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NUR 242 Final
NUR 242 Final
Comprehensive section of the final test has about 3 questions from each chapter.
Ch1 Overview
AMDR; essential nutrients; kcal/g of pro-cho-fat; key recommendations of Dietary Guidelines
for Americans 2010, health habits of Seventh Day Adventists (slides—not in textbook)
● carbohydrates 45-65%- 4kcal
● fat 20-35%- 9kcal
● protein 10-35%- 4kcal
● essential nutrients- nutrients that the body cannot make, we must eat them
● key dietary guidelines for 2010:
○ have a healthy eating pattern within appropriate kcals, limit added sugars,
saturated fats, and sodium intake, limit alcohol, exercise
● health habits of seventh day adventist-
○ vegetarianism, regular exercise, avoid alcohol, smoking, caffeine
Ch3 Carbohydrates
mono, di and polysaccharides; actions insulin and glucagon, soluble and insoluble fibers—
sources, functions in body; Health Effects of Starch, Dietary Fibers, pg 77-79
● insulin- brings glucose from the bloodstream into cells
● glucagon- promotes breakdown of glycogen to glucose and bring glucose to bloodstream
● soluble fibers- lowers risk of chronic diseases
○ barley, legumes, fruits, oats, veggies
● insoluble fibers- ease elimination
○ fruits, veggies, grain
● health benefits of starch-
○ reduced risks of obesity, cancer, CVD, diabetes, dental caries, GI disorders,
malnutrition
Ch4 Lipids
sources of omega-3 fatty acids; Mediteranean diet and olive oil; effects of saturated, trans,
PUFA, MUFA on LDLs; sources of saturated fats in US diet; what oils to recommend to patients
for cooking; fats bring which important nutrients with them in the diet?
● sources of omega 3 fatty acid
○ mediterranean diet, olive oil, fatty fish, flax and chia seed, nuts, oils (canola),
yeast
● effects of saturated and trans fats on LDL
○ raises LDL
● effects of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats on LDL
○ lowers LDL
● Top sources of saturated fats in the US?
○ grain-based desserts, pizza, cheese, sausage, bacon, franks, ribes
● what oils for cooking
○ robust olive oil
● fats bring
○ fat-soluble vitamins and minerals (D, E, A, K)
Ch5 Proteins
Be able to define (and recognize meals w) complementary proteins; kwashiorkor and marasmus
—distinguishing characteristics; RDA for protein for adults; roles of protein in the body, pg 127,
what is a protein sparing diet, give examples high quality protein
● complimentary protein
○ two or more proteins that together provide essential amino acids
○ combo of at least two: legumes, seeds, grains, dairy
● kwashiorkor
○ edema, bloated bellies, red hair
● marasmus
○ “skin and bones” loss of body fat and muscles
● RDA for protein- 0.8 kg/day
● role of protein
○ structure, enzymes, transportes, fluid and electrolyte balance, acid-base balance,
antibodies, hormones, energy, glucose
● protein sparing diet
○ eating diet high enough in carbs and fat to keep protein from being used for
energy
○ high-quality protein: meat, seafood, eggs, dairy
Ch8 Vitamins
Vitamin B12 absorption, deficiency symptoms, sources, who is at risk for deficiency?
Vitamin A deficiency symptoms, sources,
Vitamin D role in bones, deficiency, toxicity, sources
Vitamin C role in collagen, wound healing, sources
Thiamine and alcoholics, glucose absorption and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
What group of vitamins are necessary for energy metabolism?
● What are 4 things necessary for vitamin B12 absorption?
○ intake of animal products, low stomach pH, intrinsic factor, functional ileum
● symptoms of B12 deficiency
○ large RBC, weakness, SOB, pale skin (anemia), fatigue, smooth and red tongue,
numbness, tingling in hands/feet, GI problems, weight loss, difficulty walking,
cognitive problems
● sources of B12- animal products
● Who is at risk for B12 deficiency?
