REVIEWS

The quality of the environment, both natural and man-made, is essential to tourism. However,
tourism’s relationship with the environment is complex. It involves many activities that can have
adverse environmental effects. Many of these impacts are linked with the general infrastructure such
as roads and of tourism facilities as well as the number of tourist itself which can gradually destroy
the environmental resources on which it depends. Furthermore, it can put enormous pressure on an
area that leads to the increased of pollution, natural habitat and increased pressure on endangered
species. It often puts a strain on water resources and energy that can force local residents to
compete for the use of critical resources. On the other hand, tourism has the potential to create
beneficial effects on the environment by contributing to environmental protection and conservation. It
is a way to raise awareness of environmental values and it can serve as a tool to finance protection
of natural areas and increase their economic importance.

Singh, M.C. (2010). Modern Tourism in 21st Century (1st edition). India: Centrum Press.

At first glance, the relationship between society and the environment seems to affect both
women and men in a similar way. However, the reality is different. The distinct roles and interactions
men and women have with the environment mean that any programme intervention will impact on
them in different ways. Men and women usually have different roles in the family and community. For
example, men are responsible mainly for income generating activities and decision-making, while
women take on subsistence activities and looking after the family. When it comes to environmental
protection and management, they’re also likely to have different opinions, attitudes, priorities and
power over resources. They also interact differently with the environment, which provides them with
different opportunities to protect and manage it more sustainably. If programmes and projects are to
foster sustainable, effective and equitable management of natural resources, they must address the
concerns and needs of both men and women – and the ways they, individually and collectively, relate
to the resource base.

Dento, F. (2010).Climate change vulnerability, impacts, and adaptation: Why does gender
matter. Africa: Gender & Development Publications.

In 2002, Cape Town, South Africa hosted the first conference on “Responsible Tourism in
Destinations” that had 280 delegates from 20 countries and amongst other policy statements
included in the “Cape Town Declaration” a reference to work with others to take responsibility for
achieving the economic, social and environmental components of responsible and sustainable
tourism”.

International Centre for Responsible Tourism (2009). “City of Cape Town Responsible
Tourism Framework and Campaign Plan”. Cape Town, South Africa.
 Sometimes, well-meaning attempts by tourist officials to ‘improve’ an attraction can have the
opposite effect. Historic rock carvings over 3,000 years old in Scandinavia were painted to make
them stand out for visitors. When the paint eventually flakes off, a process that has speeded up with
the effect of acid rain, it takes part of the rock surface with it. Any development of tourism will
inevitably require the sacrifice of some natural landscape to make way for tourist facilities.

Holloway, J.C. & Humphreys, C. (2012). The Business of Tourism (9th edition). Harlow,
England: Pearson Education Limited.

An increase in human activity is posing a threat to natural aquatic ecosystems contributing to

environmental damage and ecological changes. Sociological, cross-sectional studies were conducted
in order to ascertain what effects human activities have had on the wetlands and ecosystems around
the lakes. Doctoral research carried out by Hezron Emmanuel Nonga shows that agriculture and
livestock farming leads to eutrophication in lakes and the proliferation of cyanobacteria which
produce microcystins that affects the health of both humans and animals. In order to protect the
resources of these wetland areas, human activities must be better controlled and a more sustainable
exploitation of land and water resources introduced. It is necessary to make the farmers aware of the
importance of environment-friendly agriculture and train them in the use of pesticides and pest
control.

Norwegian School of Veterinary Science. "The impact of human activities on a selection of

lakes in Tanzania." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 28 December 2011.
Retrieved from: www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/12/111228134844.html

Because tourism is the world’s largest industry, concerns for preserving and managing the
natural and built environments becomes the most important strategy for the future growth and
development of the tourism industry. If it is not properly planned, implemented, and managed well we
have the potential to destroy not only the natural environment, but the built environment also.

Edgell, Sr., D.L. (2016). Managing Sustainable Tourism: A Legacy for the Future (2nd edition).
London: Routlege.

Governments, together with the tourism industry and other stakeholders, should also promote
or support various efforts to raise public awareness about the impact of tourists on destinations, to
promote respect for local communities and their cultures often succeed in promoting positive
behavioural changes not only in tourists, but also in tourism workers and host communities as a
whole.

Geentanjali (2010). Tourism Management. New Delhi, India: ABD Publishers.

