New1 MR Gonse

HAWASSA UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
POST GRADUATE, HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING PROGRAM

HYDROPOWER ASSIGNMENT 4
BY: GONSE AMALO

ID NO. PGHYD/055/07
SUBMITTED TO: Dr. Sirak T
Aug. 2016
Acronyms
T = return period
S = standard deviation
A = catchments area
C = runoff coefficient
I = intensity of rainfall
D = rainfall duration
Tc = time of concentration
AMC = Antecedent Moisture Content
S = runoff gradient for direct runoff
Q = discharge
V = velocity R = hydraulic
radius n = Manning‟s
coefficient P = wetted
perimeter
HFL = high flood level

TEL = total energy level
T = weir top width
B = weir bottom width
KN/m3 = Kilo Newton per meter
RCC = reinforced cement concrete
By GONSE AMALO i
Page
Table of Contents
1. Watershed delineation ........................................................................................................... 1
2. Area of the catchment ......................................................................................................... 13
2.1 longest flow path
length ...................................................................................................... 13
2.2 Watershed
slope .................................................................................................................. 14
2.3 Time of
concentration.......................................................................................................... 14
2.4 Location of delineated
watershed ......................................................................................... 14
3.1 Design rainfall and Design flood estimation ..................................................................... 17
3.2 Data Consistency Test ......................................................................................................... 17
3.2 Tests for Outliers .................................................................................................................
20
3.3 Daily heaviest rainfall frequency analysis ............................................................................ 21
3.4 Design rain fall computation ............................................................................................... 21
3.4.1 Normal distribution method ...................................................................................... 21
3.4.2 Log-Normal distribution method ............................................................................... 23
3.4.3 Gumbel's distribution methods .................................................................................. 26
3.4.4 Log-Pearson Type III Distribution Method............................................................. 28
3.4.5 Pearson Type III Distribution Method. .................................................................... 30
3.4.6 Extreme value type-I ................................................................................................. 30
3.4.7 Extreme value type-II ................................................................................................. 32
4.Unit hydrograph .................................................................................................................. 40
4.1 Triangular hydrograph ..................................................................................................... 40
4.2 Developing Composite Hydrograph ..................................................................................... 44
5 POWER DETERMINATION............................................................................................. 45
5.1 Selection for Type of turbine ............................................................................................... 47 6
DESIGN OF HEAD WORK ................................................................................................ 47
6.1 Type of weir ........................................................................................................................ 47

6.1.1 Weir cross section ....................................................................................................... 47
6.2 Protection Works ................................................................................................................. 51
6.3 Impervious Apron ............................................................................................................... 52
By GONSE AMALO ii
6.4 Uplift pressure at key points using Khosla‟s theory .............................................................. 53
6.5 Stability Analysis ……………………………………………………………………...……..57
7 Retaining Wall Design……………………………………………………………………….…59
7.1 Stability Analysis of Retaining Walls………………………………………………..……….61
Page
List of Figures
Fig.1 Ethio_ DEM containing our interest area…………………………………………...1
Fig.2 Extracted DEM from Ethio_DEM containing our interest area…………………….2
Fig.3 Flow direction of unprocessed Extracted DEM……………………………………..2
Fig.4 Sink of flow direction……………………………………………………………….3
Fig. 5 The Fill sinks of Extracted DEM…………………………………………………...3
Fig.6. Fill Flow Direction of Extracted DEM………………………………………….….4
Fig.7 Flow Accumulation of Extracted DEM……………………………………………..4
Fig.8. Added Outlet………………………………………………………………………..5
Fig.9. Snap to Pour………………………………………………………………………..5
Fig.10. Delineated watershed……………………………………………………………...6
Fig11: Delineated watershed from Ethio- DEM…………………………………………..6
Fig12: Masked watershed from Ethio- DEM……………………………………………...7
Fig.13 Flow direction of unprocessed Masked-DEM……………………………………..7
Fig.14 Sink of flow direction ……………………………………………………………..8
Fig. 15 The Fill sinks of Masked DEM…………………………………………………...8
Fig.16 Fill Flow Direction of Masked-DEM……………………………………………...9
Fig.17 Flow Accumulation of Extracted DEM……………………………………………9
Fig.18 Converted Masked watershed…………………………………………………….10
Fig.19 Con of Masked DEM……………………………………………………………..10
Fig.20 Flow Length ……………………………………………………………………...11
Fig.21. Stream Link of Masked DEM……………………………………………………11
Fig.22 Stream Order of Masked DEM…………………………………………………...12
Fig.23 Stream to feature of Masked DEM……………………………………………….12
Fig.24 Basin of Masked DEM …………………………………………………………..13
Fig.25.Daily FDC………………………………………………………………………..15
Fig.26.Monthly FDC………………………………………………………………..........15
Fig.27.Annual FDC……………………………………………………………………....16
By GONSE AMALO iii

Fig.28.Long term mean monthly stream flow…………………………………………...16
Fig.29.Inter Annual Variability…………………………………………………………..17
Fig 30 Rain fall as % of daily rain fall vs time ……………………………………….....36
Fig 31 Triangular hydrograph for time from 0 to 15.25Hr………………………………40
Fig 32 Triangular hydrograph for time from 3 to 18.25 Hr……………………………...41
Fig 33 Triangular hydrograph for time from 4 to 19.25 Hr……………………………...41
Fig 36 Triangular hydrograph for time from 7 to 22.25Hr……………………………....43
Fig 38 Composite Hydrograph…………………………………………………………...45
Page
Fig.39 Weir profile……………………………………………………………………….50
Fig 40 location of hydraulic jump………………………………………………………..51
Fig 41 Cut off piles…………………………………………………………53
Fig 42 Sub surface hydraulic gradient……………………………………...57
Fig.43 All forces act up on the weir body………………………………………………..57
Fig. 44 Profile of over flow section……………………………………………………...58
Fig.45 U/S Retaining Wall………………………………………………………………60
Fig .46 D/S Retaining Wall……………………………………………………………...60
Tables
Table 1 Rainfall data and rainfall depth………………………………………………….18
Table 2 Data consistency test for annual rainfall………………………………………...18
Table 3.Tests criteria for outliers………………………………………………………...20
Table 4.Calculated statically parameters………………………………………………...20
Table 5 Normal distribution……………………………………………………………...21
Table 6 For the different return periods the maximum probable point rainfall is calculated
as follows………………………………………………………….……………………..23
Table 7.Log-Normal distribution………………………………………………………...24
Table 8 For the different return periods the maximum probable point rainfall is calculated
as follows………………………………………………………………………………..26
Table 9 Gumbel's methods………………………………………………………………26
By GONSE AMALO iv
Table10. For the different return periods the maximum probable point rainfall is
calculated as follows……………………………………………………………………..28
Table 11.LOG-PEARSON TYPE III…………………………………………………….28
Table 14 Extreme value type I…………………………………………………………...31
Table 15.For the different return periods the maximum probable point rainfall is
Table 16.Extreme value type II…………………………………………………………..33
Table18. Peak rainfall estimates using different statistical distributions ………………..34
Table 19. A summarized Gumble- powell‟s table……………………………………….35
Table 20 Area to point Ratio ……………………….........................................................37
Page
By GONSE AMALO v
Table 21 Composite Hydrograph………………………………………………………...44
Table 22.Rain fall converted to run off………………………………………………..…46
Table 23 Ratio of P/Hd and Cd………………………………………………………...…48
Table 24 Values of constant K and N……………………...............................................49
Table 25 Self-weight and earth pressure forces acting on the wall …………………......61
Table 26 Self-weight and earth pressure forces acting on the wall ……………………..62
Table 27 Specification and quantity surveying.…………………………………...…..…63
Table 28 Summary for Each Activity………………………………...………………….65
1. Watershed delineation
To delineate a catchment from digital elevation map (DEM) of Ethiopia by using Arc GIS
tools or Arc swat based on the given outlet coordinate points.
1.1 Steps in watershed delineation
By GONSE AMALO Page vi

Flow direction determines into which neighboring pixel any water in a central pixel flows
naturally.
Step 1: Clip the DEM
Since the DEM is larger than our interest area/catchment, I can clip out our area of interest
from the Ethio DEM by using “Arc Tool box/Spatial Analyst
Tool/Extraction/Extraction by Rectangle”. This is also useful to reduce the computing

time of processing the larger DEM. To extract by rectangle I can add my given outlet
point using Go To XY icon (359783, 1325758) and cutting around it as follows:
Fig.1 Ethio_ DEM containing our interest area

Then by inserting the area coordinate that contain our interest area, it can be
extracted as follows:
By GONSE AMALO Page vii

Fig.2 Extracted DEM from Ethio_DEM containing our interest area
Step 2: Flow Direction
Produce flow direction raster using the unprocessed Extracted- DEM “Arc Tool
box/Spatial Analyst Tool/ hydrology/flow direction: then inserting Extracted DEM in
Input raster. The result was as follows:
Fig.3 Flow direction of unprocessed Extracted DEM

Step 3: Determine Sinks
By GONSE AMALO Page viii

The procedure for sink:“Arc Tool box/Spatial Analyst Tool/ hydrology/Sink: then
inserting the flow direction obtained above the result can be as follows:
Fig.4 Sink of flow direction
Step 4: Fill the sinks

After I sink the Extracted DEM I can fill the sink of the Extracted DEM in order to clean
single or multiple depressions artificially as follows: Arc Tool box/Spatial Analyst Tool/
hydrology/ Fill:
Fig. 5 The Fill sinks of Extracted DEM

Step 5: Flow Direction of the Fill sink
By GONSE AMALO Page ix

After creating a depression less DEM by filling the sinks by now I can create a flow
direction of the depression less DEM as shown below in the fig. Arc Tool box/Spatial
Analyst Tool/ hydrology/Flow direction:
Fig.6. Fill Flow Direction of Extracted DEM

Step 6: Flow Accumulation
Flow accumulation performs a cumulative count of the no of pixels that naturally drain
into outlets. The flow accumulation is generated from fill flow direction that was created
above. Arc Tool box/Spatial Analyst Tool/ hydrology/Flow Accumulation:
Fig.7 Flow Accumulation of Extracted DEM

Step 7: Add pour points (outlets)
By GONSE AMALO Page x

This can be done by adding our given outlet point and by zooming to flow accumulation
line check whether the given outlet is on which cell of flow accumulation, then by
shifting it to the nearest cell (for our case the nearest cell is 195m far from given outlet) it
can be done as follows: Arc cataloge/ new shape file/Edit coordinate system/ Start
editing/ drag outlet point to the nearest cell/save editing/stop editing.
Fig.8. Added Outlet
Step8. Snapping the pour points to the drainage lines

