, as in Com- the most highly weighted measure among all the
fort Inn, Days Inn, Fairfield Inn, Hampton Inn, Hobo interview data. Ratings of verbal skills and research
Inn, and Red Roof Inn (Megargee, 2001). skills also contributed to the prediction equation,
Even these inns may have negotiated rates. Ask but ratings of clinical potential contributed most to
the person scheduling your interview if the univer- discriminating among groups of accepted applicants,
sity has negotiated special rates with any local hotels. alternates, and rejected applicants (Nevid & Gildea,
When booking your room, inquire what discounts 1984). In one way or another, you must impress the
are available—for students, AAA members, govern- interviewers as someone they would be comfortable
ment employees, and so on. sending a member of their own family to for profes-
Whether you spend the night in a hotel or with a sional treatment.
graduate student, you may well be invited to dinner. The following factors have been found to lead
Be sociable and friendly, but do not drink heavily or to rejection of an applicant during interviews (Fretz,
party hearty the night before (even though you may 1976):
be invited!). Get a solid night’s sleep, arise on time, Poor personal appearance
and eat a sensible breakfast. Overbearing, overaggressive, know-it-all style
Although we discussed attire and appearance in Inability to express yourself clearly—poor voice,
the previous section, it is worth a few more sentences diction, grammar
as applied to travel. You may well experience delays Inadequate interest and enthusiasm—passive,
or cancellations in your flight itinerary or in your indifferent
driving time to the interview. As a consequence, you Lack of confidence and poise—nervousness,
may not have that expected hour or two to clean up appearing ill at ease
and change clothes before the interview. Or you may Making excuses, evasiveness, hedging on unfavor-
meet other applicants en route and faculty members able factors in record
MASTERING THE INTERVIEW 117
Lack of tact and maturity inquisitive junior research colleague, ready to work
Condemnation of past professors and learn.
Little sense of humor The best questions are those that indicate ini-
Emphasis on whom (not what) you know tiative, curiosity, and responsibility (Hersh & Poey,
Inability to take criticism 1984). Try to communicate motivation to learn and
Failure to ask questions about the program eagerness to participate in many activities; avoid
questions that promote a speculation that you are
The last point is worth emphasizing. Each inter- demanding, complaining, or single-minded.
viewer will want to get to know you as a person and A caveat: Never ask for information that is avail-
will expect you to ask questions. Nothing is tougher able on the program website or a faculty member’s
on an interviewer than the person who does not ask webpage. These questions make you appear unpre-
questions or simply responds “Yes” or “No.” pared for the interview and uninterested in the pro-
So even if it has been a long day, when the gram.
fourth interviewer asks you if you have any ques- Instead, link your questions to the informa-
tions, don’t reply, “No, all my questions have already tion provided on the program’s website. Examples
been answered.” And respond to the questions of the include: “I read that all of your first-year students
fourth interviewer with the same enthusiasm as you receive an assistantship and tuition remission. Is this
showed to the first interviewer (Megargee, 2001). also true of second-year students?” “Your website
As you respond enthusiastically to the questions, lists a Couples Therapy course, a special interest of
try to headline your answers. If asked, “What attracts mine, but it does not indicate if clinical supervision
you to our program?” respond “Many things” or “I in that area is available.” “While reading about your
am attracted here for a bunch of reasons” much like impressive Psychological Services Clinic, I wondered
a news headline would read. Then detail those par- how many of the full-time clinical faculty provide
ticular reasons. “Which faculty would you want to supervision there.” And so on.
work with here?” can have you gushing, “I match well The intent is to get beyond the gloss and for-
with several faculty members here, especially . . .” mality of the program descriptions to the lived and
and then rattling off the names of those faculty and personal experiences of the program participants.
the reasons you fit so well with them. Offer the posi- Virtually all portrayals of clinical and counseling psy-
tive, thoughtful big picture before enumerating the chology programs, for example, will allude to ample
details. opportunities for practical experience in off-campus
At the same time that you are conveying clini- placements. But when you directly ask students,
cal potential and a mature interpersonal presence, “What is your clinical placement like?” their answers
you want to acquire the factual program informa- may diverge substantially from the published infor-
tion necessary to make informed decisions. Table 7-2 mation. Their responses may indeed be positive, but
presents questions you can ask when you interview. it is not uncommon to learn that several of the place-
You should ask some of these questions during the ments are 50 miles away, do not offer a stipend, and
interview, others before, and others after. Some prove competitive to obtain. To be sure, be tactful in
should be asked of professors, because they are best your questioning, but also be assertive in securing
suited to answer them and asking can make you look crucial data.
prepared and informed. Some questions should be Recall that the specialty clinics and practica sites
directed toward first-year students because they have listed on the program’s website (and in appendices
recently completed the process and are closest to F and G in this book) are self-reports, may not be
your situation. Some questions are better asked of controlled by the program itself, and probably evolve
advanced graduate students because they are about over the years. Double-check their existence when
to leave and may have less investment in hiding the you interview. Same for research interests as faculty
program’s shortcomings. members retire, relocate, or switch their interests.
Several research-oriented questions can be Program directors (e.g., Hersh & Poey, 1984)
directed to potential research advisors or mentors. have nominated certain questions to avoid asking.
For example: What is your mentoring style? What are These unwittingly annoy interviewers or communi-
the current projects in your lab? What research proj- cate an undesirable impression: questions regarding
ects do you plan to work on in the next three or four the typical length of a graduate-student week, which
years? How do your students select research topics may indicate fear of hard work or a long week; per-
for their theses/dissertations? Present yourself as an sistent inquiries regarding an area of interest that
TABLE 7-2. Interview Questions an Applicant Might Ask
118
MASTERING THE INTERVIEW 119
the graduate program only minimally provides; sions strongly contribute to an image as a mature
questions reflecting resistance to learning the major and enthusiastic person. The research consistently
theoretical orientation offered by that program; and advises interviewees to keep high levels of eye con-
antagonistic questions concentrating on the per- tact with the interviewer and to display frequent pos-
ceived limitations of the program, be they financial, itive facial expressions to maximize their chances of
faculty, or geographical. success. (Of course, we don’t suggest that you fake
Bring your list of questions with you to the inter- your smiles, as that likely won’t be persuasive and
view, but do not constantly have it in plain sight to may even be off-putting.) Your mock and actual inter-
check off. Your task is to ask the questions of the most views should strive for an interpersonally engaging
appropriate individuals in a respectful manner. On a style that creates personal liking and that cultivates
similar note, many people use their smartphones to an impression of interpersonal and intellectual skill.
organize personal information. Though you might Literally hundreds of websites offer advice on
use one to make a note at the end of an interview, interviewing skills. Although they are no substitute
keep them away during the interview itself. for live rehearsals and mock interviews, they are a
On that note, cell phones should be turned off source of considerable information and examples.
during the interview. Not on vibrate or silent alert; Some even offer virtual interviews. Our favorite sites
completely off. Having one beep or buzz will be dis- are:
ruptive, and taking a call would be seen as extremely www.quintcareers.com
unprofessional and rude. Nobody is as important on www.apa.org/education/grad/application-video-
interview day as the interviewers. series.aspx
Extreme ideologies—religious, sociopolitical, or www.monster.com/career-advice/job-interview
clinical—do not bode well in interviews. One inter- www.glencoe.com/sec/careers/career_city/
esting study (Gartner, 1986) mailed mock graduate www.nextsteps.org
school applications to professors of clinical psychol-
ogy. The results showed that professors were more Stressful Questions
likely to admit an applicant who made no mention of
religion than they were to admit an otherwise identi- Let’s face together a prominent fear, namely, being
cal applicant who was identified as a fundamentalist placed on the spot with stressful or critical questions.
Christian. Do not deny your beliefs, of course, but You may have heard “war stories” about applicants
avoid expressions of rigid extremes. Academics favor being asked intimate questions about their families
informed pluralism and critical open-mindedness. of origin, romantic relationships, and personal his-
Bernard Lubin (1993), a former national presi- tory they would prefer not to share. Be prepared to
dent of Psi Chi and a veteran of conducting admission answer personal questions about such relationships
interviews, enjoins applicants to present themselves and self-perceptions. Answering these questions in a
as knowledgeable and collaborative during the straightforward manner contributes to the interview-
interview. Being familiar with the research inter- er’s positive evaluation of an applicant.
ests and productivity of the program faculty can go The nature of these questions varies with the
a long way. Carefully reading the program’s online interviewer’s style as well as the program’s theoreti-
material and identifying faculty publications through cal orientation. Applying to a research-oriented cog-
PsycINFO provide direct evidence of a scholarly atti- nitive-behavioral program, however, is no guarantee
tude. This leads to presenting yourself as a potential that you will not be interviewed by a psychodynamic
collaborator: welcoming opportunities to work with member of their faculty. Questions pertaining to fam-
faculty members and fellow students, displaying an ily conflict or to your personal therapy could arise.
affirming attitude toward interdependent activities. Anticipating such questions can help you to deter-
Our final piece of advice on interview style mine how to handle them comfortably and to decide
concerns your nonverbal behavior. Applicants can how much information you are willing to disclose.
become so preoccupied with asking questions and Knowing where to set your boundaries will lead to a
with impressing the interviewer that they neglect smoother interview.
the way they present themselves nonverbally. But Speaking of boundaries, the APA Ethics Code
interviewer impressions of candidate personality (APA, 2017) does not require students to disclose
depend heavily on nonverbal behaviors (Anderson sensitive information regarding their “sexual his-
& Shackleton, 1990). Maintaining eye contact, mak- tory, history of abuse and neglect, psychological
ing changes in posture, and varying facial expres- treatment, and relationships with parents, peers,
120 MASTERING THE INTERVIEW
and spouses or significant others” unless the train- One stressful situation necessitates your careful
ing program has clearly identified this requirement preparation. A few programs and faculty use what is
ahead of time. Unless the program notified you of called a stress interview. In this interview, the faculty
such a requirement for the interview, you are not member intentionally acts inappropriately and tries
ethically obliged to reveal such information. Our to intimidate applicants to determine how they han-
advice is to balance your need for privacy with the dle unexpected stress. This can come in many forms:
program’s need for information about your personal long silences after you answer questions; asking
history and psychological dynamics. overly intimate questions; disagreeing vehemently
One stressful but popular question concerns with your position or answer; feigning disinterest
your weaknesses. Applicants naturally wonder how in you as an applicant; or even giving you coffee in
honest to be about their deficits and how to balance one hand, a powdered donut without a napkin in
the need for honesty with the need to leave a favor- the other, and then handing you a journal article to
able impression. browse! In a few programs, the professors place all
We have found three strategies useful in the applicants in an empty room and suggest they
approaching this question. One is to minimize an speak with each other while the professors observe
existing limitation: showing your awareness of it but the interpersonal process: no other directions, no
not articulating the full severity or manifestation. other structure. This all serves to compound the stu-
If being taken advantage of frequently is your per- dents’ anxiety.
ceived weakness, for example, you might reply on Stress interviews are designed to assess how
the order of “Occasionally I find myself being taken you behave under interpersonally challenging con-
advantage of by others in small but consistent ways.” ditions. The interviewers deliberately arrange situa-
A second strategy is to turn the weakness into a pos- tions or ask questions that you cannot predict, for
sible strength. Following the same example, you examples, “How would you redesign a giraffe?” or
might remark that “I give to a fault on occasion and “Where is Oregon?” The particular answer you give
notice some people will take advantage of my ten- is not as important as the manner in which you
dency to look for the best in people.” A third possible answer. Here your interpersonal savvy and presence
strategy is to express your awareness of the weak- can triumph. The interviewer is testing your reaction
ness and your efforts to remediate it; this reply dem- to stress: do you react to stress with humor, anxiety,
onstrates both introspective and corrective attitudes. self-denigration, anger? The stress interview is an
“I’ve been working to become more conscious of how ambiguous, semi-projective device.
people, especially personality-disordered clients, Our advice is to remain calm and polite, yet
can take advantage of me. My over-trusting nature assertive. Avoid becoming entangled in a verbal bat-
is slowly giving way as I attend more closely to this tle or retreat into an apologetic or defensive stance.
relationship pattern.” Whatever strategy—or combi- In the face of an inappropriately personal question,
nation of strategies—you elect, the response must be a “I wonder how that question relates to my admis-
consistent with who you are. A phony or inauthentic sion here?” will demonstrate both your personal
response can immediately strike an applicant from boundaries and your willingness to broach a difficult
further consideration. topic. In the face of continuing conflict, a polite “we
Another stressful question concerns a specific respectfully disagree” can suffice, and leave it at that
weakness in your credentials. The interviewer might (Heppner & Downing, 1982). Knowing ahead of time
note that your grade in a particular course (such as that stress questions occasionally occur will remind
Statistics) is relatively low or that your clinical experi- you that it is not personal but part of the evaluation
ence is weak. The interviewer then asks, “What hap- process.
pened?” We recommend that you answer the question Practicing stress interviews with professors or
briefly and honestly, then switch the focus, or what peers may sufficiently desensitize you to keep your
media experts call a pivot. You might answer, “Yes, head and field the situation without too much ego
that was a tough semester. My grades have all been in bruising. Another way to prepare yourself is to stay
the A range since, and I have discovered that I adore overnight before the interview and to ask graduate
XYZ.” Then you hope the interviewer follows the students which professors might conduct such an
bait to XYZ, which is why the general tactic is known interview, allowing you to know ahead of time that
as switch and bait. Please do not avoid answering this person is likely to intentionally try to stress you.
the hard questions, but neither should you belabor Foreknowledge and preparation will prove the best
shortcomings in your application. defense.
MASTERING THE INTERVIEW 121
Virtually all programs will arrange for two or Whether it is an individual or a group interview, here
more individual interviews with faculty members are additional tips regarding the interview.
122 MASTERING THE INTERVIEW
Arrive at least 15 minutes early on interview day. that are answered in the materials sent to you or
Find the offices, acclimate to the building, and get posted on the program website. Yes, we already
settled. made this point earlier in the chapter, but it is
Be compulsive and double-check your interview essential enough to reiterate it here.
schedule. Being late or missing an interview (even
when it is not your fault) can reflect poorly on you. Follow these tips and you will relax more during
Greet each interviewer in a friendly, open manner. the interview. The more relaxed and prepared you
Impress the person as personable and interested. are, the more confident and authentic you will feel.
Demonstrate your active listening skills: wait to
answer until the interviewer has completed ask- Video and Telephone Interviews
ing the question and give complete answers to the
question posed to you. Three situations may dictate a video or telephone
Keep your answers to 1.5 to 2 minutes long. If interview. In the first, you are asked to visit the
interested, the interviewer can ask you for details school for an interview, but you cannot because
or to expand. If your answer is sufficient, the inter- you are committed to interviewing at another pro-
viewer can move onto another question or topic. gram on that same date. In the second situation, you
Bring extra copies of your CV. Every interviewer are invited to interview but cannot afford to do so.
may have not received a copy or may have not yet This is no reason to be embarrassed, and the more
reviewed it, so carry copies to present and leave straightforward you are about it the better. You can
with people. request a video or phone interview in both cases
Take cash or a debit card along in case you are instead. Remember that about 70% of APA-accredited
invited to lunch or dinner. programs are willing to accept a telephone or real-
Conclude each interview by thanking the inter- time video interview if necessary (Ziede et al., 2019).
viewer for her time and information. Wrap it up (As noted earlier, though, at some institutions failure
with a firm hand shake and cordial tone. to visit will place you at a competitive disadvantage.)
In the third situation, you receive the dreaded,
Our collective experience in conducting inter- unannounced interview. At least one of your pro-
views also generates a list of don’ts: spective programs may call without prior notice and
Don’t call faculty members by their first names ask to speak with you on the spot. Luckily, if you
until (or if) they offer. The default option is to call anticipate these surprise interviews, you have no rea-
them “Dr.” or “Professor.” son to fret. One strategy is to rarely or never take
Don’t give a “dead fish” handshake. The floppy a phone interview “cold.” Consider telling the caller,
shake (no grip) is just as bad as the killer shake “I’m sorry, but I was just leaving for an appointment.
(death grip). Practice offering a firm, meaningful Could you leave a number and arrange for me to call
handshake. you back at a convenient time for you?” This buys you
Don’t whine or complain about the interview time to review your information on that program
arrangements. Accept the free housing with grati- and to prepare for the interview. However, you do
tude; be agreeable about the food; act flexibly not want to communicate disinterest in the program.
about interview dates. Nobody, including admis- Another strategy is to prepare phone cards,
sions committees, likes a fussbudget. smart phone notes, or computer files. You make
Don’t accept offers of coffee or other beverages index cards or short files for each program to which
during individual interviews. It tends to be messy, you applied. On it, record the key reasons for your
distracting, and awkward for you as the inter- interest in that graduate program and the name(s) of
viewee. Wait until after the interviews are com- the professor(s) you are interested in working with, a
plete or during breaks to graciously accept the little about their research areas, and your questions
offer. about clinical training or facilities (many of the ques-
Don’t say anything negative about other graduate tions in Table 7-2). Figure 7-2 presents an example
programs or your previous faculty. It comes off as of such a card for an equal-emphasis Ph.D. program.
complaining and negative. Keep these files with you, on your smart phone,
Don’t negotiate financial assistance before receiv- or on a computer and in moments you will find
ing an offer of admission. The nitty-gritty of the card for a particular school and not be caught
finances can wait until later. unaware! This extra effort can prevent a serious
And don’t ask questions during the interview detraction from your application. If you receive one
MASTERING THE INTERVIEW 123
University of Alexandria
Reasons for my interest: Great reputation in child psychopathology and psychotherapy; specific
professors (Smith, Adams); has specialty clinic in behavioral medicine; excellent record of APA-accredited
internships and licensure; geographic location.
Key professors:
Dr. Smith: child psychopathology; substance abuse
I read your May 2019 article in the Journal of Anxiety, in which you found offspring of alcoholics to be
more receptive to the anxiety-reducing effects of alcohol than control subjects. Do you expect to continue
this line of research next year? Is an assistantship available? What new projects do you anticipate in the
next 3 – 5 years?
Dr. Adams: behavioral medicine; psychotherapy
I was impressed that you have a separate clinic in behavioral medicine. What type of clients do you most
often treat? What opportunities are there for clinical experience? What new projects are you planning for
the future?
Program questions: [Refer to Table 7-2 for representative listing]
When do I begin seeing clients in the psychology training clinic?
I saw on the website that all first-year students receive full funding. What percentage of incoming students
are financially supported in the second and third years?
What are the research opportunities in child psychopathology?
of these unannounced interviews and cannot remem- ing, and other facets of your body language count
ber which professors are at that school, their areas powerfully, maybe more than during a face-to-face
of research, or their facilities, it tells the interviewer interview. In short, follow the same advice and strate-
that you are not serious about his or her program. gies as any graduate school interview.
Such mistakes can place you lower than an applicant
who possesses this information off the top of his or
her head.
A Note of Thanks
A handful of doctoral programs in psychology
actually require a video or telephone interview, but Once you have completed an interview, whether by
these will be scheduled in advance. Thankfully, no telephone, video, or in person, an email of thanks to
surprise calls here. Interviews over Skype, Google the interviewer is in order. This gesture serves multi-
Hangouts, FaceTime, Go to Meeting, and other real- ple purposes: it demonstrates your social skills, com-
time media make these attractive cost-effective alter- municates your gratitude to the faculty and students
natives to expensive interview trips. involved, reaffirms your interest in the program,
But that little extra interview preparation can still and keeps your name alive in the admission process.
deliver big dividends. Do not be lulled into thinking Seldom will such a brief note do so much for you.
that an interview by video is of any less import. Test (Sending flowers, candies, or gifts is not deemed
whatever software you plan to use before the video appropriate in these circumstances.)
interview; do a test run with a friend ahead of time. The “who” and “what” of these thank-you letters
Still dress for success, from head to toe, even if the almost entirely depend on your interview experi-
interviewer can only see you from the waist up. One ences. The “who” should certainly include anyone
of us Skype interviewed an applicant who, when get- who has shown you special attention, such as a grad-
ting up from the computer to retrieve a file, revealed uate student you roomed with for a night, a professor
that he was wearing underwear and slippers under- who escorted you around a lab or clinic, or a faculty
neath his jacket and tie! Eye contact, careful listen- member who offered an unscheduled interview. Let-
124 MASTERING THE INTERVIEW
I want to thank you for interviewing me for a position in your clinical psychology doctoral
program. I enjoyed meeting with your faculty and staff and learning more about the
program. My enthusiasm for the program was particularly strengthened as a result of
my interactions with Drs. Timothy Hogan, Elizabeth Cannon, and Carole Buchanan.
Sincerely yours,
Chris Smith
Congruent with this book’s advice and earlier three primary criteria used to evaluate applicants by
studies, the top-rated criteria in clinical Ph.D. doctoral selection committees—grade point aver-
programs pertained to student match with the
ages, GREs, and letters of recommendation—typi-
program and its faculty, research experience
cally fail to narrow the applicant pool to the small
resulting in a journal article or a paper presenta-
number of slots available. At that point, research
tion, and the clarity and focus of the applicant’s skills, clinical experiences, “good match” factors, and
statement of p urpose. Considered to be somewhat writing skills come to the fore. Bear these consider-
to very important in assisting selection committees ations in mind as you approach your interview—just
with their final admission decisions were research as we have in preparing this book.
assistant experience; reputation of the student’s And now you wait until contacted with the
referees; relevant clinical experience; membership
final decision of the admissions committee. During
in an underrepresented ethnic minority group; this period, maintain your professional demeanor.
knowledge and interest in the program; number of Refrain from Twitter posts that track your interviews
statistics, methodology, and hard science courses at universities and, for heaven’s sake, do not over-
completed; prestige of the psychology faculty in the emote about a particular program on Facebook.
student’s undergraduate department; reputation Until mid-March, it is probably not wise to con-
of the undergraduate institution itself; and honors tact a program and ask where you stand. Applicants
bestowed on the student by that undergraduate who make repeated calls or emails may appear overly
institution. Rated as not important or minimally anxious and irritate the staff (Mitchell, 1996). The
important were such variables as the student’s geo- one exception is if you have received other admis-
graphic residence, Psi Chi membership, and a close sion offers, and the program you would most like to
relationship between the student and former gradu- attend has not contacted you—a situation covered in
ates of that program. Chapter 8.
Demand always exceeds supply in competitive This brings us to the last step in the application
clinical and counseling psychology programs. The process and the final chapter of this Insider’s Guide.
C H A P T E R 8
B
efore April 1, all APA-accredited clinical, coun- Acceptance of an offer of financial aid (such as
seling, and combined psychology programs will graduate scholarship, fellowship, traineeship, or
make their initial round of acceptance offers. assistantship) for the next academic year by a pro-
This policy pertains only to acceptances; programs spective or enrolled graduate student completes an
agreement that both student and graduate school
need not inform all applicants of their admission sta-
expect to honor. In that context, the conditions
tus, such as rejection or waiting list, by that date. In
affecting such offers and their acceptance must be
fact, many programs will not notify rejected appli- defined carefully and understood by all parties.
cants until May. It’s frustrating not to hear sooner, Students are under no obligation to respond to
but that’s how most doctoral programs roll. offers of financial support prior to April 15; earlier
Recall that research-oriented Ph.D. programs deadlines for the acceptance of such offers violate
will almost always tender their first round of admis- the intent of this Resolution. In those instances in
sion offers well before April 1st, even as early as Feb- which the student accepts the offer before April 15
ruary. Practice-oriented Ph.D. and Psy.D. programs and subsequently desires to withdraw that accep-
tend to run later in the admissions season. Do not tance, the student may submit in writing a resigna-
be surprised to receive a call or email only a few days tion of the appointment at any time through April
15. However, an acceptance given or left in force
after your interview.
after April 15 commits the student not to accept
At that point you will typically have until April
another offer without first obtaining a written
15th to make your final decision as to where you release from the institution to which the commit-
want to attend graduate school. By APA policy, you ment has been made. Similarly, an offer by an insti-
have the right to consider offers until mid-April, at tution after April 15 is conditional on presentation
which time an offer may be withdrawn. So you must by the student of the written release from any pre-
be thoughtful but decisive in these weeks. viously accepted offer.
To protect applicants from making hasty deci-
sions, all APA-accredited programs and most others Importantly, this April 15th policy applies only to
have agreed to allow candidates until April 15 for a admission offers with financial aid. Thus, Psy.D. and
decision (or the first Monday after April 15, if April master’s programs (and a few Ph.D. programs) not
15 falls on a weekend). This accords with a policy offering financial assistance can and will pressure
adopted by the Council of Graduate Schools in the accepted applicants to confirm their acceptances
United States and endorsed by the Council of Grad- before April 15th. It happened to a few of our stu-
uate Departments of Psychology. The Resolution dents, and if applying to Psy.D. or master’s programs,
Regarding Graduate Scholars, Fellows, Trainees and it can happen to you. If a graduate program is not
Assistants (www.cgsnet.org/?tabid=201) reads as fol- offering you financial support, then the April 15th
lows: policy does not apply!
126
MAKING FINAL DECISIONS 127
As you wait to hear from programs in February program you want to attend. On the other hand, if
and March, carefully check your emails and missed you have been accepted at three programs, and one
calls, particularly if you use an account that receives of them is obviously less suited to your needs, be
a large volume of incoming messages. Just a couple of considerate of other applicants and decline that offer.
years ago, two of our undergraduates missed emailed The program can then make their offer to someone
invitations to interview at doctoral programs because else who may very much want to attend that school.
they were lost among a blizzard of unsolicited emails Only keep two offers alive at any one time. Other-
and junk messages. Be vigilant and double check on wise, a huge logjam or bottleneck effect will occur
a daily basis. across the country, with each program waiting for a
few students to decide.
Acceptances and Rejections As long as there is a possibility that you may
attend a certain program, be careful not to decline
What should you do when one program makes you prematurely. As other students decline at these
an admission offer and you are still waiting to hear schools, you may be offered a better financial pack-
from another program you prefer? To begin with, age if you have not yet made a formal commitment.
don’t say yes to any graduate program until you are When all is said and done, how will you decide
certain that this is where you want to go! Once you which offer to accept? This is a difficult question to
say “yes,” that is it. Saying yes to another program answer because of the multiple factors involved and
can endanger your acceptance at both places. If you because the final determinant will be how you, as an
harbor reservations, do not feel pressured to say yes. individual, weigh those factors.
Thank the person and say that you have received One study (McIlvried et al., 2010) had 596 first-
other offers and you need a few days to consider this year graduate students, some in Boulder-model
crucial decision. (Ph.D.) programs and some in Vail-model (Psy.D.)
Only 50 to 70% of the students accepted at a par- programs, rate the reasons for selecting their doc-
ticular APA-accredited program will accept that offer toral clinical programs. Their average ratings are
(Norcross et al., 2009). You need not worry about shown in Table 8-1, where a rating of 1 was “not at
hurting faculty members’ feelings should you decline all important” and 5 was “very important.” As seen
their offer of admission. Qualified applicants will there, the most important factors for all students
receive multiple offers. Experienced faculty under- were the sense of fit, curriculum, geographic loca-
stand the process. Do not fret about them; focus on tion, prestige/reputation of the university, reputation
what’s best for you. of the faculty, gut feeling, discussions with program
If you have received admission offers but have students, theoretical diversity of the staff, and job
not heard from the programs that most interest you, placement record. We have emphasized through-
then email them. Explain that you are considering out the preceding chapters the prominence of these
offers but that you do not want to act on them until selection factors.
you know your status there. It’s OK to say, “I’ve been As you would expect, the reasons differed
accepted at University X and Y, but I am most inter- markedly between those students seeking Boulder-
ested in your program. Can you give me an indica- model (Ph.D.) training and those seeking Vail-model
tion where my application stands, or at least whether (Psy.D.) training. The Ph.D. students prioritized the
it is still being considered?” opportunity to work with specific faculty, scholarship
The Guidelines for Graduate School Offers and funding, availability of research and teaching assis-
Acceptances, adopted by the Council of University tantships, and other financial incentives much more
Directors of Clinical Psychology (1993), encourage highly. By contrast, the Psy.D. students placed more
directors of training (or admissions) to apprise stu- weight on the curriculum, geographic location, gut
dents of their position on the alternate list. Typically, feeling, interdisciplinary training, and availability of
this entails a placement of high, middle, or low on minority faculty. These dissimilarities reflect several
the alternate list. If such a designation is used, the of the fundamental differences between the training
operational definition of “high on the alternate list” models, as reviewed in Chapter 2: the Boulder model
is that, in a normal year, the student would receive emphasizing smaller mentoring programs, research-
an offer of admission (but not necessarily funding) oriented training, and furnishing generous finan-
prior to the April 15 decision date. cial assistance, whereas the Vail model emphasizing
Earlier, we emphasized the point that you should larger professional programs, practice-oriented train-
not accept an offer until you are certain that is the ing, and rarely providing direct financial assistance.
128 MAKING FINAL DECISIONS
Note. Data adapted from McIlvried et al. (2010). Ratings on a 5-point scale where 1 = not at all important to
5 = very important.
*indicates statistically significant difference between students selecting Boulder model/Ph.D. programs and
students selecting Vail model/Psy.D. programs, p < .001.
The emotional and interpersonal ambience of tial sources of encouragement, companionship, and
a program should not be underestimated. Seriously inspiration. You want a good, lasting fit with your
consider interactions with faculty and graduate stu- peers.
dents in your decision. The faculty–student relation- In choosing a graduate program, all students
ship may be the single most significant factor in your place a premium on general factors such as reputation
intellectual and professional development, and this of the university, the prestige of the faculty, training
relationship may be formal or informal, distant or opportunities, and the emotional atmosphere. At the
close. Concurrently, the vast majority of graduate same time, ethnic minority applicants rate multicul-
student time is spent with other students rather than tural factors higher than do white students (Bernal
with faculty members. You are likely to retain these et al., 1999; Toia et al., 1997). These considerations
personal contacts and professional relationships include minority students in the program, presence
over the years. Moreover, fellow students are essen- of minority faculty, research on minority topics, and
MAKING FINAL DECISIONS 129
opportunity to work with multicultural clients. Be which more than 20% of the students fail to graduate
particularly attentive to the program’s diversity as it should be carefully screened when you make your
relates to your interests and goals. final decision.
The projected length of the doctoral program Our Reports on Individual Programs provide the
is a fairly important reason for choosing a particu- attrition rates for each doctoral program, as reported
lar program, as seen in the middle of Table 8-1. You by that program’s director of training. The attrition
may recall from Chapter 2 that clinical Ph.D. students rate is calculated for the past 7 or 10 years as the
take an average of 6 years to complete their doctor- number of matriculated students who have left the
ates, including the 1-year internship. Psy.D. students program for any reason divided by the total number
take an average of 5 years, a consistent difference of of students matriculated in the program. Again, pay
1 to 1.5 years less. close attention to any program in which more than a
Balance the tradeoffs in your decisions. On the fifth of students have left the program.
one hand, the shorter training period favors the We implored you in Chapter 5 not to apply to
Psy.D. programs. On the other hand, the financial any doctoral programs below your threshold of qual-
aid favors the Ph.D. programs. As you have learned, ity. In the event one or two questionable programs
far more Ph.D. students are receiving tuition waivers snuck onto your list, please conduct a final check on
and assistantship stipends than Psy.D. students, most the outcomes of that program before accepting an
of whom are footing the bill for their doctoral educa- admission offer.
tion. Also keep in mind your ultimate career goal: You may recall our three-quarters rule: apply
it may take longer to gain your degree if you hope only to doctoral programs where three-quarters
to compete for research and faculty positions, where or more of their students secure an APA-accredited
completing multiple publishable studies will be criti- internship, complete their degrees, and pass the
cal to your success. Use the Reports on Individual licensure examination if they choose to take it. Care-
Programs to consider the expected time to complete fully inspect the Report on Individual Programs in
the degree in the context of probable financial aid this book, the required outcomes data on the pro-
and your career trajectory. gram’s website, and the national licensure site (www.
The reasons for choosing a clinical psychology asppb.net) to acquire these numbers. Check out the
program, as shown in Table 8-1, are largely self- program’s historical success in placing its students
evident, but several reasons not listed in that table in APA-accredited internships (www.appic.org/Por-
deserve your consideration. Three of these reasons tals/0/downloads/APPIC%20Match%20Rates%20
concern the program’s outcomes—attrition rate, 2011-16%20by%20Univ.pdf ). If you have questions
internship match, and licensure data—introduced about the program’s accreditation status, examine
earlier in the book. the final accreditation decision (including number
Attrition rates, as you will recall, refer to the of years of accreditation granted) on the APA’s Com-
percentage of students not completing the program. mission on Accreditation’s website (www.apa.org/ed/
Attrition has been characterized as a “hidden crisis accreditation/).
in graduate education” (Lovitts & Nelson, 2000). In short, determine your own threshold of qual-
Between 20 and 24% of full-time psychology students, ity and proceed with your eyes wide open as to the
on average, formally leave programs without com- probable consequence of attending that particular
pleting their doctorates (Fennell & Kohout, 2002). graduate program. At the risk of sounding melodra-
Our data and APA figures demonstrate this number is matic, it is literally your career at stake.
much smaller—3% to 5%—for APA-accredited clinical Preliminary or qualifying examinations,
and counseling psychology programs (Klonoff, 2016; another consideration in the complexities of your
Norcross et al., 2010, 2018, 2019). The median attri- choice, are a series of structured tests that many pro-
tion rate for Psy.D. programs is higher and more vari- grams require at the end of their first or second year.
able than Ph.D., probably attributable to the larger These examinations assume many forms, but they all
class size and larger debt load. test a candidate’s knowledge of a wide range of areas
Attrition in graduate programs is not solely in psychology—research methodology, learning,
related to academic ability; life problems, financial development, motivation, history, social, and per-
difficulties, interpersonal conflicts, and program sonality. In some programs, only one attempt may
dissatisfaction enter into the equation. In some be permitted to pass this examination (Scott & Silka,
cases (e.g., starting a family), the decision is not 1974). You should learn if the program requires
even related to a “problem.” Doctoral programs in “prelims” or “quals,” whether multiple attempts are
130 MAKING FINAL DECISIONS
provided, and what percentage of students pass, ogy doctoral candidates carry loans. Support is still
before you make your final decision. Instead of an available but not to the extent it once was—which
exam, many research-oriented clinical programs accounts, in part, for your seasoned professors’ fond
require submission of a lengthy review paper prior to memories of their “good ol’ graduate days.”
embarking on a dissertation. Federal support for graduate training has been
You should now be well acquainted with a pro- eroding in all fields, including psychology. In the
gram’s outcomes and the decision criteria presented 1970s, for instance, almost 30% of Ph.D. recipients
in Table 8-1. You should also be well informed about in clinical psychology reported that federal grants
the program’s attractiveness on these criteria. If not, and traineeships provided the major support for
immediately request additional information on any their graduate training (Coyle & Bae, 1987). Three
of these for which you lack knowledge prior to mak- decades later, federal sources supported less than 4%
ing an informed choice of the program to attend. of full-time graduate students in psychology (APA,
2019; Wicherski & Kohout, 2005). Federal sources
The Financial Package have slipped as a primary source of support for psy-
chology graduate students. To compensate for these
Note in Table 8-1 that the finances (scholarship offer, shrinking resources, students must look elsewhere,
research assistantship, financial incentives) tend to personal resources, student loans, and university
to cluster further down the list of selection factors. financial assistance.