 However, in order to attract tourists, lake tourism destinations must have suitable
infrastructure, i.e. water trails and other tourist-related services, which support the use of lakes for
touristic purposes. The infrastructure also enhances the development opportunities of tourism
businesses. Thus, infrastructure is a central factor in terms of both destination development and
development of small tourism enterprises.

Goeldner, C. R., Ritchie, J. R. and. McIntosh, R. W (2000). Tourism. Principles, Practises,

Philosophies. Eight Edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

In the future, the natural resources needed to sustain the human population will exceed
available resources at current consumption levels. Unsustainable and uneven consumption levels
have resulted in an increasingly stressed environment, where natural disasters, desertification, and
biodiversity loss endanger humans as well as plant and animal species. The challenge of reversing
the degradation of natural resources while meeting increasing demands for them involves significant
changes in policies, institutions, and practices. Effective programming and policies require
understanding and addressing the gender specific relationships to natural resources use and
management and highlighting the linkages between natural resources, cultural values, and local
knowledge. Addressing the gender-specific aspects of natural resources will provide policy makers
with information for more effective natural resource use and conservation policies and will provide
guidance for equitable access to natural resources.

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 2007. The State of Food and Agriculture.
“Environment and Agriculture”. Committee on Agriculture. 20th Session. Rome.
Available at www.fao.org.

As a service industry, tourism has numerous tangible and intangible elements. Major tangible
elements include transportation, accommodation, and other components of a hospitality industry.
Major intangible elements relate to the purpose or motivation for becoming a tourist, such as rest,
relaxation, the opportunity to meet new people and experience other cultures, or simply to do
something different and have an adventure. Rural tourism is often considered to be intrinsically
sustainable, for it attracts small number of visitors, there is no need for extensive infrastructural
development, tourists are usually genuinely interested in local culture and traditions. One of the main
attractions of rural holidays is the personal interaction with local residents, so hosts and guests are
able to share ideas and knowledge, and consequently tourism can fulfil the role as the “industry of
peace”, as a tool of mutual understanding.
Nevertheless, if rural tourism development is analysed on a deeper level, certain doubts arise
concerning intrinsic sustainability. The most significant issue to be investigated is the economic
profitability of tourist services, since the demand is often seasonal, the occupancy rates are low and
investment required for creating or improving facilities for tourists is often high. The only one of the
income generating alternatives would be highly influenced by the performances of other economic
sectors (especially agriculture).
Ecotourism operations typically fail to live up to conservation ideals. It is often overlooked that
ecotourism is a highly consumer-centered activity, and that environmental conservation is only a
means to further economic growth. Although ecotourism is intended for small groups, even a modest
increase in population, however temporary, puts extra pressure on the local environment and
necessitates the development of additional infrastructure and amenities. In most cases, the
environment suffers because local communities are unable to meet the infrastructure demands of
ecotourism.
Aside from environmental degradation with tourist infrastructure, population pressures from
ecotourism also leaves behind garbage and pollution associated with the Western Lifestyle. Although
tourists claim to be educationally sophisticated and environmentally concerned, they rarely
understand the ecological consequences of their visits and how their day-to-day activities append
physical impacts on the environment. In the Annapurna Circuit in Nepal, ecotourists have worn down
the marked trails and created alternate routes contributing to soil impaction, erosion, and plant
damage. Tourist believe that because they are only taking pictures and leaving footprints, they keep
ecotourism sites pristine, but even harmless sounding activities such as a nature hike can be
ecologically destructive.

Rizvi, G.A.H. (2008). Tourism in Recent Global Scenario. (1st Edition). New Delhi, India: Cyber
Tech Publications.

Today, the concept of sustainability as a resource development and management philosophy

is permeating all levels of policy and practice relating to tourism, form local to global. Sustainable
management of the natural and physical environment, more than ever before, must coexist with
economic, socio-cultural, and health and safety objectives of localities and nations. For planning a
sustainable tourism project or destination in a rural area, the most important single component is in
having a large segment of the community involved in the very beginning of the planning process. This
fact is stressed in almost every practical guideline on sustainable tourism in a rural area and the plan
must be properly managed to ensure a continuing high-quality experience for the visitor.

Edgell, Sr.,D.L. (1978). International Tourism and Travel: International Business Prospects.
Indianapolis, Indiana: Bobbs-Merill Education Publishing.

