Transformer Protection

- Applications
CAUSES OF FAILURE

• ENVIRONMENTAL

• SYSTEM

• OPERATION

• DESIGN

• MANUFACTURE

• MATERIALS

• MAINTENANCE
OPERATIONAL CAUSES
OF FAILURE

LOAD DUTY

OVERLOADING

SWITCHING OPERATIONS

OUT-OF-PHASE SYNCHRONISATION
 VECTOR CONFIGURATIONS
12
11

300

1, DRAW PHASE- N EUTRAL VOLTAGE VECTORS

300
2. Draw Delta Connection

A
a

C B
c
3. Draw A Phase Windings

A
a
a2
A2

a1
b
A
1

C B
c
4. Complete Connections (a)

A
a
a
2
C1 A2

a1
c b
b1 b2
C A 1
2 1
c
B B
C B 2
1 2 c
FAULT CURRENT DISTRIBUTION

EARTHFAULT ON TRANSFORMER WINDING

T2 T1

V2 V1

X
Fig.N
R

Fig.3 If
 FAULT CURRENT DISTRIBUTION
Therefore C.T.secondary current ( on primary side of transformer) = , X2

If differential setting = 20% √3

For relay operation X2 20%

>
√3
Thus X > 59% ie. 59% of winding is unprotected.

Differential relay setting %of winding protected

10% 58%

20% 41%

30% 28%

40% 17%

50%. 7%
 FAULT CURRENT DISTRIBUTION
Star Winding – Solidly Earthed
fault current limited only by the leakage reactance
of the winding
Star side

10

9
If as
8
multiple of
7
I F.L.
6
5
4
3 Delta side

2
1

.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 . 9 1.0 x p.u Fig.Q

BASIC PROTECTION

• DIFFERENTIAL

• RESTRICTED EARTHFAULT

• OVERFLUXING

• OVERCURRENT & EARTHFAULT

 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

• Works on merz-price current comparison

principle

• Relays with bias characteristic should only

Be used

• Relay should be stable during mag-inrush &

overfluxing conditions
BIASED DIFF. PROTECTION

Fast operation

Adjustable characteristic

High through fault stability

Ct ratio compensation

Magnetising inrush restraint

Overfluxing 5th harmonic restraint

 BIASED DIFF. PROTECTION

Why bias characteristic ?

100 / 1 100/50 KV 200 / 1

LOAD
1A 1A = 200 A

0A

OLTC SETTING IS AT MIDTAP

 BIASED DIFF. PROTECTION

100 / 1 100/50 KV 200 / 1

LOAD
0.9 A 1A = 200 A

0.1 A

OLTC SETTING IS AT 10%

RELAY PICKUP SETTING IS O.2 A, SO THE RELAY

RESTRAINS
BIASED DIFF. PROTECTION

100 / 1 100/50 KV 200 / 1

9A 10 A
2000 A

1A

OLTC SETTING IS AT 10%

RELAY PICKUP SETTING IS O.2 A

SO THE RELAY OPERATES
 BIASED DIFF. PROTECTION

100 / 1 100/50 KV 200 / 1

9A 10 A
2000 A
B B

O
1A

MODIFIED PICKUP DUE TO A BIAS SETTING OF 30%

IS 30% OF ((10+9)/2), THAT IS, 2.85 A

BUT DIFF. CURRENT IS 1 A, SO THE RELAY RESTRAINS

BIASED DIFF. PROTECTION

100 / 1 100/50 KV 200 / 1

9A 0A
2000 A
B B

O
9A

•Modified pickup due to a bias setting of 30%

Is 30% of ((0+9)/2), that is, 1.35 a

•But diff. Current is 9 a, so the relay operates

 ROLE OF BIAS

2
Differential current (x In) Operate p e
o
= I1+ I2 + I3 + I 4 Sl
0 %
8
1
Restrain
Setting range
lo pe
(0.1 - 0.5) 20% S
0 1 2 3 4

Effective bias (x In) = I 1 + I 2 + I 3 + I 4

2
 MAGNETISING INRUSH

• Transient condition - occurs when a

transformer is energised

• Normal operating flux of a transformer is close

to saturation level

• Residual flux can increase the mag-current

• In the case of three phase transformer, the

point-on-wave at switch-on differs for each phase
and hence, also the inrush currents
 MAGNETISING INRUSH

INRUSH CURRENT

V
+ Φm Φ
Im
STEADY STATE
- Φm
 INRUSH CURRENT

V
+ Φm Φ
Im
STEADY STATE
- Φm

Im
2 Φm
Φ SWITCH ON AT VOLTAGE
V ZERO - NO RESIDUAL FLUX
 MAGNETISING INRUSH

• IF SYMMETRICAL WAVE -- ONLY ODD HARMONICS

• HIGHER HARMONICS AT HEAVY SATURATION

• IF OFFSET WAVE -- MAX. INRUSH; 2ND & 3RD

HARMONICS

• INITIAL INRUSH LIMITED BY AIR CORE INDUCTANCE

• INITIAL DECAY RATE HIGH -- REDUCES AS IRON COMES

OUT OF SATURATION
COMPARITIVE CHARACTERISTICS
(WITHOUT HIGHSET)