For many applicants, and particularly for directors Research supports the conclusion that today’s
of training looking at attracting the best applicants graduate students are shouldering a larger share
(Dornfeld et al., 2012), the financial aid offered by of their education costs. This is particularly true
the school will probably assume a higher priority in in Psy.D. programs, which fund proportionally far
making final decisions. fewer students than Ph.D. programs do. Refer back
When an admission offer is tendered, establish to Table 5-3 for the general patterns of financial assis-
if the program is offering financial assistance. If so, tance and to the Reports on Individual Programs for
does it cover tuition remission? Is it guaranteed for the percentage of a particular program’s students
4 years? Is it considered taxable at that institution? who receive funding.
Does it provide health insurance? If you have a teach- Table 8-2 shows the median tuition costs per
ing or research assistantship, how many hours per year for psychology graduate students in 2016 (Cope,
week will it entail? What is the assistantship stipend Michalski, & Fowler, 2016). The numbers demon-
per year? Are you allowed to earn additional outside strate that tuition is largely a function of three vari-
income? ables: institution type, state residence, and degree
On average, private universities are more expen- level. Private universities uniformly charge higher
sive than public or state universities. In-state public graduate tuition than public institutions, just as is
college costs about 40% of the price of private col- the case on the undergraduate level. Tuition at pri-
leges (College Board, 2019). Typically, the in-state vate institutions per academic year is typically two or
versus out-of-state cost difference that operates in three times higher than state tuition at public insti-
undergraduate education is not as salient in graduate tutions. Psy.D. programs routinely charge between
education. That is because (1) once you begin study, $30,000 and $35,000 per year for tuition. Although
you can establish residency there and pay in-state your state residence does not influence tuition at
tuition after the first or second year, and (2) many private universities, it definitely reduces your tuition
financial aid packages include a tuition remission. at public universities—from a median of $24,000 for
But graduate training is expensive, and exter- nonstate residents to $11,000 for state residents per
nal sources of financial support are slowly drying year. Predictably, too, tuition is higher for doctoral
up. Consider, for instance, the average stipends and programs than for master’s programs.
accumulated loans for Ph.D. psychology students So, your annual tuition can range from $0 if you
over the years (Golding, Lang, Eymard, & Shad- secure tuition remission, to $11,000 if you are a resi-
ish, 1988). Back in the 1960s and 1970s the average dent attending your state university, to $34,000 if you
graduate stipend was higher, and the typical stu- attend a Ph.D. program at a private university with
dent’s accumulated loan lower, than in the 2010s, no financial assistance, all the way up to $35,000 if
adjusted for inflation. In fact, the average stipend you attend a freestanding Psy.D. program.
amount decreased 36% (controlled for inflation) over Table 8-3 presents the assistantship stipends for
the past 30 years. About three-quarters of psychol- psychology graduate students. As shown there, the
MAKING FINAL DECISIONS 131
TABLE 8-2. Median Tuition Costs in Psychology by Institution Type and Degree Level
Doctoral programs Master’s programs
Public Private Public Private
State residents $11,000 $34,000 $8,640 $30,000
Nonstate residents $24,000 $20,000
Note. Data adapted from the Education Directorate of the American Psychological Association (Cope, Michalski, &
Fowler, 2016).
median 9-month stipends for teaching and research weeks after you are accepted. Examples in this cat-
assistantships average about $5,000 for master’s stu- egory are fellowships from the Graduate School,
dents and $15,000 for doctoral students (Cope et al., resident assistantships from Student Affairs, or a
2016). Assistantship stipends are consistently higher graduate assistantship in the Admission Office. If it is
for public than for private institutions. Stipends for financial assistance from a government agency, such
doctoral students are also uniformly higher than as the National Science Foundation (NSF) or National
those for master’s students. As we have repeatedly Institutes of Health (NIH), then you will hear on or
emphasized throughout this Insider’s Guide, mas- before their published notification dates. Finally, if it
ter’s students in psychology cannot expect much is financial assistance in the form of loans, then you
financial aid directly from the program. will hear from the bank, Sally Mae, or the lending
The typical hours worked per week for an assis- institution on their (painfully slow) schedule.
tantship are 15 to 16. Practically all graduate pro-
grams will expect between 10 and 20 hours a week
from their research and teaching assistants (Mulvey The Alternate List
et al., 2010).
Financial considerations include the tuition cost, Your fervent hope is to receive an email or telephone
available stipend, and living costs. The latter cannot call in February, March, or early April from the direc-
be ignored: although tuition costs may prove equiva- tor of admissions offering you acceptance into your
lent in New York City and Kansas, the living costs are top-rated graduate program with generous financial
certainly not. aid. But this glorious dream may not materialize;
Once accepted into a doctoral program, you will instead, the sobering reality is that many applicants
naturally be eager to learn about the status of your will be rejected from several programs, will secure
financial assistance, but you will hear from institu- offers from programs lower on their list, or will
tions at different times depending on the form of the receive offers without financial assistance. Many
financial assistance. If it is department-controlled applicants will also receive calls informing them that
financial assistance, then you will ordinarily hear they have been wait listed—that is, placed on the
when you are accepted or shortly thereafter. If it is alternate list.
university financial assistance, not directly controlled As mentioned previously, ask the director of
by the psychology department, then it may well be admissions where you stand on the alternate list—
TABLE 8-3. Median Assistantship Stipends in Psychology by Institution Type and Degree Level
Doctoral students Master’s students
Public Private Public Private
First year Advanced First year Advanced First year Advanced First year Advanced
Teaching assistantship $14,400 $15,000 $14,000 $6,250 $5,000 $5,056 $4,000 $3,200
Research assistantship $15,000 $15,226 $10,000 $9,000 $5,196 $5,400 $3,100 $4,000
Fellowship/scholarship $16,500 $16,500 $10,000 $8,000
high, middle, or low. For your planning purposes, 15 hours a week. My fourth choice is offering tuition
politely assert in probing further: “In typical years, remission and a fellowship with no work required.
what percentage of students with this position on the Any advice?”
alternate list receive an admission offer? What per- Our advice centers on using systematic deci-
centage of the students admitted from the alternate sion making. Begin by gathering all the salient data
list receive funding?” Without answers to these ques- by interviewing program faculty and students, con-
tions, you cannot render an informed decision on sulting published materials, and speaking with your
your other offers. mentors. Prioritize your primary reasons for select-
Admission directors will, in all likelihood, ing one program over another. Then develop a deci-
arrange for you to be kept abreast of your admissions sion-making grid that will assist you in ranking your
status until April 15th. They may email you or you choices.
may email them on occasion to determine the prob- Two practical articles describe in detail how to
ability of admission. apply decision-making techniques to choosing psy-
When speaking with the representative of the chology programs. Jacob’s (1987) decision grid asks
graduate program, try to impress upon him or her candidates to evaluate training programs along crite-
three key ideas. First, you are keenly interested in ria important to them. You weigh those criteria that
attending that program. Second, express your avail- are more important to you correspondingly higher.
ability by stating you have not accepted another offer You then tally the ratings for each training program
of admission. And third, if you have received another to make the final decision. While it may sound over-
offer, inform the program accordingly; most schools intellectual, in practice we have found that the deci-
desire people who are attractive to others. Enthusi- sion grid forces applicants to identify the criteria that
asm, availability, and attractiveness frequently move they value most highly.
students up the alternate list. Stewart and Stewart (1996) describe a paired-
The tricky part of this process is how frequently comparison ranking technique, a method originally
an alternate should contact (by telephone or email) traced back to psychophysiological methods devel-
the program representative. Too much contact will oped by Gustav Fechner. The first step of this tech-
appear aggressive or desperate; too little, passive or nique is to select the relevant personal, professional,
complacent. Strike a balance by asking the program and practical criteria that you will use in comparing
representative how often you may contact him or her programs to one another. Consult the preceding
without being irritating. pages to identify these criteria; conduct an hon-
est self-evaluation to determine which of these lie
Decision Making in your heart. The second step involves prioritizing
these selection criteria. Do this by writing the name
The choice of which admission offer to accept of each criterion on a single index card or piece of
and which program to attend is a momentous one paper, and then forcing yourself to rank them in
indeed. You, like 86% of students enrolling in gradu- order. The third step entails generating a list of pro-
ate programs, will quickly discover that the decision- grams that will be compared to one another. We sug-
making process boils down to your sense of fit with gest that you use those programs that have accepted
a program (Kyle, 2000). A few fortunate souls may you or which have placed you on their waiting list.
receive an early offer with excellent financial aid The fourth step is to conduct the actual pairwise
from their number one program. But most graduate comparison of the programs. Write the names of the
school applicants will ultimately select the program graduate programs along one side of a large piece
that makes the best offer—an offer that needs to be of paper and the selection criteria on the other side.
seriously weighed on a host of the aforementioned Which of the training programs most clearly satisfies
and often conflicting considerations. your criteria? Make a choice and allow no ties. For
The “March and April madness” abounds with each criterion, put a hash mark across from the pro-
such quandaries as: “Should I take Program X with gram that wins. The hash marks will be counted to
the best training but with no financial aid or Pro- determine your choice.
gram Y with solid training and half tuition remission Although the final result will generally agree
for 4 years?”; “Two programs have offered the same with what you expected, the more productive out-
money, but the one that I prefer is 600 miles from come of these two decision-making techniques may
my partner. What should I do?”; “My top program be that they force you to view your selection decision
guaranteed me a teaching assistantship that requires from multiple perspectives and to prioritize numer-
MAKING FINAL DECISIONS 133
ous criteria. To be sure, this is a complex method for with financial assistance. He carefully considered
a complex decision, but one that we and our students alternative offers and negotiated with other pro-
have repeatedly found effective for making “impos- grams, which led to predictable delays. He awoke one
sible” choices more thoughtfully. morning in a cold sweat, realizing that he had turned
down all other offers but had not formally accepted
Finalizing Arrangements the admission offer and financial package from his
school of choice. He was in graduate school purga-
An offer of admission must eventually be formalized tory! Although the school was understanding and
in writing. Verbal offers and verbal acceptances are everything eventually worked out for Jean, because
binding, but your acceptance of the offer should be he missed the deadline, the doctoral program had
in writing at the end of the process. Likewise, assis- the option of changing the financial aid package, or
tantships, tuition waivers, and stipends should be even revoking the admission offer. The moral of the
guaranteed in the written offer; respectfully insist story: don’t pull a Willi! Be clear and decisive and put
that the financial arrangements be specified so that it in writing.
misunderstandings do not ensue. Should the offer Figure 8-1 presents a representative letter of
be “contingent on expected funding,” determine the acceptance. Note that the letter or email should
odds of the funding coming through. No position is explicitly mention any conditions of your accep-
absolutely certain in life, but some are more certain tance, including financial assistance. Most graduate
than others. programs will accept an email as your formal confir-
Weighing offers, negotiating financial aid, and mation, but a few programs still insist upon a snail-
dealing with rejections make this a heady period. Be mailed letter.
careful not to get caught up in the experience and Once you have formally accepted an offer of
forget the most important point: accept one offer admission in writing, two matters of etiquette remain:
and confirm it in writing! (1) informing other programs that have accepted
One of our students (the affable Jean Willi) was you, and (2) expressing your appreciation to those
offered admission to a prestigious doctoral program, mentors who wrote letters of recommendation on
I appreciate your confidence in me and very much look forward to joining the
counseling psychology program.
Sincerely yours,
Chris Smith
your behalf and on their own time. Figure 8-2 offers you before the deadline will have probably com-
a sample email declining an offer of admission. It pleted its admissions work and will not take kindly
should be succinct yet polite. Thereafter, send a brief to an accepted applicant switching his or her mind
email or thank-you note to those who have assisted after the deadline. And, a “jilted” faculty mentor may
you through your graduate application journey. They well remain in your professional universe—seeing
will be interested in the outcome of your application you at specialty conferences, belonging to the same
process and may well join the ensuing celebration! professional organizations—for years to come. Yes
means yes.
On the other hand, your career and future are
Post-Deadline Switches at stake. Explore the possibility of a post-deadline
switch with the director of admissions at the insti-
Well, that is how the admissions process is supposed tution where you were already accepted. Call imme-
to operate—nice, tidy, finished by the close of April diately and respectfully; be apologetic and humble.
15th. But reality is not always so obliging and orderly. Ask if the director could release you from your com-
It turns out that some students will wait vigilantly mitment. Explain the last-minute offer and the cir-
until the deadline looms, accept the best offer on the cumstances, such as more financial assistance or a
table, but then a few days after the deadline suddenly better fit. The Council of Graduate Schools resolu-
receive a more attractive offer. You have formally tion stipulates that you obtain a written release from
committed to one graduate program but would now the institution to which you initially committed with
like to attend another program! financial support.
What to do at the crossroads? On the one hand, Expect one of three responses from the director
it seems wildly unprofessional to accept an offer and of admissions. One: begrudging approval to release
then renege on your commitment. Remember the you from your commitment. Two: an angry reaction
Council of Graduate Schools resolution: when you and a flat no. That will particularly prove the case at
accept an offer of financial support, you are expected smaller Ph.D. programs that enroll 6 or 7 students per
to honor it. The graduate program which accepted year (as contrasted to large Psy.D. programs admit-
I was pleased to receive your March 9th letter offering me acceptance to the Psy.D.
program in clinical psychology at the University of Western States. I thoroughly
enjoyed speaking with you and your colleagues and appreciated your generous offer of
admission.
Unfortunately, I can only accept one admission offer, and I must regrettably decline
your attractive offer. Please extend my genuine thanks and best wishes to the entire
Admissions Committee.
Sincerely yours,
Chris Smith
ting 50 or more students per year). Three: a mixed for students who have a bachelor’s degree (in any dis-
emotional response. That typically goes something cipline) and who seek additional preparation for psy-
like, “We want you to be happy and find a good grad- chology-oriented graduate training. They are a recent
uate fit, but we closed our admissions and rejected development in psychology, but have been around
other qualified candidates because you accepted. Let for decades in other disciplines, especially for those
me check if something can be done.” interested in applying to medical school. More than a
If you are eventually released from your commit- dozen such programs exist in psychology, and most
ment, count your blessings. If you are not released, of them provide psychology coursework, internship
then you find yourself on dubious ethical grounds opportunities, and research assistantships (Zinger,
in accepting the other, post-deadline offer. Some 2014). All of these experiences improve a student’s
students will accept the subsequent offer, but they credentials and thus the probability of admission
have committed a breach of ethics and etiquette. A into competitive doctoral programs with financial
few directors of admissions may even register their assistance.
complaint with both the applicant and his or her We avidly recommend these post-baccalaureate
recommenders. Your choice to make but beware the programs to select students with a few essential stip-
probable consequences. ulations. First, most students will require at least a
full year of attendance, and sometimes 1.5 or 2 years,
If Not Accepted in order to remediate their weaknesses or to acquire
more clinical or research experience. Second, in
What happens if you are not accepted anywhere? addition to the time commitment, there is the cost of
The grim truth is that a substantial percentage of the another year or two of tuition. Third, doing well in
entire applicant pool to APA-accredited clinical and post-bac training will probably not help so much with
counseling psychology programs will not make it in admission into a research-oriented, PCSAS Ph.D. pro-
a given year. gram. If your academic credentials were not strong
Start by taking time to recover from your disap- enough a year earlier to gain entrance, then post-
pointment after an emotionally draining process. bac training alone may not move the needle when
Relax a few days and break from the graduate school other top candidates did better the first time in their
preoccupation. Seek support from your friends and undergraduate careers. Fourth, beware of the “magi-
family members. Remind yourself that many promi- cal” thought that, “I may have not done well in my
nent psychologists took several tries to enter gradu- undergraduate psychology program but I will now
ate school. Most importantly, remember that your do much better in the post-baccalaureate program.”
worth as a person is not dependent on your academic Please possess compelling evidence that your perfor-
accomplishments. That message will be underscored mance will be superior the second time around, lest
by online support groups for applicants not accepted you spend considerable money and time repeating
this year. the same mistakes.
Then, huddle with your mentors and consider Enterprising students can complete informal
these seven alternatives: post-baccalaureate preparation on their own. That is,
1. Delay graduation from college. If you are a they arrange for psychology courses, research assis-
college senior and applied to doctoral programs tantships, and clinical experiences at a particular
for the first time, consider postponing graduation department. These arrangements are more difficult
to enhance your credentials. Take more classes or to finalize as most psychology programs understand-
repeat certain courses that will improve your GPA. ably accord priority to their own, full-time under-
Prepare better for the GRE and obtain more research graduates. But it can and does occur; in fact, we have
experience, which in turn will probably strengthen mentored many such motivated students switching
your letters of recommendation. Another semester or careers or laying the foundation for advanced study.
two of college may prove effective as an investment 3. Consult the APA Education Directorate’s Grad-
in your future career. uate Openings list in late April. This document con-
A word of caution here: such an approach can tains a list of graduate programs in psychology that
prove expensive and does not guarantee eventual still have openings for students in the fall. Although
acceptance into a doctoral program. But it is one there are typically only a couple of APA-accredited
alternative that can be thrown into the mix. clinical or counseling Ph.D. programs and only a
2. Consider a psychology post-baccalaureate few nonclinical Ph.D. programs on the list, you may
program. Post-baccalaureate programs are designed locate a Psy.D. or other program of interest to you.
136 MAKING FINAL DECISIONS
To review the listings, go to the APA website at www. in Psychology, which lists hundreds of master’s (and
apa.org/education/grad/graduate-openings.aspx. doctoral) programs in psychology throughout the
4. Apply to master’s programs. Master’s degrees United States and Canada. To order, go to APA’s web-
represent frequent stepping stones to the doctorate site where you can purchase a hard copy or purchase
in psychology. Although taking your master’s at one a three-month electronic access.
institution and transferring to another for the doc- 5. Apply to doctoral programs that will soon be
torate is not as efficient as being admitted directly accredited by APA. Newer doctoral programs located
into a doctoral program, there are advantages none- in credible universities have not been around long
theless. One is that the acceptance odds are more enough to gain APA approval. Programs cannot apply
favorable—37% for master’s programs in clinical for full accreditation until they have graduated doc-
psychology and 63% for master’s in counseling psy- toral students and collected outcome data, which
chology on average (Table 1-5). A second advantage takes several years. Usually these programs will
is that a few years of graduate training in psychology apply for accreditation as soon as they are eligible.
can improve your grade point average, GRE Psychol- However, there is another category of programs
ogy Subject Test score, clinical acumen, and research not accredited by APA. These programs (several of
skills. A third plus is an opportunity to confirm that them entirely online) do not conform to APA stan-
psychology is the career for you. A cruel irony of bac- dards and often do not even attempt to gain accredi-
calaureate recipients admitted directly into doctoral tation. The quality of these programs tends to be
programs is that they have little direct contact with considerably lower than APA-accredited programs.
the discipline they claim as their lifelong career! A Because of their status, non-APA-accredited programs
fourth advantage is exposure to twice the number typically provide greater probabilities for acceptance
of faculty supervisors and theoretical orientations. A and frequently advertise on the web. We recommend
fifth and final advantage is the flexible course offer- against applying to or attending such programs.
ings—part-time study and, frequently, night courses 6. Decide against a doctorate in clinical or
are available in master’s programs (Actkinson, 2000). counseling psychology. If your goal is to become a
Selecting a quality master’s program in psychol- researcher or a practitioner, psychology is not your
ogy is key to eventual admission into a doctoral pro- only option. Reexamine the alternatives listed in
gram. By all means, avoid master’s programs that Chapter 1 and consult your advisors to see which of
have come to be pejoratively called “money mills.” these options suit your needs.
These programs exhibit most or all of the following 7. Apply again in a year or two to APA-accred-
features: accepting a very high percentage (80% plus) ited programs. Knowing the criteria used by gradu-
of applicants; offering courses only in the evening ate schools, take a realistic look at the limitations
or largely by part-time faculty; providing no funded in your application. Many students resubmit the
graduate assistantships; being reluctant or unwilling same rejected application year after year to no avail;
to state what percentage of their graduates go on to “doing more of the same” typically results in more of
doctoral programs; declaring openly their disinter- the same misery.
est in research; requiring little undergraduate prepa- Another year can be an opportunity to remedi-
ration in psychology; and communicating greater ate your weaknesses. Were your GREs low? Take a
interest in filling classroom seats than in attracting professional preparation course and retake the test.
qualified students. Was your GPA a bit low? Then take some additional
By contrast, quality terminal master’s programs courses or retake some old courses in which you did
in psychology can be roughly assessed by three crite- not perform your best to improve it. Complete some
ria: exhibiting few of the aforementioned character- graduate courses in psychology on a nonmatriculat-
istics of money mills; holding a favorable reputation ing basis to demonstrate your ability. Were you short
among the psychological community; and faculty on research skills? Then take 1 or 2 years and acquire
producing published research. Gordon (1990) lists a research position, paid or volunteer, in a psychol-
20 American master’s programs ranked highest in ogy or psychiatry department. Did you lack signifi-
productivity in 15 APA journals; interested students cant clinical experience? Then spend a night or two
are directed to that article. a week working for a suicide hot line or find a job at
In addition to the foregoing research-based a women’s shelter. Were your letters of recommen-
article, we heartily recommend that you consult an dation tepid or brief? Then acquaint yourself better
extensive compilation of master’s programs in psy- with potential referees so they can write a positive
chology. The classic is APA’s (2019) Graduate Study and detailed letter.
MAKING FINAL DECISIONS 137
Another year can also provide an opportunity experience can work in your favor, and they will cer-
to enhance your interview style or to acquire better tainly better define your goals next time through the
matches with graduate faculty. Some applicants find application process.
themselves in the position of perennial bridesmaids
or best men, not because their credentials were inad-
Two Final Words
equate, but because their interview style or matching
potential was a tad weak. Spend the extra months Realism and persistence. Be realistic about your
improving your interpersonal presentation and credentials, capacities, and acceptance odds. Some
investigating programs that promise to be better fits applicants refuse to accept the hard facts of the
with your interests. admission process and tragically resubmit the identi-
The so-called gap year is not intended as a vaca- cally flawed application year after year to no avail. An
tion or a year off. Rather, it is a year dedicated to honest evaluation of your credentials, with the assis-
improving your credentials and working hard at what tance of an experienced professor, will enable you to
interests you. When friends or parents ask what you strengthen your application, select more appropriate
are doing on your purported “year off,” we believe programs, or reevaluate your career decisions. This
the apt response is to proudly reply, “Preparing for is not to dissuade or discourage you; it is realistic
my career as a psychologist!” encouragement.
In summary, reread this text and conduct a rig- And be persistent! Many successful psychologists
orous self-assessment of where you are and where have required two or three tries to get into competi-
you want to be. If you’re set on a career in clinical or tive doctoral programs. Tens of thousands of clinical
counseling psychology, be prepared to take the time and counseling psychologists have earned a master’s
and energy to make yourself a better applicant. Espe- degree at one institution before moving on to receive
cially if you are still in college and had planned to go a doctorate at another university. There is no shame
straight on to graduate school, take time to gain life in reaching for the stars; the real loss is not to reach
experiences. As we mentioned in Chapter 2, those at all.
psychologists who postponed graduate school after We hope the information and advice contained
college were significantly more satisfied with their in this Insider’s Guide have proven helpful to you.
decision than individuals who went directly to a ter- We wish you the best success in the application pro-
minal master’s degree (Zimak et al., 2011). Age and cess and in graduate school.
REPORTS ON COMBINED
PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS
139
REPORTS ON COMBINED PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS 141
academic skills interventions 1 0
University of Buffalo/State University of New college student mental health 1 0
eating disorders 2 0
York (Ph.D.) groups 1 0
(counseling/school combined) obesity treatment/family interventions 1 0
Department of Counseling, School, & Educational interpersonal psychology 1 0
Psychology mindfulness/yoga/positive psychology 3 0
Buffalo, NY 14260 multicultural/gender issues 2 0
phone#: (716) 645-2484 family/peer relationships 2 1
email: gse-info@buffalo.edu school violence/bullying prevention 1 2
Web address: www.gse.buffalo.edu/programs/cpsp vocational psychology 2 0
Clinical opportunities
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Very diverse, including schools, VA medical centers,
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented community agencies, and hospitals in urban, suburban, rural
areas, and college counseling centers.
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
following orientations:
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 10% University of California–Santa Barbara
Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 20%
Family systems/Systems 25% (Ph.D.)
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 10% (clinical/counseling/school)
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 50% Department of Counseling, Clinical and School
Psychology
Courses required for incoming students to have Santa Barbara, CA 93106
completed prior to enrolling: phone#: (805) 893-3375
Most students have a B.A. or B.S. in psychology. email: tisrael@ucsb.edu
Recommended but not mandatory courses: none Web address: www.education.ucsb.edu/Graduate-Studies/
CCSP/CCSP-home.html
GRE mean
Verbal 156 Quantitative 150
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Analytical Writing 4.7
Psychology Subject Test not reported Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Supported Treatments
Health Psychology/Behavioral Medicine 5 0
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented Intervention/Treatment 9 0
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the Parent Child Interactions/Parenting 2 0
following orientations: Personality Assessment 4 0
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 0% Personality Disorders 2 0
Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0% Prevention 9 0
Family systems/Systems 0% School/Educational 4 0
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 0% Posttraumatic Stress Disorder/Trauma 1 1
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 100% Weight Management/Obesity 1 0
153
REPORTS ON CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS 155
personal relationships 1 1
Adelphi University (Ph.D.) couples & group therapy 0 0
suicide risk assessment 1 0
Derner Institute of Advanced Psychological Studies
psychoanalysis 5 2
Garden City, NY 11530
change & psychotherapy process 3 2
phone#: (516) 877-4800
therapeutic relationship 3 2
fax#: (516) 877-4805
unconscious processes & motivation 1 0
email: jcmuran@adelphi.edu
trauma 3 1
Web address: http://derner.adelphi.edu/psychology/
cultural competence 1 1
doctoral-program/
social justice and mental health 1 0
social neuroscience 2 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 addiction 2 1
language development 1 1
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
Clinical opportunities
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
psychoanalytic/dynamic personality assessment
following orientations:
psychotherapy psychotherapy integration
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 70% addiction & eating disorders short-term psychotherapies
Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 10% child, adolescent & family neuropsychological
Family systems/Systems 7% therapy couples & group therapy
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 7%
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 27%
Courses required for incoming students to have Adler University (Psy.D.)
completed prior to enrolling: 17 N. Dearborn
General psychology, statistics, experimental methods, Chicago, IL 60602
developmental, abnormal phone#: (312) 662-4000
Recommended but not mandatory courses: none admissions: (312) 662-4100
email: admissions@adler.edu
GRE mean Web address: http://www.adler.edu/page/areas-of-study/
Verbal 85% (159.74) Quantitative 51% (153) chicago/doctor-of-psychology-in-clinical-psychology/
Analytical Writing 82% (4.57) overview
Psychology Subject Test 62% (664)
GPA mean 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Overall GPA 3.7 Psychology GPA n/a Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
students in 2017 following orientations:
160 applied/50 admission offers/23 incoming Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 29%
% of students receiving: Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0%
Full tuition waiver only: 0% Family systems/Systems 12%
Assistantship/fellowship only: 100% Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 1%
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 0% Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 58%
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a Courses required for incoming students to have
B.A./B.S. only: 35% Master’s: 65% completed prior to enrolling:
The equivalent of 18 semester credit hours in psychology
Approximate percentage of all students who are with grades of “C” or better, including the following
Women: 77% Ethnic Minority: 28% International: 8% prerequisite courses: general or introductory psychology,
Average years to complete the doctoral program abnormal psychology, and research methods or statistics.
(including internship): 6.17 Equivalent coursework in other social sciences may also be
considered.
Personal interview
Required in person Recommended but not mandatory courses: none
Approximate percentage of all students who are Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
Women: 83% Ethnic Minority: 51% International: 8% following orientations:
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 5%
Average years to complete the doctoral program Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 5%
(including internship): 5.41 years Family systems/Systems 5%
Personal interview Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 5%
Required in person, phone or via skype Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 80%
Health psychology 50%
Attrition rate in past 7 years: 5.01%
Courses required for incoming students to have
Students applying for internship in 2016-17 accepted completed prior to enrolling: We highly recommend at
into: least 24 semester hours of psychology, including abnormal,
cognitive/learning, developmental, statistics and research
APA internships: 88% APPIC internships: 11% methods.
Emphases: Recommended but not mandatory courses: at least 12
Advanced Adlerian Psychotherapy hours of life sciences including introductory neuroscience
Child and Adolescent Psychology and human physiology
Military Clinical Psychology
Primary Care Psychology and Behavioral Medicine GRE mean
Substance Abuse Treatment Verbal 86th percentile
Traumatic Stress Psychology Quantitative 72nd percentile
Analytical Writing 83rd percentile
Research areas # Faculty # Grants Psychology Subject Test not reported
adult human development 3 —
community clinical 5 — GPA mean
primary care 3 — Overall GPA 3.81
traumatic stress 5 —
substance abuse 3 — Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
military psychology 3 — students in 2017
diversity 7 2 172 applied/14 admission offers/10 incoming
clinical hypnosis in the context — — % of students receiving:
of psychotherapy Full tuition waiver only: 0%
clinical supervision and mentorship — — Assistantship/fellowship only: 0%
depression — — Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100%
anxiety — —
close relationships — — Approximate percentage of incoming students with a
B.A./B.S. only: 70% Master’s: 30%
Clinical opportunities
Doctoral students can complete their clinical training across a Approximate percentage of all students who are
range of settings: Women: 84% Ethnic Minority: 24% International: 2%
Community mental health centers Average years to complete the doctoral program
Hospitals and medical centers (including internship): 6 years
Private clinics
University counseling centers Personal interview
Correctional facilities Preferred in person but telephone acceptable
Psychiatric hospitals
Schools Attrition rate in past 7 years: 2%
Social service agencies Percentage of students applying for internship last
Residential care facilities year accepted into APPIC or APA internships: 100%
VA medical centers
Formal tracks/concentrations: no tracks or concentrations
but areas of program emphasis are pediatric psychology;
University of Alabama at Birmingham (Ph.D.) developmental disabilities; child, adolescent and adult
Department of Psychology
mental health; substance abuse; health psychology & pain;
neuropsychology & rehabilitation; and geropsychology
REPORTS ON CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS 157
Research areas # Faculty # Grants Approximate percentage of incoming students with a
Pediatric psychology 4 7 B.A./B.S. only: 73% Master’s: 27%
Child/adolescent mental health 3 1
Neurodevelopmental disabilities 4 8 Approximate percentage of students who are
Adult mental health and substance 4 3 Women: 85% Ethnic Minority: 17% International: 3%
abuse Average years to complete the doctoral program
Eating disorders and obesity 4 5 (including internship): 6.25 years
Neuropsychology and rehabilitation 10 7
Geropsychology 4 3 Personal interview
Preferred in person but telephone acceptable
Clinical opportunities
pediatric psychology Attrition rate in past 7 years: 11%
child & adolescent mental health Percentage of students applying for internship in 2017
developmental disabilities accepted into:
adult mental health & substance abuse
eating disorders & obesity APA internships: 100% APPIC internships: 100%
behavioral medicine & pain
neuropsychology Formal tracks/concentrations: health, child,
rehabilitation geropsychology, psychology & law
geropsychology Research areas # Faculty # Grants
adult psychopathology 3 2
affective disorders/depression 1 0
University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa (Ph.D.) aging 6 5
Department of Psychology arthritis 1 2
P.O. Box 870348 assessment 2 0
Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0348 autism 2 2
phone#: (205) 348-1913 behavioral medicine 3 2
email: tabrooksi@as.ua.edu caregiving 2 2
Web address: psychology.ua.edu/academics/graduate/ child clinical 4 4
clinical/clinical.html conduct disorders 2 1
cross-cultural psychology 2 3
diversity in aging 3 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 forensic 3 1
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented long-term care 3 3
pain management 1 4
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the professional issues 2 0
following orientations: psychotherapy process and outcome 3 0
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 0% rural mental health 4 2
Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 10% sleep disorders 2 1
Family systems/Systems 10% social skills 2 2
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 10% violence/abuse 2 2
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 80% youth psychopathology 2 1
Courses required for incoming students to have Clinical opportunities
completed prior to enrolling: autism ADHD
Undergrad statistics, introduction to psychology, abnormal conduct disorder college student counseling
psychology, research methods/experimental psychology factitious disorder family therapy
Recommended but not mandatory courses: none forensic psychology state psychiatric hospital
gerontology youth correctional services
GRE mean health promotion behavior state forensic medical
Verbal 166 Quantitative 154 pain management center
Analytical Writing 4.5 parent–child interaction PTSD
Psychology Subject Test not reported anxiety Veterans Medical Center
chronic mental illness high-risk youth
GPA mean
neuropsychological elder law
Overall GPA 3.6 Psychology GPA 3.8 assessment residential child center
Junior/Senior GPA 3.7 sleep disorders hospice
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming rural health pediatric oncology
students in 2017
200 applied/14 admission offers/11 incoming
University of Alaska, Anchorage-Fairbanks
% of students receiving:
Full tuition waiver only: 0% (Ph.D.)
Assistantship/fellowship only: 0% University of Alaska Anchorage
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 98% Department of Psychology
158 REPORTS ON CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS
3211 Providence Drive, SSB 303 Formal tracks/concentrations: community psychology
Anchorage, AK 99508
phone#: (907) 786-1640 Research areas # Faculty # Grants
email: psychphd@uaa.alaska.edu Acculturation & wellbeing 1 0
Web address: https://www.uaa.alaska.edu/academics/ Addictions 1 0
college-of-arts-and-sciences/departments/psychology/ Alcohol misuse & disorders 1 1
academic-programs/graduate/phd/index.cshtml Asian American/Pacific Islander 1 0
Web address: psyphd.alaska.edu psychology
Comorbid post traumatic stress 1 0
disorder & substance abuse
Ethnic minority psychology 2 0
University of Alaska Fairbanks Filipino American psychology 1 0
Department of Psychology Health psychology 1 0
PO Box 756480 Indigenous & postcolonial psychology 1 0
Fairbanks, AK 99775 Internalized oppression & 1 —
phone#: (907) 474-7012 mental health
Web address: psyphd.alaska.edu Motivational processes 1 0
Older adult mental health 1 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Psychiatric comorbidity 2 0
Risk & resilience among marginalized — —
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented populations
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the Refugee/immigrant health & wellbeing 1 1
following orientations: Suicidality 1 1
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 0% Technology based interventions for 2 0
Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0% substance abuse
Family systems/Systems 0% Clinical opportunities
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 0% inpatient psychiatric community outpatient clinic
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 100% outpatient substance abuse university clinic
Courses required for incoming students to have adolescent residential
completed prior to enrolling:
research methods, abnormal, statistics, and either one of
clinical, community, personality, or social University at Albany/State University of New
Recommended but not mandatory courses: none
York (Ph.D.)