Tourism has the power to enhance the environment, to provide funds for conservation, to
preserve culture and history, to set sustainable use limits, and to protect natural attractions. It also
has the power to destroy. If tourism is not properly planned and implemented, it can destroy
vegetation, eliminate open space, create sewage problem, cause housing problems, and ignore the
needs and structure of the host community.
Society is no longer (if it ever was) contained in neat boxes. Rather, at best, it may be viewed
as consisting of very ill-defined clusters that change shape constantly as they interface with one
another. From the standpoint of the tourism sector, the reality is that all questions related to the
nature and extent of tourism development must be supported by the community at large. This means
that whatever direction tourism development takes in a community, it must have the support of the
majority of the citizens who are affected by it. All this said, it then becomes necessary to propose an
operational allocation of responsibility that remains true to the democratic model and the concept of
resident responsive tourism.
Inskeep, E. (1994). National and Regional Tourism Planning: Methodologies and Case
Studies. London: Routledge.
 Another problem is that scientific knowledge of visitor impacts on remote areas, nature areas,
wilderness areas, and other relatively undisturbed natural areas in most countries is rather poor or
non-existent. Thus tourism and land management decisions are made in the absence of good
service. Once tourism starts, there is a great pressure to allow more visitors. Consequently, the
destinations face the danger of becoming overvisited. Carrying capacities need to be determined and
enforced.
Finally, tourism is a multifaceted industry and thus is almost impossible to control. What starts
out as well-planned ecotourism can turn into too popular adventure and overwhelm the destination.
To prevent this from happening, the basics of sustainable tourism must be practiced.

Bushell, R., and Eagles, P. (2006). Tourism and Protected Areas. Oxfordshire, United
Kingdom: CABI Publishing.

Environmental pollution is as much aesthetic as physical. An area of scenic beauty attracts

greater numbers of tourists, so more and more of the natural landscape is lost to development. The
eventual result is that the site is no longer seen as “scenic” and the tourists move on to find
somewhere more tranquil as well as beautiful. Similarly, without careful control, stately homes that
try to meet the needs of visitors provide an ever-expanding range of facilities such as larger car
parks, cafes, shops, directional signposts and toilet facilities, all of which detract from the appeal of
the main attraction.
In environmentally sensitive areas of the world, such as littering becomes a critical issue
because these areas are too far from any public services that could resolve the problem, so the onus
is on the tourists themselves to safeguard the environment by taking their rubbish with them. An
important point here is that litter bins should be not only readily available but also attractively
designed. Unfortunately, at some sites, both in the UK and elsewhere, the fear of terrorism bombs or
vandalism has caused rubbish bins to be sealed or removed, making rubbish disposal more difficult
to tourists.

Buckely, R. (2004). Environmental Impacts of Ecotourism. Oxfordshire, United Kingdom: CABI

Publishing.

The Philippines is blessed with more than 100 freshwater lakes ranging from a few to a
thousand hectares in size. The lakes are either tectonic, kettle or maare in type and they are not only
important for their water and fisheries, but also for their varied domestic, agricultural, industrial and
recreational uses. With population growth, urbanization and industrial development, human impacts
on the country’s aquatic resources such as lakes have increased. Problems like lake sedimentation,
overexploitation of fisheries and pollution have come about and the need for effective management of
theses lakes is urgent to ensure their sustainability.
An assessment of 36 major Philippine lakes indicated that 55.5% are threatened, 41.7% are in
good condition and 2.7% are in critical condition. The management responsibility of the other lakes in
the country falls on the local government units. Despite the existence of laws and ordinances for
conservation and protection of inland waters, however, there is poor enforcement of such measures
due to lack of capability and political will on the part of the implementors.
The strengthening of the LGUs in cooperation with the Fisheries and Aquatic Resource
Management Councils mandated by law and the bolstering of the technical and political capability of
LGUs to formulate and implement integrated lake management plans are recommended as the key
strategies for the sustainable development of Philippine lakes.

Guerrero III, R.D. (1999). Philippine Lakes: Status and Strategies for Sustainable Development.
Philippine Councilor for Aquatic and Marine Research and Development Los Baños. Trans.
NaIl. Acad. Sci. Tech. Philippines 2 J: 278-286

Retrieved from:
http://nast.ph/images/Publications/NAST/PhilippineLakesStrategiesforSustainableDevelopme
ntRafaelD. GuerreroIII201999.pdf

Available online at www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com

Pelagia Research Library

Advances in Applied Science Research, 2011, 2 (2): 218-226

Biodiversity Conservation and Community Participation in Kainji Lake National Park, Nigeria

Abimbola O. Adetoro, M.S. Lawal and Adetola Jenyo-Oni

Dept of Wildlife & Fisheries Management, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