○ vegans, people who take meds to raise stomach pH, people who’ve stopped
making intrinsic factor, people without a working ileum, long-term users
metformin
● symptoms of vitamin A-
○ infectious diseases, night blindness, blindness, keratinization
● what are sources of vitamin A
○ milk, eggs, spinach, dark leafy greens
● what is vitamin D function
○ mineralization of bones
● what are the symptoms of vitamin D deficiency
○ rickets, osteomalacia
● what are the symptoms of vitamin D toxicity
○ excess blood calcium, calcification
● what are the sources of vitamin D
○ fortified milk, made in body with help of sunshine
● what is vitamin C’s function
○ synthesis of collagen, wound healing
● what are the sources of vitamin C
○ citrus fruits, sweet red peppers, green peppers, brussel sprouts, broccoli
● what vitamin might alcoholics be deficient in
○ thiamin
● What is wernicke-korsakoff syndrome, and how does it affect glucose absorption?
○ severe thiamine deficiency, thiamine necessary for glucose to enter CNS cells
● what group of vitamins are necessary for energy metabolism
○ vitamin B
Ch9 Minerals
Renin-aldosterone-ADH
Calcium-Magnesium-Phosphorous and bone health
Iron—deficiency (who at risk, how to assess), sources
Sodium—sources, function in body
Potassium—sources, function in body
Iodine—thyroid, cretinism, BMR
● function of renin
○ eventually leads to water retention and increased BP
● what is the function of aldosterone
○ causes sodium retention which leads to water retention
● what is the function of ADH
○ causes kidneys to retain water
● how do calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus promote bone health
○ calcium forms bone structure, and magnesium and phosphorus are also part of
bones
● who is at risk for iron-deficiency
○ toddlers, teenage girls, women of child-bearing age
● how can we assess for iron deficiency
○ check conjunctiva for color, check for pallor, weakness, fatigue, reduced work
productivity, inability to concentrate, apathy, lowered cold tolerance
● what are the sources of iron
○ meat, poultry, fish, plant foods
● what are the sources of sodium
○ cold cuts, pizza, soups, restaurant/processed foods, breads
● what is sodium’s function in the body
○ primary regulator of ECF volume, principal electrolyte in ECF
● what are the sources of potassium
○ fresh fruit and vegetables
● what is potassium’s function in the body
○ maintain F&E balance and cell integrity, principal positive ion in ICF
● what does iodine have to do with the thyroid
○ forms an integral part of thyroid
● what is cretinism
○ iodine deficiency in pregnancy leads to mental retardation of child
● how does iodine impact BMR
○ iodine affects metabolism because it forms an integral part of thyroid hormones,
which regulate metabolism
Ch11 Childhood
Recommendations to prevent childhood obesity (Table 11-5); iron deficiency and behavior; iron-
rich food (Table 11-1); lead toxicity—effects, how to prevent, recommendations from Mealtimes
at Home; nutrients likely to be deficient in teen years
● recommendations to prevent childhood obesity
○ create permanent healthy lifestyle habits, regular scheduled meals and snacks,
take time to have conversations while eating, model healthy eating, show
enjoyment of healthy foods
● how does iron deficiency affect behaviors
○ iron deficiency impairs attention span and learning ability and affects intellectual
performance
● iron-rich foods
○ cream of wheat, snow peas, plums, raisins, meats
● what are the effects of lead toxicity
○ early: diarrhea, irritability, fatigue
○ later: learning disabilities and behavior problems, mental retardation, death
● how can we prevent lead toxicity
○ feed kids balanced timely meals with ample iron and calcium, wash floors, do not
use contaminated water with formula, test water with for lead, keep old painted
objects away
● what are some recommendations from mealtimes at home
○ provide variety of foods, avoid power struggles, prevent choking, allow kids to
help plan and prepare meals, have healthy snacks, prevent dental caries, role
model
● for which nutrients are teens likely to develop a deficiency
○ vitamin D, iron, calcium