Department of Psychology
GRE mean 1400 Washington Avenue
GRE is not required for admission purposes. Albany, NY 12222
phone#: (518) 442-4820
GPA mean
email: mearleywine@albany.edu
Overall GPA 3.81 Web address: www.albany.edu/psy/grad_studies.shtml
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
students in 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
21 applied/5 admission offers/5 incoming
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
% of students receiving:
Full tuition waiver only: 0% Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
Assistantship/fellowship only: 0% following orientations:
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 47% Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 0%
Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 9%
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a Family systems/Systems 0%
BA/BS only: 60% Master’s: 40% Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 0%
Approximate percentage of all students who are Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 91%
Women: 64% Ethnic Minority: 48% International: 0% Courses required for incoming students to have
Average years to complete the doctoral program completed prior to enrolling:
(including internship): 6 years 18 semester hours in psychology, including classes in
statistics and experimental design
Personal interview
In person interview is required. Recommended but not mandatory courses: none
Average years to complete the doctoral program Recommended but not mandatory courses: psychology
(including internship): 5.4 years major, including research methods, statistics
Personal interview GRE mean
Preferred in person but telephone or Skype available (only if Verbal 161 Quantitative 156
necessary) Analytical Writing 4.75
166 REPORTS ON CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS
Psychology Subject Test 620 Web address: https://www.antioch.edu/new-england/
GPA mean degrees-programs/psychology-degree/clinical-psychology-
Overall GPA 3.65 psyd/
email: pwatson@bgsu.edu
Web address: http://www.bgsu.edu/arts-and-sciences/ Brigham Young University (Ph.D.)
psychology/graduate-program/clinical.html Department of Psychology
284 TLRB
Provo, UT 84602
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 phone#: (801) 422-4050
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented email: patrick_steffen@byu.edu
Web address: https://psychology.byu.edu/Pages/
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the ClinicalPhD.aspx
following orientations:
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 10%
Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Family systems/Systems 30% Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 20%
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral/ACT 65% Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
following orientations:
Courses required for incoming students to have Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 10%
completed prior to enrolling: none Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 40%
Recommended but not mandatory courses: science, Family systems/Systems 10%
math, statistics, advanced psychology courses, abnormal, Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 30%
psychology lab courses Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 70%
Interpersonal 40%
GRE mean
Verbal 76% Quantitative 65% Courses required for incoming students prior to
Analytical Writing not used for admissions decisions enrolling:
Psychology Subject Test not reported psychological statistics, research design, abnormal,
personality, learning or cognition, tests and measurements
GPA mean
Overall GPA 3.68 Psychology GPA 3.8 Courses recommended but not mandatory:
additional coursework in areas of interest may be helpful
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
students in 2017 GRE mean
142 applied/13 admission offers/9 incoming Verbal 159 Quantitative 157
Analytical Writing 4.7
% of students receiving: Psychology Subject Test not reported
Full tuition waiver only: 0%
Assistantship/fellowship only: 0% GPA mean
Both tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100% Overall GPA 3.84
Upper-Division Coursework GPA
Approximate percentage of all students who are
Women: 83% Ethnic Minority: 12% International: 6% Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
students in 2017
Average years to complete the doctoral program 37 applied/8 admission offers/8 incoming
(including internship): 6.03 years
% of students receiving tuition waiver & assistantship/
Personal interview fellowship:
Preferred in person but telephone acceptable Full tuition waiver only: 0%
Assistantship/fellowship only: 0%
Attrition rate in past 7 years: 6% Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 0%
Percentage of students applying for internship last All 1st and 2nd year students receive 15 hours per week in
year accepted into: assistantships as well as waivers for part of their tuition. All
2nd-, 3rd-, and 4th-year students are funded in work settings,
APA internships: 100% APPIC internships: 100% which are coordinated by the department, and they also
Formal tracks/concentrations: health psychology, child receive waivers for part of their tuition.
clinical psychology, community psychology Approximate percentage of incoming students with a
Research areas # Faculty # Grants B.A./B.S. only: 80% Master’s: 20%
alcohol and substance abuse 1 0 Approximate percentage of all students who are
child clinical psychology 3 2 Women: 65% Ethnic Minority: 16% International: 8%
community psychology 1 1
family 2 0 Average years to complete the doctoral program
health psychology 2 1 (including internship): 5.4 years
psychology of religion & spirituality 2 1 Personal interview
Clinical opportunities Preferred in person but telephone acceptable
health psychology community mental health Attrition rate in past 7 years: 5%
child clinical psychology developmental disabilities
community psychology family systems
176 REPORTS ON CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS
Percentage of students applying for internship in 2017 GRE mean
accepted into: Verbal 156
Quantitative 154
APA internships: 100% APPIC internships: 100%
Analytical Writing 4.5
Formal tracks/concentrations: Clinical Neuropsychology; Psychology Subject Test not reported
Child, Adolescent, Family; Clinical Research; Clinical GPA mean
Health Overall GPA 3.73
Research areas # Faculty # Grants
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
autism: emotional regulation 2 2 students in 2017
neuroimaging 147 applied/7 admission offers/4 incoming
child/adolescent development 4 2
child/adolescent psychotherapy 3 2 % of students receiving:
clinical assessment 4 2 Full tuition waiver only: 0%
depression/anxiety: neuroimaging 2 1 Assistantship/fellowship only: 0%
group psychotherapy: process, outcome 1 1 Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100%
health psychology/behavioral medicine: 2 2
stress, weight control Approximate percentage of incoming students with a
individual therapy: process, outcome 3 2 B.A./B.S. only: 100% Master’s: 0%
marital relationships 1 1 Approximate percentage of all students who are
measurement/statistics 3 2 Women: 81% Ethnic Minority: 11% International: 11%
neuropsychology/neuroimaging 4 3
pediatric psych: weight control, etc. 2 1 Average years to complete the doctoral program
positive psychology 3 2 (including internship): 7.0 years
religion/spirituality/health 2 1 Personal interview
obsessive compulsive disorder 2 1 Required
traumatic brain injury, seizures 3 2
women’s issues 1 1 Attrition rate in past 7 years: < 5%
Clinical opportunities Percentage of students applying for internship last
youth residential centers community health centers year accepted into APPIC or APA internships: 100%
medical centers neuropsychology rehab
behavioral medicine private practices Formal tracks/concentrations: none
state hospital forensic settings Research areas # Faculty # Grants
university counseling VA medical centers addictions 4 5
anxiety disorders 3 1
attention-deficit disorder 1 0
University at Buffalo, The State University of behavioral medicine 3 2
New York (Ph.D.) child psychopathology 3 1
Department of Psychology depression 3 0
Park Hall personality/psychometrics 1 1
Buffalo, NY 14260 Clinical opportunities
phone#: (716) 645-3651 addiction child/adolescent externalizing
email: jpread@buffalo.edu anxiety disorders behavior
Web address: www.psychology.buffalo.edu/graduate/phd/ depression parent training
clinical personality disorders psychological services center
ADHD
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
University of California–Berkeley (Ph.D.)
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the Department of Psychology
following orientations: Berkeley, CA 94720-1650
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 0% phone#: (510) 642-2055
Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 25% email: psychapp@berkeley.edu
Family systems/Systems 0% Web address: psychology.berkeley.edu/research/clinical-
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 0% science
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 75%
Courses required for incoming students prior to
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
enrolling: Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
research methods, statistics
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
Courses recommended but not mandatory: following orientations:
good science background, abnormal, cognitive, social, Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 0%
developmental Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0%
REPORTS ON CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS 177
Family systems/Systems 20% Affective science 4 1
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 0% Underrepresented minority outcomes 1 1
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 80% in STEM settings
Courses required for incoming students to have Clinical opportunities
completed prior to enrolling: none In-house clinic provides training in empirically supported
individual, couples, and group treatments for a wide range
Recommended but not mandatory courses: Statistics. of adult and child conditions. Our in-house clinic also offers
Students will receive credit for having taken psychology assessment training.
courses in affective, biological, cognitive, developmental, Multiple externships in the community, including at the
social, and history and systems. local VAMCs, rotations focused on substance abuse, mood
GRE mean disorders, UCSF memory and aging center, UC Davis
Verbal 164.12 (92 percentile) MIND Institute for the study of autism, and other child and
Quantitative 161.37 (81 percentile) adolescent assessment and intervention centers.
Analytical Writing 5.12 (94 percentile)
Psychology Subject Test not required
University of California–Los Angeles (Ph.D.)
GPA mean
Department of Psychology
Overall GPA 3.82
1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563
students in 2017 phone#: (310) 825-2617
216 applied/6 admission offers/4 incoming email: gradadm@psych.ucla.edu
Web address: www.psych.ucla.edu/graduate/areas-of-
% of students receiving: study/clinical-psychology/clinical-psychology
Full tuition waiver only: 0%
Assistantship/fellowship only: 0%
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
All students are guaranteed funding and tuition remission for Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
the first 5 years of graduate school. Some receive University
fellowships, others obtain funding through their graduate Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
advisor’s grants, and many are provided with teaching following orientations:
fellowships. Our trainees also have a strong record of Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 0%
obtaining NSF and Ford Foundation grants to support their Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0%
training. Family systems/Systems 20%
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 0%
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 80%
B.A./B.S. only: 75% Master’s: 25%
Courses required for incoming students prior to
Approximate percentage of all students who are enrolling:
Women: 80.5% Ethnic Minority: 38% International: 0% Psychology major or its equivalent; 1 course in college level
Average years to complete the doctoral program math or statistics
(including internship): 6.7 years Courses recommended but not mandatory:
Personal interview Research design and methods, psychology research labs,
Greatly preferred in person but skype acceptable independent research courses; a broad background in the
mathematical, biological and social sciences
Attrition rate in past 7 years: 0%
GRE mean
Percentage of students applying for internship in 2016 Verbal 93% Quantitative 85%
accepted into: Analytical Writing 72%
APA internships: 100% APPIC internships: 100%
Psychology Subject Test 89%
GPA mean
Formal tracks/concentrations: none
Overall GPA 3.8
Research areas # Faculty # Grants
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
ADHD 1 2
students in 2017
Improving cognitive behavioral therapy 2 2
depression 1 1 382 applied/14 admission offers/12 incoming
emotion and aging 1 1 % of students receiving:
emotion, cognition, and schizophrenia 1 0 Full tuition waiver only: 0%
sleep 1 1 Assistantship/fellowship only: 0%
bipolar disorder 2 2 Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100%
stigma and mental illness 1 1
Culture, bilingualism and parenting 1 1 Approximate percentage of incoming students with a
Mental health and entrepreneurship 1 1 B.A./B.S. only: 95% Master’s: 5%
Emotion-related impulsivity 1 2
178 REPORTS ON CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS
Approximate percentage of students who are Courses required for incoming students to have
Women: 75% Ethnic Minority: 42% International: 0% completed prior to enrolling:
Statistics with a grade of B or higher and an additional 12
Average years to complete the doctoral program hours of undergraduate or graduate psychology courses.
(including internship): 6 years
Recommended but not mandatory courses:
Personal interview Abnormal Psychology
Preferred in person but telephone acceptable
GRE mean
Attrition rate in past 7 years: 4.5% Verbal 151 Quantitative 146
Percentage of students applying for internship in 2017 Analytical Writing 3.91
accepted into: Psychology Subject Test: (not reported)
APA internships: 100% APPIC internships: 100% GPA mean
Overall GPA 3.33
Formal tracks/concentrations: no formal tracks, but there
is focused training in severe adult psychopathology, child/ Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
adolescent psychopathology, clinical-health psychology, students in 2016
minority mental health, and couples and families 86 applied/39 admission offers/16 incoming
Research areas # Faculty # Grants % of students receiving:
anxiety disorders and treatment 3 7 Full tuition waiver only: 0%
child and family issues 3 5 Assistantship/fellowship only: 20%
marital and couple relationships and 2 5 Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 20%
treatments Approximate percentage of incoming students with a
medical issues 3 7 B.A./B.S. only: 87% Master’s: 13%
minority mental and physical 3 5
health issues Approximate percentage of all students who are
mood disorders 3 5 Women: 83% Ethnic Minority: 31% International: 6%
schizophrenia 3 4
school mental health 1 3 Average years to complete the doctoral program
substance use disorders 1 3 (including internship): 5.5 years
Research areas # Faculty # Grants Recommended but not mandatory courses: research
adolescence 4 1 experience is heavily weighted during admissions
adult psychopathology 2 0 GRE mean
anxiety 3 0 Quantitative 154 Verbal 154
assessment 2 2 Analytical Writing not reported
attachment 3 1 Psychology Subject Test not reported
child clinical 3 1
cognition 4 0 GPA mean
community context 5 3 Overall GPA 3.8
couples 1 0 Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
developmental psychopathology 6 2 students in 2017
discrimination 1 0 137 applied/11 admission offers/7 incoming
emotion regulation 8 4
ethics/risk management 1 0 % of students receiving:
ethnic minorities 3 2 Full tuition waiver only: 0%
family 5 2 Assistantship/fellowship only: 0%
immigration 1 1 Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100%
interpersonal processes 6 2
language development 1 1 Approximate percentage of incoming students with a
military families 1 1 B.A./B.S. only: 100% Master’s: 0%
military mental health 1 2 Approximate percentage of all students who are
mindfulness 3 0 Women: 72% Ethnic Minority: 27% International: 1%
mood disorders 8 2
parent-child interactions 5 2 Average years to complete the doctoral program
parent training 2 0 (including internship): 6 years
psychotherapy process/outcomes 4 2 Personal interview
social anxiety 1 1 Required in person
stress and coping 4 1
suicide 2 2 Attrition rate in past 7 years: 9%
veterans’ mental health care 1 1
violence 1 1 Percentage of students applying for internship in 2017
accepted into:
Clinical opportunities
assessment batteries bilingual assessment APA internships: 86% APPIC internships:
child, adolescent, and adult psychotherapy Formal tracks/concentrations: child, adult
community mental health consultation
couple therapy family therapy Research areas # Faculty # Grants
neuropsychology multicultural mental health acceptance and commitment therapy 1 0
veterans’ mental health care pediatric aging 1 0
alcohol and substance abuse 1 0
anxiety disorders 2 0
University of Central Florida (Ph.D.) ADHD/cognition 1 0
health psychology 1 0
4000 Central Florida Blvd, Psychology Building
schizophrenia 1 0
Orlando, Florida 32816-1390
technology and intervention 1 0
phone#: (407) 823-4344
preschool/young child symptoms 1 0
email: psyinfo@ucf.edu
Web address: https://sciences.ucf.edu/psychology/ Clinical opportunities
graduate/ph-d-clinical/ adult acceptance and commitment
anxiety therapy
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 child ADHD evaluation
health psychology PTSD
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
REPORTS ON CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS 183
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Clinical opportunities
anxiety disorders child assessment
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented depression chronic diseases management
psychopathology assessment child clinical and pediatric
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
integrated primary care psychology
following orientations:
sleep disorders neuropsychology
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 25% bone marrow transplantation psychosocial oncology
Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0% community mental health women’s health
Family systems/Systems 25%
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 25%
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 80%
University of Connecticut (Ph.D.)
Courses required for incoming students to have Department of Psychology
completed prior to enrolling: Introduction to Psychology, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020
Abnormal Psychology, Psychological Statistics, and Research Storrs, CT 06269-1020
Methods phone#: (860) 486-2057 (Admissions information)
Recommended but not mandatory courses: not email: psychgrad@uconn.edu
reported Web address: web.uconn.edu/psychology/academics/
graduate/phd_clinical.html
GRE mean
Verbal + Quantitative = 85th percentile
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Analytical Writing = 80th percentile
Psychology Subject Test = not required Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
Average years to complete the doctoral program Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
(including internship): 4–5 years following orientations:
Personal interview Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 0%
Required in person Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 10%
Family systems/Systems 50%
Attrition rate in past 7 years: 7% Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 0%
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 100%
Percentage of students applying for internship in 2017
accepted into: Courses required for incoming students to have
completed prior to enrolling:
APA internships: 100% APPIC internships: 100% 24 semester hours in psychology, statistics, research methods,
Formal tracks/concentrations: assessment, behavior abnormal psychology, history and systems of psychology
therapy, child clinical, couple/family therapy, forensic Recommended but not mandatory courses: science,
psychology, gender issues, international disaster psychology, computer, and math courses
Latino psychology, military psychology, oncology
psychology, sport and performance psychology, student- GRE mean
chosen specialty Verbal 158 Quantitative 154
Analytical Writing not reported
Research areas # Faculty # Grants Psychology Subject Test 700
behavioral medicine/therapy 2 0
cognitive issues 1 0 GPA mean
couples therapy 1 0 Overall GPA 3.6
developmental differences 1 0
forensic issues 4 0 Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
health psychology 2 0 students in 2017
Latino psychology 1 0 261 applied/10 admission offers/6 incoming
military 1 1 % of students receiving:
multicultural issues 3 1 Full tuition waiver only: 0%
neuropsychology 1 1 Assistantship/fellowship only: 0%
psychosocial oncology 1 0 Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100%
risk assessment and management 1 0
194 REPORTS ON CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a Courses required for incoming students prior to
B.A./B.S. only: 83% Master’s: 17% enrolling:
Statistics, experimental, two laboratory courses, personality,
Approximate percentage of all students who are abnormal psychology, developmental psychology
Women: 59% Ethnic Minority: 56% International: 4%
Courses recommended but not mandatory:
Average years to complete the doctoral program Physiological psychology
(including internship): 6 years
GRE mean
Personal interview Verbal 154 Quantitative 151
Preferred in person but telephone acceptable Analytical Writing 4.5
Attrition rate in past 7 years: 2% Psychology Subject Test not required
Percentage of students applying for internship in GPA mean
2017accepted into: Overall GPA 3.6
APA internships: 100% APPIC internships: 100% Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
students in 2017
Formal tracks/concentrations: child clinical, community 52 applied/15 admission offers/8 incoming
clinical
% of students receiving:
Research areas # Faculty # Grants Full tuition waiver only: 0%
child/adolescent depression 2 2 Assistantship/fellowship only: 100%
child abuse and neglect 1 0 Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100%
chronic fatigue syndrome 1 3 (all students in first 2 years of program)
disability 2 2
minority mental health 5 2 Approximate percentage of incoming students with a
obesity 1 0 B.A./B.S. only: 62.5% Master’s: 37.5%
program evaluation 4 2 Approximate percentage of students who are
trauma 1 1 Women: 75% Ethnic Minority: 25%
school-based services 5 3 International: 12.5%
stress & coping 2 2
substance abuse intervention 1 3 Average years to complete the doctoral program
violence prevention 2 2 (including internship): 6 years
Clinical opportunities Personal interview required
assessment group therapy
child and adolescent minority/diversity Attrition rate in past 7 years: 5%
community psychology evidence-based Percentage of students applying for internship in 2017
family therapy school intervention accepted into:
pediatric psychology dissemination
supervision APA internships: 100% APPIC internships: 100%
Formal tracks/concentrations: none
University of Detroit–Mercy (Ph.D.) Research areas # Faculty # Grants
Department of Psychology alcohol abuse 2 1
4001 W. McNichols Road critical incident response 2 0
Detroit, MI 48221-3038 diagnostic issues 3 0
phone#: (313) 578-0570 families coping with serious
email: dauphivb@udmercy.edu mental illness 1 1
Web address: http://liberalarts.udmercy.edu/academics/ helping behavior 1 0
psy/phd.php# identity development 2 0
juvenile delinquency 1 0
marital and family relationships 2 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 object relations 4 0
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented organizational psychology 2 0
personality and personality disorders 4 0
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the perception and eye movement 2 1
following orientations: posttraumatic stress disorder 2 0
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 75% psychiatric diagnosis, ethnicity, 1 0
Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0% and clinical judgment
Family systems/Systems 10% psychotherapy process and outcome 4 0
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 10% recovery-oriented mental health services 1 1
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 25% self-esteem/body image 2 0
spirituality 2 0
viideogaming 2 0
REPORTS ON CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS 195
Clinical opportunities Formal tracks/concentrations: Clinical Psychology
Practica are completed at one of over 20 agencies in the
metropolitan area Research areas # Faculty # Grants
Aging 1
Anxiety disorders 1
Assessment 2
Divine Mercy University (Psy.D.) Attention-deficit disorder 1
Institute for the Psychological Sciences Behavior analysis 1
Doctoral program in clinical psychology (Psy.D.) Brain injury 1
2001 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 511 Burnout 1
Arlington, VA 22202 Child 2
phone#: (703) 416-1441 Cognitive behavioral therapy 4
email: shollman.ips@divinemercy.edu Depression 2
Web address: https://divinemercy.edu/psy-d-in-clinical- Developmental 1
psychology/ Dying 1
Emotive behavior therapy 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Family 4
Group psychotherapy 2
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented Humanistic psychology 2
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the Neurobehavior 1
following orientations: Philosophical psychology 2
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 40% Play therapy 1
Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 7% Psychotherapy 6
Family systems/Systems 20% Sleep disturbance 1
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 13% Spirituality/religion and psychology 8
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 20% Substance abuse/addiction 1
Courses required for incoming students to have Clinical opportunities
completed prior to enrolling: Anxiety disorders Group therapy
Students admitted without an undergraduate degree in Behavioral Family therapy
psychology will be required to complete prerequisite courses Child therapy Marital therapy
during the first year of their program. Developmental disorders Psychotherapy
Depression Psychological assessment
Recommended but not mandatory courses: Eating disorders Substance abuse/addiction
Undergraduate degree in psychology preferred.
GRE mean
The GRE score is required of all applicants; no preferred mini- Drexel University (Ph.D.)
mum score has been established for admission to the program. Department of Psychology
Main Campus Office
GPA mean 3141 Chestnut Street
Minimum overall undergraduate GPA of 3.0 on a 4.0 scale or Philadelphia, PA 19104
a minimum of a 3.5 GPA for graduate studies. phone: (215) 895-1895
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming email: brian.daly@drexel.edu
students in 2015 Web address: www.drexel.edu/psychology/
10 applied/8 admission offers/8 incoming
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
% of students receiving:
Full tuition waiver only: 0% Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
Assistantship/fellowship only: 13%
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 0% Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
following orientations:
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 0%
B.A./B.S. only: 61% Master’s: 36% Doctorate: 3% Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0%
Family systems/Systems 5%
Approximate percentage of all students who are Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 0%
Women: 61% Ethnic Minority: 12% International: 5% Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 95%
Average years to complete the doctoral program Courses required for incoming students to have
(including internship): 4.95 years completed prior to enrolling: none
Personal interview required Recommended but not mandatory courses:
Attrition rate in past 7 years: 10% foundational courses in psychology
Percentage of students applying for internship last GRE mean
year accepted into: Verbal 162 Quantitative 157
Analytical Writing 5
APA internships: 43% APPIC internships: 100%
196 REPORTS ON CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS
GPA mean 417 Chapel Drive, Box 90086
Overall GPA 3.77 Durham, NC 27708
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming phone#: (919) 660-5716
students in 2017 email: morrell@duke.edu
701 applied/13 admission offers/10 incoming Web address: http://psychandneuro.duke.edu/graduate/
clinical
% of students receiving:
Full tuition waiver only: 0%
Assistantship/fellowship only: 0%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100% Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
(1st-year class)**
**All students in subsequent years currently receive at least a Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
tuition waiver and additional support. following orientations:
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 10%
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0%
BA/BS only: 82% Master’s: 18% Family systems/Systems 10%
Approximate percentage of all students who are
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 0%
Women: 69% Ethnic Minority: 23% International: 8%
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 80%
Courses required for incoming students to have
Average years to complete the doctoral program
completed prior to enrolling: none
(including internship): 5 years
Recommended but not mandatory courses: research
Personal interview
Strongly preferred in person but telephone acceptable methods, statistics, abnormal psychology
GRE mean
Attrition rate in past 7 years: 6.0%
Verbal 165 Quantitative 164
Percentage of students applying for internship in 2017 Analytical Writing 5.5
accepted into: Psychology Subject Test not reported
APA internships: 90% APPIC internships: 90% GPA mean
Overall GPA 3.72
Formal tracks/Major Areas of Study: clinical child,
health, forensic, clinical neuropsychology Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
students in 2016
Research areas # Faculty # Grants 310 applied/6 admission offers/5 incoming
acceptance and mindfulness 3 3
at-risk youth 2 5 % of students receiving:
behavioral medicine/health psychology 5 2 Full tuition waiver only: 0%
cognitive-behavior therapy 5 1 Assistantship/fellowship only: 0%
cognitive psychology 3 1 Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100%
depression 2 1
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a
drug policy 1 1
B.A./B.S. only: 100% Master’s: 0%
eating disorders 4 6
forensic psychology 3 3 Approximate percentage of all students who are
human-computer interaction 1 0 Women: 80% Ethnic Minority: 25% International: 0%
juvenile justice 1 1
memory 2 0 Average years to complete the doctoral program
neuroimaging 2 0 (including internship): 6 years
neuropsychology 3 3 Personal interview
neurorehabilitation 3 2 Required in person
obesity 2 2
problem-solving therapy 2 1 Attrition rate in past 7 years: 5%
psychopathy 1 0
Percentage of students applying for internship in 2016
psychotherapy research 4 1
accepted into:
school mental health 1 3
stressful life events 1 0 APA internships: 100% APPIC internships: 100%
women’s health 2 1
Formal tracks/concentrations: child clinical, adult
Clinical Opportunities clinical, health psychology
child and family cognitive-behavioral therapy
forensic adult Research areas # Faculty # Grants
health neuropsychology adolescent treatment 5 6
affective disorders/neuroscience 4 6
behavioral genomics 2 2
Duke University (Ph.D.) behavioral medicine/health psychology 6 8
conduct disorders 2 3
Department of Psychology & Neuroscience
REPORTS ON CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS 197
developmental psychopathology 3 3 Approximate percentage of students who are
eating disorders 2 3 Women: 60% Ethnic Minority: 26% International: 15%
global mental health 3 5
Average years to complete the doctoral program
HIV/AIDS 2 6
(including internship): 7 years
obesity 2 4
pain and chronic illness 2 4 Personal interview
peer relations 1 1 Required in person
substance abuse 4 7
neuropsychology 1 1 Attrition rate in past 7 years: not reported
social cognition 2 1 Percentage of students applying for internship in 2017
stress and coping 4 4 accepted into:
Clinical opportunities APA internships: 90% APPIC internships: 10%
affective disorders cognitive behavior therapy
behavioral cardiology dialectical behavior therapy Formal tracks/concentrations: none
behavioral medicine eating disorders
Research areas # Faculty # Grants
behavior disorders of children family therapy
pain and biofeedback neuropsychology Please note: our research is not not
pediatric psychology autism qualitative reported reported
fertility clinic Clinical opportunities
Psychology Clinic (offers psychotherapy to Duquesne’s
students, faculty and staff as well as the public); External
Duquesne University (Ph.D.) clinical practica at over 15 local hospitals, student counseling
Department of Psychology centers, and agencies.
Pittsburgh, PA 15282-1753
phone#: (412)-396-6520
email: psychology@duq.edu East Carolina University (Ph.D.)
Web address: www.duq.edu/psychology Department of Psychology
Greenville, NC 27858-4353
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 phone#: (252) 328-6800
email: psychology@ecu.edu
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented Web address: www.ecu.edu/psyc/
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
following orientations:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 65%
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0%
Family systems/Systems 18% Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 91% following orientations:
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 18% Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 0%
Courses required for incoming students to have
Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0%
completed prior to enrolling: none
Family systems/Systems 10%
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy 10%
Recommended but not mandatory courses: Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 80%
development, social, abnormal, personality, research methods
Courses required for incoming students to have
GRE mean completed prior to enrolling:
Verbal 161 Quantitative 152
We do not have any required courses, but a
Analytical Writing 4.4
psychology major is strongly preferred and more
Psychology Subject Test not reported
likely to be competitive as an applicant.
GPA mean
Recommended but not mandatory courses:
Overall GPA 3.7
Introduction to Psychology, Psychological Statistics,
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming Research Methods in Psychology, Abnormal Psychology,
students in 2017 Developmental Psychology, Social Psychology, Physiological
123 applied/7 admission offers/7 incoming Psychology (biological bases)
% of students receiving: GRE mean
Full tuition waiver only: 100% Verbal 158 Quantitative 151
Assistantship/fellowship only: 96% Analytical Writing 4.0
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 96% Psychology Subject Test not required
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a GPA mean
B.A./B.S. only: 30% Master’s: 70% Overall GPA 3.73
198 REPORTS ON CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming A minimum of 18 semester hours in undergraduate
students in 2017 psychology, including courses in statistics, experimental
106 applied/9 admission offers/6 incoming design, personality, history and systems, and abnormal
% of students receiving: Recommended but not mandatory courses: physiology;
Full tuition waiver only: 0% learning
Assistantship/fellowship only: 0%
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100%, GRE mean
except for students in internship year Verbal 158 Quantitative 151
Analytical Writing 4.3
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a Psychology Subject Test not required
BA/BS only: 33% Master’s: 67%
GPA mean
Approximate percentage of all students who are Overall GPA 3.826
Women: 71% Ethnic Minority: 6% International: 0%
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
Average years to complete the doctoral program students in 2017
(including internship): 5.5 years 83 applied/9 admission offers/5 incoming
Personal interview % of students receiving:
Preferred in person but telephone acceptable Full tuition waiver only: 0%
Assistantship/fellowship only: 0%
Attrition rate in past 7 years: 19%
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100%
Percentage of students applying for internship in 2016
Approximate percentage of incoming students (2017-
accepted into:
2018) with a BA/BS only: 100% Master’s: 0%
APA internships: 100% APPIC internships: 100%
Approximate percentage of enrolled students who are
Formal tracks/concentrations: Clinical Health Women: 70% Ethnic Minority: 13% International: 0%
Psychology Average years to complete the doctoral program
Research areas # Faculty # Grants (including internship): 4.9 years
pain 1 1 Personal interview
cardiovascular 2 4 In person interview, telephone interviews can be arranged
weight management 1 0
women’s health 1 1 Attrition rate in past 7 years: 21%
trauma and military 1 0
sleep and neuropsychology 1 0 Percentage of students applying for internship in 2017
stress and health 1 0 accepted into:
Percentage of students applying for internship in 2016 Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
accepted into: following orientations:
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 0%
APA internships: 100% APPIC internships: 100%
Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0%
Formal tracks/concentrations: general clinical, clinical Family systems/Systems 0%
neuropsychology, clinical-community psychology Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 0%
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 100%
Research areas # Faculty # Grants
Aging 2 1
Aggression/anger control 1 1
REPORTS ON CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS 213
Courses required for incoming students to have Biopsychosocial Contributions of Discrimination to Trauma
completed prior to enrolling: Symptoms in Sexual Minorities; Gastrointestinal Disease
Experimental Psychology (Research Design), Statistics, Risk and Resilience; HIV-Focused Interventions for Gay
Introductory Psychology & Bisexual Men and Couples). In the third year and above,
students join the NY/NJ “externship match” that includes
Recommended but not mandatory courses: over 350 externship sites, including major area hospitals,
Health Psychology, Abnormal Psychology, Social Psychology, clinics, and VA hospitals. Our students have completed
Cognitive Psychology, Biological Bases of Behavior externships specializing in behavioral health, cancer, anxiety/
GRE mean depression, geriatric psychology, neuropsychology, sexual
Verbal + Quantitative 315 (160, 155) diversity, cognitive-behavioral therapy, children/adolescents,
Analytical Writing 4.4 Spanish speaking populations, couples therapy, dialectical
Psychology Subject Test (not required) mean of 700 for those behavior therapy, and more.
who submitted scores
GPA mean University of Hartford (Psy.D.)
Overall GPA 3.75 Graduate Institute of Professional Psychology
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming 200 Bloomfield Ave.
students in 2019 West Hartford, CT 06105
45 applied/7 admission offers/4 incoming phone#: (860) 768-4778
email: viereck@hartford.edu or oppenheim@hartford.edu
% of students receiving: Web address: http://www.hartford.edu/a_and_s/
Full tuition waiver only: 0% departments/psychology/program_psyd/
Assistantship/fellowship only: 0%
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
B.A./B.S. only: 75% Master’s: 25%
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
Approximate percentage of all students who are
following orientations:
Women: 61% Ethnic Minority: 37% International: 16%
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 25%
Average years to complete the doctoral program Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0%
(including internship): 6 years Family systems/Systems 25%
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 15%
Personal interview Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 75%
Preferred in person but telephone or Skype acceptable Feminist 25%
Attrition rate in past 7 years: 11% Client-centered 25%
Percentage of students applying for internship last Courses required for incoming students prior to
year accepted into: enrolling:
abnormal, social, developmental, cognitive, physiological,
APA internships: 100% APPIC internships: 100% research methods, statistics
Formal tracks/concentrations: Recommended but not mandatory courses: psychology
This program focuses on training research scientists with major
specialties in health psychology and clinical science; there are
no tracks. GRE mean
Verbal 156 Quantitative 150
Research areas Analytical Writing 4.5
Note: Multiple faculty conduct research in each of these areas Psychology Subject Test 645
(see program website). Faculty research is well-supported
with grants from NIH and private foundations. Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
Chronic Illnesses (cancer, arthritis, HIV, students in 2017
gastrointestinal disorders) 154 applied/50 admission offers/27 incoming
Anxiety disorders % of students receiving:
Mobile mental health Full tuition waiver only: 0%
Sexual & relationship violence Assistantship/fellowship only: 58%
Suicide Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 0%
Addictions
Close relationship processes in health and wellbeing Approximate percentage of incoming students with a
Psychotherapy outcome/process B.A./B.S. only: 60% Master’s: 40%
Affective neuroscience Approximate percentage of all students who are
Health disparities Women: 90% Ethnic Minority: 30% International: 5%
Risk perception and decision-making
Average years to complete the doctoral program
Clinical opportunities
(including internship): 6.0 years
In the second year, students select from four in-house
clinical practicum experiences (Suicide Risk and Assessment;
214 REPORTS ON CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS
Personal interview Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
Required in person (unless international students) students in 2017
318 applied/4 admission offers/4 incoming
Attrition rate in past 7 years: 7%
% students receiving:
Percentage of students applying for internship in 2017 Full tuition waiver only: 0%
accepted into: Assistantship/fellowship only: 0%
APA internships: 92% APPIC internships: 96% Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship 100%
Formal tracks/concentrations: general track; child & Approximate percentage of incoming students with a
adolescent track BA/BS only: 50% Master’s: 50%
Research areas # Faculty # Grants Approximate percentage of all students who are
child/adolescent 3 1 Women: 65% Ethnic Minority: 31% International: 2%
community treatment 2 0 Average years to complete the doctoral program
intimate partner violence 1 0 (including internship): 7 years
clinical supervision/mentoring 1 0
psychological assessment 2 0 Personal interview
multicultural issues 3 0 In person or Skype is preferred, but telephone interview is
medical issues 3 0 acceptable.
college counseling 2 0
substance abuse 1 0 Attrition rate in past 7 years: 4%
Percentage of students applying for internship in 2017 Average years to complete the doctoral program
accepted into: (including internship): 7 years
Approximate percentage of all students who are Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
Women: 73% Ethnic Minority: 21% International: 0% following orientations:
Average years to complete the doctoral program Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 35 %
(including internship): 4.3 years Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0%
Family systems/Systems 5%
Personal interview Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 0%
Day-long interviews are required. Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 40 %
Attrition rate in past 7 years: 6.5% Courses required for incoming students to have
Percentage of students applying for internship in 2016 completed prior to enrolling:
accepted into: Completion of 18 semester hours or equivalent of
prerequisite coursework in psychology with a grade
APA internships: 75% APPIC internships: 25% of C or better including: Introduction to General
Formal tracks/concentrations: Neuropsychology Psychology, Human Growth & Development or Personality
Theory, Abnormal Psychology, Statistics or Tests and
Research areas # Faculty # Grants Measurements.