After adding the outlet in Arc Tool box/Spatial Analyst Tool/ hydrology/Snap pour point
by adding outlet and flow accumulation then the cell containing outlet can have the
following color:
Fig.9. Snap to Pour
Step 9: Creating Watershed
By GONSE AMALO Page xi

Since my aim is to create watershed, this can be done using Arc Tool box/Spatial Analyst
Tool/ hydrology/ watershed:
Fig.10. Delineated watershed

Therefore here is the delineated watershed from Ethio-DEM
Fig11: Delineated watershed from Ethio- DEM
Step 10: Extracting watershed
By GONSE AMALO Page xii

To have several results from delineated watershed it can extracted again from Ethio-
DEM for further information. Arc Tool box/Spatial Analyst Tool/Extraction/Extraction by
Mask.
Fig12: Masked watershed from Ethio- DEM
Step 11: Flow Direction for Masked Watershed
The previous procedure can be repeated and the result as follows:
Fig.13 Flow direction of unprocessed Masked-DEM

Step 12: Determine Sinks
The procedure for sink: “Arc Tool box/Spatial Analyst Tool/ hydrology/Sink: then
inserting the flow direction obtained above the result can be as follows:
By GONSE AMALO Page xiii

Fig.14 Sink of flow direction
Step 13: Fill the sinks

After I sink the Masked DEM I can fill the sink of the Masked DEM in order to clean
single or multiple depressions artificially as follows: Arc Tool box/Spatial Analyst Tool/
hydrology/ Fill:
Fig. 15 The Fill sinks of Masked DEM

Step 14: Flow Direction of the Fill sink
By GONSE AMALO Page xiv

After creating a depression less DEM by filling the sinks by now I can create a flow
direction of the depression less DEM as shown below in the fig. Arc Tool box/Spatial
Analyst Tool/ hydrology/Flow direction:
Fig.16 Fill Flow Direction of Masked-DEM

Step 15: Flow Accumulation
Flow accumulation performs a cumulative count of the no of pixels that naturally drain
into outlets. The flow accumulation is generated from fill flow direction that was created
above. Arc Tool box/Spatial Analyst Tool/ hydrology/Flow Accumulation:
Fig.17 Flow Accumulation of Extracted DEM
By GONSE AMALO Page xv

Step 16: Converting from Raster to Polygon
This can be done in Conversion tools/From Raster/ Raster to Polygon: the input was masked
watershed.
Fig.18 Converted Masked watershed

Step 17: Developing Con
This can be done in Spatial analysis tool/ Conditional/ Con From Raster/ Raster to Polygon: The
input was flow accumulation, VALUE >= 1000, and 1
Fig.19 Con of Masked DEM
By GONSE AMALO Page 10

Step 18: Converting from Raster to Polygon
This can be done in Arc Tool box/Spatial Analyst Tool/ hydrology/Flow Length :the input was
flow direction.
Fig.20 Flow Length
Step 19: Stream link

This can be done in Arc Tool box/Spatial Analyst Tool/ hydrology/Stream Link: the input was
Con and flow direction.
Fig.21. Stream Link of Masked DEM
Step 20: Stream order

This can be done in Arc Tool box/Spatial Analyst Tool/ hydrology/Stream Order: the input was
Con and flow direction.
Fig.22 Stream Order of Masked DEM
Step 21: Convert stream to feature
This can be done in Arc Tool box/Spatial Analyst Tool/ hydrology/Stream Feature: the input
was Con and flow direction.
Fig.23 Stream to feature of Masked DEM

Step 22: Create Catchment in Raster using Basin tool
This can be done in Arc Tool box/Spatial Analyst Tool/ hydrology/Basin: the input flow direction.

Fig.24 Basin of Masked DEM
2. Area of the Catchment

This can be calculated using Spatial statistics tool/ Utilities/ Calculate Areas or by using
area measuring tools of Arc GIS. For my case area of the Catchments is A = 1663.28 Km 2
or 166,328 Ha.
2.1 Longest Flow Path Length (L)

Watershed length is usually defined as the distance measured along the main channel from
the watershed outlet to the basin divide. The straight-line distance from the outlet to the
farthest point on the watershed divide is not usually used to compute L because the travel
distance of flood waters is conceptually the length of interest. Thus, the length is
measured along the principal flow path. Since it will be used for hydrologic calculations,
this length is more appropriately labeled the hydrologic length. The length is usually used
in computing a time parameter, which is a measure of the travel time of water through the
watershed.
For our case using Arc Tool box/Spatial Analyst Tool/ hydrology/Stream Length the maximum flow
length can be obtained as Principal flow path and the value L=88503.5 m.

2.2 Watershed Slope
Flood magnitudes reflect the momentum of the runoff. Slope is an important factor in the
momentum. Both watershed and channel slope may be of interest. Watershed slope
reflects the rate of change of elevation with respect to distance along the principal flow
path. Typically, the principal flow path is delineated, and the watershed slope (S) is
computed as the difference in elevation (∆E) between the end points of the principal flow
path divided by the hydrologic length of the flow path (L)
S = (ΔE/L) = (4113-1800)/88503.5 = 0.026
2.3 Time of Concentration

The time of concentration can be calculated for the watershed using watershed slope (S)
and length of principal flow path (L).
Tc = (1/3000)*(L/S1/2)0.77 = 8.75 Hr.
2.4 Location of Delineated Watershed

 Our delineated watershed was suited in Abay River Basin.
From the given Flow data

a) Developing Daily Flow Duration Curve
The data given in Excel (Flow 4) contains 48 years data from 1959 to 2006 with a lot of
missed data. For the computation I have selected the data from year 1985 to 2004 a data of
20 years. I have filled the missed data found in this interval by using correlation using
Excel with criteria of R2>= 0.6, and average of the certain representatives of the data.
Daily duration curve was plotted for each days of years from 1985 to 2004 verses
percentage of exceedence (P). P = (m/n+1)*100 Where: m is flow rank and n is the
total number of days (i.e. n = 7305 for 20 Years) .Then daily FDC can be plotted as
follows:

Daily FDC
180.000
160.000
140.000
120.000
Flow (M3/Se)
100.000
80.000
Daily FDC
60.000
40.000
20.000
0.000
-20.000 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Percentage of Exceedence
Fig.25.Daily FDC
b) Developing Monthly Flow Duration Curve
This flow duration curve can be developed from average flow of each month for each and
its percentage of exceedence. Repeating the above procedure monthly obtained as
follows:
Monthly FDC
140
120
100
Flow (M3/se)
80
60
Monthly FDC
40
20
0
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Percentage of exceedence (%)
Fig.26.Monthly FDC

c) Developing Annual Flow Duration Curve
This flow duration curve can be developed from average flow of each and its percentage
of exceedence. Repeating the above procedure monthly obtain
ed as follows:
Annual FDC
25
20
Flow M3/sec
15
10
Annual FDC
5
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Percentage exceedence (%)
Fig.27.Annual FDC
d) Developing Long Term mean Monthly Stream flow
To do this average of monthly flow for each month in the range of selected year was
computed and plotted with its corresponding month as follows:
long-term mean monthly stream flow

80
70
60
Flow (m3/Se)
50
40
Flow
30
20
10
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Fig.28.Long term mean monthly stream flow

e) Inter Annual Variability
To do this first average value was calculated from average annual flow of each Year from
1985 to 2004 variance was calculated for each year to have variation of the flow from the
mean and it can be done as follows:
Inter-annual variability
8
7
6
5
Variance
4
3 the inter-annual variability
2
1
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
-1
Year
Fig.29.Inter Annual Variability
3.0 DESIGN RAINFALL AND DESIGN FLOOD ESTIMATION
Data Quality Test
3.1 Data Consistency Test

The daily heaviest rain fall data 1970-2004 is used for the design. Hence 35 years heaviest rain
fall data is available. These data should be checked for its consistency.

Table 1 Rainfall data and rainfall depth
24 hrs rain fall amount in mm/day for X station
Time(Year) 1970 1980 1990 200
0
0 51.8 37.2 63.4 61.
5
1 39.8 55.6 80.9 39.
4
2 50.7 51.7 46.2 64.
2
3 61.5 80.3 42.3 53.
8
4 52.7 32.3 60.8 46.
4
5 61.6 47 48.3
6 69.2 34.3 43.8
7 75.6 56.8 46.8
8 58.8 45.6 74.7
9 43 79.9 52.6
Table 2 Data consistency test for annual rainfall

S/no Year Heaviest Descend Y=log (Y-Ym)^2 (Y-Ym)^3 (Xi-
. Rainfall ing Xi Xm)^2
(mm/day)= order
Xi
1 1970 51.8 80.9 1.90794 0.033470162 0.0061233
9 7.78
2 1971 39.8 80.3 1.90471 0.032297677 0.0058044
6 218.74
3 1972 50.7 79.9 1.90254 0.031522859 0.0055968
7 15.13
4 1973 61.5 75.6 1.87852 0.023568942 0.0036183
2 47.75
5 1974 52.7 74.7 1.87332 0.021999001 0.0032629
1 3.57
6 1975 61.6 69.2 1.84010 0.013249413 0.0015251
6 49.14
7 1976 69.2 64.2 1.80753 0.006812031 0.0005622
5 213.45
8 1977 75.6 63.4 1.80208 0.005942754 0.0004581
9 441.42
9 1978 58.8 61.6 1.78958 0.004170668 0.0002693 17.72
1

