02b - Struktur Berderajat Kebebasan Banyak

Wind loading and structural response
Dr. J.D. Holmes
Basic structural dynamics II

• Topics :
• multi-degree-of freedom structures - free vibration
• multi-degree-of freedom structures - forced vibration
• response of a tower to vortex shedding forces

Basic structural dynamics I
• Multi-degree of freedom structures - :
• Consider a structure consisting of many masses connected

together by elements of known stiffnesses
mn
xn
x3
m3
m2 x2
m1 x1
The masses can move independently with displacements x1, x2 etc.

• Multi-degree of freedom structures – free vibration :
• Each mass has an equation of motion
For free vibration:
mass m1: m1x1 + k 11x 1 + k 12 x 2 + k 13 x 3 + .......k1n x n = 0
mass m2: m 2 x 2 + k 21x 1 + k 22 x 2 + k 23 x 3 + .......k 2n x n = 0

…………………….
mass mn: m n x n + k n1x1 + k n2 x 2 + k n3 x 3 + .......k nn x n = 0
Note coupling terms (e.g. terms in x2, x3 etc. in first equation)

stiffness terms k12, k13 etc. are not necessarily equal to zero
In matrix form : mx+ k x = 0

Assuming harmonic motion : {x }= {X}sin(t+)
ω 2 mX = k X
k −1mX = (1/ω2 )X
This is an eigenvalue problem for the matrix [k]-1[m]

There are n eigenvalues, j and n sets of eigenvectors {j}

for j=1, 2, 3 ……n
Then, for each j : k −1 m j  = λ j  j  = (1/ω j 2 ) j 

j is the circular frequency (2nj); {j} is the mode shape for mode j.
They satisfy the equation :
   
ω 2j m  j = k   j
The mode shape can be scaled arbitrarily - multiplying both sides of the
equation by a constant will not affect the equality
• Mode shapes - :
mn mn
mn
m3 m3 m3
m2 m2 m2
m1 m1 m1
Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3
Number of modes, frequencies = number of masses = degrees of freedom

• Multi-degree of freedom structures – forced vibration
• For forced vibration, external forces pi(t) are applied

to each mass i:
mn
Pn xn
m3 x3
P3
P2 m2 x2
P1 m1 x1

to each mass i:
m1x1 + k 11x 1 + k 12 x 2 + k 13 x 3 + .......k1n x n = p1 (t)
m 2 x 2 + k 21x 1 + k 22 x 2 + k 23 x 3 + .......k 2n x n = p 2 (t)
…………………….
m n x n + k n1x1 + k n2 x 2 + k n3 x 3 + .......k nn x n = p n (t)
• These are coupled differential equations of motion


to each mass i:
m1x1 + k 11x 1 + k 12 x 2 + k 13 x 3 + .......k1n x n = p1 (t)
m 2 x 2 + k 21x 1 + k 22 x 2 + k 23 x 3 + .......k 2n x n = p 2 (t)
…………………….
• These are coupled differential equations


to each mass i:
m1x1 + k 11x 1 + k 12 x 2 + k 13 x 3 + .......k1n x n = p1 (t)
m 2 x 2 + k 21x 1 + k 22 x 2 + k 23 x 3 + .......k 2n x n = p 2 (t)
…………………….
• These are coupled differential equations

• In matrix form :
mx+ k x = p(t) 

Mass matrix [m] is diagonal
Stiffness matrix [k] is symmetric
{p(t)} is a vector of external forces –

each element is a function of time
• Modal analysis is a convenient method of solution of

the forced vibration problem when the elements of
the stiffness matrix are constant – i.e.the structure is
linear
The coupled equations of motion are transformed
into a set of uncoupled equations
Each uncoupled equation is analogous to the equation

of motion for a single d-o-f system, and can be solved
in the same way

Assume that the response of each mass can be written as:
n
x i (t) = 
j=1
ij .a j (t)
for i = 1, 2, 3…….n
ij is the mode shape coordinate representing the position of the

ith mass in the jth mode. It depends on position, not time
aj(t) is the generalized coordinate representing the variation of the
response in mode j with time. It depends on time, not position
xi(t) i1 i3

mi = a1(t)  + a2(t)  i2 + a3(t) 
Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3