Altruism and prosocial behavior 2 0
Autism 1 0 GRE mean
Burnout in Healthcare Settings 1 1 Verbal + Quantitative 64 %
Chronic Pain 1 0 Analytical Writing 45 %
246 REPORTS ON CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS
Psychology Subject Test n/a
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
GPA mean Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
Overall GPA 3.26 Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming following orientations:
students in 2017 Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 17%
94 applied/52 admission offers/23 incoming Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 17%
Family systems/Systems 0%
% of students receiving: Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 0%
Full tuition waiver only: 0% Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 83%
Assistantship/fellowship only: 0%
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 0% Courses required for incoming students to have
completed prior to enrolling:
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a statistics, abnormal psychology
B.A./B.S. only: 80% Master’s: 20%
Recommended but not mandatory courses: none
Approximate percentage of all students who are
Women: 81% Ethnic Minority: 21% International: 0% GRE mean
Verbal % 90.88 Quantitative % 78.52
Average years to complete the doctoral program Analytical Writing % 83.4
(including internship): 5 years Psychology Subject Test not reported
Personal interview: required in person. GPA mean
Attrition rate in past 7 years: 10.1 % (15/148 = 10.1) Undergrad GPA 3.75
Percentage of students applying for internship last Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
year accepted into: students in 2017
190 applied/18 admission offers/8 incoming
APA internships: 70.5% APPIC internships: 100%
% of students receiving:
Formal tracks/concentrations: Child and Adolescent Full tuition waiver only: 0%
Assistantship/fellowship only: 0%
Research areas # Faculty
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100%
Aging (including Alzheimer’s) 2
Autism spectrum disorders 1 Approximate percentage of incoming students with a
Behavioral disorders 1 B.A./B.S. only: 90% Master’s: 10%
Behavioral improvisation 1
Biological psychology 1 Approximate percentage of students who are
Eating Disorders 2 Women: 78% Ethnic Minority: 16% International: 8%
Integrated healthcare 7 Average years to complete the doctoral program
Multicultural issues 1 (including internship): 6.1 years
Postpartum disorders 2
Severe mental illness 1 Personal interview
Social psychology 1 Interview not required
Sleep disorders 1 Attrition rate in past 7 years: 7.55%
Technology clinical applications 1
Womens health 2 Percentage of students applying for internship in 2017
accepted into:
Clinical opportunities
Aging APA internships: 100% APPIC internships: 100%
Disorders of childhood and adolescence
Integrated healthcare/interdisciplinary practice Formal tracks/concentrations/specializations: adult
Severe mental illness psychopathology, developmental psychopathology
Students complete practicum at sites throughout the Chicago Research areas
training community, providing a wide range of clinical affective disorders molecular genetics
training opportunities. antisocial/psychopathic personality assessment
personality personality disorders
anxiety disorders psychopharmacology
University of Minnesota (Ph.D.) behavioral genetics psychophysiology/
Department of Psychology cross-cultural psychology neuroimaging
N218 Elliot Hall, 75 East River Road developmental responses to extreme stress
Minneapolis, MN 55455 psychopathology schizophrenia
phone#: (612) 625-2546 eating disorders substance abuse
email: cspr@umn.edu
Web address: www.psych.umn.edu/areas/clinical/index. Clinical opportunities
htm ADHD long-term
affective disorders psychodynamic
REPORTS ON CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS 247
antisocial personality disorders psychotherapy Approximate percentage of students who are
anxiety disorders neuropsychology Women: 85% Ethnic Minority: 15% International: 0%
behavior therapy obsessive–compulsive
Average years to complete the doctoral program
childhood disorders and disorder
(including internship): 7 years
therapy panic disorder
cognitive therapy post-traumatic stress Personal interview
community psychology disorder Preferred in person but telephone acceptable
conduct disorder psychopathic personality
crisis intervention psychotic disorders Attrition rate in past 7 years: 1%
eating disorders schizophrenia Percentage of students applying for internship in 2016
family therapy substance abuse accepted into:
forensic psychology
APA internships: 9% APPIC internships:
Formal tracks/concentrations: none
University of Mississippi (Ph.D.)
Department of Psychology Research areas # Faculty # Grants
University, MS 38677 behavior problems in children 3 0
phone#: (662) 915-5186 community psychology 2 0
email: pygross@olemiss.edu compliance 1 0
Web address: www.olemiss.edu/depts/psychology/grad/ computer-based research 1 1
clinical emotion 2 1
posttraumatic stress disorder 3 0
psychological assessment 2 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 race relations 2 0
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented rape 1 0
rural mental health 2 0
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the smoking cessation/addiction/ 1 0
following orientations: substance abuse
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 0%
Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 20% Clinical opportunities
Family systems/Systems 0% child/adolescent family/marital therapy
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 10% children’s social skills headache
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 70% chronic mental illness health psychology
(some faculty not easily categorized, e.g. applied behavioral/ clinical assessment mental retardation
behavioral) community mental health positive psychology
consultation post-traumatic stress disorder
Courses required for incoming students prior to disaster sexual aggression
enrolling: statistics, lab course dissemination smoking cessation
Recommended but not mandatory courses: eating disorders substance abuse/alcohol abuse
physiological psychology, abnormal psychology,
developmental psychology, and some grounding in biology/
physiology/chemistry Mississippi State University (Ph.D.)
Department of Psychology
GRE mean PO Box 6161
Verbal 157 Quantitative 150 Mississippi State, MS 39762
Verbal + Quantitative 307 phone#: (662) 325-1222
Analytical Writing 4.3 e-mail: mnadorff@psychology.msstate.edu
Psychology Subject Test not reported Web address: https://www.psychology.msstate.edu/
GPA mean graduate/clinical-psychology/
Overall GPA 3.81 Psychology GPA
Junior/Senior GPA
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
students in 2016
100 applied/13 admission offers/7 incoming Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
following orientations:
% of students receiving: Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 0%
Full tuition waiver only: 100% Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0%
Assistantship/fellowship only:100 0% Family systems/Systems 0%
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100% Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 0%
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 100%
B.A./B.S. only: 86% Master’s: 14% Courses required for incoming students to have
completed prior to enrolling:
Abnormal Psychology, Research Methods, Psychological
Statistics
248 REPORTS ON CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS
Recommended but not mandatory courses: History and Program Evaluation 1 0
Systems of Psychology, Biological Psychology Psychopathology-Adult/General 3 1
Rural Mental Health 1 0
GRE mean
Severe Mental Illness 3 1
Verbal + Quantitative: 159 V (80th percentile), 153 Q (51st Sleep Disorders 1 0
percentile) Substance Abuse/Addictive Behaviors 2 0
Analytical Writing: 4.5 (75th percentile) Suicide/Self-injury 4 0
Psychology Subject Test: not required Tobacco Use 1 1
GPA mean
Clinical opportunities
Overall GPA: 3.72 Adolescents/At-Risk Adolescents/Delinquency
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming Affective Disorders/Depression/Mood Disorders
students in 2019 Aging/Gerontology
65 applied/11 admission offers/6 incoming Anxiety Disorders/Panic Disorders
Assessment/Diagnosis
% of students receiving: Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Full tuition waiver only: 0% Child and Family
Assistantship/fellowship only: 0% Child Clinical/Pediatric
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100% Cognitive Therapy/Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a College Student
B.A./B.S. only: 64% Master’s: 36% Crisis/Critical Incident
Dialectical Behavior Therapy
Approximate percentage of all students who are Health Psychology/Behavioral Medicine
Women: 73% Ethnic Minority: 18% International: 3% Neuropsychology
Parent-Child Interactions/Parenting
Average years to complete the doctoral program
Personality Assessment
(including internship): 5.3 years
Personality Disorders
Personal interview: Preferred in person but telephone Personality/Temperament
acceptable Posttraumatic Stress Disorder/Trauma
Psychopathology – Adult/General
Attrition rate in past 7 years: 9% Psychopathology – Child/Developmental
Percentage of students applying for internship last Rural Mental Health
year accepted into: Severe Mental Illness
Sleep Disorders
APA internships: 100% APPIC internships: 100% Substance Abuse/Addictive Behaviors
Suicide/Self-Injury
Formal tracks/concentrations: None
Research areas # Faculty # Grants
Adolescent/At-Risk Adolescent 4 1 University of Missouri–Columbia (Ph.D.)
Adoption/Foster Care 1 1 Department of Psychology
Affective Disorders/Depression/Mood 3 1 210 McAlester Hall
Aggression 1 0 Columbia, MO 65211
Aging/Gerontology/Adult Development 3 0 phone#: (573) 882-0838
Anxiety Disorders/Panic Disorders 2 0 email: gradpsych@missouri.edu
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 1 0 Web address: psychology.missouri.edu/grad
Borderline Personality Disorder 1 1
Bullying 1 1
Child and Family 3 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Creativity 1 0 Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
Exposure Therapy 1 0
Family/Family Therapy/Family Systems 3 1 Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
Five Factor Model 1 1 following orientations:
Gender Roles/Sex Differences 3 0 Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 0%
Health Disparities 2 0 Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0%
Hoarding Disorder 1 0 Family systems/Systems 15%
Impulsivity 1 0 Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 0%
Intimate Relationships 1 0 Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 75%
Kincare 1 0 Other: Integrative, Genetic, Empirical 10%
Minority/Cross-Cultural/Diversity 1 0 Courses required for incoming students to have
Parent-Child Interaction/Parenting 3 1 completed prior to enrolling: none
Personality 2 1
Personality Assessment 1 0 Recommended but not mandatory courses: Other
Personality Disorders 1 1 sciences, statistics/mathematics
Problem Solving 1 0
REPORTS ON CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS 249
GRE mean of students entering in Fall, 2017 Kansas City, MO 64110
Verbal + Quantitative 311 phone#: (816)-235-1318
Analytical Writing 4.4 email: psychology@umkc.edu
Psychology Subject Test 780 Web address: http://cas2.umkc.edu/psychology/GCPhD.
asp
GPA mean – of students entering in Fall, 2017
Overall GPA 3.55
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
students in 2017 Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
77 applied/5 admission offers/3 incoming Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
Percent of students receiving: following orientations:
Full tuition waiver only: 0% Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 0%
Assistantship/fellowship only: 0% Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0%
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100% Family systems/Systems 0%
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 0%
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 100%
B.A./B.S. only: 90% Master’s: 10% (overall; 67%/33% in
2017) Courses required for incoming students to have
completed prior to enrolling:
Approximate percentage of students who are A B.A./B.S. in psychology is preferred but not required. At
Women: 85% Ethnic Minority: 18% International: 3% least 9 credits of psychology, including research methods and
Average years to complete the doctoral program statistics
(including internship): 7.28 years Recommended but not mandatory courses: At least
Personal interview two of the following: abnormal, biopsychology, child,
Preferred in person but telephone acceptable cognitive, learning, motivation, personality, sensation and
perception, social psychology
Attrition rate in past 7 years: 12.2%
GRE mean
Percentage of students applying for internship in 2017 Verbal 159 Quantitative 150
accepted into: Analytical Writing 4.5
Psychology Subject Test not reported
APA internships: 67% (2 of 3) APPIC internships:
100% (3 of 3) GPA mean
Overall GPA 3.6
Formal tracks/concentrations: clinical adult, clinical
child; also developmental and quantitative minors, and Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
joint clinical-developmental and clinical-quantitative PhD students in 2016
opportunities 84 applied/4 admission offers/3 incoming
Research areas # Faculty # Grants % of students receiving:
addictions 6 ~10 Full tuition waiver only: 0%
anxiety/depression disorders (youth) 2 1 Assistantship/fellowship only: 0%
autism/devel. disorders 1 3 Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100% (if
multisystemic therapy 1 1 enrolled at least 9 credit hours)
personality disorders 1 2
schizophrenia 1 1 Approximate percentage of incoming students with a
treatment dissemination 2 3 B.A./B.S. only: 75% Master’s: 25%
neuroscience 2 1 Approximate percentage of students who are
behavioral/molecular genetics 2 2 Women: 90% Ethnic Minority: 10% International: 0%
Clinical opportunities Average years to complete the doctoral program
adult, outpatient research protocol (including internship): 6 years
and inpatient assessment and prevention
child, outpatient state hospital Personal interview
and inpatient VA hospital Interview required (can be in person or phone)
health psychology neurodevelopmental Attrition rate in past 7 years: 14%
medical center assessment and intervention
forensic (child custody) underserved clients Percentage of students applying for internship in 2016
evaluation (deaf/hearing impaired) accepted into:
university counseling center
APA internships: 100% APPIC internships: 100%
Formal tracks/concentrations: health and life sciences
University of Missouri–Kansas City (Ph.D.)
Research areas # Faculty # Grants
Department of Psychology
5100 Rockhill Road
development 2 1
eating disorders/obesity 1 1
250 REPORTS ON CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS
cardiovascular disease 1 1 Average years to complete the doctoral program
serious mental illness 1 1 (including internship): 6.0 years
attention and emotion 2 1
Personal interview
trauma/violence prevention 2 2
sensory and cognitive neuroscience 1 2 Preferred in person but telephone acceptable
neuropsychology (multiple sclerosis) 1 2 Attrition rate in past 7 years: 5%
Clinical opportunities Percentage of students applying for internship in 2016
chronic pain behavioral anxiety accepted into:
psychiatry treatment
substance abuse primary care APA internships: 100% APPIC internships:
veterans neuropsychology Formal tracks/concentrations: behavioral medicine,
community mental health trauma studies, women and diversity studies
Research areas # Faculty # Grants
University of Missouri–St. Louis (Ph.D.) behavioral medicine 2 1
Department of Psychological Sciences child psychology 1 0
One University Blvd. clinical geropsychology 1 1
St. Louis, MO 63121 multicultural issues 1 1
phone#: (314) 516-5391 women & sexuality 1 1
e-mail: psy_advising@umsl.edu trauma studies 2 3
Web address: www.umsl.edu/divisions/artscience/ Clinical opportunities
psychology/psychology/clinical/index.html adults & couples treatment of PTSD/trauma
assessment across the lifespan
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 behavioral medicine children/adolescents &
interventions families
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented older adults
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
following orientations:
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 0% University of Montana (Ph.D.)
Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0% Department of Psychology
Family systems/Systems 0% 32 Campus Drive
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 15% Missoula, MT 59812-1584
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 85% phone#: (406) 243-4521
email: bryan.cochran@umontana.edu
Courses required for incoming students to have Web address: http://hs.umt.edu/psychology/clinical-
completed prior to enrolling: psychology
BS/BA in psychology, or 21 undergraduate credits in
psychology; psychological statistics, research methods in
psychology
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Recommended but not mandatory courses: Social Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
psychology, cognitive psychology, behavioral neuroscience, Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
developmental following orientations:
GRE mean for Fall 2017 class Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 33%
Verbal 161 Quantitative 154 Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 11%
Analytical Writing 4.5 Family systems/Systems 44%
Psychology Subject Test 750 (not required) Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 33%
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 67%
GPA mean Integrative/Eclectic 44%
Overall GPA 3.83 Psychology GPA 3.91 Interpersonal 22%
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
Developmental 11%
students in 2017 Courses required for incoming students to have
167 applied/9 admission offers/5 incoming completed prior to enrolling: none
% of students receiving: Recommended but not mandatory courses: Research
Full tuition waiver only: 0% methods, statistics, multicultural, abnormal, personality,
Assistantship/fellowship only: 0% physiological psychology
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100%
GRE mean
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a Verbal 157 Quantitative 152
B.A./B.S. only: 100% Master’s: 0% Analytical Writing 4.22
Approximate percentage of students who are
Psychology Subject Test (not required)
Women: 80% Ethnic Minority: 20% International: 0%
REPORTS ON CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS 251
GPA mean rural practice 1 1
Undergraduate 3.74 schizophrenia 1 0
Graduate 3.89 sexuality 1 0
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming substance abuse/dependence 1 1
students in 2017 Clinical opportunities
163 applied/8 admission offers/5 incoming adolescent and child anxiety disorders
% of (all, not just entering) students receiving: assessment attachment disorder
Full tuition waiver only: 0% borderline personality child assessment and
Assistantship/fellowship only: 13% disorder treatment
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 42% community health couples/family
Both partial tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 35% depression domestic violence
Note: The above does not include students on internship and functional analytic therapy health psychology
ABD. inpatient treatment integrated behavioral health
LGBT populations mindfulness-based treatment
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a motivational interviewing Native American populations
B.A./B.S. only: 75% Master’s: 25% neuropsychology pain management
Approximate percentage of all students who are
primary care psychology prison populations
Women/Trans/Non-Binary: 76% Ethnic Minority: 22%
rural psychology schizophrenia/psychoses
International: 3%
school-based practice substance abuse
trauma
Average years to complete the doctoral program
(including internship): 6.57 years
University of Nebraska–Lincoln (Ph.D.)
Personal interview
In person preferred, but Skype, WebEx, or telephone Department of Psychology
acceptable 238 Burnett Hall
Lincoln, NE 68588-0308
Attrition rate in past 7 years: 6.3% phone#: (402) 472-3229
email: jamie.longwell@unl.edu
Percentage of students applying for internship in 2017 Web address: psychology.unl.edu/clinical-psychology-
accepted into: training-program
APA internships: 83.3% APPIC internships: 100%
Formal tracks/concentrations: Child, adolescent, family
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
clinical emphasis; neuropsychology exposure Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
Research areas # Faculty # Grants Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
assessment 6 1 following orientations:
autism spectrum disorder treatments 1 0 Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 0%
behavioral medicine/health psychology 3 2 Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 20%
behavioral treatments 2 0 Family systems/Systems 30%
borderline personality 1 0 Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 20%
disorder/dialectical Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 90%
behavior therapy
child abuse 1 0 Courses required for incoming students to have
child psychopathology 5 2 completed prior to enrolling:
closed-head injury 1 0 Psychology major preferred
cross-cultural (Native American) 2 2 Recommended but not mandatory courses:
depression 3 1 Methodology and quantitative courses
gender issues 2 0
geriatric psychology/aging 2 1 GRE mean
health care systems 3 2 Verbal 159 Quantitative 154
intimate partner violence 2 0 Analytical 4.5
LGBT health 2 1 Psychology Subject Test not required
malingering 1 0
memory 2 1 GPA mean
mindfulness 1 0 Overall GPA 3.79
multicultural issues in practice 2 1 Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
neuropsychology 2 1 students in 2017
nonlinear dynamic systems 1 0 239 applied/16 admission offers/9 incoming
parent–child relationships 2 0
psychotherapy process and outcome 1 0 % of students receiving:
PTSD 5 0 Full tuition waiver only: 0%
resilience 2 1 Assistantship/fellowship only: 0%
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100%
252 REPORTS ON CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a Courses required for incoming students to have
B.A./B.S. only: 72% Master’s: 28% completed prior to enrolling:
at least 18 hours of undergraduate psychology courses
Approximate percentage of students who are including Statistics, Abnormal Psychology, and Experimental
Women: 70% Ethnic Minority: 27% International: 5% Psychology (e.g., cognitive psychology, research methods).
Average years to complete the doctoral program Recommended but not mandatory courses:
(including internship): 5.5 years Standardized testing, child behavior disorders, motivation
Personal interview and learning, history of psychology
Preferred in person but telephone and web video interviews GRE mean
are acceptable Verbal 159 Quantitative 155
Attrition rate in past 7 years: 5% Analytical Writing 4.5
Psychology Subject Test not required
Percentage of students applying for internship in 2017
accepted into: GPA mean
Overall GPA 3.70
APA internships: 100% APPIC internships: 100%
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
Formal tracks/concentrations: adult/general, child and students in 2016
family, forensic 87 applied/9 admission offers/8 incoming
Research areas # Faculty # Grants % of students receiving:
anxiety 1 1 Full tuition waiver only: 100% (9 credits per semester in fall
child abuse/family violence 3 2 and spring, 3 credits in summer)
child/adolescence 3 3 Assistantship/fellowship only: 100%
forensic 1 2 Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100%
LGBT issues 1 2
mental health disparities 2 2 Approximate percentage of incoming students with a
pediatric psychology 1 3 B.A./B.S. only: 82% Master’s: 18%
psychology and law 1 2 Approximate percentage of students who are
psychopathology 4 2 Women: 84% Ethnic Minority: 20% International: 7.5%
substance abuse/dual diagnosis 1 1
targeted violence/threat assessment 1 2 Average years to complete the doctoral program
trauma/PTSD 3 2 (including internship): 6.5 years
traumatic brain injury 1 1
Personal interview
Clinical opportunities In person preferred
anxiety disorders pediatric rehabilitation
child abuse/family violence severe mental illness Attrition rate in past 7 years: 6%
forensic sex offender Percentage of students applying for internship in 2016
Head Start substance abuse accepted into:
LGBT telehealth
minority/diversity issues traumatic brain injury APA internships: 100% APPIC internships:
pediatric health Formal tracks/concentrations: clinical neuropsychology
Research areas # Faculty # Grants
University of Nevada–Las Vegas (Ph.D.) child externalizing disorders 1 1
Department of Psychology child internalizing disorders 1 0
Las Vegas, NV 89154 descriptive experience sampling 1 0
phone#: (702) 895-3305 eating disorders/multicultural issues 1 0
email: psyunlv@unlv.nevada.edu neuropsychology 1 1
Web address: http://psychology.unlv.edu/clinical.htm psychopathy 1 1
statistics 1 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Clinical opportunities
Family Research and Services/The Optimum Performance
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented Program in Sports
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the UNLV School Refusal and Anxiety Disorders Clinic
following orientations: UNLV PRACTICE (university-based counseling)
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 5% Student counseling and psychological services
Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0% Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health
Family systems/Systems 0% UNLV Ackerman Center for Autism & Neurodevelopmental
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 5% Solutions
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 90% Children’s Heart Center, Nevada Healthy Heart Program
Children’s Specialty Center of Nevada / Cure 4 the Kids
Foundation
REPORTS ON CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS 253
Southern Nevada Adult Mental Health Services Number of applications/admission offers/
Department of Veterans Affairs Southern Nevada Health incoming5students in 2017
Care System 62 applied/0 admission offers/5 incoming
Desert Willow Treatment Center
% of students receiving:
Nevada Division of Child & Family Services
Numerous other practicum sites Full tuition waiver only: 0%
Assistantship/fellowship only: 0%
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship:
University of Nevada–Reno (Ph.D.) 100%
Department of Psychology Approximate percentage of incoming students with a
Clinical Psychology Program B.A./B.S. only: 80% Master’s: 20%
MSS 298
Reno, NV 89557-0298 Approximate percentage of students who are
phone#: (775) 682-8701 Women: 66% Ethnic Minority: 22% International: 11%
email: klarson@unr.edu
Web address: www.unr.edu/psych/clinical/ Average years to complete the doctoral program
(including internship): 7.1 years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Personal interview
Preferred in person but telephone/Skype acceptable
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
Attrition rate in past 7 years: 7%
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
following orientations: Percentage of students applying for internship in 2017
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 0% accepted into:
Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 40% APA internships: 100% APPIC internships: 100%
Family systems/Systems 0%
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 0% Formal tracks/concentrations: none
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 60%
Research areas # Faculty # Grants
Courses required for incoming students to have Gerontology/aging 1 1
completed prior to enrolling: Behavior analysis 3 0
Applicants seeking admission into the Clinical Psychology Family caregiving 1 1
PhD program at UNR must demonstrate that that have Prevention of elder abuse 1 1
completed advanced undergraduate or graduate courses in Anxiety disorders 3 1
(1) Affective Aspects of Behavior, (2) Biological Aspects of Traumatic stress reactions 4 2
Behavior, (3) Cognitive Aspects of Behavior, and (4) Social Implementation science 2 0
Aspects of Behavior, as pre-requisites for admission. What Delivery/Dissemination of evidence-based 1 1
constitutes classwork in this area is defined in APA’s the treatments to cultural minorities
Implementing Regulations “Section C: IRs Related to the Diversity Studies 3 0
Standards of Accreditation” under the subheading “C-7 D. Psychological assessment and evaluation 1 0
Discipline-Specific Knowledge.” See https://www.apa.org/ Behavior Medicine 1 0
ed/accreditation/section-c-soa.pdf. Exceptions can be made Chronic pain and Injury 1 0
for exceptional candidates to make up course deficits in Grief and bereavement 2 0
these areas at UNR or another institution after an admission Treatment development 3 0
offer is been made. But a plan to fulfill these requirements Behavioral assessment 3 0
must be in place before admission. It would strengthen a Behavioral health 2 0
candidate’s application if this could be addressed in a few Mindfulness/MBSR 1 0
lines at the end of the personal statement. Self-regulation training interventions 1 1
Intervention with adolescents 1 1
Recommended but not mandatory courses: Emotion regulation 2 1
Learning, behavioral principles, or behavior analysis Sexual abuse 2 1
Statistics/data analysis Forensic interviewing 2 0
Research methods/experimental design Integrated care 3 0
History of psychology
Individual differences Clinical opportunities
Human development Gerontology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Abnormal behavior/psychopathology Anxiety disorders Grief
Cultural and individual diversity Adolescents Cultural Minorities
Integrated care Functional Analytic
GRE mean Mood disorders Psychotherapy
Verbal 160 Quantitative 154
Analytical Writing not reported
Psychology Subject Test not required
University of New Mexico (Ph.D.)
GPA mean Department of Psychology
Overall GPA 3.7 Psychology GPA 3.8 MSC 03 2220
254 REPORTS ON CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS
1 University of New Mexico Research areas # Faculty # Grants
Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001 Eating disorders 1 0
phone#: (505) 277-4121 Minority/cultural issues 2 2
email: eyeater@unm.edu (director), rikk@unm.edu Health psychology 3 1
(coordinator) Neuropsychology 3 3
Web address: http://psych.unm.edu/graduate/programs-of- Pediatric psychology 1 0
study/clinical-psychology.html Clinical child psychology 2 0
Substance abuse 6 20
Neuroimaging and clinical neuroscience 3 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Sexual victimization/trauma 1 2
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
Clinical opportunities
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the Psychological Diagnostic Assessment
following orientations: Cardiac rehabilitation
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 0% Child treatment
Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 8% Consultation in primary care settings
Family systems/Systems 0% Couple therapy
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 0% Eating disorders
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 67% Empirically supported treatment for a wide range of anxiety,
Other* 25% mood, neuropsychological and thought disorders
Emphasis on culturally aware treatment with diverse
Courses required for incoming students to have populations
completed prior to enrolling: Forensic assessment
Statistics, research methods, psychology major or equivalent Mindfulness-based interventions
coursework Motivational interviewing
Recommended but not mandatory courses: Neuroimaging
Basic science courses, laboratory courses, supervised research Neuropsychological assessment – adults, children
Pediatric health
GRE mean Substance-related disorders – assessment and treatment
Verbal + Quantitative 320 (V=162, Q=158) Veterans’ services – smoking cessation, homeless veterans,
Analytical Writing 4.67 PTSD, assessment
Psychology Subject Test 737 *Note: Three faculty have a primary focus in neuropsychology
GPA mean
Overall GPA 3.88 (3.82 UGGPA, 3.94 GGPA)
The New School (Ph.D.)
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming (formerly listed as New School University)
students in 2017 New School for Social Research, Department of
158 applied/5 admitted/3 accepted Psychology
% of students receiving: 80 Fifth Avenue, 7th floor
Full tuition waiver only: 0% New York, NY 10011
Assistantship/fellowship only: 0% phone#: (212) 229-5727
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100% email: changd@newschool.edu
Web address: www.newschool.edu/nssr/subpage.
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a aspx?id=9888
B.A./B.S. only: 33% Master’s: 67%
Approximate percentage of students who are (incoming
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
for 2017) Women: 100% Ethnic Minority: 0%
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
International: 0%
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
Average years to complete the doctoral program
following orientations:
(including internship): 7 years
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 70%
Personal interview Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0%
Preferred in person Family systems/Systems 0%
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 0%
Attrition rate in past 7 years: 2009–2016 = 10% Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 30%
Percentage of students applying for internship in 2017 Courses required for incoming students to have
accepted into: completed prior to enrolling:
APA internships: 100% APPIC internships: 100% 1 course in each of the following: social, developmental;
psychopathology; 1 course in assessment of individual
Formal tracks/concentrations: health psychology differences; 1 course in statistics; 1 research methods course
emphasis, quantitative emphasis
Recommended but not mandatory courses:
Undergraduate major in psychology recommended, but not
mandatory
REPORTS ON CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS 255
GRE mean Davie Hall, CB 3270
Verbal 525 Quantitative 590 Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3270
Analytical Writing not reported phone#: (919) 962-5082
Psychology Subject Test 595 fax#: (919) 962-2537
email: mallasch@live.unc.edu
GPA mean Web address: http://clinicalpsych.unc.edu/
Overall GPA 3.74
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
students in 2017
31 applied/15 admission offers/15 incoming Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
Note: Only applications from New School University Master’s Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
students in psychology are considered for enrollment. following orientations:
% of students receiving: Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 0%
Full tuition waiver only: 11% Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0%
Assistantship/fellowship only: 30% Family systems/Systems 0%
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 8% Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 0%
(approximately 100% of students receive a partial tuition Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 100%
waiver) Courses required for incoming students to have
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a completed prior to enrolling: none
B.A./B.S. only: 0% Master’s: 100% Recommended but not mandatory courses: A
Approximate percentage of students who are psychology major or its equivalent (8 or more courses)
Women: 77% Ethnic Minority: 13% International: 14% GRE mean for Fall 2017 Class
Average years to complete the doctoral program Verbal 165 Quantitative 158
(including internship): 5.5 years Analytical Writing 4.69
Psychology Subject Test not reported
Personal interview
Required in person GPA mean for Fall 2017 Class
Oveall GPA 3.74
Attrition rate in past 7 years: 2%
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
Percentage of students applying for internship in 2017 students in 2017
accepted into: 465 applied/8 admission offers/8 incoming
APA internships: 94% APPIC internships: 100% % of students receiving:
Formal tracks/concentrations: Scientist–Practitioner Full tuition waiver only: 0%
training model Assistantship/fellowship only: 0%
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100%
Research areas # Faculty # Grants
assessment/diagnosis 2 1 Approximate percentage of incoming students with a
child clinical 1 1 B.A./B.S. only: 85% Master’s: 15%
developmental 1 1 Approximate percentage of students who are
emotions 1 0 Women: 71% Ethnic Minority: 28% International: not
health psychology 1 1 reported
memory 2 1
moral development 1 1 Average years to complete the doctoral program
narrative methodologies 2 0 (including internship): 6 years
personality assessment 1 0 Personal interview
prevention 2 1 Preferred
psychoanalysis 2 0
psychopathology 2 0 Attrition rate in past 7 years: 0%
psychotherapy process 3 10
& outcome Percentage of students applying for internship in 2017
Trauma physiology 1 1 accepted into:
Recommended but not mandatory courses: Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
Experimental Psychology, Research Methods/Design, following orientations:
Learning, Perception, Motivation, Cognition, Physiological Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 0%
Psychology, Psychological Measurement, or Research Thesis. Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 22%
REPORTS ON CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS 259
Family systems/Systems 33% sexual aggression 1 0
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 11% Socioeconomic stress 1 0
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 100% social support 1 0
Interpersonal 22% temperament 1 1
trauma 4 1
Courses required for incoming students prior to
enrolling: none Clinical opportunities
ADHD
Recommended but not mandatory courses: statistics, Anger management groups
research methods, laboratory course anxiety disorders
GRE mean Autism spectrum disorder
Verbal 158 Quantitative 157 Child psychotherapy
Analytical Writing 4.5 Cognitive assessment
Psychology Subject Test not reported College students
Consultation and multi-disciplinary assessment
GPA mean Developmental assessments
Overall GPA 3.75 Developmental disabilities
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming students Family psychotherapy
in 2017 Group psychotherapy
247 applied/14 admission offers/8 incoming Individual psychotherapy
% of students receiving: Intensive outpatient settings
Full tuition waiver only: 0% Parent training
Assistantship/fellowship only: 0% School settings
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100% Selective mutism
Trauma/PTSD
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a
B.A./B.S. only: 87.5% Master’s: 12.5%
Approximate percentage of all students who are
Northwestern University (Ph.D.)