6
Relay with har.
Restraint
Operating time

4
(cycles)

2
MBCH

0 10 20 30 40
FAULT CURRENT (xin)
DTH31/ 32 (HARMON IC RESTRAIN T BIASED DIFFEREN TIAL
RELAY)

• Sta tic high speed

• Bia s (15- 30- 45% )
• Pick up current (15%)
• 2 nd ha rmonic restra int
• 5 th ha rmonic bypa ss
• Built- in- highset (unbia sed) 10 x i n

Application:

For tra nsformers a bove 5mva

 DTH 31/32

FOR TRANSFORMERS ABOVE 5 MVA

STATIC HIGH SPEED WITH 2ND & 5TH HARMONIC

RESTRAINT

BIAS 15%, 30%, 45%

PICKUP CURRENT 15%

UNBIASED HIGHSET
MBCH

BIASED DIFF. RELAY

MANY NOVEL FEATURES

MBCH 12 FOR 2 WNDG TFRS

MBCH 13 FOR 3 WNDG TFRS

MBCH 16 FOR OTHER APPLICATIONS

 MAG INRUSH RESTRAINT

Bias Differential Trip

differential T1 = 5ms T2 = 22ms
comparator
threshold

Differential input

Comparator output
T1
Trip

T2 Reset
 HIGHSET IN MBCH

• AUTO RANGING DESIGN

• MEASURING BOTH HALF CYCLES

• LOWER SETTING POSSIBLE WITHOUT

• MALOPERATION DURING MAG INRUSH AND
• OFFSET WAVE

• HS SETTING 4 In TO 9 In
TYPICAL MAG INRUSH WAVEFORMS

A
1/3 Cycle minimum
B
C
USE OF ICT

Dy1(-30 )

Interposing CT provides
Vector correction
Yd11(+30 ) Ratio correction
Zero sequence
compensation
R
R
R
VECTOR GROUP CORRECTION

Dy1 (-30 )

Yy0 Yd11
0 87 +30

Yy0, Yd1, Yd5 , Yy6, Yd7, Yd11, Ydy0

0 , -30 , -150 , 180,+150, +30 , 0
SELECTION OF SUITABLE
VECTOR CORRECTION FACTOR

Dy11 (+30 )

Yy0 Yd1
87
0 -30
 CT RATIO MISMATCH CORRECTION

33kV : 11kV
200/1 I L = 175A 10 MVA I L = 525A 400/1

0.875A 1.31 Amps

1A 1A
1.14 0.76
87
 ZERO SEQUENCE COMPENSATION

+VE SEQUENCE
CURRENTS
BALANCE

REQUIRE ZERO
SEQUENCE
CURRENT
TRAPS FOR A B C
STABILITY
HIGH IMPEDANCE REF

Increased sensitivity for earth faults

REF elements for each transformer winding
CTs may be shared with differential element

64

64
64
 REF CONNECTIONS

3 Phase 3 wire Delta winding

R
CAG14

Alt’ 3 phase 4 wire

3 Phase 4 wire
V
REF CASE I : NORMAL CONDITION

P1 P2

P2 64

P1

UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS NO

CURRENT FLOWS THRO’ RELAY
 REF CASE II : EXTERNAL EARTH FAULT

P1 P2

P2
64

P1

For an external earth fault, the current circulates

between the phase & neutral Cts; no current thro’
the relay
REF CASE III : INTERNAL EARTH FAULT

P1 P2

P2 64

P1

For an internal earth fault the unbalanced

current flows thro’ the relay
 SETTING CRITERIA (CONTD...)

HIGH IMPEDANCE DIFF. & REF

LOWEST POSSIBLE SETTING

STAB. RESISTOR = IF (RCT + 2RL)/Is - (VA BURDEN)/ Is2

WHERE IF = MAX. FAULT CURRENT

RCT = CT SECONDARY RESISTANCE
RL = ONE-WAY LEAD RESISTANCE
Is = SETTING CURRENT
 OVERFLUXING -- BASIC THEORY

2Φm
V = kfΦ
Causes
Φm

Low frequency
High voltage Ie
Geomagnetic disturbances

Effects
Tripping of differential element (Transient overfluxing)
Damage to transformers (Prolonged overfluxing)
 OVERFLUXING CONDITION

Differential element should be blocked for

transient overfluxing-+

25% OVERVOLTAGE CONDITION

OVERFLUXING
WAVEFORM CONTAINS
VERY HIGH 5TH
HARMONIC CONTENT

43% 5TH HARMONIC CONTENT

 OVERFLUXING PROTECTION

V α KΦ
f

•Trip and alarm outputs for clearing prolonged overfluxing

•Alarm : Definite time characteristic to initiate corrective

action

•Trip : IT or DT characteristic to clear overfluxing condition

BACKUP PROTECTION

INFLUENCING FACTORS :

VECTOR CONFIGURATION

TYPE OF EARTHING

INFEED CONDITIONS