______________________________________________________________________________

INTRODUCTION

At the 1992 United Nation Conference on environment development “Earth Summit” in Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil, there was an important indication on growing international concern about diversity
loss, and it transformation from a scientific issue to popular, political and ultimately diplomatic issues.
Biodiversity has been defined as the variability among living organism from all sources
including, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which
they are part; this include diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems [UNEP,
1992].
The convention has its objectives as conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of
its component and the fair and equitable distribution of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic
resources, thus covering the ecological, economical and social aspects of biodiversity. This new
concept (sustainable management), should involves all stakeholders such as local communities
(farmers, nomadic, fisherman, pastoralist among others), civil society, scientists and Non-
Government Organizations, indigenous people and many arms of government) coming together to
ensure that biological resources are utilized sustainably.
Biodiversity conservation can be seen as avoiding and eliminating any steps that can seriously
disturb KLNP biodiversity ecosystem. Conservation should also be addressed as sacrifice (not
inimical to conservation objectives) in some ways by the park authority to the community to achieve
mutual cooperation. In broader view, management system for conserving biodiversity encompasses
a general use. The primary objectives must be to enable local communities manage the diversity of
their local system, to ensure productivity [McNeely, 1997].
The multiple satisfaction approach to renewable natural resources concept emphasizes resources
should generate satisfaction which will give rise to human benefits rather than game conservation
alone. Human race will cease to exist without the abundance and diversity of biodiversity. Forest from
time immemorial was homes to millions of people providing them their needs in terms of food, shelter
and clothing materials.
Rural life in surrounding Kanji Lake National Park largely depends on biodiversity resources as
obtained in major rural settings of the world. Their ways of life and existence is linked directly to
sustainable use of biodiversity resources. Rural economy is largely nature dependent in spite of
advancement in science and technology.

UNEP, Biodiversity Country Studies: Synthesis Report; Nairobi, Kenya. 1992,pp12

McNeely JA, Biodiversity for Sustainable Development, IUCN Switzerland. 1997,pp 32.
Neumayer, E. 2010. Weak versus strong sustainability. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

Daly, H. 1996. Beyond growth: The economics of sustainable development, 253 pp. Boston:
Beacon Press.

Bithas, K. 2008. Tracing operational conditions for the ecologically sustainable economic
development: The Pareto optimality and the preservation of the biological crucial levels.
Environment, Development and Sustainability 10: 373–390.

Sumaila, U.R. 2004. Intergenerational cost–benefit analysis and marine ecosystem restoration.
Fish and Fisheries 5: 329–343.

Howarth, R.B. 2009. Discounting, uncertainty, and revealed time preference. Land Economics
85: 24–40.

Mavrommati, G., and C. Richardson. 2012. Experts’ evaluation of concepts of ecologically

sustainable development applied to coastal ecosystems. Ocean and Coastal Management 69:
27–34.

Rockstrom, J., W. Steffen, K. Noone, A. Persson, F.S. Chapin, E.F. Lambin, T.M. Lenton, M.
Scheffer, et al. 2009. A safe operating space for humanity. Nature 461: 472–475.

Folke, C., A. Jansson, J. Rockstrom, P. Olsson, S.R. Carpenter, F.S. Chapin, A.-S. Crepin, G.
Daily, et al. 2011. Reconnecting to the biosphere. AMBIO 40: 719–738.

Burger, J.R., C.D. Allen, J.H. Brown, W.R. Burnside, A.D. Davidson, T.S. Fristoe, M.J. Hamilton,
N. Mercado-Silva, et al. 2012. The macroecology of sustainability. PLoS Biology 10: e1001345.

Liu, J., T. Dietz, S.R. Carpenter, C. Folke, M. Alberti, C.L. Redman, S.H. Schneider, E. Ostrom,
et al. 2007. Coupled human and natural systems. AMBIO 36: 639–649.
Proceedings of the 2nd World Congress on New Technologies (NewTech'16)
Budapest, Hungary – August 18 – 19, 2016
Paper No. ICEPR 169
DOI: 10.11159/icepr16.169/icepr 169-1

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308712498_Lake_and_Watershed_Management_Issues_and_Chall
enges_in_Managing_Lake_Water_Quality

Lake and Watershed Management: Issues and Challenges in Managing

Lake Water Quality

Bashirah Fazli, Aziz Shafie(PhD), Nasehir Khan E.M. Yahaya (PhD),Suriyani Awang(PhD),
Azman Mat Jusoh, Normaliza Noordin, Pauziah Hanum Abdul Ghani(PhD)