Women: 75% Ethnic Minority: 20% International: 2% Department of Psychology
102 Swift Hall, 2029 Sheridan Road
Average years to complete the doctoral program Evanston, IL 60208-2710
(including internship): 7.1 phone#: (847) 491-5190
email: psychology@northwestern.edu
Personal interview
Web address: www.wcas.northwestern.edu/psych/
Preferred in person but telephone acceptable
Attrition rate in past 7 years: 8%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Percentage of students applying for internship in 2013
accepted into: Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
APA internships: 100% APPIC internships: 100% Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
following orientations:
Formal tracks/concentrations: none Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 0%
Research areas # Faculty # Grants Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0%
adolescents 2 0 Family systems/Systems 10%
adult psychopathology 4 0 Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 0%
anxiety/OCD-related disorders 3 0 Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 90%
child sexual abuse 2 0 Courses required for incoming students to have
college students 6 0 completed prior to enrolling: none
co-parenting 1 0
developmental psychopathology 4 0 Recommended but not mandatory courses: Psychology
diversity/culture 3 0 major, undergraduate statistics
early childhood 2 1
GRE mean
emergency responders 1 0
emotion/emotion regulation 5 2 Verbal + Quantitative 1488
grandparents 1 0 Analytical Writing 5.1
infants and preschool age children 2 0 Psychology Subject Test not reported
intimate partner violence 2 0 GPA mean
parenting 3 0 Overall GPA 3.8
personality/personality disorders 2 0
physical abuse 2 1 Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
psychometrics 2 0 students in 2016
PTSD 3 1 86 applied/8 admission offers/5 incoming
school-age children 3 0 % of students receiving:
self-regulation 1 1 Full tuition waiver only: 0%
260 REPORTS ON CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS
Assistantship/fellowship only: 0% Recommended but not mandatory courses: Behavioral
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100% Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology, Social Psychology,
Lifespan Developmental Psychology, History & Systems
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a
B.A./B.S. only: 100% Master’s: 0% GRE mean (we have converted to the new GRE metric
for our 5-year means)
Approximate percentage of all students who are Verbal 160.7 (84.0th percentile)
Women: 75% Ethnic Minority: 38% International: 25% Quantitative 157.2 (69.5th percentile)
Average years to complete the doctoral program Analytical Writing 4.7 (78.3th percentile)
(including internship): 6 years Psychology Subject Test No longer required
Personal interview GPA mean
not reported Overal GPA 3.7
Attrition rate in past 7 years: 5% Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
students in 2017
Percentage of students applying for internship in 2016 323 applied/5 admission offers/4 incoming
accepted into:
% of students receiving:
APA internships: 100% APPIC internships: 100% Full tuition waiver only: 0%
Formal tracks/concentrations: none Assistantship/fellowship only: 0%
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100%
Research areas # Faculty # Grants
anxiety 3 1 Approximate percentage of incoming students with a
behavioral genetics 2 0 B.A./B.S. only: 50% Master’s: 50%
cognitive functioning 4 2 Approximate percentage of students who are
depression 3 2 Women: 90% Ethnic Minority: 21% International: 6%
personality 5 3
psychosis 1 6 Average years to complete the doctoral program
psychotherapy 2 1 (including internship): 5.8 years (median = 5.8 years)
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming statistics course and Abnormal Psychology are required
students in 2019 prerequisites. In addition, 2 of the 6 following courses
57 applied/13 admission offers/7 incoming are required as preparation for work at the graduate level:
Clinical Psychology, Experimental Psychology, Social
% of students receiving: Psychology, Cognition/Learning, Introduction to Psychology,
Full tuition waiver only: 0% Physiological Psychology, Developmental Psychology,
Assistantship/fellowship only: 52% Personality Psychology. Prerequisite courses must be
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 0% completed with an average of “B” or above before a student
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a can matriculate into the program.
B.A./B.S. only: 65% Master’s: 35% Recommended but not mandatory courses: n/a
Approximate percentage of all students who are GRE mean for incoming students matriculating in
Women: 75% Ethnic Minority: 31% International: 2% 2017
Average years to complete the doctoral program Verbal 155 (equivalent to 550 on the old GRE)
(including internship): 5.25 years Quantitative 150 (equivalent to 575 on the old GRE)
GRE Analytical Writing 4.2
Personal interview: Preferred in person but telephone/ Psychology Subject Test not required
Skype acceptable
GPA mean for incoming students matriculating in 2017
Attrition rate in past 7 years: 7% Overall GPA 3.45
Percentage of students applying for internship last Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
year accepted into: students in 2017
APA internships: 73% APPIC internships: 27% 280 applied/115 admission offers/52 incoming
Personality Disorders and Psychopathy 1 0 Approximate percentage of all students who are
Community Based Research 2 0 Women: 78% People of Color: 39.2% (Asian: 13%,
Yoga Therapy 1 0 African American: 5.5%, Hispanic/Latinx 11.7%, Two
Sports Psychology 1 0 or more races 8.2%, Native American: 0.4%, Native
Qualitative Research 5 0 Hawaiian/Pacific Islander 0.4%, Unknown: 6.9%)
International: 7.9%
Clinical opportunities
2 in-house training clinics: Pacific Psychology and Average years to complete the doctoral program
Comprehensive Health Clinic, Hillsboro; Pacific Psychology (including internship): 5.81
and Comprehensive Health Clinic, Portland
Approximately 102 community sites Personal interview: Required personal or phone interview
required
Attrition rate in past 7 years: 13%
Palo Alto University, Pacific Graduate School
Percentage of students applying for internship in 2016
of Psychology (Ph.D.) accepted into:
Department of Clinical Psychology
935 East Meadow APA internships: 98% APPIC internships: 2%
Palo Alto, CA 94303 Formal tracks/concentrations: neuropsychology,
phone#: (800) 818-6136 forensics, child and family, health, community and diversity,
email: admissions@paloaltou.edu LGBTQ, trauma.
Web address: www.paloaltou.edu/phd-clinical-psychology
Research areas # Faculty
adult psychopathology 20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 aging 2
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented assessment 2
bereavement 1
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the children 4
following orientations: culture 5
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic not reported forensics 2
Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral not reported health psychology 4
Family systems/Systems not reported LGBTQ 3
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic not reported minority aging 2
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral not reported neuropsychology 3
Courses required for incoming students to have neuropsychology & aging 1
completed prior to enrolling: B.A./B.S. in Psychology psychology & law 2
or the equivalent of courses in statistics, biological bases of psychotherapy 5
behavior,, abnormal psychology, developmental psychology; substance abuse 2
entrance interview required with PhD faculty and approval Number of faculty with research grants in the past 7 years: 12
by the Director of Clinical Training Clinical opportunities
Recommended but not mandatory courses: research Students obtain formal clinical training through the Bay
methods, personality psychology, physiological psychology, Area Practicum Information Collaborative (BAPIC), which
cognitive and/or social psychology; a solid academic includes over 200 external practica sites.
background including research experience
GRE mean for students admitted in 2017: Palo Alto University/PGSP-Stanford PsyD
Verbal + Quantitative 304
Analytical Writing 4.1 Consortium (Psy.D.)
Psychology Subject Test not reported 1791 Arastradero Road
Palo Alto, CA, 94304
GPA mean for students admitted in 2017: phone#: (650) 433-3810
undergraduate GPA 3.34 email: slien@paloaltou.edu
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming Web address: https://www.paloaltou.edu/graduate-
students in 2017: programs/pgsp-psyd-stanford-consortium
306 applicants
83 incoming students 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
% of students receiving financial aid in 2016-2017: Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
Of 469 students receiving financial aid, 2.56% received a
partial tuition waiver and 8.53% received a fellowship. Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
following orientations:
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 15%
B.A./B.S. only: 100% Master’s: 42.2% Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0%
Family systems/Systems 15%
268 REPORTS ON CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Serious Mental Illness 2 0
Neurosciences 2 0
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
Epigenetics 1 1
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the School Psychology 2 0
following orientations: HIV/AIDS 4 2
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 7% Health Psychology 4 1
Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 4% Clinical opportunities
Family systems/Systems 11% Borderline Personality Clinic
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 4% Severe Psychopatology
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 74% Psychology in General Hospitals
Courses required for incoming students to have Pediatric Psychology in General Hospital
completed prior to enrolling: School Settings
At least 15 credits in Psychology at the Bachelor’s level Neuropsychology/Neurorehabilitation
including de following courses: Consultation
General Psychology Domestic Violence
Developmental Psychology Psycho-oncology
Statistics Addictions
Abnormal Psychology Family/Couples
Experimental Psychology or Research Methods Autism/Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Recommended but not mandatory courses: none
GRE mean Ponce Health Sciences University (Psy.D.)
Verbal + Quantitative 403 Giselle M. Medina Vélez, Psy.D.
Analytical Writing 3.0 Program Coordinator
EXADEP total 520 Clinical Psychology Program (Psy.D.)
Psychology Subject Test not required PO Box 7004
Ponce, PR 00732-7004
GPA mean (787) 840-2575 x 5502
Overall GPA 3.60 gmedina@psm.edu
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming www.psm.edu
students in 2017
58 applied/27 admission offers/25 incoming 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
% of students receiving: Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
Full tuition waiver only: 0%
Assistantship/fellowship only: 0% Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 0% following orientations:
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 10%
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 20%
B.A./B.S. only: 84% Master’s: 16% Family systems/Systems 25%
Approximate percentage of all students who are
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 15%
Women: 71% Ethnic Minority: 100% International: 0.8%
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 90%
Courses required for incoming students to have
Average years to complete the doctoral program
completed prior to enrolling:
(including internship): 5.5 years
General Psychology 3 credits
Personal interview Developmental Psychology 3 credits
Preferred in person but telephone acceptable Statistics 3 credits
Abnormal Psychology 3 credits
Attrition rate in past 7 years: 12% Experimental Psychology or Research 3 credits
Percentage of students applying for internship last Recommended but not mandatory courses:
year accepted into: Psychoeducational Assessment and Professional Consultation
APA internships: 67% APPIC internships: 100% in Academic Settings
Psychology of Gender
Formal tracks/concentrations: Neuroscience, Family/
Couples, Health Psychology, Forensic Psychology GRE mean
Verbal + Quantitative = 145 + 140 = 142.5
Research areas # Faculty # Grants Analytical Writing = 3.2
Stigma 3 2 Psychology Subject Test not reported
Child Obesity 1 1
Biomarkers 1 1 *EXADEP mean (Examen de Admisión a Estudios de
Forensic Psychology 1 0 Posgrado) Post Graduate Studies Admissions Exam 469.5
Assessment 5 0 GPA mean
Alzheimer 1 0 Overall GPA 3.45
274 REPORTS ON CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
following orientations: (Ph.D.)
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 0% Department of Psychology
Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 25% Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Family systems/Systems 25% New Brunswick, NJ 08903
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 0% email: edward.selby@rutgers.edu
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 50% Web address: psych.rutgers.edu/menu-iv/cl
Courses required for incoming students to have
completed prior to enrolling:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Research Methods, Statistics, Abnormal Psychology
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
Recommended but not mandatory courses: not
reported Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
following orientations:
GRE mean Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 0%
Verbal + Quantitative 304 Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 5%
Analytical Writing N/A Family systems/Systems 5%
Psychology Subject Test N/A Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 0%
GPA mean Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 90%
Overall GPA 3.44 Courses required for incoming students to have
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming completed prior to enrolling:
students in 2019 A major in psychology or equivalent courses
35 applied/61 admission offers/6 incoming Recommended but not mandatory courses: none
% of students receiving: GRE mean
Full tuition waiver only: 0% 100% (partial) Verbal 163 Quantitative 157
Assistantship/fellowship only: 100% Analytical Writing 446
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100% Psychology Subject Test 740
(partial tuition waiver)
GPA mean
Overall GPA 3.65
280 REPORTS ON CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 depression 2 0
eating disorders 1 0
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
ethical issues 2 0
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the health behavior change 1 0
following orientations: malingering and effort testing 1 0
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 20% mild TBI 1 0
Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0% minority issues 1 0
Family systems/Systems 0% neuropsychology/neuroscience 2 0
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 0% professional issues 2 0
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 80% psychotherapy process and outcomes 2 0
PTSD 1 0
Courses required for incoming students to have sport psychology 1 0
completed prior to enrolling: stress and coping 1 0
21 hours including general psychology, abnormal psychology, trauma and abuse 1 0
and statistics/research methods
Clinical opportunities
Recommended but not mandatory courses: Cognition/ addictions
learning, physiological/biological psychology, social anxiety
psychology attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
GRE mean child therapy
Verbal 74% Quantitative 49% depression
Analytical Writing 74% eating disorders and obesity
Psychology Subject Test: 74% health psychology
learning disabilities
GPA mean neuropsychology
Overall GPA 3.7 oncology
parent skills training
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming pediatric health
students in 2017 personality disorders
144 applied/16 admission offers/8 incoming psychoeducational assessment
% of students receiving: relationship-focused treatment
Full tuition waiver only: 0% racial, ethnic, and cultural diversity
Assistantship/fellowship only: 0% sexual minorities
Tuition full waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100% for first trauma
year
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a Sam Houston State University (Ph.D.)
B.A./B.S. only: 87.5% Master’s: 12.5%
Department of Psychology and Philosophy
Approximate percentage of students who are Huntsville, Texas 77341-2210
Women: 76% Ethnic Minority: 28% International: 3% phone #: (936) 294-1210
email: varela@shsu.edu
Average years to complete the doctoral program Web: http://www.shsu.edu/academics/psychology-and-
(including internship): 5 years philosophy/psychology/doctoral-program/index.html
Personal interview
Preferred in person but telephone acceptable
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Attrition rate in past 7 years: 8.3% Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
Percentage of students applying for internship in 2017 Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
accepted into: following orientations:
APA internships: 100% APPIC internships: 100%
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 0%
Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0%
Formal tracks/concentrations: none Family systems/Systems 20%
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 20%
Research areas # Faculty # Grants Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 100%
abuse/violence 2 0
addictions 1 2 Courses required for incoming students to have
ADHD 2 1 completed prior to enrolling: none
adjustment 1 0
Recommended but not mandatory courses:
anxiety 2 0
assessment 2 0 Research Methods, Statistics, Abnormal Psychology
autism 1 0 GRE mean
child/adolescent 3 0 Verbal 162 Quantitative 154
cognition and aging 1 0 Analytical Writing 4.6
community 1 0
REPORTS ON CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS 283
psychopathology 3 2
Southern Methodist University (Ph.D.) cognitive 1 0
Department of Psychology quantitative 1 0
PO Box 750442 diversity/disparity 1 0
Dallas, TX 75275-0442 neurocognitive 1 0
phone#: (214) 768-2438
email: rhampson@smu.edu, lsimpson@smu.edu Clinical opportunities
Web address: www.smu.edu/Dedman/Academics/ assessment
Departments/Psychology/GraduateStudies psychotherapy for anxiety and mood disorders
couples therapy
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 External practica include a wide variety of community
counseling centers, VA Medical Center, Dallas County
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
Probation, Juvenile Justice, Children’s Medical Center,
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the Parkland Hospital Consult/Liaison, Presbyterian Hospital,
following orientations: neuropsychology, eating disorders
Couples 10%
Applied behavioral analysis 20%
Family systems/Systems 10% University of Southern Mississippi (Ph.D.)
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 40% Department of Psychology
Neurological bases of behavior 10% 118 College Dr. #5025
Psychophysiological 10% Hattiesburg, MS 39406-5025
phone#: (601) 266-4588
Courses required for incoming students to have
email: sara.jordan@usm.edu
completed prior to enrolling: Abnormal Psychology,
Web address: www.usm.edu/clinical-psychology
Research Methods/Statistics
Recommended but not mandatory courses:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Developmental Psychology
Clinically oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
GRE mean
Verbal 160 Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
Quantitative 161 following orientations:
Analytical Writing 5.0 Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 0%
Psychology Subject Test not required Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 25%
Family systems/Systems 25%
GPA mean Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 12.5%
Overall GPA 3.63 Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 100%
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming Courses required for incoming students to have
students in 2017 completed prior to enrolling:
150 applied/8 admission offers/7 incoming statistics, research methods, abnormal psychology
% of students receiving: Recommended but not mandatory courses: none
Full tuition waiver only: 0%
Assistantship/fellowship only: 0% GRE mean
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100% Verbal 158 Quantitative 156
Analytical Writing 4.0
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a Psychology Subject Test n/a
B.A./B.S. only: 86% Master’s: 14%
GPA mean
Approximate percentage of students who are Overall GPA 3.69
Women: 84% Ethnic Minority: 33% International: 6%
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
Average years to complete the doctoral program students in 2017
(including internship): 6 years 107 applied/13 admission offers/6 incoming
Personal interview: Required in person % of students receiving:
Attrition rate in past 7 years: 6% Full tuition waiver only: 0%
Assistantship/fellowship only: 0%
Percentage of students applying for internship in 2017 Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100%
accepted into:
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a
APA internships: 100% APPIC internships: 100% B.A./B.S. only: 67% Master’s: 33%
Formal tracks/concentrations/specializations: Areas of Approximate percentage of all students who are
concentration: Child/Family, Health, Psychopathology Women: 81% Ethnic Minority: 16% International: 9%
Research areas # Faculty # Grants Average years to complete the doctoral program
family 7 2 (including internship): 5.7 years
health 3 0
290 REPORTS ON CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS
Approximate percentage of all students who are Courses required for incoming students to have
Women: 66% Ethnic Minority: 14% International: 17% completed prior to enrolling:
Introduction to Psychology; Learning (can be experimental
Average years to complete the doctoral program psychology, cognitive psychology or behavioral psychology),
(including internship): 6.4 years behavioral statistics
Personal interview Recommended but not mandatory courses:
Required Developmental, physiological, experimental
Attrition rate in past 7 years: 5% GRE mean
Percentage of students applying for internship in 2016 Verbal + Quantitative 318
accepted into: Analytical Writing not reported
Psychology Subject Test not reported
APA internships: 100% APPIC internships: 100%
GPA mean
Formal tracks/concentrations: neuroimaging track Overall GPA 3.72
Research areas # Faculty # Grants Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
addictions 1 1 students in 2017
anxiety 2 1 228 applied/17 admission offers for class of 10 incoming
behavior genetics 2 2
depression 1 3 % of students receiving:
developmental disabilities/autism 1 0 Full tuition waiver only: 0%
health psychology 1 1 Assistantship/fellowship: 100% (in 2nd year through end of
multicultural psychology 1 0 4th year)
neurobiology of aging 1 4 Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 0%
positive psychology/well-being 1 0 Approximate percentage of incoming students with a
sexual dysfunction 1 1 B.A./B.S. only: 60% Master’s: 40%
social endocrinology 1 0
stress and coping 1 1 Approximate percentage of students who are
Women: 100% Ethnic Minority: 30% International: 0%
Clinical opportunities
addictions/recovery depression Average years to complete the doctoral program
ADHD diverse populations (including internship): 4.3 years
anxiety disorders marital
assessment military/veterans Personal interview
autism neuropsychology Required in person
behavioral medicine obsessive–compulsive Attrition rate in past 5 years: 5%
child/family disorder
personality disorders severe mental illness Percentage of students applying for internship in 2017
primary care sleep psychology accepted into:
community student counseling center APA internships: 100% APPIC internships: (none)
crisis intervention survivors of torture *Our program has an affiliated internship which is APA
accredited.
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Formal tracks/concentrations: health psychology, child
Center at Dallas (Ph.D.) and adolescent psychology, neuropsychology
Division of Psychology Research areas # Faculty # Grants
5323 Harry Hines Boulevard Alzheimer’s 1 1
Dallas, TX 75390-9044 child depression 3 3
phone#: (214) 648-5277 community mental health 1 0
email: psychology@utsouthwestern.edu cultural issues in psychology 2 1
Web address: http://www.utsouthwestern.edu/clinical- depression 3 3
psychology developmental psychology 1 1
health psychology 3 2
health services research 1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 learning disabilities 1 0
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented neurobiological aspects of 2 –
psychological disorders
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the neuropsychological profiles 2 2
following orientations: pain management 1 1
Dynamic/Psychoanalytic 40% pediatric psychology 1 1
Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 5% rehabilitation psychology 1 1
Family systems/Systems 10% sleep disorders 1 0
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 5%
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 40%
REPORTS ON CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS 297
Recommended but not mandatory courses: These Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
include typical courses for a psychology major; courses following orientations:
in research methods, quantitative methods, affective, Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 10%
biological, cognitive, developmental, and social aspects of Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0%
psychology; history of psychology. Family systems/Systems 30%
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 22%
GRE mean Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 100%
Verbal 161 Quantitative 158
Analytical Writing 5.0 Courses required for incoming students to have
Psychology Subject Test 740 completed prior to enrolling: 18 hours of undergraduate
psychology coursees
GPA mean
Overall GPA 3.49 Psychology GPA 3.7 Recommended but not mandatory courses:
Junior/Senior GPA 3.58 introductory, abnormal, social, developmental, statistics,
research methods
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
students in 2017 GRE mean
219 applied/12 admission offers/8 incoming Verbal 160 Quantitative 154
Analytical Writing 4.5
% of students receiving: Psychology Subject Test not reported
Full tuition waiver only: 0%
Assistantship/fellowship only: 0% GPA mean
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100% Overall GPA 3.66
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
B.A./B.S. only: 100% Master’s: 0% students in 2016
219 applied/11 admission offers/8 incoming
Approximate percentage of all students who are
Women: 71% Ethnic Minority: 27% International: 3% % of students receiving:
Full tuition waiver only: 0%
Average years to complete the doctoral program Assistantship/fellowship only: 0%
(including internship): 6 years Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100%
Personal interview Approximate percentage of incoming students with a
Typically required in person; at times conducted via video B.A./B.S. only: 82% Master’s: 18%
conference if absolutely necessary.
REPORTS ON CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS 307
Approximate percentage of students who are Psychology Subject Test not required
Women: 76% Ethnic Minority: 18% International: 10%
GPA mean
Average years to complete the doctoral program Overall GPA 3.71
(including internship): 6 years
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
Personal interview students in 2017
Preferred in person but telephone possible 205 applied/10 admission offers/8 incoming
Attrition rate in past 7 years: 15% % of students receiving:
Full tuition waiver only: 0%
Percentage of students applying for internship in 2016 Assistantship/fellowship only: 0%
accepted into: Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100%
APA internships: 100% APPIC internships: 100% Approximate percentage of incoming students with a
Formal tracks/concentrations: none (have six interest B.A./B.S. only: 75% Master’s: 25%
areas) Approximate percentage of students who are
Research areas # Faculty # Grants Women: 75% Ethnic Minority: 37.5% International: 0%
Adult psychopathology 3 1 Average years to complete the doctoral program
Clinical health/primary care 2 5 (including internship): 6.2 years
psychology
Clinical child and adolescent psychology 4 1 Personal interview
Neuropsychology 2 5 Required in person
Clinical opportunities Attrition rate in past 7 years: 12%
Adult psychotherapy, child psychotherapy, Percentage of students applying for internship in 2017
adult assessment, child and adolescent assessment, accepted into:
neuropsychological assessment, clinical health and primary
care psychology, geriatric psychology, community mental APA internships: 100% APPIC internships:
health, adult inpatient. Formal tracks/concentration: health, child clinical,
clinical neuropsychology, community
Wayne State University (Ph.D.) Research areas # Faculty # Grants
Substance abuse 2 2
Department of Psychology
Chronic health problems 3 2
5057 Woodward Avenue, 7th Floor
Developmental psychopathology 4 2
Detroit, MI 48202
Neuropsychological assessment 4 2
phone#: (313) 577-2800
Homelessness 1 0
email: aallen@wayne.edu
Relationships 2 1
Web address: www. http://clasweb.clas.wayne.edu/
psychology Clinical opportunities
health psychology early intervention
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 community psychology gerontology
neuropsychology substance abuse
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented cross-cultural mental health rehabilitation
primary care psychology
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
following orientations:
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 15%
Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0% West Virginia University (Ph.D.)
Family systems/Systems 15% Department of Psychology
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 0% 1124 Life Sciences Building
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 40% Morgantown, WV 26506-6040
Experiential 20% phone#: (304) 293-2580
Interpersonal 10% email: pamela.darling@mail.wvu.edu
Web address: psychology.wvu.edu
Courses required for incoming students to have
completed prior to enrolling:
12 semester hours in psychology, including experimental
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(with laboratory) and statistical methods Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
Recommended but not mandatory courses: Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
Undergraduate courses in mathematics and life sciences following orientations:
GRE mean (of admitted applicants, 2017) Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 0%
Verbal 160 Quantitative 157 Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 50%
Analytical Writing 4.5 Family systems/Systems 0%
308 REPORTS ON CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 0% Clinical opportunities
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 50% anxiety disorders (adults gerontology
and children) parent training
Courses required for incoming students to have behavioral dentistry primary care service
completed prior to enrolling: behavioral medicine (adults provision
12 hours of undergraduate coursework in Psychology, and adolescents)
including Research Methods
Recommended but not mandatory courses: Psychology
major or related field, research, clinical experience Western Michigan University (Ph.D.)
Department of Psychology
GRE mean 1903 W. Michigan Ave.
Verbal 159 Kalamazoo, MI 49008-5439
Quantitative 155 phone#: (269) 387-4330
Analytical Writing 4.5 email: casey.ohmart@wmich.edu
GPA mean Web address: https://wmich.edu/psychology/academics/
Overall GPA 3.6 graduate/clinical
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
students in 2018
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
152 applied/16 admission offers/7 incoming Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
% of students receiving: Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
Full tuition waiver only: 0% following orientations:
Assistantship/fellowship only: 0% Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 0%
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100% Contextual Behavioral/Clinical Behavior Analysis 67%
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a Family systems/Systems 33%
B.A./B.S. only: 90% Master’s: 10% Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 0%
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 100%
Approximate percentage of incoming students who
are Courses required for incoming students to have
Women: 100% Ethnic Minority: 0% International: 0% completed prior to enrolling:
Psychology major at an accredited institution
Average years to complete the doctoral program
(including internship): 5 years Recommended but not mandatory courses: Basic
course in behavior principles/behavior theory
Personal interview
Preferred in person but telephone/Skype acceptable GRE mean
Verbal + Quantitative 306
Attrition rate in past 7 years: 5.5% Analytical Writing 4.5
Psychology Subject Test not required
Percentage of students applying for internship in 2017
accepted into: GPA mean
Undergraduate GPA 3.61
APA internships: 100% APPIC internships: 100% Psychology GPA 3.85
Formal tracks/concentrations: Clinical, Clinical Child, Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
Life Span Developmental, Behavior Analysis, Behavioral students in 2016
Neuroscience 93 applied/8 admission offers/5 incoming
Research areas # Faculty # Grants % of students receiving:
anxiety disorders 5 2 Full tuition waiver only: 0%
behavioral dentistry 1 1 Assistantship/fellowship only: 0%
behavioral medicine 5 4 Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100%
cardiovascular reactivity 1 0
child behavior disorders 6 3 Approximate percentage of incoming students with a
developmental psychopathology 2 0 B.A./B.S. only: 80% Master’s: 20%
ethnic minority issues 1 0
forensics 1 0 Approximate percentage of all students who are
gerontology 2 1 Women: 85% Ethnic Minority: 21% International: 3%
pain 1 1 Average years to complete the doctoral program
suicide 1 0 (including internship): 6 years
decision making and Choice 8 2
health stress coping 9 1 Personal interview
social behavior 7 3 Preferred in person but telephone acceptable
life span 7 0 Attrition rate in past 7 years: 8%
REPORTS ON CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS 309
321
REPORTS ON COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS 323
GRE mean
Verbal 154 Quantitative 149
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Analytical Writing 3.88 Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
Psychology Subject Test n/a
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
GPA mean following orientations:
Grad GPA 3.90 Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 0%
Undergrad GPA 3.68 Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0%
Junior/Senior GPA 3.72 Family systems/Systems 0%
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 50%
students in 2017 Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 50%
105 applications/7 offers of admission/4 incoming Courses required for incoming students to have
% of students receiving: completed prior to enrolling: none; however 3-4 courses
Full tuition waiver only: 0% are expected as a minimum
Assistantship/fellowship only: 0% Recommended but not mandatory courses: Several
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100% (non-specified) courses in psychology are recommended.
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a We look at performance in writing-intensive and statistical/
B.A./B.S. only: not reported Master’s: 100% mathematics courses in addition to broad exposure to
psychology.
Approximate percentage of all students who are
Women: 70% Ethnic Minority: 70% International: 8% GRE mean
Verbal + Quantitative 308
Average years to complete the doctoral program Analytical Writing not reported
(including internship): 6.10 years Psychology Subject Test not required
326 REPORTS ON COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Clinical opportunities
Practicum training clinic university and college
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented cancer center/medical settings counseling center
community health center youth-oriented treatment
primary/secondary schools center
REPORTS ON COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS 327
domestic violence clinic rural health care clinic Percentage of students applying for internship
family medical practice sexual offender accepted into:
forensics hospital substance abuse clinic
hospice APA internships: 50% APPIC internships: 50%
Formal tracks/concentrations: none
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 University of Georgia (Ph.D.)
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented Department of Counseling and Human Development
Services
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
Athens, GA 30602
following orientations:
phone#: (706) 542-1812
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 35% email: bheckman@uga.edu
Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 20% Web address: www.coe.uga.edu/chds/academic-programs/
Family systems/Systems 16% counseling-psychology/
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 60%
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 100%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Courses required for incoming students to have
completed prior to enrolling: Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
15 credits in psychology, developmental, experimental, Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
abnormal, personality following orientations:
Recommended but not mandatory courses: Qualitative Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 20%
research methods Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0%
Family systems/Systems 20%
GRE mean Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 10%
Verbal 580 Quantitative 670 Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 50%
Analytical Writing 4.5
Psychology Subject Test not reported Courses required for incoming students to have
completed prior to enrolling:
GPA mean Research methods, statistics, interpersonal relationships,
Overall GPA 3.8 individual assessment, vocational development, theories
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming of counseling, individual counseling practicum, group
students counseling, multicultural counseling (Master’s degree
159 applied/25 admission offers/11 incoming required)
% of students receiving: Recommended but not mandatory courses: not
Full tuition waiver only: 0% reported
Assistantship/fellowship only: 50% GRE mean
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 0% Verbal + Quantitative 305
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a Analytical Writing 4.4
B.A./B.S. only: 70% Master’s: 30% Psychology Subject Test not reported
Approximate percentage of all students who are GPA mean
Women: 70% Ethnic Minority: 33% International: 8% Overall GPA Undergraduate 3.8 Graduate 3.85
Average years to complete the doctoral program Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
(including internship): 7 years students in 2017
100 applied/8–10 admission offers/8 incoming
Personal interview
Preferred in person but telephone acceptable % of students receiving:
Full tuition waiver only: 0%
Attrition rate in past 7 years: 8% Assistantship/fellowship only: 0%
REPORTS ON COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS 335
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 crisis intervention program forensics
university counseling posttraumatic stress
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
centers disorder
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the VA hospital school districts
following orientations: substance abuse medical schools
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 50% gerontology pediatric hospitals
Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 15% career counseling adolescent eating disorders
Family systems/Systems 15% community mental health private practice
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 30% assessment — including LGBT
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 30% neuropsych placements
first responders
Courses required for incoming students to have
completed prior to enrolling: none
Recommended but not mandatory courses: none Howard University (Ph.D.)
School of Education
GRE mean 2441 Fourth Street, NW
Verbal 153 Washington DC 20059
Quantitative 145 phone#: (202) 806-7351 or (202) 806-7350
Analytical Writing 4.5 email: Shareefah.aluqdah@howard.edu
Psychology Subject Test not reported Web address: https://gs.howard.edu/graduate-programs/
GPA mean counseling-psychology
Overall Master’s GPA 3.83
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
students in 2016 Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
104 applied/14 admission offers/6 incoming
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
% of students receiving: following orientations:
Full tuition waiver only: 0% Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 50%
Assistantship/fellowship only: 0% Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0%
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100% Family systems/Systems 0%
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 0%
B.A./B.S. only: 40% Master’s: 60%
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 50%
Courses required for incoming students to have
Approximate percentage of all students who are
completed prior to enrolling:
Women: 90% Ethnic Minority: 50% International: 11%
Recommended but not mandatory courses: Advanced
Average years to complete the doctoral program Statistics, Psychology, Human Learning, and Human
(including internship): 6 years Development
Personal interview GRE mean
Preferred in person but telephone or Skype acceptable we require the GRE but our decision is based more on
recommendation, research history, and GPA. For funding top
Attrition rate in past 7 years: 7% 1/3rd percentile is best.
Percentage of students applying for internship in 2016 Verbal + Quantitative
accepted into: Analytical Writing
APA internships: 100% APPIC internships: 0% Psychology Subject Test
Formal tracks/concentrations: Elective emphasis in GPA mean
health psychology Overall GPA 3.7
Research areas # Faculty # Grants Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
adult attachment 1 2 students in 2017
career counseling 2 0 44 applied/15 admission offers/8 incoming
cross-cultural counseling 3 1 % of students receiving:
gender identity in men 2 1 Full tuition waiver only: 0%
mental health policy 1 0 Assistantship/fellowship only: 25%
racial identity 2 2 Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 25%
health disparities 2 2
LGBT/HIV 1 1 Approximate percentage of incoming students with a
Training 2 1 B.A./B.S. only: 16% Master’s: 84%
Clinical opportunities Approximate percentage of all students who are
outpatient health psychology chronic inpatient Women: 80% Ethnic Minority: 100% International: 10%
family therapy behavioral medicine
REPORTS ON COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS 337
Average years to complete the doctoral program Recommended but not mandatory courses:
(including internship): 6 years Although we do not have required courses, we strongly
encourage students to have taken one or more statistics
Personal interview: preferred courses and/or advanced mathematics courses
Attrition rate in past 7 years: 5% GRE mean
Percentage of students applying for internship last We evaluate students’ on their entire application materials
year accepted into: Avg. verbal GRE score = 78th percentile
Avg. quantitative GRE score = 63rd percentile
APA internships: 80% APPIC internships: 10% Analytical Writing we do not require the analytic writing
Formal tracks/concentrations: not reported test for admission
Psychology Subject Test we do not require the psychology
Research areas # Faculty # Grants subject test for admission
Community violence 2 0
Colorism 1 0 GPA mean
Intersectionality 3 0 Average Overall Undergraduate GPA = 3.69
African American Men 2 0 Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
Muslim mental health 2 0 students in 2017
Cultural Competence 6 0 173 applied/5 admission offers/2 incoming
Education/Training 5 0
Immigration 1 0 % of students receiving:
Advocacy 5 0 Full tuition waiver only: 100%
Health psychology 3 0 Assistantship/fellowship only: 100%
Family/parenting 1 0 Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100%
Clinical opportunities Approximate percentage of incoming students with a
anxiety disorders B.A./B.S. only: 75% Master’s: 25%
depression Approximate percentage of all students who are
psychopathology assessment Women: 83% Ethnic Minority: 50% International: 8%
forensics
ethnic minorities Average years to complete the doctoral program
college counseling centers (including internship): 6 to 7 years
Personal interview Yes
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Attrition rate in past 7 years: not reported
(Ph.D) Percentage of students applying for internship last
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign year accepted into:
Department of Educational Psychology: Counseling
Psychology Program APA internships: 100% APPIC internships: 100%
1310 S. Sixth St., MC 708 Formal tracks/concentrations: We just have the one
Champaign, IL 61820 counseling psychology Program; there are no formal tracks/
phone#: (217) 333-0960 concentrations
email: info@education.illinois.edu
Web address: https://education.illinois.edu/edpsy/ Research areas # Faculty # Grants
programs-degrees/counseling-psychology/counseling- aging (including Alzheimer’s) 1 Yes
psychology-information child 2 Yes
developmental 2 Yes
eating disorders 1 No
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 emotion 3 Yes
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
Clinical opportunities
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the Addiction issues
following orientations: Assessment
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 0% Children and adolescents
Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0% College faculty and staff
Family systems/Systems 0% College students
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 0% Community centers
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 0% Couples and family therapy
Most of the clinical faculty adopt some type of integrative orientation Disabilities
Trauma survivors
Courses required for incoming students to have Veterans
completed prior to enrolling:
We do not have required courses before entering the doctoral
program
338 REPORTS ON COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS
APA internships: 100% APPIC internships: 0% Approximate percentage of students (of all enrolled)
who are
Formal tracks/concentrations: we are a generalist Women: 93% Ethnic Minority: 53% International: 10%
program
Average years to complete the doctoral program
Research areas # Faculty (5 core) (including internship): 7 years
LGBTQ well-being
substance abuse and HIV Personal interview:
psychotherapy outcome Preferred in person but telephone acceptable
racial/ethnic minority & cultural competence
Sexual health Attrition rate in past 7 years: 12%
Help-seeking Percentage of students applying for internship in 2017
Clinical opportunities accepted into:
University of Kentucky Counseling Center (1st year doctoral APA internships: 100% APPIC internships: n/a
placement)
VA, Psychiatric State hospital, community mental health, Formal tracks/concentrations: none
Federal Medical Center Research areas # Faculty # Grants
cross-cultural 3 2
family systems 1 1
Lehigh University (Ph.D.) supervision/training 2 0
Counseling Psychology gender/gender-based violence 2 0
Bethlehem, PA 18015-4792 older adults 1 0
phone#: (610) 758-3250 advanced statistics 1 0
email: ctl212@lehigh.edu
Web address: http://ed.lehigh.edu/academics/degrees/ Clinical opportunities
doctoral/cp-phd counseling centers
mental health agencies
hospitals
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
Louisiana Tech University (Ph.D.)
