Chapter One

Lecture 2
Architecture and Organization

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Why we study it
✓Build software that people use (need performance)
✓Make a purchasing decision or offer “expert” advice
✓Understand the performance impact of both hardware and software:
➢Algorithm determines number of source-level statements
➢Language/Compiler/Architecture determine machine instructions
➢Processor/Memory determine how fast instructions are executed
 Architecture and Organization
✓Distinction between architecture and organization:
✓Computer architecture:
✓Concerned with structure and behaviour of the computer
✓Attributes visible to the programmer
✓Attributes that have direct impact on the logical execution of a program.
✓Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O
mechanisms, memory addressing techniques
✓Example: Is there a multiply instruction?
 Architecture and Organization
✓Computer architecture – cont.:
✓Baer:
➢“The design of the integrated system which provides a
useful tool to the programmer”
✓Hennessy and Patterson:
➢“The interface between the hardware and the lowest
level software”
✓Foster:
➢“The art of designing a machine that will be a pleasure
to work with”
 Architecture and Organization
✓Computer Organization
➢Concerned with the way the hardware operate and interconnect to form a
computer
➢Operational units and their interconnections
➢How features are implemented
➢Realize the architectural specifications
➢Hardware details transparent to programmer
➢Control signals, interfaces between computer and peripherals, memory
technology
➢Example: Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated
addition?
 Architecture and Organization
✓Computer manufacturers offer a family of models:
➢Same architecture
➢Different organizations
✓Examples:
➢All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture
➢ 8086 has different organization with 8088
➢The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture
✓What are the benefits?
➢Code compatibility (at least backwards)
➢Customization (different constraints on performance and price)
 Architecture and organization
Example
✓ Take two different models from a same vendor like Intel are brought to
analyze.
✓ Both the models(lap top and desk top) have same processor like core 2 duo.
✓ That means both models understand the same instruction set as you know
each processor understands a fixed no of instructions. Hence their architecture is
same.
✓Due to the placement of various hardware components, one model (laptop) is
slim and other is bulky. Hence their organization is different.
 Structure versus Function

Modern computers contain millions of electronic components

✓The key to describing such systems is to recognize their hierarchical nature

✓They are a set of layers or levels of interrelated subsystems

✓Each level consists of a set of components and their inter-relationships

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 Structure versus Function…

✓Structure: The way in which the components are interrelated

✓Function: The operation of each individual component as part of the

structure.

✓The computer system will be described from the top down.

✓We begin with the major components of a computer, describing their structure and
function, and proceed to successively lower layers of the hierarchy.

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 Function…
Basic functions that a computer can perform:
1. Data Processing: The data may take a wide variety of forms, and the range
of processing requirements is broad.
2. Data Storage :
➢Long-term
➢Short term or temporary storage
3. Data Movement:
➢ Between itself and outside world
➢ I/O to peripherals
➢ Data communication
4. Control :Manage the above functions, by instructions provided by the user of

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the computer (i.e. their programs). 10
Functional View
Operations

(a) Data movement

E.g. keyboard to screen

Operations

(b) Storage
E.g. Internet download to disk
Operations

(c) Processing from/to storage

E.g. updating bank account
Operations

(d) Processing from storage to I/O

e.g. printing a bank statement

Structure
Simplest possible view of a computer:
✓Storage
✓Processing
✓Peripherals
✓Communication Lines

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 Structure
✓Internal Structure of the Computer:
✓Central Processing Unit (CPU) :Controls the operation of the
computer and performs its data processing functions; often
simply referred to as processor.
✓Main Memory: Stores data.
✓I/O: Moves data between the computer and its external
environment.
✓System Interconnection: Some mechanism that provides for
communication among CPU, main memory, and I/O.
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 Structure - Top Level

Peripherals Computer

Central
Processing Mainmemory
Unit

Computer Systems
Interconnection

Input
Output
Communication
lines

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Main Structural components of the CPU

✓Control Unit:
➢Controls the operation of the CPU and hence the computer.
✓Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU):
➢Performs the computer's data processing functions.
✓Registers:
➢Provides storage internal to the CPU.
✓CPU Interconnection:
➢ Some mechanism that provides for communication among the
control unit, ALU, and registers.

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 Structure - The CPU

CPU

Computer Arithmetic
Registers and
I/O Login Unit
System CPU
Bus
Internal CPU
Memory Interconnection

Control
Unit

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Questions??
Thanks!!