In matrix form :
x =  a(t)
[] is a matrix in which the mode shapes are written as
columns
([]T is a matrix in which the mode shapes are written as
rows)
Differentiating with respect to time twice :
x =  a(t)
By substitution, the original equations of motion reduce

to:
Ga+ Ka =  T p(t)
The matrix [G] is diagonal, with the jth term equal
to : n
Gj =i =1
m i  ij2 Gj is the generalized mass in the jth
mode
The matrix [K] is also diagonal, with the jth term equal to :
n
K j = ω 2j 
i =1
m i  ij2 = ω 2j G j
Ga+ Ka =  T p(t)

The right hand side is a single column, with the jth
term equal to :
 T p(t) =   ij .p i (t)
n
P j (t) =  j
i =1
Pj(t) is the generalized force in the jth mode

Ga+ Ka =  T p(t)

We now have a set of independent uncoupled
equations. Each one has the form :
G ja j + K j a j = Pj (t)
Gen. mass
This is the same in form as the equation of motion of a

single d.o.f. system, and the same solutions for aj(t)
can be used
Ga+ Ka =  T p(t)

Gen. stiffness

can be used
Ga+ Ka =  T p(t)

Gen.
force

can be used
Ga+ Ka =  T p(t)

Gen.
coordinate

can be used
• Cross-wind response of slender towers
f(t)
Cross-wind force is
approximately
sinusoidal in low
turbulence conditions
Sinusoidal excitation model :

Assumptions :
• sinusoidal cross-wind force variation with time
• full correlation of forces over the height
• constant amplitude of fluctuating force coefficient
‘Deterministic’ model - not random
Sinusoidal excitation leads to sinusoidal response (deflection)

Equation of motion (jth mode):

h
Gj is the ‘generalized’ or effective mass =
0
m(z)  j 2 (z) dz
j(z) is mode shape
h
Pj(t) is the ‘generalized’ or effective force =
 f(z, t)  (z)
0
j dz

Applied force is assumed to be sinusoidal with a frequency
equal to the vortex shedding frequency, ns
Maximum amplitude occurs at resonance when ns=nj
1
Force per unit length of structure =  ρ C
a l U 2
(z) b sin(2 n j t + ψ)
2
Cl = cross-wind (lift) force coefficient
b = width of tower
Then generalized force in jth mode is :
h 1 h

Pj (t) = f(z, t)  j (z) dz =  ρ a C l b sin(2 π n j t + ψ)
0 2 
0
U 2 (z)  j (z) dz
= Pj,maxsin(2 n j t + ψ)
Pj,max is the amplitude of the sinusoidal generalized force
1 h
=  ρ a C l b
2 
0
U 2 (z)  j (z) dz
P j, max P j, max
Then, maximum amplitude a max = =
2K j ζ j 8π 2 n j 2 G j ζ j
Note analogy with single d.o.f system result
(Lecture 10)
1 z2

 ρ a C l b U (z)  j (z) dz
2
Substituting for Pj,max : 2 z1
a max =
8π 2 n j 2 G j ζ j
Then, maximum deflection on structure at height, z, x max (z) =  j (z).a max
(Slide 14 - considering only 1st mode contribution)

Maximum deflection at top of structure

(Section 11.5.1 in ‘Wind Loading of Structures’)
h h

x max (h) ρ a C l b 0 j (z) dz 
C l  j (z) dz
2
= = 0
16π 2 G j ζ jSt 2 L

b
4π Sc St 2
 j 2 (z) dz
0
Cj
where j is the critical damping ratio for the jth mode, equal to
2 GjK j
nsb n jb
St = = Strouhal Number for vortex shedding
U(z e ) U(z e ) ze = effective height ( 2h/3)
4m j (Scruton Number or mass-damping parameter)