10 1979 43 61.5 1.78887 0.00408003 0.0002606
5 134.33
11 1980 37.2 61.5 1.78887 0.00408003 0.0002606
5 302.41
12 1981 55.6 60.8 1.78390 0.003469632 0.0002044
4 1.02
13 1982 51.7 58.8 1.76937 0.001969347 8.739E-05
7 8.35
14 1983 80.3 56.8 1.75434 0.000861325 2.528E-05
8 661.00
15 1984 32.3 55.6 1.74507 0.000402997 8.09E-06
5 496.84
16 1985 47 53.8 1.73078 3.34347E-05 1.933E-07
2 57.61
17 1986 34.3 52.7 1.721811 1.01722E-05 -3.24E-08
411.68
18 1987 56.8 52.6 1.720986 1.61142E-05 -6.47E-08
4.88
19 1988 45.6 51.8 1.71433 0.000113854 -1.21E-06
80.82
20 1989 79.9 51.7 1.713491 0.000132468 -1.52E-06
640.60
21 1990 63.4 50.7 1.705008 0.000399682 -7.99E-06 77.62
22 1991 80.9 48.3 1.683947 0.001685338 -6.92E-05
692.22
23 1992 46.2 47 1.672098 0.002798637 -0.000148
70.39
24 1993 42.3 46.8 1.670246 0.002998017 -0.000164 151.04
25 1994 60.8 46.4 1.666518 0.003420147 -0.0002
38.56
26 1995 48.3 46.2 1.664642 0.003643091 -0.00022
39.56
27 1996 43.8 45.6 1.658965 0.004360642 -0.000288
116.42
28 1997 46.8 43.8 1.641474 0.006976574 -0.000583
60.68
29 1998 74.7 43 1.633468 0.008378024 -0.000767
404.41
30 1999 52.6 42.3 1.62634 0.009733723 -0.00096
3.96
31 2000 61.5 39.8 1.599883 0.015654246 -0.001959
47.75
32 2001 39.4 39.4 1.595496 0.016771229 -0.002172
230.74
33 2002 64.2 37.2 1.570543 0.023856983 -0.003685
92.35
34 2003 53.8 34.3 1.535294 0.035988321 -0.006827
0.62
35 2004 46.4 32.3 1.509203 0.046568551 -0.010049
67.08
sum 1,910.50 60.371342 0.371436114 -3.49E-05

1,910.50 9 5,907.68
Before proceeding to the other analysis, the adequacy of rainfall data series should be
checked and it should be realized. The data series could be considered and adequate if
relative standard error, e10%, where e is the relative standard error.
 ,
Standard error 3.236% < 10% ok! Therefore the data is reliable and adequate.
3.2 Tests for Outliers
Outliers are data points that depart from the trend of the remaining data.
The detention or retention of these outliers can significantly affect the
magnitude. As shown from the above calculation the station Skew is Less
than -0.4, so based on the following principle the Cs value falls In the 1 st
case therefore it needs checking for lower outliers.
Table 3.Tests criteria for outliers
Case 1 If Skewness (Cs) < -0.4 check for lower outlier

Case 2 If Skewness (Cs) > +0.4 check for higher outlier
Case 3 If Skewness (Cs), -0.4<CS< +0.4 check for both outlier
Determination of threshold value for higher outliers of daily heaviest rain fall.
Table 4.Calculated statically parameters

Parameters Values log transferred Remark
Coefficient of skewness, Cs -1.042

Standard deviation Sy 0.1045
Mean 1.725
No. Data 35
Kn 2.628 From table
To detect the outlier the following frequency equations are applied.

Lower outlier
Where: = mean of data in log unity
= from table based on the sample size N
From Table for data N=35, , , and
Skewness coefficients Cs = -1.042
Lower outlier
Antilog (Yh) =28.25
The lower limits of the low outlier is 28.25mm<32.3mm…...safe!
Therefore, the data series has no outlier and all the data series will be used for the frequency
analysis.
3.3 Daily heaviest rainfall frequency analysis

3.4 Design rain fall computation
The 35 years data is obtained as representative for the analysis after checking the
consistency of the data for higher and lower outlier. The estimated probability of
occurrence of maximum probable rainfall of the project is computed by using different

approaches are Normal, Log-Normal, Gumbel, Log-Pearson type III, Pearson type III,
extreme value type I and Extreme value type II.
The one with maximum output is taken for design purpose. The design has adopted 50 years of
design periods.
3.4.1 Normal distribution method

Table 5. Normal distribution
S.no. Time X Xmean Xi - Xmean (Xi - Xmean)2
(Xi - Xmean)3
1 1970 51.8 54.58571 -2.785714286 7.76020408
-
21.61771137
2 1971 39.8 54.58571 -14.78571429 218.617347 -
3232.41363
3 1972 50.7 54.58571 -3.885714286 15.0987755 -
58.6695277
4 1973 61.5 54.58571 6.914285714 47.8073469 330.553656
5 1974 52.7 54.58571 -1.885714286 3.55591837 -
6.705446064
6 1975 61.6 54.58571 7.014285714 49.2002041 345.1042886 7
1976 69.2 54.58571 14.61428571 213.577347 3121.28037
8 1977 75.6 54.58571 21.01428571 441.600204 9279.91286
9 1978 58.8 54.58571 4.214285714 17.7602041 74.84657434 10 1979 43
54.58571 -11.58571429 134.228776 -1555.136242 11 1980 37.2 54.58571 -17.38571429
302.263061 -5255.059222 12 1981 55.6 54.58571 1.014285714 1.02877551
1.043472303 13 1982 51.7 54.58571 -2.885714286 8.32734694 -24.03034402 14 1983
80.3 54.58571 25.71428571 661.22449 17002.91545 15 1984 32.3 54.58571
-22.28571429 496.653061 -11068.26822 16 1985 47 54.58571 -7.585714286
57.5430612 -436.5052216 17 1986 34.3 54.58571 -20.28571429 411.510204
-8347.778426 18 1987 56.8 54.58571 2.214285714 4.90306122 10.85677843 19 1988
45.6 54.58571 -8.985714286 80.7430612 -725.5340787 20 1989 79.9 54.58571
25.31428571 640.813061 16221.72492
21 1990 63.4 54.58571 8.814285714 77.6916327 684.7962478
22 1991 80.9 54.58571 26.31428571 692.441633 18221.10696 23
1992 46.2 54.58571 -8.385714286 70.3202041 -589.6851399
24 1993 42.3 54.58571 -12.28571429 150.938776 -1854.390671
25 1994 60.8 54.58571 6.214285714 38.6173469 239.9792274 26
1995 48.3 54.58571 -6.285714286 39.5102041 -248.3498542
27 1996 43.8 54.58571 -10.78571429 116.331633 -1254.719752 28 1997 46.8 54.58571
-7.785714286 60.6173469 -471.949344 29 1998 74.7 54.58571 20.11428571 404.58449
8137.928023 30 1999 52.6 54.58571 -1.985714286 3.94306122 -7.829793003 31 2000

61.5 54.58571 6.914285714 47.8073469 330.553656 32 2001 39.4 54.58571
-15.18571429 230.605918 -3501.915589 33 2002N =64.2 54.58571 9.614285714
35
92.4344898 888.6915948 34 2003 53.8 54.58571 -0.785714286 0.61734694
-0.485058309
35 2004 46.4 54.58571 -8.185714286 67.0059184 -548.4913032
∑(Xi - Xmean)2 =5907.68286
N - 1 = 34
2 2
Sample Variance S = ∑(X i - X mean) /(N-1) = 173.755378
2 1/2
Sample Standard Deviation S= [∑(X i - X mean) /(N-1)] = 13.1816303
The following equation is used to compute point rainfall:-
……………… (1)
The maximum probable point rainfall of 50 years return periods is 85.54mm.
Where; KT=frequency factor
W = intermediate Variable
P = an exceedance probability (P=1/T)
T= return period
SY = Standard deviation
Table 6. For the different return periods the maximum probable point rainfall is
calculated as follows
T Pr= Pr^2 1/Pr^2 ln(1/Pr^2) W= KT XT
0.5
1/T (ln(1/Pr^2))
2 0.5 0.25 4 1.38629436 1.177410023 0.213421 57.3989

4
5 0.2 0.04 25 3.21887582 1.794122578 1.105242 69.1546
1
25 0.04 0.0016 625 6.43775165 2.537272482 2.04116 81.4915
3
50 0.02 0.0004 2500 7.82404601 2.797149623 2.348346 85.5407
4
100 0.01 0.0001 10000 9.21034037 3.034854259 2.623135 89.1629
1
200 0.005 0.000025 40000 10.5966347 3.255247261 2.873574 92.464
1
3.4.2 Log-Normal distribution method
For this distribution, the first step is to take the logarithms of the hydrological data, Y=log X.
Usually logarithms of base 10 are used.
Table 7.Log-Normal distribution

S.n Time X Y= LOG X Ym Y-Ym (Y-Ym)2 (Y-Ym)3
o.
1 1970 51.8 1.71432976 1.724895513 -0.010565753 0.000111635 -1.17951E-
06
2 -
1971 39.8 1.599883072 1.724895513 -0.125012441 0.01562811
0.001953708
-7.86582E-
3 1972 50.7 1.705007959 1.724895513 -0.019887553 0.000395515
06
0.00026189
4 1973 61.5 1.788875116 1.724895513 0.063979603 0.00409339
3
-2.93577E-
5 1974 52.7 1.721810615 1.724895513 -0.003084898 9.51659E-06
08
0.00027065
6 1975 61.6 1.789580712 1.724895513 0.064685199 0.004184175
4
0.00152924
7 1976 69.2 1.840106094 1.724895513 0.115210582 0.013273478
5
0.00362573
8 1977 75.6 1.878521796 1.724895513 0.153626283 0.023601035
9
8.80131E-
9 1978 58.8 1.769377326 1.724895513 0.044481813 0.001978632
05

-
10 1979 43 1.633468456 1.724895513 -0.091427057 0.008358907
0.00076423
-
11 1980 37.2 1.57054294 1.724895513 -0.154352573 0.023824717
0.003677406
8.21707E-
12 1981 55.6 1.745074792 1.724895513 0.020179279 0.000407203
06
-1.48348E-
13 1982 51.7 1.713490543 1.724895513 -0.01140497 0.000130073
06
0.00581452
14 1983 80.3 1.904715545 1.724895513 0.179820032 0.032335244
5
-
15 1984 32.3 1.509202522 1.724895513 -0.21569299 0.046523466
0.010034786
-
16 1985 47 1.672097858 1.724895513 -0.052797655 0.002787592
0.000147178
-
17 1986 34.3 1.53529412 1.724895513 -0.189601393 0.035948688
0.006815921
2.55494E-
18 1987 56.8 1.754348336 1.724895513 0.029452823 0.000867469
05
-
19 1988 45.6 1.658964843 1.724895513 -0.06593067 0.004346853
0.000286591
0.00560666
20 1989 79.9 1.902546779 1.724895513 0.177651267 0.031559972
9
0.00045998
21 1990 63.4 1.802089258 1.724895513 0.077193745 0.005958874
8
0.00613381
22 1991 80.9 1.907948522 1.724895513 0.183053009 0.033508404
4
-
23 1992 46.2 1.664641976 1.724895513 -0.060253537 0.003630489
0.00021875
24 42.3 -
1993 1.626340367 1.724895513 -0.098555145 0.009713117
0.000957278
25 1994 60.8 1.783903579 1.724895513 0.059008066 0.003481952 0.000205463
26 1995 48.3 1.683947131 1.724895513 -0.040948382 0.00167677 -6.8661E-05
27 1996 43.8 1.641474111 1.724895513 -0.083421402 0.00695913 -0.00058054
28 1997 46.8 1.670245853 1.724895513 -0.05464966 0.002986585 -0.000163216
29 1998 74.7 1.873320602 1.724895513 0.148425089 0.022030007 0.003269806
30 1999 52.6 1.720985744 1.724895513 -0.003909769 1.52863E-05 -5.97659E-08
31 2000 61.5 1.788875116 1.724895513 0.063979603 0.00409339 0.000261893