. Abstract – High-intensity land-use activities occur near lakes including in their watershed and
increase of population density in areas neighbouring the lakes have caused overexploitation of lake
water resources and discharge of large volumes of pollutants into lakes water. As a consequence led
to escalating deterioration of lake water quality. Water quality conditions of lakes are significantly
influence by their watershed behaviours. The lentic nature of lakes allows problems to build up and
symptoms to go unnoticed for a lengthy period and commonly only appearing at a delayed and
dangerous stage given that similarly a slow and often equally long period is needed to treat before
positive results begin to show again. Hence, it is quite complex to comprehend types and strengths of
pressures that impact water quality status, when do the changes will occur and what the status of
water quality would be, not only on the presence situation but over the long term. Lake water quality
and catchment relationship is an intricate issue and required the lake managers and planners to be
attentive and prepared to engage in sustained actions over a long-term time frame relating to the
development of lakes because progression of degradation inside a lake mostly takes place on a
wider and deeper scale than is readily apparent. The comprehensive understanding on
anthropogenic upheaval and hydrological linkages within Lake Watershed influences the dynamics of
the lake water quality and is vital to the resulting livelihood including the cultural, biodiversity, and
economic activities that are supported by lakes.
Introduction
Lake water quality is progressively deteriorating because of pollutants from its catchment
activities [15][16][17]. Even with specific jurisdiction, it is difficult to contain pollution coming from the
upstream, due to rapid population growth, massive urbanization, and intensified land use alteration,
especially the non-point source types [15][16][17]. The priority of water resource management
research is to achieve a balance between environment, economy and social needs. In order to
achieve a sustainable management, the drivers that contribute to the impairment must be clearly
understood and identified. Furthermore the limitations and problems faced by lake managers,
authorities, stakeholders and policy makers with regards of sustainable water quality management
must be explored, acknowledged, determined, and thoroughly discussed. Without a full
comprehension and imperative measures taken, improving the current situation to a better level is
never be attained.
The lentic nature of lakes has caused it to act like a sink or sponge absorbing all the pollutants
which accumulate without any symptom being noticed at early stage and escalating over period of
time causing symptoms only appear at later stage[8][23]. In addition, lake ecosystem is also unable
to operate in self-sustaining ways because of interferences or damage over a period of time exceeds
their capacity for self-repair [8][23].
Hence, the rule of thumb in good management practice of lake water quality management is to
have a complete understanding of morphology of the lake being managed. The shape and size of a
lake basin affects nearly all physical, chemical and biological parameters of the lake. Lake area, lake
volume, maximum and average depth are parameters that are related with nutrient cycling [7][8].
A Deeper lakes are characterised by thicker surface layer which determines the
photosynthetically available irradiance, the efficiency of nutrient cycling and the vertical distribution of
organisms[18]. On the other hand smaller and shallow lakes are strongly affected by wind-induced
sediment re-suspension which results to significant changes on their water chemistry and
geochemical cycles[18]. Mean depth is also an important factor for controlling productivity while the
size of lake is related to the depth of thermocline[8][18]. Moreover, the shape of the lake can be
associated with bottom dynamic conditions[8]. The slope of littoral zone has a great influence on the
biomass and the distribution of submerged macrophytes communities[8]. A gently sloped littoral
allows the deposition of fine materials and can modulate the wave action in favour of establishment
of aquatic macrophytes[4][7].
What is lacking in the current situation is the ability of the lake managers to understand he
morphology of their own lake. It is important to have a deep understanding of lake morphology
because it is one of the leading factor influencing the lake trophic status including water quality health
status. The knowledge is relatively minimal among not only lake managers, but the policy makers,
decision makers, and key stakeholders on the significant correlation of watershed and water quality
relationship and the intensity of watershed activities impacting lake water quality status because of
the complex response dynamics of lake ecosystem, which is the accumulated negatives effects of
land use dynamics may not be immediately visible and problems will surface at a later stage with
condition has turned beyond bad[1][8].
Thus, this is a major reason of why there is no intensive monitoring regime and assessment
systems that link between lake water quality and catchment activities, although there are numerous
studies showing how significant activities within lake watershed or lake basin influence the lake water
quality status. At the moment, current lake management practice in Malaysia is lack of active
coordination between lake watershed and water quality in implementing sustainable lake water
quality management [1][19]. The watershed planning and development is not included in
environmental management target, and assessment of what would be the impact on lake water
quality. Hence the reason results of the 2005 desktop study indicated 62% of the ninety (90) lakes
studied in Malaysia were facing eutrophication issues [19]. There is no further studies based on this
alarming findings and is believed the situation is progressively escalating.
References
[1] ASM and NAHRIM, “Managing Lakes and Their Basins for Sustainable Use in Malaysia, Lake
Brief Report Series 1," 2010.