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences
following orientations: P.O. Box 10048
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 25% Ruston, LA 71272
Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0% phone#: (318) 257-5066
Family systems/Systems 25% email:buboltzs@latech.edu
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 25% Web address: http://education.latech.edu/academics/
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 25% graduate/phd_counseling_psychology/
Courses required for incoming students to have
completed prior to enrolling: Psychology related courses
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
preferred
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
Recommended but not mandatory courses: Psychology
related Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
following orientations:
GRE mean (for incoming students) Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 0%
Verbal 159 Quantitative 159 Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0%
Analytical Writing not reported Family systems/Systems 0%
Psychology Subject Test not reported Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 60%
GPA mean (for incoming students) Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 40%
Overall GPA 3.64 Courses required for incoming students prior to
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming enrolling: none
students in 2017 Courses recommended but not mandatory: none
98 applied/6 admission offers/6 incoming
GRE mean
% of students receiving (for all enrolled students): Verbal 152 Quantitative 150
Full tuition waiver only: 10% Analytical Writing not used for admission purposes
Assistantship/fellowship only: 0% Psychology Subject Test not reported
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 90%
GPA mean
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a Overall GPA 3.6
B.A./B.S. only: 50% Master’s: 50%
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
students in 2016
342 REPORTS ON COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS
Courses required for incoming students to have Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
completed prior to enrolling: following orientations:
Master’s degree in counseling, psychology, or related field Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 30%
Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 10%
Recommended but not mandatory courses: none Family systems/Systems 30%
GRE mean Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 40%
Verbal 600 Quantitative 600 Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 40%
Analytical Writing 4.5 Courses required for incoming students to have
Psychology Subject Test 600 completed prior to enrolling: Master’s degree in a mental
GPA mean health field.
Overall GPA 3.8 Psychology GPA 3.8 Recommended but not mandatory courses: none
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming GRE mean
students in 2017 Verbal 163 Quantitative 151
30 applied/3 admission offers/3 incoming Analytical Writing 3.9
% of students receiving: Psychology Subject Test not required
Full tuition waiver only: 0% GPA mean
Assistantship/fellowship only: 0% Overall GPA 3.5
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100%
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a students in 2017
B.A./B.S. only: 0% Master’s: 100% 51 applied/4 admission offers/4 incoming
Approximate percentage of all students who are % of students receiving:
Women: 78% Ethnic Minority: 72% International: 16% Full tuition waiver only: 0%
Average years to complete the doctoral program Assistantship/fellowship only: 0%
(including internship): 6 years Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100%
Personal interview Approximate percentage of incoming students with a
Required in person B.A./B.S. only: 0% Master’s: 100%
Attrition rate in past 7 years: .05% Approximate percentage of all students who are
Women: 60% Ethnic Minority: 52% International: 5%
Percentage of students applying for internship in 2017
accepted into: Average years to complete the doctoral program
(including internship): 6 years
APA internships: 100% APPIC internships: 0%
Personal interview
Formal tracks/concentrations: none Required; Preferred in person but telephone acceptable
344 REPORTS ON COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the New Mexico State University (Ph.D.)
following orientations: Department of Counseling and Educational Psychology
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 60% MSC 3CEP
Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0% P.O. Box 30001
Family systems/Systems 0% Las Cruces, NM 88003-8001
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 40% phone#: (505) 646-2121
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 0% email: eadams@nmsu.edu
Courses required for incoming students to have Web address: education.nmsu.edu/cep/phd/index.html
completed prior to enrolling:
Bachelor’s in a closely related area or Master’s in counseling/
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
psychology or closely related field
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
Recommended but not mandatory courses: none
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
GRE mean following orientations:
Verbal 161 Quantitative 156 Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 22%
Analytical Writing 4.2 Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0%
Psychology Subject Test not reported Family systems/Systems 11%
GPA mean Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 33%
Overall GPA 3.65 Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 22%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 University of North Dakota (Ph.D.)
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
Department of Counseling Psychology and Community
Services
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the 290 Centennial Drive, Stop 8255
following orientations: Grand Forks, ND 58202-8255
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 33% phone#: (701) 777-2729
Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0% fax#: (701) 777-3184
Family systems/Systems 0% email: ashley.hutchison@und.edu
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 33%
REPORTS ON COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS 351
Web address: http://education.und.edu/counseling- Research areas # Faculty # Grants
psychology-and-community-services/index.cfm body image 1 0
career development 2 1
Cross-cultural research 1 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 deployment/military psychology 1 0
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented domestic violence 1 0
emotion recognition and expression 1 0
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the gay, lesbian, bisexual 2 0
following orientations: geriatric psychology 1 0
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 30% group identity development 1 0
Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0% healthy relationships 1 0
Family systems/Systems 20% HIV prevention 1 0
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 40% integrated healthcare 2 1
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 50% multicultural counseling 1 0
Feminist 50% Native American career development 1 0
Courses required for incoming students to have Positive Psychology 1 0
completed prior to enrolling: Positive Sexuality 1 0
18 semester hours of undergraduate psychology including poverty 1 0
statistics, research methods, abnormal, developmental, rural mental health and stigma reduction 2 1
personality (for both post-Master’s and post-baccalaureate student self-efficacy 1 0
applicants) supervisor strategies 2 0
vocational interests testing 1 0
Recommended but not mandatory courses: Research white privilege 1 0
methods, Master’s-level practicum, 60 hours supervised women/career development 1 0
practice (for post-Master’s applicants)
Clinical opportunities
GRE mean variety of community and academic settings, including
Verbal 154 (60th percentile) university counseling centers, hospitals, and community
Quantitative 149 (36.8th percentile) mental health agencies, with both psychotherapy and
Analytical Writing 4 (64.6th percentile) assessment services. Emphasis on integrated behavioral
Psychology Subject Test not required healthcare.
GPA mean
Overall GPA 3.57
University of North Texas (Ph.D.)
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming Department of Psychology
students in 2017 P.O. Box 311280
43 applied/13 admission offers/6 incoming Denton, TX 76203-3587
% of students receiving: phone#: (940) 565-2671
Full tuition waiver only: 0% email: psyc-grad@unt.edu gradsch@unt.edu
Assistantship/fellowship only: 0% Web address: www.psyc.unt.edu/gradcounseling.shtml
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 100%
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
B.A./B.S. only: 33% Master’s: 66% Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
Approximate percentage of students who are Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
Women: 64.5% Ethnic Minority: 51.6% following orientations:
International: 9.6% Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 40%
Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0%
Average years to complete the doctoral program
Family systems/Systems 40%
(including internship): 5.18 years
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 40%
Personal interview Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 30%
Preferred in person or Skype acceptable Courses required for incoming students to have
Attrition rate in past 7 years: 7% completed prior to enrolling:
statistics and three of the following: experimental, cognition,
Percentage of students applying for internship in 2017 learning, perception, motivation, physiological, psychological
accepted into: measurement, or research thesis
APA internships: 100% APPIC internships: not reported Recommended but not mandatory courses: none
Formal tracks/concentrations: Students complete a GRE mean
specialization in one of the following: Child & Adolescent Verbal 568.75 Quantitative 658.75
Psychotherapy, Grant-Writing, Leadership, or Consultation Analytical Writing 4.10
Psychology Subject Test 615
352 REPORTS ON COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a Applicants must have completed the following graduate
BA/BS only: 0% Master’s: 100% courses within the last ten years with a grade of “B” or
better. Coursework older than ten years may be accepted
Approximate percentage of all students who are if the applicant has maintained a professional license to
Women: 69% Ethnic Minority: 20% International: 10% practice in a related field (e.g. LPC, LMFT) which requires
Average years to complete the doctoral program documentation of continuing education credits. Applicants
(including internship): 4 years may be required to complete missing coursework prior to
enrolling in doctoral level coursework:
Personal interview Developmental Psychology; Physiological Psychology;
Required, preferred in person Counseling Skills; Statistics; Psychological Assessment;
Attrition rate in past 7 years: 10% Psychopathology; Personality Theory and/or Theories of
Counseling; Clinical Interventions; Professional Ethics.
Percentage of students applying for internship in 2016
accepted into: Recommended but not mandatory courses: none
APA internships: 100% APPIC internships: 100% GRE mean (n/a – not required)
Verbal + Quantitative
Formal tracks/concentrations: emphases on rural mental Analytical Writing
health, cultural diversity, social justice, evidence-based Psychology Subject Test
practice
GPA mean undergrad 2.98, graduate 3.65
Research areas # Faculty # Grants
rural issues 4 2 Number of applications/admission offers/incoming
LGBT issues 2 0 students in 2015
HIV 2 1 25 applied/23 admission offers/14 incoming
trauma 2 0 Early entry option exists for students in the Saint Mary’s MA
veteran’s issues 1 0 program in Counseling and Psychological Services.
suicide prevention 1 0 % of students receiving:
couples therapy (EFT) 1 0 Full tuition waiver only: 0%
Clinical opportunities Assistantship/fellowship only: 0%
medical free clinic inpatient hospitals Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 0%
university counseling centers community health centers Scholarship/assistantships/fellowships: 3% student workers
VA medical center integrated care Approximate percentage of incoming students with a
child and family correctional facilities B.A./B.S. only: 0% Master’s: 100%
Approximate percentage of all students who are
Saint Mary’s University of Minnesota (Psy.D.) Women: 78% Ethnic Minority: 20% International: %0
PsyD in Counseling Psychology Program Average years to complete the doctoral program
Twin Cities Campus (including internship): 5.2 years
2500 Park Avenue
Minneapolis, MN 55404-4403 Personal interview preferred in person but telephone
phone#: 866-437-2788 acceptable
email: psyd@smumn.edu Attrition rate in past 7 years: .04%
Web address: http://www.smumn.edu/
Percentage of students applying for internship last
year accepted into:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
APA internships: 33.3% APPIC internships: 66.6%
Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
Formal tracks/concentrations: none
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
following orientations: Research areas # Faculty # Grants
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 25% aging/gerontology 1 0
Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 0% career and life transitions 3 0
Family systems/Systems 0% career counseling 2 0
Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 50% cognitive processes 1 0
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 38% culturally authentic research 1 0
Other: Integrative, Feminist Multicultural 38% gender 4 0
grief and loss 2 0
Courses required for incoming students to have
health psychology 3 0
completed prior to enrolling:
interpersonal violence 2 0
A Master’s degree from a regionally accredited institution, for life development 2 0
which applicant maintained at least a 3.4 grade point average master therapists 1 0
on a 4.0 scale, is required for admission. The Master’s degree mentoring 2 0
must be in a mental health related area, with a completed multicultural mentoring 1 0
clinical practicum of at least 300 hours.
REPORTS ON COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAMS 359
GRE mean
Verbal 158.0 Quantitative 152.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Analytical Writing 4.3 Practice oriented Equal emphasis Research oriented
Psychology Subject Test not reported
Percentage of faculty subscribing to each of the
GPA mean following orientations:
Overall GPA 3.78 Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic 14%
Number of applications/admission offers/incoming Applied behavioral analysis/Radical behavioral 14%
students in 2017 Family systems/Systems 14%
180 applied/12 admission offers/6 incoming students Existential/Phenomenological/Humanistic 14%
Cognitive/Cognitive-behavioral 28%
% of students receiving: Interpersonal Therapy 14%
Full tuition waiver only: 0%
Assistantship/fellowship only: 100% Courses required for incoming students to have
Both full tuition waiver & assistantship/fellowship: 0% completed prior to enrolling:
18 undergraduate hours in psychology and statistics
Approximate percentage of incoming students with a
B.A./B.S. only: 37.5% Master’s: 62.5% Recommended but not mandatory courses: none
TIME LINE
Freshman and Sophomore Years 4. Continue contact with faculty and upperclass-
1. Take the core psychology courses–introduction, men.
statistics, research methods, abnormal, cogni- 5. Enroll in professional organizations, for exam-
tive, social. ple, student affiliate of American Psychological
2. Find out about faculty interests and research. Association or American Psychological Society.
3. Make preliminary contact with faculty members 6. Apply for membership in your local Psi Chi
whose research interests you. chapter.
4. Explore volunteer opportunities in clinical set- 7. Visit your career services on campus and deter-
tings. mine how the staff can assist you in applying to
5. Investigate various career choices. graduate school.
6. Join psychology student organizations and 8. Draft a curriculum vitae to determine your
become an active member. strengths and weaknesses.
7. Attend departmental colloquia and social gath- 9. Attend a state or regional psychology conven-
erings. tion.
8. Enroll in courses helpful for graduate school, 10. Peruse graduate school bulletins online to
including biology, mathematics, writing, and acquaint yourself with typical requirements,
public speaking. offerings, and policies.
9. Learn to use library and electronic resources, 11. Surf the Web. Become comfortable with leading
such as scholarly journals and PsycLit. Web sites on graduate school admissions.
10. Consider participating in your university’s hon- 12. Access the GRE bulletin and information online.
ors program, if you qualify. Begin preparation for the GRE by purchasing
11. Begin a career folder and place activities, hon- a study guide, attending a preparation course,
ors, and other valuable reminders in it.
and taking practice tests.
12. Discuss your career interests with faculty mem-
13. Update your career folder by putting your CV/
bers and other mentors.
resume and reminders of your activities and
accomplishments in it.
Junior Year 14. Try to focus your interests in particular research
1. Take advanced psychology courses, for exam- areas, theoretical orientations, and clinical pop-
ple, biopsychology, psychological testing. ulations.
2. Begin clinical work, both volunteer and for aca- 15. Consider serving as an officer in a student orga-
demic credit. nization on campus.
3. Volunteer for research with faculty and begin 16. Meet with your advisor or mentor before sum-
researching a potential honors thesis/indepen- mer to review your plan for graduate applica-
dent project. tions.
371
372 APPENDIX A: TIME LINE
Application Year 11. Finalize the decision on whom you will ask for
letters of recommendation.
June–August 12. Formulate your Plan B (i.e., what you will do if
1. Continue to acquire research competencies and you are not accepted into a doctoral program).
clinical experiences.
2. Surf the Web and gather information from pro- October–November
gram Web sites. 1. Take the GRE Psychology Subject Test.
3. Begin to narrow your potential schools to 2. Prepare packets to distribute to your recom-
20–40. menders, including a complete vitae or resume.
4. Prepare intensively for the GREs. 3. Request letters of recommendation.
5. Consider taking the GRE General Test if you are 4. Arrange for the registrar to send your tran-
prepared; this will afford ample time to retake it scripts to schools.
in the fall if necessary. 5. Gather information on financial aid and loans
6. Investigate financial aid opportunities for grad- available to graduate students.
uate students. 6. Finalize your personal statements.
7. Set aside money for the cost of the GREs and
graduate applications. November–December
1. Complete applications.
August–September 2. Maintain a copy of each application for your
1. Download program information and applica- records.
tions from Web sites. 3. If the opportunity arises, visit professors with
2. Read through graduate program materials. whom you have been in contact.
3. Consult with advisors regarding graduate pro- 4. Submit applications.
grams, application procedures, faculty of inter- 5. Verify that the applications and all necessary
est, etc. materials have been received.
4. Continue to study diligently for the GREs. 6. Request ETS forward your GRE scores to the
5. Update your curriculum vitae. appropriate institutions.
6. Investigate possible financial aid opportunities.
7. Begin a file in your institution’s Office of Career January–March
Services. 1. Wait patiently.
8. Gather applications for salient fellowships and 2. Ensure that all of your letters of recommenda-
scholarships. tion have been sent.
9. Register for the GRE Psychology Subject Test 3. Complete the Free Application for Federal Stu-
administered in October. dent Aid at www.fafsa.ed.gov to determine
which federal loans you can count on.
September–October 4. Be prepared for surprise telephone interviews.
1. Take the GRE General Test (for first or second 5. Practice and prepare for admission interviews.
time). 6. Travel to interviews as invited.
2. Create a short list of schools using the work- 7. Develop contingency plans if not accepted into
sheets. any programs.
3. Record the deadlines for submitting each appli-
cation. April–May
4. Choose the faculty at each school that most 1. If other programs make early offers, contact
interest you. your top choices to determine the status of your
5. Research your area of interest, focusing on the application.
work of faculty with whom you would like to 2. Accept an offer of admission and promptly turn
work. down less-preferred offers.
6. Write to graduate faculty expressing interest in 3. Finalize financial aid arrangements for next
their work (if appropriate). year.
7. Request a copy of your own transcript and 4. Send official transcripts with Spring term grades
inspect it for any errors or omissions. to the program you plan to attend.
8. Begin first drafts of your personal statement 5. If not accepted to any schools, refer to Chapter 8.
and get feedback on it. 6. Celebrate (if accepted) or regroup (if not
9. Update your CV or resume. accepted).
10. Calculate costs of applications and admission 7. Inform people who wrote you letters of recom-
interviews and acquire the money for them. mendation of the outcome.
A P P E N D I X B
WORKSHEET FOR
CHOOSING PROGRAMS
Research Clinical
373
374 APPENDIX B: WORKSHEET FOR CHOOSING PROGRAMS
Research Clinical
WORKSHEET
FOR ASSESSING
PROGRAM CRITERIA
Self-
School Rating Courses GRE-V GRE-G GRE-S GPA Research Clinical Compete Total
375
A P P E N D I X D
WORKSHEET
FOR MAKING
FINAL CHOICES
376
A P P E N D I X E
RESEARCH AREAS
377
378 APPENDIX E: RESEARCH AREAS
# Faculty # Grants University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 1 1
Boston University (Ph.D.) (Co) 6 4 (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Catholic University of America (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 1 University of North Carolina, Greensboro 3 0
(Ph.D.) (Cl)
Chatham University (Psy.D.) (Co) 3 0
University of Pittsburgh (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 15
Colorado State University (Ph.D.) (Co) 3 5
University of South Alabama (Ph.D.) (Cm) 1 –
DePaul University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 2
University of South Florida (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 8
Drexel University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 5
University of Tennessee–Knoxville (Ph.D.) 1 0
Duke University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 5 6
(Cl)
Florida International University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
University of Utah (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 3
Fordham University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 2
University of Utah (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 1
George Washington University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 2
University of Vermont (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1
Harvard University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 3
University of Virginia (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 3
Indiana University–Bloomington 1 –
Virginia Commonwealth University (Ph.D.) 6 4
(Ph.D.) (Co)
(Cl)
Kent State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 1
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State 4 3
La Salle University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0 University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Loyola University Chicago (Ph.D.) (Cl) 6 5 Washington State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 1
Loyola University Chicago (Ph.D.) (Co) 4 1 Wheaton College (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Marshall University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 4 0 Wichita State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Mississippi State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 1 Yeshiva University (Psy.D.) (Cm) 2 0
Northern Illinois University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0
Northwest University (Psy.D.) (Co) 2 –
Oklahoma State University (Ph.D.) (Co) 4 1
Pacific University, Oregon (Psy.D.) (Cl) 5 0
Adoption/Foster Care
Philadelphia College of Osteopathic 2 0
Medicine (Psy.D.) (Cl) Boston University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0
Regent University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 1 Mississippi State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
Roosevelt University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 5 0 Northwestern University Feinberg School 3 2
of Medicine (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey 1 –
(Psy.D.) (Cl) University of Delaware (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 2
Saint Louis University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 0 University of Massachusetts Amherst 1 0
(Ph.D.) (Cl)
Sam Houston State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 –
University of Minnesota (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 1
Seattle Pacific University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 2
University of Missouri Kansas City (Ph.D.) 1 –
Southern Illinois University Carbondale 2 3
(Co)
(Ph.D.) (Cl)
Syracuse University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 5 8
Temple University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 7
Texas Tech University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 Affective Disorders/Depression/Mood
The University of Memphis (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0 Disorders
The Wright Institute (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 –
University of Alabama at Birmingham 3 1 Adler University–Chicago (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 –
(Ph.D.) (Cl) American University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
University of Arkansas (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 2 Binghamton University, State University of 1 1
University of Colorado at Colorado Springs 1 0 New York (Ph.D.) (Cl)
(Ph.D.) (Cl) Boston University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 7 0
University of Georgia (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 – Brigham Young University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1
University of Georgia (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 2 Case Western Reserve University 2 0
University of Hartford (Psy.D.) (Cl) 3 1 (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Iowa (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 1 Catholic University of America (Ph.D.) (Cl) 8 2
University of Kentucky (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 2 Chatham University (Psy.D.) (Co) 3 0
University of Louisville (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 1 Clark University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 7 1
University of Massachusetts Amherst 6 0 DePaul University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 2
(Ph.D.) (Cl) Divine Mercy University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 –
University of Massachusetts, Boston (Ph.D.) 2 2 Drexel University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1
(Co) Duke University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 6
University of Missouri, Columbia 2 0 Florida International University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
(Ph.D.) (Co) Fuller Theological Seminary (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 2
University of Nebraska, Lincoln (Ph.D.) 3 3 Fuller Theological Seminary (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 2
(Cl) George Mason University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 –
APPENDIX E: RESEARCH AREAS 379
# Faculty # Grants University of Georgia (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 –
George Washington University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 2 University of Houston – Clear Lake (Psy.D.) 1 0
George Washington University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 – (Cm)
Georgia State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 0 University of Illinois at Chicago (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 3
Hofstra University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 University of Iowa (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 2
Illinois Institute of Technology (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1 University of Iowa (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0
Indiana State University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 0 University of Kansas (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 2
Jackson State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0 University of Louisville (Ph.D.) (Co) 3 1
James Madison University (Psy.D.) (Cm) 2 0 University of Maine (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 1
Kent State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1 University of Maryland-College Park (Ph.D.) 4 1
(Cl)
Marquette University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 0
University of Miami (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 1
Marshall University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 6 0
University of Michigan (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 3
Miami University (OH) (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
University of Minnesota (Ph.D.) (Cl) – –
Mississippi State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 1
University of Missouri, Columbia (Ph.D.) 2 1
Northwestern University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 2
(Cl)
Northwestern University Feinberg School 5 6
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 1 2
of Medicine (Ph.D.) (Cl)
(Ph.D.) (Cl)
Oklahoma State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
University of North Carolina, Greensboro 1 1
Palo Alto University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 4 4 (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Pennsylvania State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 0 University of North Texas (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
Philadelphia College of Osteopathic 7 0 University of Notre Dame (Ph.D.) P(Cl) 3 1
Medicine (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of Oregon (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 3
Purdue University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0
University of Pennsylvania (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
Queens College and The Graduate Center, 4 0
University of Pittsburgh (Ph.D.) (Cl) 5 17
City University of New York (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Rochester (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 2
Rowan University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
University of South Florida (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 –
Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey 1 –
(Psy.D.) (Cl) University of Southern California (Ph.D.) 3 0
(Cl)
Saint Louis University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0
University of Texas at Austin (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 3
San Diego State University–UC San Diego 5 >1
(Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Texas at Austin (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 0
Seattle Pacific University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1 University of Texas Southwestern Medical 6 6
Center (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Southern Illinois University Carbondale 2 0
(Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Toledo (Ph.D.) (Cl) 5 1
St. John’s University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 University of Vermont (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
Stony Brook University, State University of 5 2 University of Washington (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 1
New York (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Wisconsin, Madison (Ph.D.) 8 6
Teachers College, Columbia University 1 1 (Cl)
(Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (Ph.D.) 2 1
Temple University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 7 (Cl)
Texas Tech University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0 Vanderbilt University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 2
Texas Tech University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State 3 1
University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
The Chicago School of Professional 2 0
Psychology, Los Angeles (Psy.D.) (Cl) Western Michigan University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 0
The Ohio State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 5 6 Wheaton College (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0
The University of Montana (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 1 Yale University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
The University of South Dakota (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0 Yeshiva University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 3 1
University at Buffalo, State University of 3 0
New York (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa 1 0 Affective/Social Neuroscience
(Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Arizona (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 3 Chicago School of Professional Psychology– 3 1
University of California, Berkeley 3 3 Chicago Campus (Psy.D.) (Cl)
(Ph.D.) (Cl) Stony Brook University, State University of 5 7
University of California, Los Angeles 3 5 New York (Ph.D.) (Cl)
(Ph.D.) (Cl) The Graduate Center, City University of – –
University of Colorado Boulder (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 3 New York (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Connecticut (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 2
University of Denver (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
380 APPENDIX E: RESEARCH AREAS
# Faculty # Grants Marshall University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 0
Midwestern University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 –
African American Studies (also see Minority/
Midwestern University–Glendale Campus 1 0
Diversity) (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Mississippi State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 0
Howard University (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 0 Nova Southeastern University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
The Chicago School of Professional 1 0 Nova Southeastern University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 1
Psychology, Los Angeles (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Oklahoma State University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 1
The University of Akron (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 1
Pacific University, Oregon (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1
University of Georgia (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0
Palo Alto University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 –
University of Missouri, Columbia 1 0
Philadelphia College of Osteopathic 1 0
(Ph.D.) (Co)
Medicine (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Queens College and The Graduate Center, 1 0
City University of New York (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Aggression/Anger Control Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine 1 0
and Science (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Antioch University Seattle (Psy.D.) (Cl) – – Saint Louis University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Colorado State University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0 Saint Mary’s University of Minnesota 1 0
Georgia State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1 (Psy.D.) (Co)
Iowa State University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0 San Diego State University–UC San Diego 13 >1
Long Island University, C.W. Post Campus 1 0 (Ph.D.) (Cl)
(Psy.D.) (Cl) Teachers College, Columbia University 1 0
Marywood University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0 (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Mississippi State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 Texas A&M University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 –
Philadelphia College of Osteopathic 1 0 The University of Montana (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1
Medicine (Psy.D.) (Cl) The Wright Institute (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 –
Purdue University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 2 University of Alabama at Birmingham 4 3
St. John’s University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 0 (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Temple University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa 6 5
University of Arkansas (Ph.D.) (Cl) 6 3 (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Georgia (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 – University of Alaska Fairbanks-Anchorage 1 0
University of Georgia (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 2 (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Kansas–Child (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1 University of California, Berkeley 1 1
University of Southern Mississippi 1 0 (Ph.D.) (Cl)
(Ph.D.) (Co) University of Central Florida (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
William Paterson University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 – University of Colorado at Colorado Springs 7 5
(Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Georgia (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 2
Aging/Gerontology/Adult Development University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1 –
(Ph.D.) (Co)
University of Indianapolis (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 1
Adler University–Chicago (Psy.D.) (Cl) 3 –
University of Kansas (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 2
Arizona State University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 –
University of Louisville (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1
Boston University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 2
University of Maine (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0
Carlos Albizu University, San Juan Campus 1 –
(Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Massachusetts Amherst 1 0
(Ph.D.) (Cl)
Case Western Reserve University 1 0
(Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Massachusetts, Boston (Ph.D.) 1 1
(Co)
Chatham University (Psy.D.) (Co) 1 0
University of Michigan (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 3
Colorado State University (Ph.D.) (Co) 3 1
University of Missouri, St. Louis (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
Divine Mercy University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 –
University of Nevada, Reno (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
Eastern Michigan University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1
University of North Dakota (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0
Florida Institute of Technology (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 1
University of North Texas (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0
Gallaudet University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0
University of Pittsburgh (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 3
George Mason University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 –
University of Southern California (Ph.D.) 2 2
Georgia State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1
(Cl)
Kean University (Psy.D.) (Cm) 1 0
University of Texas at Austin (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 4
Lehigh University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0
University of Tulsa (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1
Loyola University Maryland (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 0
University of Wyoming (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Marquette University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Utah State University (Ph.D.) (Cm) 1 1
APPENDIX E: RESEARCH AREAS 381
# Faculty # Grants The Chicago School of Professional 1 0
Washington University in St. Louis 3 1 Psychology, Los Angeles (Psy.D.) (Cl)
(Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Georgia (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 –
West Virginia University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1 University of Massachusetts, Boston (Ph.D.) 1 1
William Paterson University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 – (Co)
Xavier University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0 University of Texas Southwestern Medical 1 1
Center (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Yeshiva University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 2
Virginia Consortium Program in Clinical 2 0
Yeshiva University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Psychology (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Help-Seeking Immigration
Boston University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0 Antioch University Seattle (Psy.D.) (Cl) – –
Iowa State University (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 1 Boston College (Ph.D.) (Co) 3 1
Marquette University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1 Boston University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0
University of Kentucky (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 – Catholic University of America (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
Chicago School of Professional Psychology– 1 0
Washington, DC Campus (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Hispanic Studies (also see Howard University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0
Minority/Diversity) Sam Houston State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 –
The Wright Institute (Psy.D.) (Cl) 3 –
Arizona State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 1 University of Alaska Fairbanks–Anchorage 1 1
Chicago School of Professional Psychology– 2 0 (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Chicago Campus (Psy.D.) (Cl) University of Missouri Kansas City (Ph.D.) 1 –
Marquette University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1 (Co)
Northern Arizona University (Ph.D.) (Cm) 3 –
Our Lady of the Lake University 2 1
(Psy.D.) (Co) Indigenous/Native American (also see
Pacific University, Oregon (Psy.D.) (Cl) 3 0 Minority/Diversity)
Texas A&M University (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 0
Texas Tech University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 Indiana University–Bloomington 1 –
The Wright Institute (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 – (Ph.D.) (Co)
University of Denver (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0 Northern Arizona University (Ph.D.) (Cm) 3 –
University of Georgia (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0 The University of Montana (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 2
The Wright Institute (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 –
University of Alaska Fairbanks–Anchorage 1 0
Homelessness (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of North Dakota (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0
Azusa Pacific University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0 Utah State University (Ph.D.) (Cm) 1 1
Pepperdine University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 1
The City College of New York, The 1 1
Graduate Center, CUNY (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Wayne State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
398 APPENDIX E: RESEARCH AREAS
# Faculty # Grants Indiana University–Bloomington (Ph.D.) 4 3
(Cl)
Integration/Unification Miami University (OH) (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
New York University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0
Antioch University New England 3 4
Northern Arizona University (Ph.D.) (Cm) 4 –
(Psy.D.) (Cl)
Northwestern University Feinberg School 5 3
East Tennessee State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
of Medicine (Ph.D.) (Cl)
George Fox University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 0
Regent University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 1
James Madison University (Psy.D.) (Cm) 7 0
Syracuse University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 12
Midwestern University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 7 –
Texas Tech University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0
Texas Woman’s University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 –
University at Buffalo, State University of 1 0
University of Arkansas (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 1 New York (Ph.D.) (Cm)
University of North Dakota (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 1 University of Georgia (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 –
William Paterson University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 – University of Houston – Clear Lake (Psy.D.) 9 0
(Cm)
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign 2 2
Interpersonal Relationships/Friendships (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Missouri, Columbia 2 8
Adelphi University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1 (Ph.D.) (Co)
Adler University–Chicago (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 – University of Nevada, Reno (Ph.D.) (Cl) 5 0
Auburn University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 1 University of North Carolina, Greensboro 1 0
Catholic University of America (Ph.D.) (Cl) 6 2 (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Colorado State University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0 University of Rochester (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1
Duke University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1 University of Southern California (Ph.D.) 4 2
Fairleigh Dickinson University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0 (Cl)
Indiana State University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0 University of Southern Mississippi (Ph.D.) – –
James Madison University (Psy.D.) (Cm) 2 0 (Cl)
Louisiana Tech University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0 University of Tennessee–Knoxville (Ph.D.) 1 1
Marquette University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0 (Co)
Mississippi State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (Ph.D.) 1 1
New Mexico State University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0 (Co)
Seattle Pacific University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0 Virginia Commonwealth University (Ph.D.) 1 4
(Co)
Southern Illinois University Carbondale 2 0
(Ph.D.) (Cl) Western Michigan University (Ph.D.) (Co) 3 0
Stony Brook University, State University of 3 1 Yeshiva University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0
New York (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University at Buffalo, State University of 1 0
New York (Ph.D.) (Cm) Language
University of Maine (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 1
University of Maryland, Baltimore County 1 0 Adelphi University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
(Ph.D.) (Cl) Biola University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
University of Maryland–College Park 2 0 Biola University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0
(Ph.D.) (Co) Catholic University of America (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
University of Michigan (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 – Northern Arizona University (Ph.D.) (Cm) 1 –
University of North Carolina at Charlotte 1 0 Pepperdine University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0
(Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of North Carolina, Greensboro 1 0
(Ph.D.) (Cl) Learning Disabilities
University of North Dakota (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0
University of North Dakota (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0 Binghamton University, State University of 2 0
Wayne State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1 New York (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Wichita State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 Boston University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 1
Case Western Reserve University 1 0
(Ph.D.) (Cl)
Intervention/Treatment Colorado State University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0
Fairleigh Dickinson University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0
Alliant International University, San Diego 10 0 Georgia State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
(Psy.D.) (Cl) Pace University (Psy.D.) (Cm) 1 0
Boston University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 1 Roberts Wesleyan College (Psy.D.) (Cm) – –
Florida State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 2
APPENDIX E: RESEARCH AREAS 399
# Faculty # Grants University of Massachusetts, Boston (Ph.D.) 1 1
Southern Illinois University Carbondale 2 1 (Co)
(Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Missouri Kansas City (Ph.D.) 3 –
The Wright Institute (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 – (Co)
University of Denver (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 University of Nebraska, Lincoln (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 2
University of Houston (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 5 University of North Dakota (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 0
University of Texas Southwestern Medical 1 0 University of South Alabama (Ph.D.) (Cm) 1 –
Center (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Tennessee–Knoxville (Ph.D.) 4 0
University of Virginia (Ph.D.) (Cm) 2 0 (Co)
University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (Ph.D.) 3 0 University of Utah (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0
(Cl) Virginia Consortium Program in Clinical 5 1
Widener University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 3 0 Psychology (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Lesbian/Gay/Bisexual/Transgender Malingering
Problem Solving
Prevention
Boston University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 1
Alliant International University, Los 3 0
Drexel University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1
Angeles (Ph.D.) (Cl)
La Salle University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Alliant International University, San 4 0
Francisco Bay (Ph.D.) (Cl) Mississippi State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Alliant International University, San 5 0
Francisco Bay (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Arizona State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 8 4 Professional Issues
Boston University (Ph.D.) (Co) 3 1
Clark University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 0 Alliant International University, Los 3 0
DePaul University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 2 Angeles (Psy.D.) (Cl)
George Mason University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 9 – Alliant International University, 1 0
Hofstra University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 Sacramento (Psy.D.) (Cl)
La Salle University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0 Alliant International University, San Diego 2 0
Loyola University Chicago (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 2 (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Miami University (OH) (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 2 Alliant International University, San Diego 2 0
(Psy.D.) (Cl)
Oklahoma State University (Ph.D.) (Co) 11 0
Alliant International University, San 3 1
Radford University (Psy.D.) (Co) 1 0
Francisco Bay (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Rutgers–The State University of New Jersey 2 2
Alliant International University, San 3 0
(Ph.D.) (Cl)
Francisco Bay (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Saint Mary’s University of Minnesota 1 0
Auburn University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0
(Psy.D.) (Co)
Chicago School of Professional Psychology– 2 1
San Diego State University–UC San Diego 2 >1
Chicago Campus (Psy.D.) (Cl)
(Ph.D.) (Cl)
Cleveland State University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0
Springfield College (Psy.D.) (Co) 1 –
Florida Institute of Technology (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0
The New School (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1
Indiana State University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 0
University of Colorado Boulder (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
Long Island University, C.W. Post Campus 2 0
University of Georgia (Ph.D.) (Cl) 5 3
(Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of Georgia (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 3
Philadelphia College of Osteopathic 1 0
University of Houston – Clear Lake (Psy.D.) 9 0 Medicine (Psy.D.) (Cl)
(Cm)
Saint Louis University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0
University of Louisville (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 2
The Wright Institute (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 –
University of Minnesota (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 3
University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa 2 0
University of Missouri Kansas City (Ph.D.) 2 2 (Ph.D.) (Cl)
(Cl)
University of Missouri Kansas City (Ph.D.) 1 –
University of Missouri, Columbia 2 8 (Co)
(Ph.D.) (Co)
University of North Texas (Ph.D.) (Co) 3 0
University of Nevada, Reno (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
University of St. Thomas (Psy.D.) (Co) 2 0
University of North Dakota (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0
Yeshiva University (Psy.D.) (Cm) 3 0
University of Oregon (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1
University of Oregon (Ph.D.) (Co) 6 2
University of Pittsburgh (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 6
University of Rochester (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1 Program Evaluation
University of South Carolina (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 2
University of Southern California (Ph.D.) 3 1 American University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
(Cl) Boston University (Ph.D.) (Co) 5 4
University of Southern Mississippi (Ph.D.) – – DePaul University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 2
(Cl) Marquette University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 1
410 APPENDIX E: RESEARCH AREAS
# Faculty # Grants University of Miami (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 2
Miami University (OH) (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1 University of North Carolina at Charlotte 1 0
Mississippi State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Northern Arizona University (Ph.D.) (Cm) 2 – University of Pittsburgh (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 2
Northwestern University Feinberg School 4 3
of Medicine (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Philadelphia College of Osteopathic 1 0 Psychopathology–Adult/General
Medicine (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Seattle Pacific University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1 Binghamton University, State University of 7 2
Spalding University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 2 New York (Ph.D.) (Cl)
The Wright Institute (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 – Catholic University of America (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0
University of Colorado at Colorado Springs 2 2 Colorado State University (Ph.D.) (Co) 3 0
(Ph.D.) (Cl) Fairleigh Dickinson University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign 3 2 Indiana State University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 0
(Ph.D.) (Cl) Loyola University Chicago (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
University of Pittsburgh (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 2 Marshall University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 6 2
University of Toledo (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 0 Mississippi State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 1
Northern Illinois University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 0
Northwestern University Feinberg School 4 2
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Therapy of Medicine (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Ohio University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 2
Adelphi University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 5 2 Palo Alto University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 20 –
Long Island University, C.W. Post Campus 3 0 Pennsylvania State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 7 4