32 2001 39.4 1.595496222 1.724895513 -0.129399291 0.016744177 -0.002166685
33 2002 64.2 1.807535028 1.724895513 0.082639515 0.006829289 0.000564369
34 2003 53.8 1.730782276 1.724895513 0.005886763 3.4654E-05 2.04E-07 35 2004 46.4 1.666517981
1.724895513 -0.058377532 0.003407936 -0.000198947
∑(Yi - Ymean)2= 0.371435732

N= 35
N-1= 34
Sample Variance S2 = ∑(Yi - Ymean)2 /(N-1) = 0.01092458
Sample Standard Deviation S=
[∑(Yi - Ymean)2 /(N-1) ]1/2= 0.104520717
………………...………………………… (2)
=2.384,
XT=101.9703=93.399mm
The maximum probable point rainfall of 50 years return period is 93.399mm
calculated as follows
T Pr= Pr^2 1/Pr^2 ln(1/Pr^2) W= KT YT XT
0.5
1/T (ln(1/Pr^2))
2 0.5 0.25 4 1.386294361 1.177410023 0.21342051 1.74720 55.8730
5 2 5
5 0.2 0.04 25 3.218875825 1.794122578 1.1052423 1.84041 69.2494
7 6 4
25 0.04 0.0016 625 6.43775165 2.537272482 2.04115985 1.93823 86.7439
4 9 1
50 0.02 0.0004 2500 7.824046011 2.797149623 2.34834603 1.97034 93.3998

3 6 8
10 0.01 0.0001 10000 9.210340372 3.034854259 2.6231349 1.99906 99.7855
0 8 7 1
20 0.005 0.000025 40000 10.59663473 3.255247261 2.87357377 2.02524 105.984
0 7 4 8
3.4.3 Gumbel's distribution methods

Table 9. Gumbel's methods
S.no. Time X Xmean Xi - Xmean (Xi - Xmean)2
1 1970 51.8 54.58571 -2.785714286 7.7602041
2 1971 39.8 54.58571 -14.78571429 218.61735
3 1972 50.7 54.58571 -3.885714286 15.098776
4 1973 61.5 54.58571 6.914285714 47.807347
5 1974 52.7 54.58571 -1.885714286 3.5559184
6 1975 61.6 54.58571 7.014285714 49.200204
7 1976 69.2 54.58571 14.61428571 213.57735
8 1977 75.6 54.58571 21.01428571 441.6002
9 1978 58.8 54.58571 4.214285714 17.760204
10 1979 43 54.58571 -11.58571429 134.22878
11 1980 37.2 54.58571 -17.38571429 302.26306
12 1981 55.6 54.58571 1.014285714 1.0287755
13 1982 51.7 54.58571 -2.885714286 8.3273469
14 1983 80.3 54.58571 25.71428571 661.22449
15 1984 32.3 54.58571 -22.28571429 496.65306
16 1985 47 54.58571 -7.585714286 57.543061
17 1986 34.3 54.58571 -20.28571429 411.5102
18 1987 56.8 54.58571 2.214285714 4.9030612
19 1988 45.6 54.58571 -8.985714286 80.743061
20 1989 79.9 54.58571 25.31428571 640.81306
21 1990 63.4 54.58571 8.814285714 77.691633
22 1991 80.9 54.58571 26.31428571 692.44163
23 1992 46.2 54.58571 -8.385714286 70.320204
24 1993 42.3 54.58571 -12.28571429 150.93878
25 1994 60.8 54.58571 6.214285714 38.617347
26 1995 48.3 54.58571 -6.285714286 39.510204
27 1996 43.8 54.58571 -10.78571429 116.33163
28 1997 46.8 54.58571 -7.785714286 60.617347
29 1998 74.7 54.58571 20.11428571 404.58449

30 1999 52.6 54.58571 -1.985714286 3.9430612
31 2000 61.5 54.58571 6.914285714 47.807347
32 2001 39.4 54.58571 -15.18571429 230.60592
33 2002 64.2 54.58571 9.614285714 92.43449
34 2003 53.8 54.58571 -0.785714286 0.6173469
35 2004 46.4 54.58571 -8.185714286 67.005918
2
∑(X i - X mean) = 5907.6829
N= 35
N - 1= 34
2 2
Sample Variance S = ∑(X i - X mean) /(N-1) = 173.75538
2 1/2
Sample Standard Deviation S= [∑(X i - X mean) /(N-1) ] = 13.18163
……………..………………………. (3)
Where:-
Yn= Reduced mean in Gumble‟s extreme value distribution for N sample size
Sn= Reduced standard deviation in Gumble‟s extreme value distribution for N sample size
T=Return period for diversion 50 years
= Standard deviation of annual rainfall; and
Xm= Mean of all values annual rainfall.
For sample size N=35, Yn =0.5402, and Sn =1.1285(from table )
YT (ln (ln (
The maximum probable point rainfall of 50 years return period is 93.88 mm.

calculated as follows.
T YT= - [ln.ln(T/(T-1))] KT= (YT - Yn)/Sn XT
2 0.3665 -0.153921134 52.55678
3
5 1.499939 0.850455472 65.79610
4
2 3.1985 2.355604785 70.12294
5 9
5 3.902 2.978998671 93.85377
0 4
10 4.6001 3.597607444 102.0080
0 5
20 5.2958 4.214089499 110.1342
0 8
3.4.4 Log-Pearson Type III Distribution Method.
In this method the range is first transformed into logarithmic form ( base 10 ) and
the transformed data is then analyzed . If X is the range of random hydrologic
series then the series of Y ranges that is Y = log X are obtained.
Table 11. LOG-PEARSON TYPE III
S.no. Time X Zi = log X Zmean Zi - Zmean (Zi - Zmean)2 (Zi - Zmean)3
1 1970 51.8 1.71432976 1.724895513 -0.010565753 0.000111635 -1.18E-06
2 1971 39.8 1.599883072 1.724895513 -0.125012441 0.01562811 -
0.0019537
3 1972 50.7 1.705007959 1.724895513 -0.019887553 0.000395515 -7.866E-06
4 1973 61.5 1.788875116 1.724895513 0.063979603 0.00409339 0.0002618
9
5 1974 52.7 1.721810615 1.724895513 -0.003084898 9.51659E-06 -2.936E-08
6 1975 61.6 1.789580712 1.724895513 0.064685199 0.004184175 0.0002706
5
7 1976 69.2 1.840106094 1.724895513 0.115210582 0.013273478 0.0015292
5
8 1977 75.6 1.878521796 1.724895513 0.153626283 0.023601035 0.0036257
4
9 1978 58.8 1.769377326 1.724895513 0.044481813 0.001978632 8.8013E-
05
10 1979 43 1.633468456 1.724895513 -0.091427057 0.008358907 -
0.0007642
11 1980 37.2 1.57054294 1.724895513 -0.154352573 0.023824717 -
0.0036774
12 1981 55.6 1.745074792 1.724895513 0.020179279 0.000407203 8.2171E-

06
13 1982 51.7 1.713490543 1.724895513 -0.01140497 0.000130073 -1.483E-06
14 1983 80.3 1.904715545 1.724895513 0.179820032 0.032335244 0.0058145
2
15 1984 32.3 1.509202522 1.724895513 -0.21569299 0.046523466 -
0.0100348
16 1985 47 1.672097858 1.724895513 -0.052797655 0.002787592 -
0.0001472
17 1986 34.3 1.53529412 1.724895513 -0.189601393 0.035948688 -
0.0068159
18 1987 56.8 1.754348336 1.724895513 0.029452823 0.000867469 2.5549E-
05
19 1988 45.6 1.658964843 1.724895513 -0.06593067 0.004346853 -
0.0002866
20 1989 79.9 1.902546779 1.724895513 0.177651267 0.031559972 0.0056066
7
21 1990 63.4 1.802089258 1.724895513 0.077193745 0.005958874 0.0004599
9
22 1991 80.9 1.907948522 1.724895513 0.183053009 0.033508404 0.0061338
1
23 1992 46.2 1.664641976 1.724895513 -0.060253537 0.003630489 -
0.0002187
24 1993 42.3 1.626340367 1.724895513 -0.098555145 0.009713117 -
0.0009573
25 1994 60.8 1.783903579 1.724895513 0.059008066 0.003481952 0.0002054
6
26 1995 48.3 1.683947131 1.724895513 -0.040948382 0.00167677 -6.866E-05
27 1996 43.8 1.641474111 1.724895513 -0.083421402 0.00695913 -0.0005805
28 1997 46.8 1.670245853 1.724895513 -0.05464966 0.002986585 -0.0001632
29 1998 74.7 1.873320602 1.724895513 0.148425089 0.022030007 0.00326981
30 1999 52.6 1.720985744 1.724895513 -0.003909769 1.52863E-05 -5.977E-08
31 2000 61.5 1.788875116 1.724895513 0.063979603 0.00409339 0.00026189
32 2001 39.4 1.595496222 1.724895513 -0.129399291 0.016744177 -0.0021667
33 2002 64.2 1.807535028 1.724895513 0.082639515 0.006829289 0.00056437
34 2003 53.8 1.730782276 1.724895513 0.005886763 3.4654E-05 2.04E-07 35
2004 46.4 1.666517981 1.724895513 -0.058377532 0.003407936 -0.0001989
∑(Zi--- Zmean )3 = 8.1528E-05

∑(Zi - Zmean)2 = 0.371435732
N= 35

N - 1 = 34
Sample Variance S2 = ∑(Zi - Zmean)2/(N-1) = 0.01092458
Sample Standard Deviation S = [∑(Zi - Zmean)2/(N-1) ]1/2 = 0.104520717
Cofficient of skew of Variate Z
Cs= ∑( Zi - Zmean)3/(N-1)(N-2) *S3 =0.002227276
From this Y series for any recurrence interval T is given by:-
…………….………………………... (2.8)
Where: -KT = a frequency factor which is a function of K and Z
Kz=2.054 which is read from the table based on (Cs,T) values.
XT=101.9395=87.01238mm
The maximum probable point rainfall of 50 years return period is 87.0124 mm.
Kz ZT =Zmean + Kz* XT = 10^ZT
T=2 0 1.724895513 53.07567337
T=5 0.481 1.775169978 59.58953244
T=25 1.751 1.907911289 80.89306461
T=50 2.054 1.939581066 87.01238368
T=100 2.326 1.968010701 92.89892774
T=200 2.576 1.994140881 98.65994764
3.4.5 Pearson Type III Distribution Method.
For the Pearson type III, the same procedure applies like log Pearson type III except that if
Y is the log series it have to be changed in to X variables, and their mean and standard
deviation
XT= Xm + KT …………………….……………………….. (2.9)
XT= Xm + KT = mm
The maximum probable point rainfall for 50 years return period is 84.956mm

KT XT= Xm + KT
T=2 -0.0806 53.52327488
T=5 0.8091 65.25097139
T=25 1.9058 79.70726537
T=50 2.304 84.95619057
T=100 2.676 89.85975705
T=200 3.0281 94.50100909
3.4.6 EXTREME VALUE TYPE-I
The study of extreme hydrologic events involves the selection of a sequence of the large
stores smallest to observations from sets of data. For example, the study of peak flows
uses just the largest flow recorded each year at gauging station out of them any thousands
of values recorded. In fact, water level is usually recorded every 15 minutes, so there are
4x24 = 96 values recorded each day.