[4] J. A. Dunalska, J. Grochowska, G. Wiśniewski, and A. Napiórkowska-Krzebietke, “Can we

restore badly degraded urban lakes?” Ecological Engineering, no. 82, pp. 432-441, 2015.

[7] A. Erol and T. O. Randhir, “Watershed ecosystem modeling of land-use impacts on water
quality,” Ecological Modelling, no. 270, pp. 54-63, 2013.

[8] International Lake Environment Committee Foundation (ILEC), “Managing Lakes and their
Basins for Sustainable Use: A Report for Lake Basin Managers and Stakeholders,” Technical Report,
pp. 12-13, 2005.

[15] J. Leon-Munoz, C. Echeverria, R. Marce, W. Riss, B. Sherman, J. L. Iriarte, “The combined

impact of land use change and aquaculture on sediment and water environmental quality in
oligotrophic Lake Rupanco,” J. Environ. Manag, no. 128, pp. 283–291, 2013.

[16] B. Lin, X. Chen, H. Yao, Y. Chen, M. Liu, L. Gao, and A. James, “Analyses of landuse change
impacts on catchment runoff using different time indicators based on SWAT model,” Ecological
Indicators, no. 58, pp. 55-63, 2015.

[17] Y. Liu, H. Long, T. Li, and S. Tu, “Land use transitions and their effects on water environment in
Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, China,” Land Use Policy, no. 47, pp. 293 – 301, 2015.

[18] E. Lytras, “Developing models for lake management,” Desalination, no. 213, pp. 129-134, 2007
.
[19] NAHRIM and NRE, “A Desk Study on the Status of Eutrophication of Lakes in Malaysia,”
Technical Report, pp. 85– 90, 2005

[23] World Lake Vision Action Report Committee, Implementing the World Lake Vision for the
Sustainable Use of Lakes and Reservoirs. International Lake Environment Committee (ILEC), 2007.

Many of our daily activities can cause pollution to our lakes. This includes: lawn maintenance
services that do not shield grass clippings from moving into the lake, excess fertilizing, use of
phosphorus-containing fertilizer, leaf-litter accumulation in street gutters from surrounding private
neighbourhoods and altered shorelines. Each of these activities greatly affects the nutrient levels of
the lake since the basic elemental make-up of these components is nitrogen and phosphorus. As the
materials break down, they are washed into the lake during storm events and irrigation. This input of
excess nitrogen and phosphorus leads to an excess in algae production and degrades water quality.
By reducing the pollution sources around the lake and continuing to encourage native aquatic plant
communities (to help uptake nutrients) within the lake, this nutrient cycle can be slowed to a more
productive rate for your lake.

Seminole County Department of Public Works. A Citizens’ Guide to Lake Management.

Retrieved from:
http://www.seminole.wateratlas.usf.edu/upload/documents/LakeManagementBookletSmall.pdf
“When it comes to the future, there are three kinds of people: those who let it happen, those who
make it happen, and those who wonder what happened.” Carol Christensen