(Psy.D.) (Cl) Pepperdine University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Pennsylvania State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 Southern Methodist University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 2
Rutgers–The State University of New Jersey 1 – Stony Brook University, State University of 2 2
(Psy.D.) (Cl) New York (Ph.D.) (Cl)
The New School (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0 Texas A&M University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 –
The Wright Institute (Psy.D.) (Cl) 6 – The New School (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0
University of Texas at Austin (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0 The Wright Institute (Psy.D.) (Cl) 5 –
Xavier University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 3 0 University at Albany (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 –
Yeshiva University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 3 1 University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa 3 2
(Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Colorado Boulder (Ph.D.) (Cl) 7 4
Psychometrics/Measurement University of Connecticut (Ph.D.) (Cl) 6 5
University of Houston (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1
Auburn University (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 0 University of Kansas (Ph.D.) (Cl) 5 2
Boston University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 1 University of Kentucky (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 1
Northern Illinois University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0 University of Louisville (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Northwestern University Feinberg School 2 1 University of Miami (Ph.D.) (Cl) 6 2
of Medicine (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Nebraska, Lincoln (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 2
Pace University (Psy.D.) (Cm) 4 0 University of North Dakota (Ph.D.) (Cl) 6 0
Ponce Health Sciences University (Psy.D.) 1 – University of Pittsburgh (Ph.D.) (Cl) 10 14
(Cl) University of Rochester (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 0
Saint Mary’s University of Minnesota 2 0 University of Southern California (Ph.D.) 5 2
(Psy.D.) (Co) (Cl)
Sam Houston State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 – University of Southern Mississippi (Ph.D.) 5 4
St. John’s University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 (Cl)
The Wright Institute (Psy.D.) (Cl) 3 – University of Tennessee–Knoxville (Ph.D.) 5 1
University of Georgia (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 – (Cl)
University of South Alabama (Ph.D.) (Cm) 1 – University of Utah (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 3
University of Southern Mississippi (Ph.D.) (Cl) – – University of Virginia (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 3
Wichita State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 Virginia Commonwealth University (Ph.D.) 5 1
(Cl)
Washington State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 1
Washington University in St. Louis 4 6
Psychoneuroimmunology (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Yale University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 4
The Ohio State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 5
University of Kentucky (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 3
APPENDIX E: RESEARCH AREAS 411
# Faculty # Grants University of Louisville (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
University of Maryland–College Park 5 12
Psychopathology–Child/Developmental (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Massachusetts Amherst 3 0
Antioch University Seattle (Psy.D.) (Cl) – – (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Arizona State University (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 1 University of Massachusetts, Boston (Ph.D.) 5 4
Baylor University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 0 (Cl)
Boston University (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 1 University of Miami (Ph.D.) (Cl) 5 2
Brigham Young University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 2 University of Minnesota (Ph.D.) (Cl) – –
Catholic University of America (Ph.D.) (Cl) 6 2 University of Notre Dame (Ph.D.) P(Cl) 3 2
Clark University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0 University of Oregon (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 5
Divine Mercy University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 – University of Pennsylvania (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 2
Duke University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 3 University of Pittsburgh (Ph.D.) (Cl) 12 25
Emory University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1 University of Rochester (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 2
Florida International University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 2 University of Southern California (Ph.D.) 3 1
Florida State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 2 (Cl)
Fuller Theological Seminary (Ph.D.) (Cl) 5 3 University of Southern Mississippi (Ph.D.) 3 4
Fuller Theological Seminary (Psy.D.) (Cl) 5 3 (Cl)
George Fox University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 1 University of Tennessee–Knoxville (Ph.D.) 5 0
Georgia State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 2 (Cl)
Illinois Institute of Technology (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 University of Texas Southwestern Medical 1 1
Indiana State University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0 Center (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Indiana University–Bloomington (Ph.D.) 3 1 University of Toledo (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 1
(Cl) University of Vermont (Ph.D.) (Cl) 5 3
Iowa State University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0 University of Virginia (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 4
John F. Kennedy University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0 University of Wisconsin, Madison (Ph.D.) 4 3
Long Island University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0 (Cl)
Loyola University Chicago (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 3 Vanderbilt University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 5 5
Loyola University Maryland (Psy.D.) (Cl) 5 0 Wayne State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 2
Miami University (OH) (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 1 West Virginia University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0
Northern Illinois University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 0 Yale University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Northwestern University Feinberg School 5 3
of Medicine (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Pennsylvania State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 5 3 Psychopharmacology
Queens College and The Graduate Center, 1 0
City University of New York (Ph.D.) (Cl) Antioch University Seattle (Psy.D.) (Cl) – –
San Diego State University–UC San Diego 5 >1 Midwestern University–Glendale Campus 1 0
(Ph.D.) (Cl) (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Seattle Pacific University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1 San Diego State University–UC San Diego 4 >1
Syracuse University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 2 (Ph.D.) (Cl)
The New School (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1 The Wright Institute (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 –
The Ohio State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 4 University of Minnesota (Ph.D.) (Cl) – –
The University of Montana (Ph.D.) (Cl) 5 2 University of Pittsburgh (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 2
The Wright Institute (Psy.D.) (Cl) 3 –
University at Buffalo, State University of 3 1
New York (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Psychophysiology/
University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa 2 1
(Ph.D.) (Cl) Biopsychology
University of Colorado Boulder (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 2
University of Connecticut (Ph.D.) (Cl) 6 4 Binghamton University, State University of 1 1
New York (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Denver (Ph.D.) (Cl) 5 2
Fuller Theological Seminary (Ph.D.) (Cl) 5 0
University of Denver (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Fuller Theological Seminary (Psy.D.) (Cl) 5 0
University of Georgia (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 1
Georgia State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 2
University of Houston (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 4
Loma Linda University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 2
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign 2 1
(Ph.D.) (Cl) Loma Linda University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 2
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign 2 – Miami University (OH) (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1
(Ph.D.) (Co) Michigan State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 2
University of Iowa (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1 Midwestern University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 –
University of Kentucky (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 3
412 APPENDIX E: RESEARCH AREAS
# Faculty # Grants John Jay College of Criminal Justice & The 2 0
Northwestern University Feinberg School 1 1 Graduate Center, CUNY (Ph.D.) (Cl)
of Medicine (Ph.D.) (Cl) Loma Linda University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Pennsylvania State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 3 Loma Linda University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Seattle Pacific University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 1 Long Island University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 1
Syracuse University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 2 Long Island University, C.W. Post Campus 1 0
University of Colorado at Colorado Springs 1 1 (Psy.D.) (Cl)
(Ph.D.) (Cl) Loyola University Chicago (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 1
University of Delaware (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 1 Loyola University Maryland (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0
University of Detroit Mercy (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1 Marquette University (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 0
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign 3 1 Marquette University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 0
(Ph.D.) (Cl) Marywood University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0
University of Kentucky (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1 Midwestern University–Glendale Campus 1 0
University of Michigan (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1 (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of Minnesota (Ph.D.) (Cl) – – Northwestern University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1
University of Missouri, Columbia 1 0 Palo Alto University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 5 –
(Ph.D.) (Co) Pennsylvania State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 4
University of North Dakota (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 Pepperdine University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 3 1
University of Pittsburgh (Ph.D.) (Cl) 5 7 Philadelphia College of Osteopathic 2 0
Virginia Commonwealth University (Ph.D.) 2 0 Medicine (Psy.D.) (Cl)
(Cl) Purdue University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 1
Rutgers–The State University of New Jersey 3 2
(Ph.D.) (Cl)
Rutgers–The State University of New Jersey 1 –
Psychotherapy Process and Outcome (also (Psy.D.) (Cl)
see Counseling Process and Outcome) Saint Louis University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0
Saint Mary’s University of Minnesota 2 0
Adelphi University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 2 (Psy.D.) (Co)
Alliant International University, Fresno 2 0 Sam Houston State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1
(Ph.D.) (Cl) Seattle Pacific University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
Alliant International University, Fresno 1 0 Spalding University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 1
(Psy.D.) (Cl)
Teachers College, Columbia University 3 6
Alliant International University, Los 1 0 (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Angeles (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Texas A&M University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 –
Alliant International University, Los 10 0
The Graduate Center, City University of – –
Angeles (Psy.D.) (Cl)
New York (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Alliant International University, San Diego 5 0
The New School (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 10
(Ph.D.) (Cl)
The University of Akron (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0
Alliant International University, San 3 0
Francisco Bay (Ph.D.) (Cl) The University of Memphis (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 4
Alliant International University, San 14 0 The University of Montana (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Francisco Bay (Psy.D.) (Cl) University at Albany (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0
American University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa 3 0
Antioch University New England 2 0 (Ph.D.) (Cl)
(Psy.D.) (Cl) University of Arizona (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 4
Brigham Young University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 2 University of Colorado Boulder (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 3
Carlow University (Psy.D.) (Co) 1 – University of Delaware (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0
Catholic University of America (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 2 University of Denver (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 3
Colorado State University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0 University of Detroit Mercy (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 0
Divine Mercy University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 6 – University of Iowa (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0
Drexel University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 1 University of Kansas (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Fairleigh Dickinson University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 1 University of Kansas (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 1
Florida State University (Ph.D.) (Cm) 3 4 University of Kentucky (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 –
George Fox University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 0 University of La Verne (Psy.D.) (Cl) 4 0
Georgia State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 University of Louisville (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0
Hofstra University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 5 – University of Maryland–College Park 1 6
Idaho State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 – (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Iowa State University (Ph.D.) (Co) 3 0 University of Massachusetts Amherst 4 1
(Ph.D.) (Cl)
James Madison University (Psy.D.) (Cm) 4 3
University of Massachusetts, Boston (Ph.D.) 1 1
(Co)
APPENDIX E: RESEARCH AREAS 413
# Faculty # Grants
Rehabilitation
University of Michigan (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 2
University of Minnesota (Ph.D.) (Cl) – – Ball State University (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 1
University of Nebraska, Lincoln (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0 Drexel University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 2
University of North Texas (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1 Georgia State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 2
University of Southern Mississippi (Ph.D.) – – Illinois Institute of Technology (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1
(Cl) Philadelphia College of Osteopathic 1 0
University of Tennessee–Knoxville (Ph.D.) 4 2 Medicine (Psy.D.) (Cl)
(Cl) Seattle Pacific University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
University of Toledo (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 0 The Chicago School of Professional 1 0
University of Utah (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 2 Psychology, Los Angeles (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of Washington (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1 University of Texas Southwestern Medical 1 1
University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (Ph.D.) 2 1 Center (Ph.D.) (Cl)
(Cl) Virginia Consortium Program in Clinical 3 0
Virginia Commonwealth University (Ph.D.) 3 3 Psychology (Ph.D.) (Cl)
(Cl) West Virginia University (Ph.D.) (Co) 3 0
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State 5 0
University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Washington University in St. Louis 3 3 Religion/Spirituality
(Ph.D.) (Cl)
West Virginia University (Ph.D.) (Co) 3 0 American University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
Western Michigan University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 0 Azusa Pacific University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 4 1
Yeshiva University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 3 2 Biola University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 10 3
Biola University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 10 3
Boston University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 1
Public Health Bowling Green State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1
Brigham Young University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1
Texas A&M University (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 1 Case Western Reserve University 1 1
The Wright Institute (Psy.D.) (Cl) 4 – (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Iowa (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 0 Chatham University (Psy.D.) (Co) 2 0
University of Toledo (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1 Chicago School of Professional Psychology– 2 1
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State 1 1 Chicago Campus (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University (Ph.D.) (Cl) Divine Mercy University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 8 –
Fuller Theological Seminary (Ph.D.) (Cl) 9 6
Fuller Theological Seminary (Psy.D.) (Cl) 9 6
Qualitative George Fox University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 5 0
Howard University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0
Boston University (Ph.D.) (Co) 4 2 Iowa State University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0
Duquesne University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 – Kean University (Psy.D.) (Cm) 2 0
Marquette University (Ph.D.) (Co) 4 0 Loma Linda University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0
Pacific University, Oregon (Psy.D.) (Cl) 5 0 Loma Linda University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 0
Southern Illinois University Carbondale 2 0 Loyola University Maryland (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 0
(Ph.D.) (Co) Pepperdine University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 3 0
Widener University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 4 0 Roberts Wesleyan College (Psy.D.) (Cm) – –
Seattle Pacific University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 2
Seton Hall University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0
Quantitative Southern Illinois University Carbondale 1 0
(Ph.D.) (Co)
Boston University (Ph.D.) (Co) 5 5 Spalding University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Hofstra University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0 Springfield College (Psy.D.) (Co) 1 –
Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine 1 0 Teachers College, Columbia University 1 4
and Science (Ph.D.) (Cl) (Ph.D.) (Cl)
San Diego State University–UC San Diego 2 0 The Wright Institute (Psy.D.) (Cl) 4 –
(Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Colorado Denver (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1
Southern Methodist University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 University of Detroit Mercy (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0
University at Buffalo, State University of 1 1 University of Georgia (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 –
New York (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Iowa (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 0
University of Iowa (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 University of Louisville (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 0
Vanderbilt University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0
414 APPENDIX E: RESEARCH AREAS
# Faculty # Grants University of Missouri, Columbia (Ph.D.) 1 1
University of Maryland, Baltimore County 1 0 (Cl)
(Ph.D.) (Cl) University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 1 2
University of Missouri Kansas City (Ph.D.) 1 – (Ph.D.) (Cl)
(Co) University of Pittsburgh (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
University of South Alabama (Ph.D.) (Cm) 1 – University of Rochester (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Wheaton College (Psy.D.) (Cl) 3 2 University of Wisconsin, Madison (Ph.D.) 1 0
(Cl)
Vanderbilt University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 2
Rural Mental Health
Eastern Kentucky University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0 School/Educational
Georgia Southern University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 2
Mississippi State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 Antioch University Seattle (Psy.D.) (Cl) – –
Northern Arizona University (Ph.D.) (Cm) 3 – Azusa Pacific University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 1
Pennsylvania State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 Boston College (Ph.D.) (Co) 5 4
Radford University (Psy.D.) (Co) 4 2 Boston University (Ph.D.) (Co) 10 5
The University of Montana (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1 Colorado State University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 1
The University of South Dakota (Ph.D.) (Cl) 9 0 DePaul University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 5 3
University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa 4 2 Drexel University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 3
(Ph.D.) (Cl) Fairleigh Dickinson University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
University of Florida (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 Florida International University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
University of Mississippi (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0 Florida State University (Ph.D.) (Cm) 3 –
University of North Dakota (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 2 Kean University (Psy.D.) (Cm) 2 0
University of North Dakota (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 1 Marquette University (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 1
Miami University (OH) (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0
New York University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0
Ponce Health Sciences University 2 0
Schizophrenia (also see Severe Mental (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Illness) Roberts Wesleyan College (Psy.D.) (Cm) – –
The Wright Institute (Psy.D.) (Cl) 5 2
Binghamton University, State University of 1 1 University of Arkansas (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 2
New York (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of California, Los Angeles 1 3
Boston University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Emory University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1 University of Georgia (Ph.D.) (Co) 6 4
Hofstra University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1 University of Houston (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Long Island University, C.W. Post Campus 1 0 University of Houston – Clear Lake (Psy.D.) 4 0
(Psy.D.) (Cl) (Cm)
Northwestern University Feinberg School 2 1 University of Massachusetts, Boston (Ph.D.) 2 0
of Medicine (Ph.D.) (Cl) (Co)
Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine 1 1 University of Minnesota (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 0
and Science (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Missouri Kansas City (Ph.D.) 1 –
Rowan University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1 (Co)
San Diego State University–UC San Diego 13 >1 University of Missouri, Columbia 4 8
(Ph.D.) (Cl) (Ph.D.) (Co)
Temple University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1 University of Southern California (Ph.D.) 2 0
The University of Montana (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 (Cl)
The Wright Institute (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 – University of Virginia (Ph.D.) (Cm) 5 5
University of California, Berkeley 1 0
(Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of California, Los Angeles 3 4
(Ph.D.) (Cl) Severe Mental Illness (also see
University of Central Florida (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 Schizophrenia)
University of Georgia (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
University of Illinois at Chicago (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1 Eastern Kentucky University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign 1 1 George Washington University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 –
(Ph.D.) (Cl) Illinois Institute of Technology (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1
University of Indianapolis (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 1 Indiana University–Bloomington (Ph.D.) 4 3
University of Michigan (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1 (Cl)
University of Minnesota (Ph.D.) (Cl) – –
APPENDIX E: RESEARCH AREAS 415
# Faculty # Grants Uniformed Services University of the 1 0
Indiana University–Purdue University 3 5 Health Sciences (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Indianapolis (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Florida (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 1
John Jay College of Criminal Justice & The 1 0 University of Kansas (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Graduate Center, CUNY (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Kentucky (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 –
Midwestern University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 – University of La Verne (Psy.D.) (Cl) 3 1
Mississippi State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 1 University of Massachusetts, Boston (Ph.D.) 1 1
Northwestern University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 6 (Co)
Palo Alto University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 1 University of Missouri, Columbia 1 0
Philadelphia College of Osteopathic 1 0 (Ph.D.) (Co)
Medicine (Psy.D.) (Cl) University of Missouri, St. Louis (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
Ponce Health Sciences University 2 0 University of North Carolina at Charlotte 3 1
(Ph.D.) (Cl) (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Rutgers–The State University of New Jersey 1 3 University of North Dakota (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0
(Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Texas at Austin (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
Rutgers–The State University of New Jersey 1 – University of Texas at Austin (Ph.D.) (Co) 3 1
(Psy.D.) (Cl) University of Utah (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
The Wright Institute (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 – University of Vermont (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
University of Cincinnati (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 3 Western Michigan University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
University of Georgia (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
University of Hawaii at Manoa (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1
University of Maryland, Baltimore County 1 5 Shame
(Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Maryland–College Park 2 0 George Fox University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0
(Ph.D.) (Cl) The Wright Institute (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 –
University of Massachusetts, Boston (Ph.D.) 1 1
(Cl)
University of Missouri Kansas City (Ph.D.) 1 1 Sleep Disorders
(Cl)
University of Wyoming (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
Divine Mercy University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 –
Yeshiva University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 2
East Carolina University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Louisiana Tech University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0
Midwestern University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 –
Sexuality/Sexual Dysfunction Mississippi State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Northwestern University Feinberg School 1 1
Alliant International University, San Diego 1 0 of Medicine (Ph.D.) (Cl)
(Psy.D.) (Cl) Nova Southeastern University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
Ana G. Mendez University, Gurabo Campus 2 0 Nova Southeastern University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 1
(Psy.D.) (Co)
Palo Alto University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 4
Chicago School of Professional Psychology– 2 0
San Diego State University–UC San Diego 4 >1
Chicago Campus (Psy.D.) (Cl)
(Ph.D.) (Cl)
Eastern Michigan University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Texas Tech University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Fuller Theological Seminary (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0
The Wright Institute (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 –
Fuller Theological Seminary (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 0
University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa 2 1
Hofstra University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Indiana University–Bloomington (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1 University of California, Berkeley 1 1
Loyola University Maryland (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 0 (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Midwestern University–Glendale Campus 1 0 University of Houston (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 2
(Psy.D.) (Cl) University of Kansas (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
Pacific University, Oregon (Psy.D.) (Cl) 4 0 University of Michigan (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 –
Rowan University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 – University of North Carolina at Charlotte 1 0
Saint Mary’s University of Minnesota 3 0 (Ph.D.) (Cl)
(Psy.D.) (Co) University of Oregon (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1
Sam Houston State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1 University of Pittsburgh (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
San Diego State University–UC San Diego 1 1 University of Texas Southwestern Medical 1 0
(Ph.D.) (Cl) Center (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Texas Tech University (Ph.D.) (Co) 3 0 Virginia Commonwealth University (Ph.D.) 1 –
The University of Memphis (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0 (Co)
The University of Montana (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 Yeshiva University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 1
The Wright Institute (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 –
416 APPENDIX E: RESEARCH AREAS
# Faculty # Grants Midwestern University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 –
Sam Houston State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 –
Social Justice
The Wright Institute (Psy.D.) (Cl) 3 –
University of Colorado at Colorado Springs 2 2
Adelphi University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
(Ph.D.) (Cl)
Antioch University Seattle (Psy.D.) (Cl) – –
Xavier University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 0
Ball State University (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 4
Boston College (Ph.D.) (Co) 10 1
Boston University (Ph.D.) (Co) 5 1
Chatham University (Psy.D.) (Co) 4 0 Somatization Disorders
George Mason University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 –
Northern Arizona University (Ph.D.) (Cm) 3 – Philadelphia College of Osteopathic 1 0
Medicine (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Northwest University (Psy.D.) (Co) 1 –
Rutgers–The State University of New Jersey 1 0
Regent University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 –
(Ph.D.) (Cl)
Springfield College (Psy.D.) (Co) 3 –
University of Georgia (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 –
The Wright Institute (Psy.D.) (Cl) 10 –
University at Albany (Ph.D.) (Co) 3 2
University of California, Santa Barbara 1 –
(Ph.D.) (Cm) Sports/Performance Psychology
University of Denver (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0
University of Maryland–College Park 1 0 American University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
(Ph.D.) (Co) Boston University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0
University of Missouri Kansas City (Ph.D.) 5 – Chatham University (Psy.D.) (Co) 1 0
(Co) Florida Institute of Technology (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0
University of Missouri, Columbia 2 0 Indiana University–Bloomington 1 –
(Ph.D.) (Co) (Ph.D.) (Co)
University of Tennessee–Knoxville (Ph.D.) 4 0 Kean University (Psy.D.) (Cm) 2 0
(Co) Midwestern University–Glendale Campus 1 0
Wheaton College (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0 (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Pacific University, Oregon (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Palo Alto University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 1
Social Skills/Competence Saint Louis University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Spalding University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Boston University (Ph.D.) (Co) 4 1 Springfield College (Psy.D.) (Co) 1 –
James Madison University (Psy.D.) (Cm) 4 0 University of Massachusetts, Boston (Ph.D.) 1 0
The Wright Institute (Psy.D.) (Cl) 3 – (Co)
University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa 2 2 University of Missouri Kansas City (Ph.D.) 1 –
(Ph.D.) (Cl) (Co)
University of Maine (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 1 University of Missouri, Columbia 2 0
(Ph.D.) (Co)
University of Michigan (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 –
University of North Texas (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 1
University of South Alabama (Ph.D.) (Cm) 1 –
University of Tennessee–Knoxville (Ph.D.) 2 0
Social Support (Co)
West Virginia University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0
Boston University (Ph.D.) (Co) 5 2
Fordham University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Illinois Institute of Technology (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Statistics
Iowa State University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0
Northern Illinois University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Brigham Young University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 2
University of Denver (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 2
Fairleigh Dickinson University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
University of Oregon (Ph.D.) (Co) 3 0
Lehigh University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0
University of Pittsburgh (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 2
Loma Linda University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 0
Loma Linda University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 3 0
Purdue University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Social–Psychological Approaches Sam Houston State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 –
San Diego State University–UC San Diego 2 0
Ball State University (Ph.D.) (Co) 3 0 (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Boston University (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 0 The Wright Institute (Psy.D.) (Cl) 7 –
Loyola University Maryland (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0 University of Nevada Las Vegas (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
APPENDIX E: RESEARCH AREAS 417
# Faculty # Grants University of Georgia (Ph.D.) (Cl) 5 3
University of Southern Mississippi (Ph.D.) – – University of Hawaii at Manoa (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
(Cl) University of Kansas–Child (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 2
Xavier University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 0 University of Louisville (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
University of Louisville (Ph.D.) (Co) 3 1
University of Massachusetts Amherst 3 1
(Ph.D.) (Cl)
Stigma
University of Miami (Ph.D.) (Cl) 6 2
University of Michigan (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 –
Carlos Albizu University, San Juan Campus 1 –
(Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Minnesota (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 0
Illinois Institute of Technology (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 2 University of North Carolina at Charlotte 6 0
(Ph.D.) (Cl)
Iowa State University (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 1
University of North Dakota (Ph.D.) (Cl) 6 0
Jackson State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0
University of Notre Dame (Ph.D.) P(Cl) 3 2
John Jay College of Criminal Justice & The 1 0
Graduate Center, CUNY (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Pittsburgh (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 3
Marquette University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 1 University of Texas at Austin (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
Ponce Health Sciences University 3 2 University of Texas at Austin (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0
(Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Toledo (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0
Syracuse University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 University of Tulsa (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 2
The Wright Institute (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 – Vanderbilt University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 3
Uniformed Services University of the 1 1 Virginia Commonwealth University (Ph.D.) 2 0
Health Sciences (Ph.D.) (Cl) (Cl)
University of California, Berkeley 1 1 West Virginia University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 9 1
(Ph.D.) (Cl) Yeshiva University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0
University of Hawaii at Manoa (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0
University of Maryland–College Park 1 0
(Ph.D.) (Co) Substance Abuse/Addictive Behaviors (also
University of North Dakota (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 1 see Alcohol and Nicotine/Tobacco/Smoking)
Adelphi University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1
Stress and Coping Adler University–Chicago (Psy.D.) (Cl) 3 –
Alliant International University, Fresno 1 0
Boston University (Ph.D.) (Co) 3 1 (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Catholic University of America (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 1 Alliant International University, Los 3 0
Colorado State University (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 0 Angeles (Ph.D.) (Cl)
DePaul University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 2 Alliant International University, San Diego 2 0
Drexel University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Duke University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 4 Alliant International University, San 2 0
East Carolina University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 Francisco Bay (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Fairleigh Dickinson University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0 Alliant International University, San 3 0
Fordham University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 Francisco Bay (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Fuller Theological Seminary (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 Arizona State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 5 4
Fuller Theological Seminary (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0 Baylor University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 3
George Washington University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 1 Boston University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 4
Georgia State University (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 1 Carlos Albizu University, Miami Campus 3 0
(Psy.D.) (Cl)
Indiana State University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 0
Carlos Albizu University, San Juan Campus 1 –
Marywood University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 3 0
(Ph.D.) (Cl)
Philadelphia College of Osteopathic 3 1
Clark University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Medicine (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Colorado State University (Ph.D.) (Co) 4 3
Saint Louis University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
DePaul University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 3
Seton Hall University (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 0
Divine Mercy University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 –
Southern Illinois University Carbondale 4 0
(Ph.D.) (Cl) Duke University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 7
Southern Illinois University Carbondale 2 0 Eastern Kentucky University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0
(Ph.D.) (Co) Eastern Michigan University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Syracuse University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 5 7 Fairleigh Dickinson University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
The Chicago School of Professional 2 0 Florida International University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 4
Psychology, Los Angeles (Psy.D.) (Cl) Florida State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1
University of Delaware (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1 Fordham University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 2
418 APPENDIX E: RESEARCH AREAS
# Faculty # Grants University of Arkansas (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 2
George Mason University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 5 – University of California, Los Angeles 1 3
Harvard University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1 (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Indiana State University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0 University of California, Santa Barbara 1 –
(Ph.D.) (Cm)
Indiana University–Bloomington (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 2
University of Cincinnati (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 3
Indiana University–Bloomington 2 2
(Ph.D.) (Co) University of Colorado Boulder (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 2
John Jay College of Criminal Justice & The 2 0 University of Colorado Denver (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Graduate Center, CUNY (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Denver (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0
Long Island University, C.W. Post Campus 1 0 University of Florida (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0
(Psy.D.) (Cl) University of Georgia (Ph.D.) (Cl) 5 3
Marywood University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0 University of Georgia (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0
Miami University (OH) (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 1 University of Hartford (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Midwestern University–Glendale Campus 1 0 University of Houston (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 9
(Psy.D.) (Cl) University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign 3 3
Mississippi State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0 (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Northern Arizona University (Ph.D.) (Cm) 1 – University of Kentucky (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 2
Nova Southeastern University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 2 University of Kentucky (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 –
Nova Southeastern University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 2 University of Maryland, Baltimore County 2 9
Ohio University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1 (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Oklahoma State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 0 University of Maryland–College Park 5 3
Oklahoma State University (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 0 (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Pace University (Psy.D.) (Cm) 2 0 University of Massachusetts Amherst 1 0
(Ph.D.) (Cl)
Pacific University, Oregon (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1
University of Michigan (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 –
Palo Alto University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 –
University of Minnesota (Ph.D.) (Cl) – –
Palo Alto University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 1
University of Missouri, Columbia (Ph.D.) 6 10
Pepperdine University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 1
(Cl)
Philadelphia College of Osteopathic 2 2
University of Nebraska, Lincoln (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
Medicine (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of New Mexico (Ph.D.) (Cl) 6 20
Purdue University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 2
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 2 3
Queens College and The Graduate Center, 2 0
(Ph.D.) (Cl)
City University of New York (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of North Dakota (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Rutgers–The State University of New Jersey 2 2
(Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Pittsburgh (Ph.D.) (Cl) 5 10
Rutgers–The State University of New Jersey 1 – University of South Florida (Ph.D.) (Cl) 5 8
(Psy.D.) (Cl) University of Southern Mississippi (Ph.D.) – –
Saint Louis University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 2 (Cl)
Sam Houston State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 – University of Texas at Austin (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
San Diego State University–UC San Diego 9 >1 University of Toledo (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
(Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Utah (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 1
Spalding University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0 University of Vermont (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
Syracuse University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 5 16 University of Washington (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 2
Texas A&M University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 – University of Wisconsin, Madison (Ph.D.) 2 5
Texas Tech University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1 (Cl)
Texas Tech University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0 University of Wyoming (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
The City College of New York, The 2 1 Virginia Commonwealth University (Ph.D.) 2 2
Graduate Center, CUNY (Ph.D.) (Cl) (Cl)
The Graduate Center, City University of – – Virginia Consortium Program in Clinical 6 3
New York (Ph.D.) (Cl) Psychology (Ph.D.) (Cl)
The University of Montana (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State 4 5
University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
The University of South Dakota (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 2
Wayne State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 2
The Wright Institute (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 –
Yeshiva University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
University at Albany (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 1
University at Albany (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 –
University at Buffalo, State University of 4 5
New York (Ph.D.) (Cl) Suicide/Self-Injury
University of Alabama at Birmingham 4 3
(Ph.D.) (Cl) Adelphi University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
University of Alaska Fairbanks–Anchorage 1 0 Alliant International University, San Diego 2 0
(Ph.D.) (Cl) (Psy.D.) (Cl)
APPENDIX E: RESEARCH AREAS 419
# Faculty # Grants
Supervision/Mentoring/Training
Auburn University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
Boston University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0 Adler University–Chicago (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 –
Carlos Albizu University, San Juan Campus 1 – Antioch University New England 3 1
(Ph.D.) (Cl) (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Catholic University of America (Ph.D.) Colorado State University (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 0
LDS (Cl) 2 2 Florida Institute of Technology (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0
East Tennessee State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1 Fordham University (Ph.D.) (Co) 3 2
Eastern Kentucky University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 1 George Fox University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 3 0
Florida State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 5 5 Howard University (Ph.D.) (Co) 5 0
George Mason University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 – Iowa State University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0
Georgia Southern University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0 James Madison University (Psy.D.) (Cm) 1 0
Harvard University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 7 Lehigh University (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 0
Indiana University–Bloomington (Ph.D.) 2 2 Marquette University (Ph.D.) (Co) 9 0
(Cl) Miami University (OH) (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
Miami University (OH) (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 1 Northern Arizona University (Ph.D.) (Cm) 6 1
Mississippi State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 4 0 Oklahoma State University (Ph.D.) (Co) 6 0
Northwestern University Feinberg School 2 1 Palo Alto University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 0
of Medicine (Ph.D.) (Cl) Pepperdine University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 0
Palo Alto University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 2 Philadelphia College of Osteopathic 1 0
Radford University (Psy.D.) (Co) 1 0 Medicine (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Texas Tech University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 2 Saint Mary’s University of Minnesota 3 0
The Chicago School of Professional 1 0 (Psy.D.) (Co)
Psychology, Los Angeles (Psy.D.) (Cl) Southern Illinois University Carbondale 1 0
The Graduate Center, City University of – – (Ph.D.) (Co)
New York (Ph.D.) (Cl) The Wright Institute (Psy.D.) (Cl) 4 –
The Wright Institute (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 – University at Albany (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 0
Uniformed Services University of the 1 3 University of Denver (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0
Health Sciences (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Denver (Psy.D.) (Cl) 3 0
University of Alaska Fairbanks–Anchorage 1 1 University of Hartford (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0
(Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Houston (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 1
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign 1 2 University of Indianapolis (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0
(Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Maryland–College Park 2 0
University of Iowa (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0 (Ph.D.) (Co)
University of Louisville (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 0 University of Missouri Kansas City (Ph.D.) 1 –
University of Maine (Ph.D.) (Cl) 3 0 (Co)
University of Maryland, Baltimore County 1 0 University of Missouri, Columbia 1 0
(Ph.D.) (Cl) (Ph.D.) (Co)
University of Massachusetts, Boston (Ph.D.) 1 1 University of North Dakota (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 0
(Co) University of Northern Colorado (Ph.D.) 2 0
University of Michigan (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 2 (Co)
University of North Dakota (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 2 University of Tennessee–Knoxville (Ph.D.) 1 0
University of Northern Colorado (Ph.D.) 1 0 (Co)
(Co) University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (Ph.D.) 1 1
University of Rochester (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1 (Co)
University of South Alabama (Ph.D.) (Cm) 1 – West Virginia University (Ph.D.) (Co) 2 0
University of South Florida (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 3
University of Southern Mississippi (Ph.D.) – –
(Cl) Teaching
University of Toledo (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1
University of Utah (Ph.D.) (Cl) 2 2 Boston University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0
University of Washington (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 1 Colorado State University (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0
University of Wyoming (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 Georgia Southern University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0
West Virginia University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 Spalding University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 0
William Paterson University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 1 Texas Tech University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0
Yale University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 The Wright Institute (Psy.D.) (Cl) 1 –
University of Tennessee–Knoxville (Ph.D.) 1 1
(Co)
420 APPENDIX E: RESEARCH AREAS
# Faculty # Grants University of North Dakota (Ph.D.) (Co) 1 0
Virginia Commonwealth University (Ph.D.) 1 0 University of Northern Colorado (Ph.D.) 1 0
(Co) (Co)
Wichita State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) 1 0 University of South Alabama (Ph.D.) (Cm) 1 –
Wright State University (Psy.D.) (Cl) 2 –
SPECIALTY CLINICS
AND PRACTICA SITES
428
APPENDIX F: SPECIALTY CLINICS AND PRACTICA SITES 429
Wisconsin School of Professional Psychology (Psy.D.) John F. Kennedy University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
(Cl) Kean University (Psy.D.) (Cm)
Wright State University (Psy.D.) (Cl) La Salle University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Yeshiva University (Psy.D.) (Cm) Long Island University, C.W. Post Campus
(Psy.D.) (Cl)
Marshall University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Adoption
Miami University (OH) (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Antioch University Seattle (Psy.D.) (Cl) Michigan State University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
East Tennessee State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) Mississippi State University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Pepperdine University (Psy.D.) (Cl) Northern Arizona University (Ph.D.) (Cm)
Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey (Psy.D.) Northwest University (Psy.D.) (Co)
(Cl) Northwestern University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of California, Los Angeles (Ph.D.) (Cl) Nova Southeastern University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Nova Southeastern University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Oklahoma State University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Advocacy/Public Policy Pacific University, Oregon (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Antioch University Seattle (Psy.D.) (Cl) Palo Alto University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Eastern Kentucky University (Psy.D.) (Cl) Roberts Wesleyan College (Psy.D.) (Cm)
Northwest University (Psy.D.) (Co) Rowan University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey (Ph.D.)