XT=U+α*YT
YT = [-ln.ln(T/T-1)] = [-ln.ln (50/50-1)] = 3.9019
XT=U+α*YT=48.65+10.2828*3.9.19=48.65+40.123=88.77mm
Where: U=is the mode of the distribution (point of maximum probability density)
α = the parameter to get U S = Standard deviation
Table 14 Extreme value type I
S.no. X Xmean Xi - Xmean (Xi - Xmean)2
Time
1 1970 51.8 54.585714 -2.785714286 7.7602041
2 1971 39.8 54.585714 -14.78571429 218.61735
3 1972 50.7 54.585714 -3.885714286 15.098776
4 1973 61.5 54.585714 6.914285714 47.807347
5 1974 52.7 54.585714 -1.885714286 3.5559184
6 1975 61.6 54.585714 7.014285714 49.200204

7 1976 69.2 54.585714 14.61428571 213.57735
8 1977 75.6 54.585714 21.01428571 441.6002
9 1978 58.8 54.585714 4.214285714 17.760204
10 1979 43 54.585714 -11.58571429 134.22878
11 1980 37.2 54.585714 -17.38571429 302.26306
12 1981 55.6 54.585714 1.014285714 1.0287755
13 1982 51.7 54.585714 -2.885714286 8.3273469
14 1983 80.3 54.585714 25.71428571 661.22449
15 1984 32.3 54.585714 -22.28571429 496.65306
16 1985 47 54.585714 -7.585714286 57.543061
17 1986 34.3 54.585714 -20.28571429 411.5102
18 1987 56.8 54.585714 2.214285714 4.9030612
19 1988 45.6 54.585714 -8.985714286 80.743061
20 1989 79.9 54.585714 25.31428571 640.81306
21 1990 63.4 54.585714 8.814285714 77.691633
22 1991 80.9 54.585714 26.31428571 692.44163
23 1992 46.2 54.585714 -8.385714286 70.320204
24 1993 42.3 54.585714 -12.28571429 150.93878
25 1994 60.8 54.585714 6.214285714 38.617347
26 1995 48.3 54.585714 -6.285714286 39.510204
27 1996 43.8 54.585714 -10.78571429 116.33163
28 1997 46.8 54.585714 -7.785714286 60.617347
29 1998 74.7 54.585714 20.11428571 404.58449
30 1999 52.6 54.585714 -1.985714286 3.9430612
31 2000 61.5 54.585714 6.914285714 47.807347
32 2001 39.4 54.585714 -15.18571429 230.60592
33 2002 64.2 54.585714 9.614285714 92.43449
34 2003 53.8 54.585714 -0.785714286 0.6173469
35 2004 46.4 54.585714 -8.185714286 67.005918
2
∑(X i - X mean) = 5907.6829
N= 35
N - 1= 34
Sample Variance S2 = ∑(Xi - Xmean)2/(N-1) = 173.75538
Sample Standard Deviation S = [∑(Xi - Xmean)2/(N-1) ]1/2= 13.18163
Table 15.For the different return periods the maximum probable point rainfall is

T/(T-1) ln(T/(T-1) ln.ln(T/(T-1)) YT= - α*YT XT=U+α*YT
[ln.ln(T/(T1))]
2 2 0.6931472 -0.366512921 0.366512921 3.768811309 52.419242
6
5 1.25 0.2231436 -1.499939987 1.499939987 15.42371487 64.074146
2
25 1.0416667 0.040822 -3.198534261 3.198534261 32.89016954 81.540600
9
50 1.0204082 0.0202027 -3.901938658 3.901938658 40.12319816 88.773629
5
10 1.010101 0.0100503 -4.600149227 4.600149227 47.30281923 95.953250
0 6
20 1.0050251 0.0050125 -5.295812143 5.295812143 54.45624307 103.10667
0 4
3.4.7 EXTREME VALUE TYPE-II

For the Extreme Value Type II distribution, the logarithm of the Variety follows the EVI
distribution. In these event the variable analyzed is Y= log X, then the same method is
applied to the statistics for logarithms of the data, using
Where: KT = frequency factor
Sy= Standard deviation
XT=101.9959 = 93.37 mm
Table 16. Extreme value type II

S.no. Time X Yi=LOG X Ymean Yi - Ymean (Yi - Ymean)2
1 1970 51.8 1.7143298 1.724895513 -0.010565753 0.000111635 2 1971 39.8 1.5998831
1.724895513 -0.125012441 0.01562811

3 1972 50.7 1.705008 1.724895513 -0.019887553 0.000395515 4 1973 61.5 1.7888751
1.724895513 0.063979603 0.00409339 5 1974 52.7 1.7218106 1.724895513 -0.003084898
9.51659E-06 6 1975 61.6 1.7895807 1.724895513 0.064685199 0.004184175
7 1976 69.2 1.8401061 1.724895513 0.115210582 0.013273478
8 1977 75.6 1.8785218 1.724895513 0.153626283 0.023601035
9 1978 58.8 1.7693773 1.724895513 0.044481813 0.001978632 10 1979 43
1.6334685 1.724895513 -0.091427057 0.008358907 11 1980 37.2 1.5705429 1.724895513
-0.154352573 0.023824717 12 1981 55.6 1.7450748 1.724895513 0.020179279 0.000407203
13 1982 51.7 1.7134905 1.724895513 -0.01140497 0.000130073
14 1983 80.3 1.9047155 1.724895513 0.179820032 0.032335244
15 1984 32.3 1.5092025 1.724895513 -0.21569299 0.046523466 16 1985 47 1.6720979
1.724895513 -0.052797655 0.002787592 17 1986 34.3 1.5352941 1.724895513 -0.189601393
0.035948688 18 1987 56.8 1.7543483 1.724895513 0.029452823 0.000867469
19 1988 45.6 1.6589648 1.724895513 -0.06593067 0.004346853
20 1989 79.9 1.9025468 1.724895513 0.177651267 0.031559972
21 1990 63.4 1.8020893 1.724895513 0.077193745 0.005958874
22 1991 80.9 1.9079485 1.724895513 0.183053009 0.033508404
23 1992 46.2 1.664642 1.724895513 -0.060253537 0.003630489 24 1993 42.3 1.6263404
1.724895513 -0.098555145 0.009713117 25 1994 60.8 1.7839036 1.724895513 0.059008066
0.003481952
26 1995 48.3 1.6839471 1.724895513 -0.040948382 0.00167677
27 1996 43.8 1.6414741 1.724895513 -0.083421402 0.00695913
28 1997 46.8 1.6702459 1.724895513 -0.05464966 0.002986585
29 1998 74.7 1.8733206 1.724895513 0.148425089 0.022030007 30 1999 52.6 1.7209857
1.724895513 -0.003909769 1.52863E-05 31 2000 61.5 1.7888751 1.724895513 0.063979603
0.00409339 32 2001 39.4 1.5954962 1.724895513 -0.129399291 0.016744177 33 2002 64.2
1.807535 1.724895513 0.082639515 0.006829289
34 2003 53.8 1.7307823 1.724895513 0.005886763 3.4654E-05 35 2004 46.4 1.666518
1.724895513 -0.058377532 0.003407936
∑(Yi - Ymean)2 = 0.371435732

N= 35
N-1 34
2 2
Sample Variance S = ∑(Y i - Y mean) /(N-1) = 0.01092458
2 1/2
Sample Standard Deviation S= [∑(Yi - Ymean) /(N-1) ] = 0.104520717

T T/(T-1) ln(T/(T-1)) ln.ln(T/(T-1)) KT YT= Ymean+KT*σ XT

2 2 0.6931472 -0.366512921 -0.164335922 1.707719004 51.01748
0
5 1.25 0.2231436 -1.499939987 0.71973719 1.80012296 63.11360
1
25 1.041667 0.040822 -3.198534261 2.044640724 1.938602828 86.81661
1
50 1.020408 0.0202027 -3.901938658 2.593296153 1.970214534 93.37154
3
100 1.010101 0.0100503 -4.600149227 3.137900397 2.052871113 112.94606
7
200 1.005025 0.0050125 -5.295812143 3.680517471 2.109585839 128.70216
1
Table 18. Peak rainfall estimates using different statistical distributions

PEARSON
PEARSON
NORMAL
NORMAL
GUMBEL
TYPE II
TYPE II
LOG -
LOG -
EVII
EVI
85.54 93.399 93.85 87.012 84.95619 88.7736295 93.371543
The rain fall obtained by GUMBEL distribution is greater than that of others distribution
so to be safer take GUMBEL distribution, in addition GUMBEL is the most common
used method of distribution. Hence peak daily point rainfall of 50 years return period is
93.85 mm.
Table 19. A summarized Gumble- powell’s table

No Designation /Formula/ Symbol Unit Value
1 Area of the catchment measured using A Km2 200
watershed delineation soft wear

2 Length of main water course from water L m 88079
shed divide to proposed diversion
3 H1 m 4113
Level of head of main water course at
upper end
4 Level of head of main water course at H2 m 1800
lower end
5 Slope of main water course S1=[H1-H2]/L S m 0.02626