Lake management often begins with concern for a particular lake. The lake may no longer live
up to someone’s expectations, whatever they might be.
Deteriorated lakes can be rehabilitated, but the task is difficult. Understanding of lake
ecosystems is incomplete, and even when technical answers are available, they may be expensive to
apply. Further, the results of a lake restoration project may not be apparent for years.
Action to protect and restore a lake may be taken by individual lake property owners and by lake
associations, usually with the assistance of one or more governmental units. A group of concerned
citizens uniting as a lake association is the first step toward resolving lake problems. The association
may already exist as a local conservation club, a rod-and-gun club, the chamber of commerce, or
another concerned group.
An effective lake association includes not only lakeshore property owners but also people
who have various other interests in the lake. If lake management is initiated by a municipality or
other governmental unit, it is a good idea to form an advisory group of interested citizens by seeking
volunteers from the association or other concerned civic groups.
The benefits of lake management differ from community to community. Some benefits may
spread across more than one generation. For these reasons, the actual value of a lake management
project can’t be calculated.
Many communities were built around a lake or mill pond. The visual quality of these
communities is highly dependent on the condition of the water body and the lakeshore. The natural
beauty of the lake is part of the quality of life for lakeshore property owners and the entire community.
A properly managed lake provides recreational opportunities for fishing, swimming, and
boating. A lake and its adjacent wetlands provide habitat for game fish and other wildlife. The quality
of a lake directly affects community property values and, therefore, the local tax base. A study
conducted on northern Minnesota Lakes confirmed that lake water quality affects property values.
For a one meter decrease in water clarity, prices were reduced up to $594 per shoreline foot. For a
one meter increase in clarity, prices increased up to $423 per shoreline foot (Krysel et. al., 2002).
Studies conducted elsewhere in the country show similar results. This can be a significant financial
loss or gain to a community as well as the individual homeowner.
Effective, long-term lake management is a complex undertaking that must deal with sociology
as well as biology. It is an exercise in compromise, balancing the needs of nature with the needs of
civilization. Lake management requires choices: between sandy bottoms for swimmers and weed
beds for fishermen; between groomed lawns and control of nutrients and pesticides in the lake; and,
among the needs of agriculture, industry, taxpayers and the tourist bureau.
The future of some lakes is better left to nature. The natural process by which lakes evolve
into marshes and wetlands creates much needed wildlife habitat. The decision to restore or protect a
particular lake must be based on a thorough study of the lake, its watershed, and the commitment of
time and money necessary for long-term management.
Protection of a lake may be as simple as the care exercised by lake property owners and
others who use and enjoy the lake. Lake restoration, on the other hand, can be a complex,
expensive, time consuming, and often frustrating effort.
The reasons for undertaking lake management programs are as varied as the concerns of the
citizens who undertake them. Each lake is unique, and each management process is as complex as
the concerns it addresses. But the ecological, social, and economic benefits of a well-managed lake
can span generations. And a commitment to stewardship of our water resources makes us
responsible for protecting and preserving our lakes – not only for ourselves, but for those who follow
as well.

Prok, J. & Brauer, D.P. (2004). Guide to Lake Protection and Management. Minnesota:
Freshwater Society. Retrieved from: https://www.pca.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/lakes-
guidetoprotection-2.pdf

Krysel, C., Marsh-Boyer, E., Parson, C. and P. Welle. 2002. Lakeshore Property Values and
Water Quality: Evidence From Property Sales in the Mississippi Headwaters Region. Bemidji
State University and Minnesota Lakes Association

The need for management, in natural systems, and possibly in all systems, reflects an inability
of the systems to operate in self-sustaining ways, due to interference, or damage to an extent that is
beyond the capacities of the system for self-repair. Management need is thus a symptom of failure of
the system. The more management needed, the greater the failure and management is always
costly. Most freshwater systems have been seriously altered by human activities.
The ecological ‘challenges’ in lake management are thus to remove blocks which impede this
understanding. There are at least three groups of blocks: fundamental; those of approach and
method; and political. The latter is no less ecological than the others; human beings and their
behaviour are ecological phenomena like those of any other animal. Lakes are parts of greater
systems in the landscape and if these systems are no longer intact, through insensitive land use,
such as drainage, it is not possible to understand interactions and influences which were not confined
to the lake basin.
A society which chooses to continue exploiting natural resources in an unsustainable way is
not particularly interested in the fundamental understanding which underlies sustainability. There are
many symptoms that we are choosing to follow the imperatives of our selfish genes, rather than
make the ethical choices of which we are alternatively capable. They include the greatly reduced
support for fundamental research in the U.K., the failure to use, in the spirit in which it was intended,
existing European legislation for environmental protection, and the decreased strength of imperatives
for conservation in the Environment Act 1995, compared with the Water Act 1989 and the Water
Resources Act of 1991.