(Psy.D.) (Cl) (Cl)
The Wright Institute (Psy.D.) (Cl) Saint Louis University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Wright State University (Psy.D.) (Cl) Southern Methodist University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
St. John’s University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Temple University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Affective Disorders/Depression/Mood The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Los
Disorders Angeles (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Antioch University Seattle (Psy.D.) (Cl) The Ohio State University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Arizona State University (Ph.D.) (Co) The University of Memphis (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Baylor University (Psy.D.) (Cl) The University of Montana (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Binghamton University, State University of New York University at Buffalo, State University of New York
(Ph.D.) (Cl) (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Boston University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Arizona (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Boston University (Ph.D.) (Co) University of California, Berkeley (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Case Western Reserve University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of California, Los Angeles (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Chatham University (Psy.D.) (Co) University of Colorado Denver (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Chicago School of Professional Psychology–Chicago University of Connecticut (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Campus (Psy.D.) (Cl) University of Delaware (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Divine Mercy University (Psy.D.) (Cl) University of Denver (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Duke University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Georgia (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Eastern Kentucky University (Psy.D.) (Cl) University of Hartford (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Eastern Michigan University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Illinois at Chicago (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Fairleigh Dickinson University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (Ph.D.)
Florida International University (Ph.D.) (Cl) (Cl)
George Washington University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Iowa (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Harvard University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Louisville (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Hofstra University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Maryland-College Park (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Howard University (Ph.D.) (Co) University of Massachusetts, Boston (Ph.D.) (Co)
Idaho State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Miami (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Illinois Institute of Technology (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Minnesota (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Indiana University–Bloomington (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Nevada, Reno (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis University of North Dakota (Ph.D.) (Cl)
(Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Notre Dame (Ph.D.) P(Cl)
APPENDIX F: SPECIALTY CLINICS AND PRACTICA SITES 431
Eastern Kentucky University (Psy.D.) (Cl) The Ohio State University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Eastern Michigan University (Ph.D.) (Cl) The University of Memphis (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Fairleigh Dickinson University (Ph.D.) (Cl) The University of Montana (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Florida International University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University at Albany (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Florida State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University at Buffalo, State University of New York
George Washington University (Ph.D.) (Cl) (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Georgia State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Harvard University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of California, Los Angeles (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Hofstra University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Central Florida (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Howard University (Ph.D.) (Co) University of Colorado Denver (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Idaho State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Connecticut (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Illinois Institute of Technology (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Delaware (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Indiana University–Bloomington (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Denver (Ph.D.) (Cl)
John F. Kennedy University (Psy.D.) (Cl) University of Florida (Ph.D.) (Co)
Kean University (Psy.D.) (Cm) University of Georgia (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Kent State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Hartford (Psy.D.) (Cl)
La Salle University (Psy.D.) (Cl) University of Houston (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Long Island University, C.W. Post Campus University of Houston – Clear Lake (Psy.D.) (Cm)
(Psy.D.) (Cl) University of Illinois at Chicago (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Loyola University Maryland (Psy.D.) (Cl) University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (Ph.D.)
Marshall University (Psy.D.) (Cl) (Cl)
Mercer University (Psy.D.) (Cl) University of Kansas (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Miami University (OH) (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Louisville (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Michigan State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Maryland-College Park (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Mississippi State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Massachusetts, Boston (Ph.D.) (Co)
Northern Arizona University (Ph.D.) (Cm) University of Minnesota (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Northern Illinois University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Missouri Kansas City (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Northwest University (Psy.D.) (Co) University of Nebraska, Lincoln (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Northwestern University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Nevada Las Vegas (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Nova Southeastern University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Nevada, Reno (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Nova Southeastern University (Psy.D.) (Cl) University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Oklahoma State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Pacific University, Oregon (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of North Dakota (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Palo Alto University (Psy.D.) (Cl) University of Notre Dame (Ph.D.) P(Cl)
Roberts Wesleyan College (Psy.D.) (Cm) University of Oregon (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Roosevelt University (Psy.D.) (Cl) University of Pennsylvania (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Rowan University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Pittsburgh (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey (Ph.D.) University of South Florida (Ph.D.) (Cl)
(Cl) University of Tennessee–Knoxville (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey (Psy.D.) University of Texas at Austin (Ph.D.) (Cl)
(Cl) University of Toledo (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Saint Louis University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Utah (Ph.D.) (Cl)
San Diego State University–UC San Diego (Ph.D.) University of Vermont (Ph.D.) (Cl)
(Cl) University of Virginia (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Southern Illinois University Carbondale (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Washington (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Southern Methodist University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Wisconsin, Madison (Ph.D.) (Cl)
St. John’s University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Wyoming (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Stony Brook University, State University of New York Vanderbilt University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
(Ph.D.) (Cl) Virginia Commonwealth University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Syracuse University (Ph.D.) (Cl) Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Temple University (Ph.D.) (Cl) (Ph.D.) (Cl)
The Graduate Center, City University of New York West Virginia University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
(Ph.D.) (Cl) Wichita State University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
APPENDIX F: SPECIALTY CLINICS AND PRACTICA SITES 433
Yale University (Ph.D.) (Cl) Long Island University, C.W. Post Campus
Yeshiva University (Ph.D.) (Cl) (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Yeshiva University (Psy.D.) (Cl) Loyola University Chicago (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Marquette University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Marshall University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Assessment/Testing
Mercer University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Adelphi University (Ph.D.) (Cl) Miami University (OH) (Ph.D.) (Cl)
American University (Ph.D.) (Cl) Michigan State University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Ana G. Mendez University, Gurabo Campus (Psy.D.) Mississippi State University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
(Co) Northern Arizona University (Ph.D.) (Cm)
Antioch University New England (Psy.D.) (Cl) Northern Illinois University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Antioch University Seattle (Psy.D.) (Cl) Northwest University (Psy.D.) (Co)
Arizona State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) Northwestern University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Arizona State University (Ph.D.) (Co) Nova Southeastern University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Auburn University (Ph.D.) (Cl) Nova Southeastern University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Boston College (Ph.D.) (Co) Purdue University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Boston University (Ph.D.) (Co) Roberts Wesleyan College (Psy.D.) (Cm)
Carlos Albizu University, San Juan Campus Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey (Ph.D.)
(Psy.D.) (Cl) (Cl)
Carlow University (Psy.D.) (Co) Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey (Psy.D.)
Case Western Reserve University (Ph.D.) (Cl) (Cl)
Catholic University of America (Ph.D.) (Cl) Saint Louis University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Chatham University (Psy.D.) (Co) Saint Mary’s University of Minnesota (Psy.D.) (Co)
Chicago School of Professional Psychology–Chicago Sam Houston State University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Campus (Psy.D.) (Cl) Southern Methodist University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Chicago School of Professional Psychology—Wash- Springfield College (Psy.D.) (Co)
ington, DC Campus (Psy.D.) (Cl) Suffolk University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Clark University (Ph.D.) (Cl) Tennessee State University (Ph.D.) (Co)
DePaul University (Ph.D.) (Cl) The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Los
Divine Mercy University (Psy.D.) (Cl) Angeles (Psy.D.) (Cl)
East Carolina University (Ph.D.) (Cl) The New School (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Eastern Kentucky University (Psy.D.) (Cl) The University of Akron (Ph.D.) (Co)
Emory University (Ph.D.) (Cl) The University of Montana (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Fairleigh Dickinson University (Ph.D.) (Cl) The Wright Institute (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Florida International University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of California, Berkeley (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Florida State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of California, Santa Barbara (Ph.D.) (Cm)
Florida State University (Ph.D.) (Cm) University of Colorado Boulder (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Fuller Theological Seminary (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Colorado Denver (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Fuller Theological Seminary (Psy.D.) (Cl) University of Connecticut (Ph.D.) (Cl)
George Fox University (Psy.D.) (Cl) University of Denver (Ph.D.) (Co)
George Washington University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Denver (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Georgia State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Florida (Ph.D.) (Co)
Harvard University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Georgia (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Howard University (Ph.D.) (Co) University of Georgia (Ph.D.) (Co)
Idaho State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Hawaii at Manoa (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Indiana University of Pennsylvania (Psy.D.) (Cl) University of Houston (Ph.D.) (Cl)
James Madison University (Psy.D.) (Cm) University of Houston (Ph.D.) (Co)
John F. Kennedy University (Psy.D.) (Cl) University of Houston – Clear Lake (Psy.D.) (Cm)
John Jay College of Criminal Justice & The Graduate University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (Ph.D.)
Center, CUNY (Ph.D.) (Cl) (Cl)
Kean University (Psy.D.) (Cm) University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Kent State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) (Ph.D.) (Co)
La Salle University (Psy.D.) (Cl) University of Indianapolis (Psy.D.) (Cl)
434 APPENDIX F: SPECIALTY CLINICS AND PRACTICA SITES
University at Buffalo, State University of New York William Paterson University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
(Ph.D.) (Cl) Wright State University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University at Buffalo, State University of New York Xavier University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
(Ph.D.) (Cm) Yeshiva University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Alaska Fairbanks-Anchorage
Community Psychology
(Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Arkansas (Ph.D.) (Cl) Adler University–Chicago (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of California, Berkeley (Ph.D.) (Cl) Alliant International University, Fresno (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of California, Santa Barbara (Ph.D.) (Cm) Alliant International University, Fresno (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of Denver (Ph.D.) (Co) Alliant International University, Los Angeles
University of Denver (Psy.D.) (Cl) (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Florida (Ph.D.) (Co) Alliant International University, Los Angeles
University of Georgia (Ph.D.) (Co) (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of Hartford (Psy.D.) (Cl) Alliant International University, Sacramento (Psy.D.)
University of Houston (Ph.D.) (Co) (Cl)
University of Houston – Clear Lake (Psy.D.) (Cm) Alliant International University, San Diego (Ph.D.)
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (Ph.D.) (Cl)
(Cl) Alliant International University, San Diego
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (Psy.D.) (Cl)
(Ph.D.) (Co) Alliant International University, San Francisco Bay
University of Indianapolis (Psy.D.) (Cl) (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Iowa (Ph.D.) (Co) Alliant International University, San Francisco Bay
University of Kansas–Child (Ph.D.) (Cl) (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of Kansas (Ph.D.) (Co) Antioch University New England (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of Kentucky (Ph.D.) (Co) Antioch University Seattle (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of La Verne (Psy.D.) (Cl) Auburn University (Ph.D.) (Co)
University of Louisville (Ph.D.) (Co) Auburn University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Massachusetts Amherst (Ph.D.) (Cl) Azusa Pacific University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of Missouri, Columbia (Ph.D.) (Cl) Baylor University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of Missouri, Columbia (Ph.D.) (Co) Boston College (Ph.D.) (Co)
University of Nevada Las Vegas (Ph.D.) (Cl) Boston University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of North Carolina at Charlotte (Ph.D.) (Cl) Boston University (Ph.D.) (Co)
University of North Carolina, Greensboro Bowling Green State University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
(Ph.D.) (Cl) Brigham Young University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of North Dakota (Ph.D.) (Co) California Lutheran University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of North Texas (Ph.D.) (Co) Carlos Albizu University, Miami Campus (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of Oregon (Ph.D.) (Co) Carlos Albizu University, San Juan Campus
University of Rochester (Ph.D.) (Cl) (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of Southern Mississippi (Ph.D.) (Co) Carlow University (Psy.D.) (Co)
University of Tennessee–Knoxville (Ph.D.) (Co) Case Western Reserve University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Texas at Austin (Ph.D.) (Cl) Catholic University of America (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Texas at Austin (Ph.D.) (Co) Chicago School of Professional Psychology–Chicago
University of Toledo (Ph.D.) (Cl) Campus (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of Utah (Ph.D.) (Co) Chicago School of Professional Psychology—Wash-
University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (Ph.D.) (Co) ington, DC Campus (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Utah State University (Ph.D.) (Cm) Cleveland State University (Ph.D.) (Co)
Virginia Commonwealth University (Ph.D.) (Co) DePaul University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Washington University in St. Louis (Ph.D.) (Cl) East Tennessee State University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
West Virginia University (Ph.D.) (Co) Eastern Kentucky University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Western Michigan University (Ph.D.) (Co) Fairleigh Dickinson University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Western Michigan University (Ph.D.) (Cl) Florida International University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Wheaton College (Psy.D.) (Cl) Fordham University (Ph.D.) (Co)
APPENDIX F: SPECIALTY CLINICS AND PRACTICA SITES 441
Seattle Pacific University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Texas at Austin (Ph.D.) (Co)
St. John’s University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Syracuse University (Ph.D.) (Cl) (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Tennessee State University (Ph.D.) (Co) University of Toledo (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Texas Tech University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Utah (Ph.D.) (Cl)
The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Los University of Vermont (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Angeles (Psy.D.) (Cl) University of Virginia (Ph.D.) (Cl)
The Graduate Center, City University of New York Utah State University (Ph.D.) (Cm)
(Ph.D.) (Cl) Vanderbilt University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
The Ohio State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) Virginia Commonwealth University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
The University of Memphis (Ph.D.) (Cl) Washington State University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
The University of Montana (Ph.D.) (Cl) Wayne State University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University at Albany (Ph.D.) (Cl) West Virginia University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Alabama at Birmingham (Ph.D.) (Cl) Widener University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa (Ph.D.) (Cl) Wisconsin School of Professional Psychology (Psy.D.)
University of Arizona (Ph.D.) (Cl) (Cl)
University of Central Florida (Ph.D.) (Cl) Yeshiva University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Cincinnati (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Colorado at Colorado Springs (Ph.D.)
Homelessness
(Cl)
University of Colorado Denver (Ph.D.) (Cl) Antioch University Seattle (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of Connecticut (Ph.D.) (Cl) Long Island University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Delaware (Ph.D.) (Cl) Marquette University (Ph.D.) (Co)
University of Denver (Psy.D.) (Cl) Marshall University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of Florida (Ph.D.) (Cl) Northern Arizona University (Ph.D.) (Cm)
University of Georgia (Ph.D.) (Cl) Northwest University (Psy.D.) (Co)
University of Hartford (Psy.D.) (Cl) Palo Alto University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of Hawaii at Manoa (Ph.D.) (Cl) Pepperdine University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of Houston (Ph.D.) (Co) The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Los
University of Houston – Clear Lake (Psy.D.) (Cm) Angeles (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of Illinois at Chicago (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Georgia (Ph.D.) (Co)
University of Iowa (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Iowa (Ph.D.) (Co)
University of Kansas (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Utah (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Kentucky (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Louisville (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Louisville (Ph.D.) (Co)
Hospice
University of Maine (Ph.D.) (Cl) Antioch University Seattle (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of Miami (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Mississippi (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Florida (Ph.D.) (Co)
University of Missouri, Columbia (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Missouri, St. Louis (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Nebraska, Lincoln (Ph.D.) (Cl) Immigrant/Refugee Populations
University of North Carolina at Charlotte (Ph.D.) (Cl) Antioch University Seattle (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Boston University (Ph.D.) (Co)
(Ph.D.) (Cl) Mercer University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of North Dakota (Ph.D.) (Cl) Northwest University (Psy.D.) (Co)
University of North Dakota (Ph.D.) (Co) Saint Mary’s University of Minnesota (Psy.D.) (Co)
University of Notre Dame (Ph.D.) P(Cl) The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Los
University of Pittsburgh (Ph.D.) (Cl) Angeles (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of Rhode Island (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of North Carolina, Greensboro
University of South Carolina (Ph.D.) (Cl) (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of South Florida (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Vermont (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Texas at Austin (Ph.D.) (Cl)
450 APPENDIX F: SPECIALTY CLINICS AND PRACTICA SITES
George Washington University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of North Texas (Ph.D.) (Co)
Georgia State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Northern Colorado (Ph.D.) (Co)
Idaho State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Notre Dame (Ph.D.) P(Cl)
Illinois Institute of Technology (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Oregon (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Long Island University, C.W. Post Campus University of Oregon (Ph.D.) (Co)
(Psy.D.) (Cl) University of Pennsylvania (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Marquette University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Southern California (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Michigan State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Tennessee–Knoxville (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Northwest University (Psy.D.) (Co) University of Tennessee–Knoxville (Ph.D.) (Co)
Northwestern University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Texas at Austin (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Nova Southeastern University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Virginia (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Nova Southeastern University (Psy.D.) (Cl) University of Washington (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Oklahoma State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Oklahoma State University (Ph.D.) (Co) (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Ponce Health Sciences University (Ph.D.) (Cl) Wright State University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Ponce Health Sciences University (Psy.D.) (Cl) Yeshiva University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey (Psy.D.)
(Cl)
Medical/Inpatient/Hospital Services
Saint Louis University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Sam Houston State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) Adler University–Chicago (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Southern Methodist University (Ph.D.) (Cl) Alliant International University, Fresno (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Spalding University (Psy.D.) (Cl) Alliant International University, Fresno (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Stony Brook University, State University of New York Alliant International University, Los Angeles
(Ph.D.) (Cl) (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Temple University (Ph.D.) (Cl) Alliant International University, Los Angeles
Texas Woman’s University (Ph.D.) (Co) (Psy.D.) (Cl)
The Graduate Center, City University of New York Alliant International University, Sacramento (Psy.D.)
(Ph.D.) (Cl) (Cl)
The University of Memphis (Ph.D.) (Co) Alliant International University, San Diego (Ph.D.)
The University of Montana (Ph.D.) (Cl) (Cl)
The Wright Institute (Psy.D.) (Cl) Alliant International University, San Diego
University of Arizona (Ph.D.) (Cl) (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of California, Los Angeles (Ph.D.) (Cl) Alliant International University, San Francisco Bay
University of Colorado Boulder (Ph.D.) (Cl) (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Denver (Ph.D.) (Cl) Alliant International University, San Francisco Bay
University of Denver (Psy.D.) (Cl) (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of Florida (Ph.D.) (Co) American University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Georgia (Ph.D.) (Cl) Antioch University Seattle (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of Houston (Ph.D.) (Cl) Auburn University (Ph.D.) (Co)
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Auburn University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
(Ph.D.) (Co) Azusa Pacific University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of Indianapolis (Psy.D.) (Cl) Ball State University (Ph.D.) (Co)
University of Iowa (Ph.D.) (Cl) Biola University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Louisville (Ph.D.) (Co) Biola University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Ph.D.) Boston College (Ph.D.) (Co)
(Cl) Boston University (Ph.D.) (Co)
University of Miami (Ph.D.) (Cl) Brigham Young University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Missouri, St. Louis (Ph.D.) (Cl) California Lutheran University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of Nebraska, Lincoln (Ph.D.) (Co) Carlos Albizu University, Miami Campus (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of New Mexico (Ph.D.) (Cl) Carlos Albizu University, San Juan Campus
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (Psy.D.) (Cl)
(Ph.D.) (Cl) Carlow University (Psy.D.) (Co)
University of North Dakota (Ph.D.) (Cl) Chatham University (Psy.D.) (Co)
452 APPENDIX F: SPECIALTY CLINICS AND PRACTICA SITES
Roberts Wesleyan College (Psy.D.) (Cm) University of Houston – Clear Lake (Psy.D.) (Cm)
Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey (Ph.D.) University of Louisville (Ph.D.) (Co)
(Cl) University of Mississippi (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Saint Louis University (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Nebraska, Lincoln (Ph.D.) (Co)
Syracuse University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Temple University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Prevention
The Ohio State University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
The University of Montana (Ph.D.) (Cl) Arizona State University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
The Wright Institute (Psy.D.) (Cl) Boston College (Ph.D.) (Co)
University at Buffalo, State University of New York Boston University (Ph.D.) (Co)
(Ph.D.) (Cl) Georgia State University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of California, Santa Barbara (Ph.D.) (Cm) Miami University (OH) (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Georgia (Ph.D.) (Cl) Northwest University (Psy.D.) (Co)
University of Houston (Ph.D.) (Cl) Roberts Wesleyan College (Psy.D.) (Cm)
University of Houston – Clear Lake (Psy.D.) (Cm) Pace University (Psy.D.) (Cm)
University of Maryland-College Park (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Houston – Clear Lake (Psy.D.) (Cm)
University of Minnesota (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Illinois at Chicago (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of North Dakota (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Ph.D.)
University of Notre Dame (Ph.D.) P(Cl) (Cl)
University of Oregon (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Oregon (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Pittsburgh (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Oregon (Ph.D.) (Co)
University of South Florida (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Vermont (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Southern California (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Tennessee–Knoxville (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Texas at Austin (Ph.D.) (Cl) Primary/Integrated Care
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Adelphi University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
(Ph.D.) (Cl) Antioch University New England (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of Toledo (Ph.D.) (Cl) Antioch University Seattle (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of Utah (Ph.D.) (Cl) Auburn University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Washington (Ph.D.) (Cl) Ball State University (Ph.D.) (Co)
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Boston University (Ph.D.) (Co)
(Ph.D.) (Cl) Chicago School of Professional Psychology–Chicago
Wright State University (Psy.D.) (Cl) Campus (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Yale University (Ph.D.) (Cl) Colorado State University (Ph.D.) (Co)
Yeshiva University (Psy.D.) (Cl) East Tennessee State University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Florida State University (Ph.D.) (Cm)
Play Therapy George Fox University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis
Antioch University Seattle (Psy.D.) (Cl) (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Baylor University (Psy.D.) (Cl) Loma Linda University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Boston University (Ph.D.) (Co) Loma Linda University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Michigan State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) Mercer University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Northwest University (Psy.D.) (Co) Midwestern University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Roberts Wesleyan College (Psy.D.) (Cm) Midwestern University–Glendale Campus (Psy.D.)
(Cl)
New Mexico State University (Ph.D.) (Co)
Positive Psychology/Resilience
Northern Arizona University (Ph.D.) (Cm)
Ana G. Mendez University, Gurabo Campus (Psy.D.) Northwest University (Psy.D.) (Co)
(Co) Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medi-
Antioch University Seattle (Psy.D.) (Cl) cine (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Boston University (Ph.D.) (Co) Ohio University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Northern Arizona University (Ph.D.) (Cm) Oklahoma State University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Northwest University (Psy.D.) (Co)
APPENDIX F: SPECIALTY CLINICS AND PRACTICA SITES 459
The Wright Institute (Psy.D.) (Cl) Antioch University Seattle (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of Alabama at Birmingham (Ph.D.) (Cl) Brigham Young University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Arizona (Ph.D.) (Cl) Boston University (Ph.D.) (Co)
University of Hawaii at Manoa (Ph.D.) (Cl) California Lutheran University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of Houston – Clear Lake (Psy.D.) (Cm) East Tennessee State University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Kansas (Ph.D.) (Cl) Northern Arizona University (Ph.D.) (Cm)
University of Kentucky (Ph.D.) (Cl) Northwest University (Psy.D.) (Co)
University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Ph.D.) Spalding University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
(Cl) Roberts Wesleyan College (Psy.D.) (Cm)
University of Missouri, Columbia (Ph.D.) (Co) University at Albany (Ph.D.) (Co)
University of Nebraska, Lincoln (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center University of Massachusetts Amherst (Ph.D.) (Cl)
(Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Southern Mississippi (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Washington (Ph.D.) (Cl) University of Wyoming (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Utah State University (Ph.D.) (Cm) Wisconsin School of Professional Psychology (Psy.D.)
Virginia Commonwealth University (Ph.D.) (Co) (Cl)
Wayne State University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
West Virginia University (Ph.D.) (Co)
Rural Mental Health/Psychology
William Paterson University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Wright State University (Psy.D.) (Cl) Antioch University New England (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Baylor University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Carlow University (Psy.D.) (Co)
Religion/Spirituality
Chicago School of Professional Psychology–Chicago
Antioch University Seattle (Psy.D.) (Cl) Campus (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Biola University (Ph.D.) (Cl) East Tennessee State University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Biola University (Psy.D.) (Cl) Eastern Kentucky University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Chicago School of Professional Psychology–Chicago George Fox University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Campus (Psy.D.) (Cl) Indiana State University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
George Fox University (Psy.D.) (Cl) Miami University (OH) (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Northwest University (Psy.D.) (Co) Mississippi State University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Pepperdine University (Psy.D.) (Cl) New Mexico State University (Ph.D.) (Co)
Roberts Wesleyan College (Psy.D.) (Cm) Northern Arizona University (Ph.D.) (Cm)
Virginia Commonwealth University (Ph.D.) (Co) Northwest University (Psy.D.) (Co)
Ohio University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Oklahoma State University (Ph.D.) (Co)
Residential Program/Treatment Center
Saint Mary’s University of Minnesota (Psy.D.) (Co)
Adler University–Chicago (Psy.D.) (Cl) Texas A&M University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Alliant International University, Fresno (Ph.D.) (Cl) The University of Montana (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Alliant International University, Fresno (Psy.D.) (Cl) The University of South Dakota (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Alliant International University, Los Angeles University at Buffalo, State University of New York
(Ph.D.) (Cl) (Ph.D.) (Cm)
Alliant International University, Los Angeles University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa (Ph.D.) (Cl)
(Psy.D.) (Cl) University of Florida (Ph.D.) (Co)
Alliant International University, Sacramento (Psy.D.) University of Florida (Ph.D.) (Cl)
(Cl) University of Georgia (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Alliant International University, San Diego (Ph.D.) University of Georgia (Ph.D.) (Co)
(Cl) University of Hawaii at Manoa (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Alliant International University, San Diego University of Missouri, Columbia (Ph.D.) (Co)
(Psy.D.) (Cl) University of North Dakota (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Alliant International University, San Francisco Bay University of Wyoming (Ph.D.) (Cl)
(Ph.D.) (Cl)
Alliant International University, San Francisco Bay
(Psy.D.) (Cl)
462 APPENDIX F: SPECIALTY CLINICS AND PRACTICA SITES
PROGRAM
CONCENTRATIONS
AND TRACKS
472
APPENDIX G: PROGRAM CONCENTRATIONS AND TRACKS 473
University of Maryland, Baltimore County (Ph.D.) West Virginia University (Ph.D.) (Co)
(Cl) William James College (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of Miami (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Missouri Kansas City (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Multicultural/Cross-Cultural/Diversity
University of Missouri, St. Louis (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of New Mexico (Ph.D.) (Cl) Alliant International University, Los Angeles
University of North Carolina at Charlotte (Ph.D.) (Cl) (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of North Texas (Ph.D.) (Cl) Alliant International University, Los Angeles
University of Pittsburgh (Ph.D.) (Cl) (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of Rhode Island (Ph.D.) (Cl) Alliant International University, San Diego
University of South Florida (Ph.D.) (Cl) (Psy.D.) (Cl)
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Ball State University (Ph.D.) (Co)
(Ph.D.) (Cl) Catholic University of America (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Utah (Ph.D.) (Cl) Indiana University–Bloomington (Ph.D.) (Co)
University of Wyoming (Ph.D.) (Cl) Loma Linda University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Utah State University (Ph.D.) (Cm) Loma Linda University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Virginia Commonwealth University (Ph.D.) (Cl) New Mexico State University (Ph.D.) (Co)
Virginia Commonwealth University (Ph.D.) (Co) Nova Southeastern University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Wayne State University (Ph.D.) (Cl) Nova Southeastern University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
William James College (Psy.D.) (Cl) Palo Alto University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Wright State University (Psy.D.) (Cl) Radford University (Psy.D.) (Co)
Rutgers–The State University of New Jersey (Psy.D.)
(Cl)
Integrative Psychology/Psychotherapy
Seton Hall University (Ph.D.) (Co)
Alliant International University, San Diego Texas A&M University (Ph.D.) (Co)
(Psy.D.) (Cl) Texas Woman’s University (Ph.D.) (Co)
Alliant International University, San Francisco Bay The University of Memphis (Ph.D.) (Co)
(Psy.D.) (Cl) University of California, Los Angeles (Ph.D.) (Cl)
New Mexico State University (Ph.D.) (Co) University of Missouri, Columbia (Ph.D.) (Co)
Seton Hall University (Ph.D.) (Co) University of Nebraska, Lincoln (Ph.D.) (Co)
University of Rhode Island (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Utah State University (Ph.D.) (Cm)
Latino Psychology/Spanish Bilingual (also
see Multicultural)
Neuropsychology
Our Lady of the Lake University (Psy.D.) (Co)
Texas A&M University (Ph.D.) (Co) Boston University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Denver (Psy.D.) (Cl) Brigham Young University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Oregon (Ph.D.) (Co) Carlos Albizu University, Miami Campus (Psy.D.) (Cl)
William James College (Psy.D.) (Cl) Carlos Albizu University, San Juan Campus
(Ph.D.) (Cl)
Drexel University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Lifespan/Human Developmental
Eastern Michigan University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
West Virginia University (Ph.D.) (Cl) Florida Institute of Technology (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Xavier University (Psy.D.) (Cl) Fordham University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Fuller Theological Seminary (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Fuller Theological Seminary (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Military Psychology Georgia State University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
Adler University–Chicago (Psy.D.) (Cl) Indiana University of Pennsylvania (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Uniformed Services University of the Health John F. Kennedy University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
Sciences (Ph.D.) (Cl) Loma Linda University (Ph.D.) (Cl)
University of Denver (Psy.D.) (Cl) Loma Linda University (Psy.D.) (Cl)
APPENDIX G: PROGRAM CONCENTRATIONS AND TRACKS 477
rural mental health—Radford University (Psy.D.) severe chronic and persistent illness—Xavier Univer-
(Co) sity (Psy.D.) (Cl)
rural/multicultural psychology—Utah State Univer- severe mental illness—Indiana University–Purdue
sity (Ph.D.) (Cm) University Indianapolis (Ph.D.) (Cl)
scientist–practitioner training model—The New telepsychology—Texas A&M University (Ph.D.) (Co)
School (Ph.D.) (Cl) vocational—Ball State University (Ph.D.) (Co)
serious mental illness—Long Island University, women and diversity studies—University of Mis-
C.W. Post Campus (Psy.D.) (Cl) souri, St. Louis (Ph.D.) (Cl)
severe adult psychopathology—University of Califor-
nia, Los Angeles (Ph.D.) (Cl)
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