1
6 TC hr 8.6896
Time of Concentration
,TC1=1/3000(L/(S)1/2 )0.77
7 Rain fall excess duration, D=1, For Tc D hr 1.0
between 3 and 10 Hr.
8 Time to peak Tp=0.5D+0.6TC Tp hr 5.714
9 Time of base of hydrograph Tb=2.67Tp Tb hr 15.256
10 Lag time of Tl=0.6TC Tl hr 5.214
11 Peak rate of discharge created by 1mm RF Qp m3/s/mm 7.351

excess on whole of the catchment
Qp=0.21*QA/Tp ,Qp=1mm(assumed)
11 12 13 14 15 16
Duratio Daily point Rain Fall Rainfall Area to Point Areal
n Rainfall of Return Profile Profile (from Rainfall Ratio Rainfall
period Of 50 year (from table Appendix A)
below)

hr Mm % mm % mm
0-1.0 94 45 42.3 58 24.534
1.0-2.0 94 59 55.46 68 37.7128
2.0-3.0 94 66 62.04 73 45.2892
3.0-4.0 94 73 68.62 76 52.1512
4.0-5.0 94 76 71.44 78 55.7232
5.0-6.0 94 79 74.26 80 59.408
6.0-7.0 94 82 77.08 81 62.4348
7.0-8.0 94 83 78.02 82 63.9764
8.0-8.7 94 84 78.96 83 65.5368
Fig 30 Rain fall as % of daily rain fall vs time
Table 20 Area to point Ratio (%)

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Incrementa Descending Rearranged Rearranged Cumulative Time of Incremental
l unit hydrograph
Order Order Incremental Rain fall
Rainfall
Rainfall
mm No No mm mm hr hr hr
24.534 1 9 1.5416 1.5416 0 5.7137 15.255
7
13.1788 2 8 1.5604 3.102 1 6.7137 16.255
7
7.5764 3 7 3.0268 6.1288 2 7.7137 17.255
7
6.862 4 6 3.572 9.7008 3 8.7137 18.255
7
3.572 6 4 3.6848 13.3856 4 9.7137 19.255
7
3.6848 5 5 6.862 20.2476 5 10.714 20.255
7
3.0268 7 3 7.5764 27.824 6 11.714 21.255

7
1.5416 9 1 13.1788 41.0028 7 12.714 22.255
7
1.5604 8 2 24.534 65.5368 8 13.714 23.2557
Step 25 Step 26 Step 27 Step 28 Step 29 Step 30

Land use Hydrologica Treatment Area Hydrologic CN Area.
type l condition or practice (ha) soil group (AMCII) *CN
Cultivated Good Soil management 2116 D 80 169,280
land Fair Contour + 2608 D 84 219,072
Terraced
poor Contoured 1723 D 86 148,178
Subtotal 6447 536,530
Pasture Good No treatment 2110 D 79 166,690
land Poor No treatment 2405 D 84 202,020
Subtotal 4515 368,710
Forest hilly Good Dense cover 4315 D 70 302,050
lands Fair Dense trees 2480 D 73 181,040
Poor 1098 D 79 86,742
Subtotal 7893 569,832
Settelemen Good 75% vegetation 646 D 80 51,680
t cover
Fair 50% Vegetation 767 D 84 64,428

cover
Subtotal 1413 116,108

Sum 20,268 1,591,180
Weighted CN= 1,591,180/ 20268= 78.5 By using Table (3A) CN III = 90.25

No Designation /Formula/ Symbol Unit Magnitude/Value/
31 S is maximum potential difference S mm 27.44

between rainfall (P) and direct
runoff(Q) which is
S=(25400/CN)-254
32 Relation between direct Runoff( Q) Q mm (P-0.2*S)2
and Rainfall (P), Q=(P-0.2*S)
2/P+0.8S
33 Using Q= (P-0.2*S) 2/(P+0.8*S),it is P Q
possible to define the direct run off
Q,(mm)
(mm) (mm)
1.5416 0.662907045 15.57407296
3.102 0.227229025 5.692996
6.1288 0.014622968 0.41062464
9.7008 0.560698701 17.74768384
13.3856 1.765034574 62.37208576
20.2476 5.162271495 217.8457922
27.824 10.02284024 498.896896
41.0028 20.03502543 1261.301019
65.5368 41.2150856 3605.858381
34 35 36 37 38
Duration Cumulative Incremental Peak Runoff Time of Time to Time to
beginning peak end
Hr mm mm M3/s Hr Hr Hr
0-1.0 0.663 0.663 4.873 0.000 5.714 15.256
1.0-2.0 0.227 -0.436 -3.203 1.000 6.714 16.256
2.0-3.0 0.015 -0.213 -1.563 2.000 7.714 17.256
3.0-4.0 0.561 0.546 4.014 3.000 8.714 18.256
4.0-5.0 1.765 1.204 8.853 4.000 9.714 19.256
5.0-6.0 5.162 3.397 24.972 5.000 10.714 20.256
6.0-7.0 10.023 4.861 35.729 6.000 11.714 21.256
7.0-8.0 20.035 10.012 73.596 7.000 12.714 22.256
8.0-8.7 41.215 21.180 155.688 8.000 13.714 23.256

4. Unit hydrograph
39. Unit Hydrograph
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
to 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Qo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
tp 5.714 6.714 7.7137 8.7137 9.714 10.7 11.71375 12.71375 13.7137
1 5
Qp 4.873 -3.2 -1.563 4.014 8.853 24.9 35.72855 73.5965 155.688
7 1
tb 15.26 16.26 17.256 18.256 19.26 20.2 21.25571 22.25571 23.2557
6 1
Qo' 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4.1 Triangular hydrograph

For time from 0 to 15.25Hr
Fig 31 Triangular hydrograph for time from 0 to 15.25Hr

For time from 1 to 16.25 Hr. and from2 to 17.25Hr., and we do not do for triangular Hydrograph,
because the negative value can be replaced by 0, because there is no negative flow discharge.
For time from 3 to 18.25 Hr.the triangular hydrograph can be done as follows:
Fig 32 Triangular hydrograph for time from 3 to 18.25 Hr

For time from 4 to 19.25Hr.the triangular hydrograph can be done as follows:

Fig33 Triangular hydrograph for time from 4 to 19.25 Hr
For time 5 to 20.25Hr.the triangular hydrograph can be done as follows:

For time from 6 to 21.25Hr.the triangular hydrograph can be done as follows:

For time from 7 to 22.25 Hr. the triangular hydrograph can be done as follows:

For time from 8 to 23.25 Hr. the triangular hydrograph can be done as follows:

4.2 Developing Composite Hydrograph
Step 40: Developing Composite Hydrograph

Table 21 Composite Hydrograph
Time(hr. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total
)
0 0.00 0.00
1 0.84 0.00 0.84
2 1.68 0.00 0.00 1.68
3 2.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.52
4 3.36 0.00 0.00 0.70 0.00 4.06
5 4.20 0.00 0.00 1.40 1.55 0.00 7.16
5.71 4.87 0.00 0.00 1.91 2.66 3.12 12.5

5
6 4.65 0.00 0.00 2.11 3.10 4.37 0.00 14.2
3
6.71 4.30 0.00 0.00 2.61 4.21 7.49 4.47 23.0
7
7 4.15 0.00 0.00 2.81 4.65 8.75 6.26 0.00 26.6
1
7.71 3.79 0.00 0.00 3.31 5.76 11.87 10.72 9.20 44.6
5
8 3.65 0.00 0.00 3.51 6.20 13.12 12.51 12.89 0.00 51.8
8
8.71 3.29 0.00 0.00 4.01 7.31 16.24 16.98 22.09 19.45 89.3
6
9.71 2.79 0.00 0.00 3.59 8.85 20.61 23.23 34.98 46.72 140.7
6
10.71 2.28 0.00 0.00 3.17 7.92 24.96 29.49 47.86 73.98 189.6
7
11.71 1.78 0.00 0.00 2.75 6.99 22.35 35.73 60.75 101.24 231.5
9
12.71 1.28 0.00 0.00 2.33 6.06 19.73 31.96 73.59 128.51 263.4
6
13.71 0.77 0.00 0.00 1.91 5.14 17.11 28.22 65.84 155.68 274.6
7
15.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.26 3.71 13.08 22.44 53.95 130.45 224.8
9
16.26 0.00 0.00 0.84 2.78 10.46 18.70 46.24 114.13 193.1
5
17.26 0.00 0.42 1.85 7.84 14.96 38.52 97.81 161.4
1
18.26 0.00 0.92 5.23 11.21 30.81 81.50 129.6
7
19.26 0.00 2.61 7.47 23.10 65.18 98.3
5
20.26 0.00 3.72 15.38 48.86 67.9
6
21.26 0.00 7.67 32.54 40.2
1
22.26 0.00 16.22 16.2
2
23.26 0.00 0.00

Fig 38 Composite Hydrograph
Therefore the peak discharge from composite hydrograph can be 275 m3/Sec.
5 Power Determination
Given data:
 Net head 15 m
 efficiency of a turbine 80%
 From our Annual FDC amount of discharge with 95 percentage of exceedence = 5.35 m3/sec.
Solution:
From the power equation: P = w Qh
To find design discharge the given rainfall can be converted to discharge by using the following
formula;
2
WeightedCN= 1,591,180/ 20268= 78.5 and CNIII = 90.25, S = 27.44 and for Athe
= 200 Km

following table can be constructed to convert rainfall to discharge:
Table 22. rain fall converted to run off

S.no. Time P (mm) Q Q*A=V(Mm3) Q (M3/sec) Rank P=
M/(n+1)
1 1970 51.8 5.816 105.942 19 52.8
2 1971 39.8 19.065 3.813 69.453 31 86.1
3 1972 50.7 28.136 5.627 102.498 21 58.3
4 1973 61.5 37.594 7.519 136.956 10 27.8
5 1974 52.7 29.858 5.972 108.772 17 47.2
6 1975 61.6 37.684 7.537 137.281 9 25.0
7 1976 69.2 44.532 8.906 162.230 6 16.7
8 1977 75.6 50.390 10.078 183.571 4 11.1
9 1978 58.8 35.196 7.039 128.219 13 36.1
10 1979 43 21.664 4.333 78.923 29 80.6
11 1980 37.2 17.001 3.400 61.934 33 91.7
12 1981 55.6 32.381 6.476 117.963 15 41.7
13 1982 51.7 28.995 5.799 105.628 20 55.6
14 1983 80.3 54.735 10.947 199.400 2 5.6
15 1984 32.3 13.251 2.650 48.272 35 97.2
16 1985 47 24.992 4.998 91.045 23 63.9
17 1986 34.3 14.757 2.951 53.760 34 94.4
18 1987 56.8 33.433 6.687 121.795 14 38.9
19 1988 45.6 23.818 4.764 86.769 27 75.0
20 1989 79.9 54.364 10.873 198.048 3 8.3
21 1990 63.4 39.293 7.859 143.146 8 22.2
22 1991 80.9 55.292 11.058 201.430 1 2.8
23 1992 46.2 24.320 4.864 88.597 26 72.2
24 1993 42.3 21.091 4.218 76.833 30 83.3
25 1994 60.8 36.971 7.394 134.684 12 33.3
26 1995 48.3 26.090 5.218 95.044 22 61.1
27 1996 43.8 22.323 4.465 81.323 28 77.8
28 1997 46.8 24.823 4.965 90.432 24 66.7
29 1998 74.7 49.562 9.912 180.554 5 13.9
30 1999 52.6 29.771 5.954 108.457 18 50.0
31 2000 61.5 37.594 7.519 136.956 10 27.8
32 2001 39.4 18.744 3.749 68.286 32 88.9