Moss, B. (1999). Ecological Challenges for Lake Management. School of Biological Sciences,
Liverpool, UK. Volume 395, Issue 0, pp 3–11. Retrieved from:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1017034311268

Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol 7 No 1 S1

MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy January 2016
Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289982761

Local Community´ Perceptions on Tourist Impacts and Associated Development: A Case

Study on Sal and Boa Vista Islands

Castillo Canalejo, Ana María

Professor (Ph D), Faculty of Business and Law, University of Cordova Puerta Nueva s/n, 14071,
Cordova, Spain

Núñez Tabales, Julia M

Corresponding Author, Professor (Ph D), Faculty of Business and Law, University of Cordova Puerta
Nueva s/n, 14071, Cordova (Spain); Email: es2nutaj@uco.es

Sánchez Cañizares, Sandra María

Professor (Ph D), Faculty of Business and Law, University of Cordova Puerta Nueva s/n, 14071,
Cordova, Spain

Literature Review

In the early stages of tourism research, little attention was paid to the perceptions and
attitudes of local residents toward tourism. Both the literature and destination management
organizations were more concerned with analyzing visitor rather than resident satisfaction. In the
1960s, researchers focused exclusively on the positive effects of tourism in developed regions, and
even more so in less developed regions (Swain et al., 1998).

In the 1970s, however, attention began to turn toward local residents. According to Marrero
(2006), at the end of the 1970s and in the 1980s, many anthropological tourism studies inspired in
Marxist theory focused on the negative impacts of tourism development. Although many studies
demonstrated the positive economic effects of tourism, others focused on its negative social, cultural,
and environmental consequences (Santana, 1997; Anderek et al., 2005). Murphy (1985) was the
first to consider tourism as a sociocultural event in which both residents and tourists interact. He
argued that contrary to the tradition of catering exclusively to the interests of tourists, it is necessary
to take into account the negative effects of tourism, the interests of the sector, and the effects tourism
may have on society. Most studies agree that tourism impacts are perceived by the host community
in terms of costs and benefits, which can be divided into three types or categories: economic,
environmental, and social.

Residents will be more favorable toward tourism development provided they perceive a
positive balance in their relationship with tourists or tourism (Allen et al., 1993). However, due to the
diversity within host communities, there may be groups which support tourism as being beneficial to
their well-being and others which oppose it as being detrimental to their well-being.

The economic benefits that residents perceive from tourism development include more
employment opportunities, increased income, investment opportunities and business opportunities
(Davis et al., 1988). Although host communities tend to perceive the economic effects of tourism
positively, their views on tourism development differ: there are those who support development and
others who believe that unchecked, unplanned and low quality tourism development involves
economic costs that weigh heavily on the population (Diaz & Gutierrez, 2010).

However, tourism development may also have costs or negative sociocultural effects. As a
source of change, tourism can have a negative effect on traditional family values (Kousis, 1989),
lead to cultural commercialization (Cohen, 1988), and create sociocultural conflicts in the host
community due to differences in the economic welfare and purchasing power between the host
community and tourists (Tosun, 2002). Moreover, residents may adopt the norms and values of
tourists in the long term and become culturally dependent on the tourism generating country
(Sharpley, 1994). For this reason, tourism is often criticized for its negative sociocultural impact,
especially in smaller, more traditional communities (WTO, 1999).

The environmental dimension of tourism also has a positive and a negative side. On the
positive side, tourism can be a motivating factor for protecting natural resources and preserving
urban designs (Diaz & Gutierrez, 2010). In other words, it is possible to manage and plan tourism
development based on an environmentally responsible model rather than one based on individual
interests which seeks to attract large numbers of tourists and where development is largely
haphazard and poorly managed by public authorities (Bujosa & Rossello, 2007).

Citations

Allen, L. R.; Hafer, H. R., Long, R., & Perdue, R.R. (1993): “Rural Residents Attitudes toward
Recreation and Tourism Development”, Journal of Travel Research, 31(4), 27-33.

Bujosa, A., & Roselló, J. (2007): “Modelling environmental attitudes toward tourism”, Tourism
Management, 28 (3), 688-695.

Davis, D.; Allen, J., & Cosenza, R. M. (1988): “Segmenting local residents by their attitudes,
interests, and opinions toward tourism”, Journal of Travel Research, 27, 2-8.

Díaz, R., & Gutiérrez, D. (2010): “La actitud del residente en el destino turístico de Tenerife:
evaluación y tendencia”, PASOS, Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 8 (4), 431-444.

Marrero, J. R. (2006): “El discurso de rechazo al turismo en Canarias: una aproximación

cualitativa”, Pasos. Revista de turismo y patrimonio cultural, 4 (3), 327-341.

Murphy, P. E. (1985): Tourism: A Community Approach. Routledge. New York.

Santana, A. (1997): Antropología y Turismo, ¿Nuevas hordas, viejas culturas? Ed. Ariel, SA.
Madrid

Swain, M. B.et al. (1998): “Annals and tourism evolving: index in 25 years of publication”,
Annals of Tourism Research, 25 supplements, 991-1014.