Sc =
ρa b2 m = average mass/unit height
End of Lecture
John Holmes
225-405-3789 JHolmes@lsu.edu

02b - Struktur Berderajat Kebebasan Banyak

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

02b - Struktur Berderajat Kebebasan Banyak

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Wind loading and structural response

Dr. J.D. Holmes

Basic structural dynamics II

• multi-degree-of freedom structures - forced vibration

• response of a tower to vortex shedding forces

• Multi-degree of freedom structures - :

• Consider a structure consisting of many masses connected

The masses can move independently with displacements x1, x2 etc.

• Multi-degree of freedom structures – free vibration :

• Each mass has an equation of motion

For free vibration:

mass m1: m1x1 + k 11x 1 + k 12 x 2 + k 13 x 3 + .......k1n x n = 0

mass m2: m 2 x 2 + k 21x 1 + k 22 x 2 + k 23 x 3 + .......k 2n x n = 0

Note coupling terms (e.g. terms in x2, x3 etc. in first equation)

• Multi-degree of freedom structures – free vibration :

In matrix form : mx+ k x = 0

k −1mX = (1/ω2 )X

This is an eigenvalue problem for the matrix [k]-1[m]

• Multi-degree of freedom structures – free vibration :

There are n eigenvalues, j and n sets of eigenvectors {j}

Then, for each j : k −1 m j  = λ j  j  = (1/ω j 2 ) j 

Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3

Number of modes, frequencies = number of masses = degrees of freedom

• Multi-degree of freedom structures – forced vibration

• For forced vibration, external forces pi(t) are applied

• Multi-degree of freedom structures – forced vibration

• For forced vibration, external forces pi(t) are applied

m1x1 + k 11x 1 + k 12 x 2 + k 13 x 3 + .......k1n x n = p1 (t)

m 2 x 2 + k 21x 1 + k 22 x 2 + k 23 x 3 + .......k 2n x n = p 2 (t)

m n x n + k n1x1 + k n2 x 2 + k n3 x 3 + .......k nn x n = p n (t)

• These are coupled differential equations of motion

• Multi-degree of freedom structures – forced vibration

• For forced vibration, external forces pi(t) are applied

m1x1 + k 11x 1 + k 12 x 2 + k 13 x 3 + .......k1n x n = p1 (t)

m 2 x 2 + k 21x 1 + k 22 x 2 + k 23 x 3 + .......k 2n x n = p 2 (t)

m n x n + k n1x1 + k n2 x 2 + k n3 x 3 + .......k nn x n = p n (t)

• These are coupled differential equations

• Multi-degree of freedom structures – forced vibration

• For forced vibration, external forces pi(t) are applied

m1x1 + k 11x 1 + k 12 x 2 + k 13 x 3 + .......k1n x n = p1 (t)

m 2 x 2 + k 21x 1 + k 22 x 2 + k 23 x 3 + .......k 2n x n = p 2 (t)

m n x n + k n1x1 + k n2 x 2 + k n3 x 3 + .......k nn x n = p n (t)

• These are coupled differential equations

• Multi-degree of freedom structures – forced vibration

mx+ k x = p(t) 

Stiffness matrix [k] is symmetric

{p(t)} is a vector of external forces –

• Multi-degree of freedom structures – forced vibration

• Modal analysis is a convenient method of solution of

Each uncoupled equation is analogous to the equation

• Multi-degree of freedom structures – forced vibration

ij is the mode shape coordinate representing the position of the

xi(t) i1 i3

Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3

• Multi-degree of freedom structures – forced vibration

• Multi-degree of freedom structures – forced vibration

By substitution, the original equations of motion reduce

• Multi-degree of freedom structures – forced vibration

Ga+ Ka =  T p(t)

Pj(t) is the generalized force in the jth mode

• Multi-degree of freedom structures – forced vibration

Ga+ Ka =  T p(t)