33 2002 64.2 40.012 8.002 145.762 7 19.4
34 2003 53.8 30.811 6.162 112.246 16 44.4
35 2004 46.4 24.488 4.898 89.208 25 69.4
For the design of firm power firm discharge can be taken at 95 percentage of exceedencei.e 53.76 m3/se.
P = w Qgh = 0.8*1000*53.76*9.81*15 = 6328.6 KW
5.1 Selection for Type of turbine

 Propeller turbines have been developed for heads from 5 to 60 m and since our net head is 15 m
propeller turbine can be selected.
6 Design of Head work

6.1 Type of weir
The type and shape of the weir is selected as ogee weir from view point of simplicity of Workmanship
and the availability of construction material.
The following parameters were used as the starting variables for the hydraulic and structural design of
the weir.
The Computed design flood over the weir section for 50 years return period is =300 m 3/sec
The lowest river bed level 1480 m a.s.l but in our case outlet point is 1800. There for it can
be taken us the lowest river bed level is 1800 m a.s.l
The H.F.L before the construction of the weir taken as 1803 ma.s.l
Weir height = 2.5 m

River width approximately = 30 m
Net weir crest length = 30 m
Slope of weir d/s used = 1(V): 1.5(H)
Slope of weir u/s used = 1:1
6.1.1 Weir cross section
High Flood Level Determination

A.U/S HFL

U/S TEL= weir crest level + He, but He = [Q/L * Cd]2/3
Where Q = 275 m3/s , L =30 m , Cd = 2.06

He = [275/30*2.17]2/3 =2.61 m
Cd is by trial and error 2.06 depend on P/Hd

Various text books give a plot of Cd versus Hd which is reproduced here in the form of a table Table
23 Ratio of P/Hd and Cd
P/Hd Cd P/Hd Cd P/Hd Cd
0.0 1.7 0.1 1.875 0.2 1.97
0.3 2.025 0.4 2.06 0.5 2.09
0.6 2.12 0.7 2.135 0.8 2.15
0.9 2.16 1.0 2.17 1.5 2.185
2.0 2.195 2.5 2.2 3.0 2.205
4.0 2.210
Weir crest level = 1802.5m

U/S TEL = 1802.5+ 2.61 m
= 1805.1 ma.m.s.l
U/S HFL = U/S TEL – velocity head (ha)
Where He= hd + ha , ha = va2 /2g , Va = Q/ L* D =275/(30*(2.5+2.61))=1.79m/s
, ha = va2 /2g = 0.16 m

Hd= He –ha = 2.61-0.16=2.44m
U/STEL = crest level + He
= 1802.5 + 2.61 =1805.1 m a.m.s.l
U/S HFL = U/STEL – ha
=1805.1– 0.16 = 1804.94 m a.m.s.l
B. D/S HFL –is HFL before weir construction and is calculated from the tail water depth,
(assume 1m).
D/S HFL = U/S HFL – afflux

= 1803.0 m a.m.s.l D/S
TEL = D/S HFL + ha

= 1803.0 + 0.16 = 1803.16 m a.m.s.l
Head loss (dynamic case) = U/S HFL – D/S HFL
= 1804.94 –1803.0=1.94 m
Head loss (static case) = crest level – bed level
= 1802.5 – 1800.0 = 2.5m
These are called standard “WES standard spillway shapes”
Table 24 Values of constant K and N
Shape
of U/S K N
face
Vertical 2 1.85
3V: 1H 1.936 1.836
3V: 2 1.939 1.81
H
3V: 3H 1.873 1.776
Bottom width
Bottom width of the weir obtained from its geometry i.e.;
 For the U/s portion of the weir
A=Vertical* slope
A = 2.5*1=2.5m
 For the vertical portion or first part of the weir.
B= 0.282Hd
B = 0.282*2.44m where Hd =2.44em
B = 0.69m
X 1.776
 For the curved portion with equations, Y =
3.74
X =1.55m and y = 0.58m.C=X=1.55m
 For the straight sloping surface with slope 1(V):1.5(H) D = Vertical * slope = 1.92* 1.5 = 2.88
m.

 For the bucket
Sin = E/R
E = R sin  where =60 and R =
H/4
E = 2.5/4 *sin 60 = 0.54m
Total bottom width of the weir is:
BTotal =A+ B+C+D+E
BTotal = 1.92+0.69+1.55+2.88 +0.54
BTotal = 7.58 m ≈ 7.6 m
Fig.39 Weir profile
Applying Bernoulli‟s equation, h +Hd + ha = y1 + v2/2g, where v1 = q/y1 and q-is discharge
intensity at the weir crest. q= Q/L = 275/30 = 9.2 m3/s/m
2.5 + 2.44+ 0.16 = y1 + q2/2gy12
5.1= y1 + 4.3/y12 5.1y12 - y13 -4.3 = 0

By trial and error, y1 =1.02m, v1 = q/ y1 = 9.2/1.02 = 9.02 m/s

Y1 must be less than yc, since the flow before the jump is super critical.
Critical depth, yc = (q2/g)1/3 = [(9.2)2/9.81]1/3 = 2.05m
For the tail water elevation of given Q = 275 m3/s the corresponding value of tail water depth Y3 is
equal to Y2, y2≈ y3 therefore, tail water elevation is to be considered for the selection of energy
dissipater i.e. provision of apron.
Basin length (length of jump) = 5(Y2-Y1)

= 5(3.64-1.02) = 13.1 m
Fi
g 40
location of hydraulic jump

6.2 Protection Works
Normal scour depth, R = 1.35(q2/f)1/3 , where q = 9.2m3/s/m
Irrigation structures should be designed against scour which occurs due to surface flow.
According to Lacey, the normal depth of scour „R‟ in alluvial soils is given by:

R =1.35(q2 / f )1/3
Assuming Lasecys silt fact f =1.0
The normal depth of scour R =1.35(q2 / f) 1/3=1.35*(9.22 /1)1/3= 5.93m
Upstream cut-off depth, d1 =1.50*R = 1.50*5.93= 8.9m
Downstream cutoff depth, d2 =1.75*R = 1.75*5.93=10.38m

Recalling the following data‟s from the above calculation:
River bed elevation =1800.0 m asl
U/S HFL=1804.94 masl
Bottom level of U/S cutoff = U/S HFL-U/S cutoff depth
=1804.94 – 8.9 = 1796.04 masl
Hence, U/S cutoff depth =River bed level – Bottom level of U/S cutoff
=1800 – 1796.04 = 3.96, say 4.0m.
Downstream High flood level =High flood level before construction of the weir
=1803.0 masl
Bottom level of D/S cutoff = 1803.0 – 10.38 = 1792.62 masl
Hence, D/S cutoff depth =River bed level – Bottom level of D/S cutoff
=1800 – 1792.62 =7.38, provide 5 m
Conclusion: Provide 4m and 5m masonry cutoff having each 50cm thickness at the upstream and
Down stream of the weir respectively with additional of intermediate cutoff 4 m.
6.3 Impervious Apron

The riverbed material is categorized as boulder,
Total creep length, L= C*HL = 9*2.5=15m
Where, C is Bligh‟s creep coefficient of C=6

HL= the head difference between U/S and D/S (weir height)
P = height of weir
B= total width of the weir
D/S
Total length of d/S protection work = the total length of d/s impervious floor and the d/s pervious floor
and is given by the following formula for weir with crest shutter.
1/ 2 1/ 2
Hs 2
∗q ∗1.91
Lt = 13 = 18*12* 13 = 13.52m = 14m
18 C∗[ ] [ ]
75 75
Length concrete block +launching apron (Length downstream protection) = Lt – Ld = 14m – 11m = 3m
The protection work provided for D/S are D/S concrete block and D/S launching apron.
D/S length of impervious apron, Ld

Provide 1*1*1m block protection over 0.5m thick inverted filter. U/S
Length of U/S impervious floor, Lu = L − (Ld+ B + 2d1 + 2d2) =30-(6.63+8.2+2*3+2*3.5) =2.17m

Provide 1*1*1m concrete block over 0.5m thick packed stone.
Fig 41 Cut off piles

6.4 Uplift pressure at key points using Khosla’s theory
1. Pile at d/s end
b=16.4 m d=5 m α=16.4/5 =3.28 λ=2.21, E= 46.69 %, E D=31.56%, C =0
2-Pile at u/s end
b=16.4 d= 4 α=4.1 λ= 2.61,

E1=100, D1=71.12 %, C1= 57.51%,

3. Intermediate pile
b1= 5.97 b2=10.43, α1=1.5 , λ1=2.3,
α2 = 2.61, λ2= -0.50 E=72.61%, D=56.97%, and C= 43.02%

a. Corrections for thickness of floor
D/s Pile:
Correction for E = -((E-D)/d)*t = -((46.69-31.56)/5)*0.5 = - 1.5% U/S
pile:
Correction for C = +((D-C)/d)*t = +((71.12-57.51)/4)*0.5 = + 1.70 % Intermediate

Pile:
Correction for E = -((E-D)/d)*t = -((72.61-59.97)/4)*0.5 = -1.58%

Correction for C = +((D-C)/d)*t = +((56.97-43.02)/4)*0.5 = +1.74%
b. Correction for mutual interference
Where, b‟ ~ distance b/n the two
piles b ~ Total length of the
floor

D ~ depth of pile whose effect is to be considered
d ~ depth of pile on which the effect is considered
By taking –ve for front water flow direction oriented key points & +ve for backside oriented key points.
Effect of pile 2 on pile 1:
D = 4 m d = 4 m b‟ = 5.97 b = 16.4 C = +7.6%
D = 4 m d = 4 m b‟ = 5.97 b = 16.4 C = -7.6 %
D = 5 m d = 4 m b‟ = 10.43m b = 16.4 C = + 11.65%

D = 4 m d = 5 m b‟ = 10.43m b = 16.4 C = - 9.33%
Corrected values
U/S pile
PC = 57.51+1.7+7.6 = 66.81% PD = 71.12%, PE= 2.5 m
D/S pile
PE = 46.69-1.5-9.33 = 35.86 % PD = 31.56 %, PC=0
Intermediate pile
PE=72.61-1.58-7.6 =63.43%, PD=56.97 % PC = 43.02+1.74+11.65 = 56.41

Exit Gradient(GE): %
Where,

H – Maximum seepage head
d – d/s cutoff depth
b – Total floor length

α=b/d=16.4/5= 3.28 λ= 2.21,
GE = 0.107 = 1/9.3 5 The

value does not lie from 1/5 to 1/6 for coarse sand foundation. Hence, the structure is not safe
against piping and it can be recommended as increasing the upstream apron length above 1m.
Sub surface Hydraulic Gradient

It can be plotted as follows based on the corrected hydraulic gradient from thickness correction and
mutual interference:
Fig 42 Sub surface hydraulic gradient

6.5 Stability Analysis
When Water Is at Crest Level and No Water Flowing Over the Weir:

Fig.43 All forces act up on the weir body
F1 =1/2w* h = ½*9.81 * (2.5)2 =30.66KN/m W1 = ½(m *B1 *h )=0.5* 2.5*24*2.5 = 75 KN/m
2
W2 = m *B2 *h = 2.1*2.5*24 = 126 KN/m W3= m *(1/2*B3*h) = 24*0.5*3*2.5 =90KN/m
PU= 1/2W *b*h = ½*9.81*7.6*2.5 = 93.2KN/m
For no flow condition Taking moment about the toe;

Overturning moment (Mo) = F1*H/3 + 2/3*7.6*PU = 497.76 KN.m
Resisting moment (MR) = 5.93W1 + 4.05W2+2W3 = 5.93*75 + 4.05*126+2*90 = 1135.05KN.m
MR/Mo = 1135.05/497.76 = 2.28, since MR/Mo> 1.5 the weir is stable against overturning.
Sum of horizontal forces = 30.66 KN/m
Sum of vertical forces = 197.8 KN/m

Factor of sliding stability = ∑H/∑V = 30.66/197.8 = 0.16 < 0.6 it is safe against sliding. When
water is flowing over the weir;
Fig. 44 Profile of over flow section

W1 = 75KN/m, W2 = 126 KN/m W3 =90KN/m
W4 = w *2.44*2.1= 50.27KN/m
W5 = 1/2w *3*2.5 = 36.75KN/m
PU1 =2.5*7.6*9.81 = 186.39 KN
PU2 = 0.5*2.44*7.6*9.81 = 90.45 KN
F1 = 30.66KN/m
F2 = ½ w *( h)2 = ½ *9.81 *(1.5 )2 = 30.66 KN/m
Taking moment about the toe:
Overturning moment (Mo) will be ; Mo = 0.8F1 + 3.8PU1+5.1 PU2
= 1079.3KN.m

Moment of resistance (MR) = 5.93W1 + 4.05W2+2W3 + 3.72W4 + 0.833W5+0.833F2
= 1409 KN.m
MR/Mo = 1409/1079 = 1.3 >1.25 therefore it is safe against overturning.
The sum of horizontal forces = 0
The summation of vertical force = 100
Friction factor = ∑H/∑V = 0/ 100= 0 <1, therefore it is safe against sliding.
7 Retaining Wall Design

There are retaining walls on right and left side of the weir, following the riverbank. The levels of
upstream and downstream retaining walls depend on high flood level.
The wall height is taken as the difference between elevation of high flood level and the riverbed level
or equal to the tail water depth + freeboard.
a. U/S Retaining Wall

Providing a free board of 0.5 Wall height = (1804.94 – 1800) + 0.5 = 5.44m say 5.5 m.
Provide a foundation depth of 1m Top width = H/7 = 5.5/7 = 0.8 m Bottom
width = 0.6 *H = 3.3m, provide 3.5 m

Fig.45 U/S Retaining Wall
b. D/S Retaining Wall
Height of wall = (1803.63– 1800) +FB = 3.63+ 0.5 = 4.13 m say 4.5 m
Take a foundation depth of 1m Top width = H/7 = 4.5/7 = 0.64 m say 0.7 m Bottom
width = 0.6*H = 0.6*4.5 = 2.7 m say 3 m
Fig .46 D/S Retaining Wall
7.1 Stability Analysis of Retaining Walls

Upstream retaining wall:
µ = coefficient of friction between base of wall and soil = 0.35

Ka = (1- sin)/(1+sin) = 0.271 , where  = 35
Pa = ½* KaH2s Ph = ½*H2s
Table 25 Self-weight and earth pressure forces acting on the wall
N Description Forces (KN) Moment about the toe

o
V H Lever arm Mo Mr
1 W1= 0.8*5.5*24 105.6 3.1 327.36
2 W2=1/2*2.7*5*24 162 1.8 291.6
3 W3=1*3*24 72 1.75 147
2
4 PH=1/2*9.81*(4) 78.49 1.67 204.375
5 Pa=1/2*0.271*19*(4)2 64.4 3.33 214.7
6 Ws=1/2*19*(5)2 237.5 0.9 213.75
∑ 589.1 187.025 204.375 1194.41
 Safety against overturning
FSo = ∑Mr/∑Mo =1194.41/204.375

= 5.8>2 , it is safe against overturning.
 Safety against sliding
FSs = µ*∑H/∑V = 0.35*187.025/589.1

= 0.11< 0.6 , it is safe.
 In order to ensure there is no tension the resultant should pass with in the middle third.
X = ∑M/∑V = (1376.5 – 204.375)/589.1 = 1.99 m

 Eccentricity, e = b/2 – x = 3.5/2 – 1.99 = -0.24 < b/6 = 3.5/6 = 0.583,
hence ok
D/S retaining wall:
By the same procedure, for d/s retaining wall:

Table 26 Self-weight and earth pressure forces acting on the wall
N Description Forces (KN) Moment about the toe
o
V H Lever arm Mo Mr
1 W1= 0.7*4.5*24 75.6 2.65 200.34
2 W2=1/2*2.3*4*24 110.4 1.53 169.28
3 W3=1*3*24 72 1.5 108
2
4 PH=1/2*9.81*(4) 78.48 1.33 104.6
5 Pa=1/2*0.271*19*(16)2 41.2 2.67 109.87
6 Ws=1/2*19*(4)2 152 0.77 116.53
∑ 410 119.68 104.6 704
 Safety against overturning:
FSo = ∑Mr/∑Mo =704/104.6 = 6.5 >2 , it is safe against overturning. 

Safety against sliding
FSs = µ*∑H/∑V = 0.35*119.68/410 = 0.1 <0.6 , it is safe.

 In order to ensure there is no tension the resultant should pass with in the middle third.
X = ∑M/∑V = (704-104.6)/410 = 1.46m

 Eccentricity, e = b/2 – x = 3/2 – 1.46 = 0.04< b/6 = 3/6 = 0.5, hence ok
Table 27 Specification and quantity surveying
Sr.Nr. Description Unit Quantity Unit price Total amount

1 Weir portion
Earth work and Rock
1.1 excavation
1.1.1 Site clearing m2
1.1.2 Earth excavation m3
1.1.3 Rock excavation m3
1.2 Masonry work

1.2.1 Cemented Stone Pitching m3
1.3 Concrete work

1.3.1 Concrete m3
1.3.2 C-25 concrete m3
2 Retaining wall
Earth work and Rock
2.1 excavation
2.1.2 Earth excavation m3
2.2 Masonry work

2.2.1 Masonary m3
2.3 Concrete work m3

2.3.1 C-25 concrete m3
3 Protection works
Earth work and Rock
3.1 excavation
3.1.2 Rock Excavation m3
3.1.3 Earth work Excavation m3
3.2 Concrete m3
3.2.3 C-25 m3
4 Power Canal
4.1 Earth Work Excavation m3
4.2 Concrete m3
4.2.1 C-25 m3

5 Penstock
5.1 Earth Work Excavation m3
5.2 Stainless Steel ton
6 Power House
Earth Work Excavation and
6.1 Rock Excavation
6.1.2 Earth work excavation m3
6.1.3 Rock excavation m3
6.2 Concrete work m3

6.2.1 C-25 m3
6.3 Electromechanical
6.3.1 Turbine (Francis) #
6.3.2 Generator #


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HAWASSA UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

POST GRADUATE, HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING PROGRAM

BY: GONSE AMALO

HFL = high flood level

6.1 Type of weir ........................................................................................................................ 47

By GONSE AMALO iii

1.1 Steps in watershed delineation

By GONSE AMALO Page vi

Step 1: Clip the DEM

Tool/Extraction/Extraction by Rectangle”. This is also useful to reduce the computing

Fig.1 Ethio_ DEM containing our interest area

By GONSE AMALO Page vii

Step 2: Flow Direction

Fig.3 Flow direction of unprocessed Extracted DEM

By GONSE AMALO Page viii

Fig.4 Sink of flow direction

Step 4: Fill the sinks

Fig. 5 The Fill sinks of Extracted DEM

By GONSE AMALO Page ix

Fig.6. Fill Flow Direction of Extracted DEM

Fig.7 Flow Accumulation of Extracted DEM

By GONSE AMALO Page x

Fig.8. Added Outlet

Step8. Snapping the pour points to the drainage lines

Fig.9. Snap to Pour

Step 9: Creating Watershed

By GONSE AMALO Page xi

Fig.10. Delineated watershed

Fig11: Delineated watershed from Ethio- DEM

Step 10: Extracting watershed

By GONSE AMALO Page xii

Fig12: Masked watershed from Ethio- DEM

Step 11: Flow Direction for Masked Watershed

The previous procedure can be repeated and the result as follows:

Fig.13 Flow direction of unprocessed Masked-DEM

By GONSE AMALO Page xiii

Step 13: Fill the sinks

Fig. 15 The Fill sinks of Masked DEM

By GONSE AMALO Page xiv

Fig.16 Fill Flow Direction of Masked-DEM

Fig.17 Flow Accumulation of Extracted DEM

By GONSE AMALO Page xv

Fig.18 Converted Masked watershed

Fig.19 Con of Masked DEM

By GONSE AMALO Page 10

Fig.20 Flow Length

Step 19: Stream link

Fig.21. Stream Link of Masked DEM

Step 20: Stream order

By GONSE AMALO Page 11

Fig.22 Stream Order of Masked DEM

Step 21: Convert stream to feature

Fig.23 Stream to feature of Masked DEM

By GONSE AMALO Page 12

2. Area of the Catchment

2.1 Longest Flow Path Length (L)