Q.1.

Sol: We have
x
x3 − t3
Z  
2
k2 (x, t) = xt s ds = xt .
t 3

Also,
x 2
x3 − s3 x3 − s3
Z   
xt
k3 (x, t) = xt s2 ds = .
t 3 2! 3
In general, we have
n−1
x3 − s3

xt
kn (x, t) = .
(n − 1)! 3

1
 Q.2.

Sol: We have
1
ex
Z
φ(x) = − + 2cex , c= e−t φ(t)dt.
2 0

Using the definition of c, we get

Z 1
1
c= e−x φ(x)dx = − + 2c
0 2

which gives c = 1/2. Hence φ(x) = ex /2.

2
 Q.3.

Sol: We have
Z 2π
φ(x) = λc sin x, c= cos t φ(t)dt.
0

Using the definition of c, we get

Z 2π Z 2π
c= cos xφ(x)dx = λc sin x cos xdx = 0.
0 0

Hence φ(x) ≡ 0. Therefore the IE has no eigenvalues.

3
 Q.4.

Sol: The solution of the IE has the form

φ(x) = cos 3x + λc1 cos x + λc2 sin x,

where Z π Z π
c1 = cos tφ(t)dt, c2 = − sin tφ(t)dt.
0 0
Using the definitions of c1 and c2 , we have
Z π Z π Z π
c1 = cos 3x cos xdx + λc1 cos2 xdx + λc2 cos x sin xdx.
0 0 0

This gets simplified to c1 = λc1 π/2. Also,

Z π Z π Z π
c2 = − cos 3x sin xdx − λc1 cos x sin xdx − λc2 sin2 xdx = −λc2 π/2.
0 0 0

Thus, λ = 2/π, c1 is arbitrary and c2 = 0. We may take c1 = 1. Thus,

φ(x) = cos 3x + cos x.
For Λ = −2/pi, c1 = 0 and c2 is arbitrary and we may take c2 = 1.

4
 Q.5.

Sol: Let
φ(x) = λc1 − 3λc2 x,
where Z 1 Z 1
c1 = φ(t)dt, c2 = tφ(t)dt.
0 0
We get the system,
3λ λ
(1 − λ)c1 + c2 = 0, c1 + (1 + λ)c2 = 0.
2 2
The eigenvalues are λ = ±2. For λ = 2, we get c1 = 3c2 = c which gives
φ(x) = c(1 − x). For λ = −2 we get c1 = c2 = c/2 giving φ(x) = c(1 − 3x).

5
 Q.6.

Sol: Let
φ(x) = λc1 − 3λc2 x,
where Z 1 Z 1
c1 = φ(t)dt, c2 = tφ(t)dt.
0 0
We get the system,
3λ λ
(1 − λ)c1 + c2 = 0, c1 + (1 + λ)c2 = 0.
2 2
The eigenvalues are λ = ±2.
We have
Z 1 Z 1
k2 (x, t) = (1 − 3xs)(1 − 3st)ds = [1 − 3(x + t)s + 9xts2 ]ds
0 0

3
= 1 − (x + t) + 3xt.
2

6
 Q.7.

Sol: We have
Z 1 Z 1
k2 (x, t) = (1 − 3xs)(1 − 3st)ds = [1 − 3(x + t)s + 9xts2 ]ds
0 0

3
= 1 − (x + t) + 3xt.
2
Hence Z 1  
3
k3 (x, t) = 1 − (x + s) + 3xs (1 − 3st)ds
0 2
1
= (1 − 3xt).
4

7
 Q.8.

Sol: The resolvent kernel is given by

X
r(λ, x, t) = λi−1 ki (x, t).
i=1

We have
k1 (x, t) = k(x, t) = 1 − 3xt.
Also,
Z 1 Z 1
k2 (x, t) = (1 − 3xs)(1 − 3st)ds = [1 − 3(x + t)s + 9xts2 ]ds
0 0

3
= 1 − (x + t) + 3xt;
2
and Z 1  
3
k3 (x, t) = 1 − (x + s) + 3xs (1 − 3st)ds
0 2
1
= (1 − 3xt).
4
Hence for λ = −1, we have
∞
X 1
r(λ, x, t) = (k1 (x, t) − k2 (x, t)) i
= 2(x + t − 4xt).
i=0
4

8
 Q.9.

Sol: Integrating the DE, we get

x
x3
Z
0 0
φ (x) = φ (0) + +λ φ(t)dt.
3 0

Integrating once again, we get

x
x4
Z
φ(x) = φ0 (0)x + +λ (x − t)φ(t)dt.
12 0

Using the BC, φ(π/2) = 0, we get

π/2
π4
Z
0 π π 
0 = φ (0) + +λ − t φ(t)dt.
2 192 0 2

Solving for φ0 (0), we get

π/2
π3
Z
2λ π 
φ0 (0) = − − − t φ(t)dt.
96 π 0 2

Substituting this value we get

x Z π/2 
x4 π3 x
Z 
2t  π 2t
φ(x) = − +λ x− φ(t)dt + λ x − 1 φ(t)dt.
12 96 0 π 2 x π

9
Q.10.

Sol: We have, by putting t = xs,

Z x Z 1
2 t dt 3/2
(K φ)(x) = (Kf )(x) = √ =x s2−1 (1 − s)(1/2)−1 ds
0 x−t 0

Γ(2)Γ(1/2) 3/2 4x3/2

= x = .
Γ(5/2) 3

10
 Q.11.

Sol: Since 0 ≤ s ≤ x ≤ 1, we can write

Z x Z x  Z x Z 1 
φ(x) = (x + s) (t + s)φ(t)dt ds + (x + s) (t + s)φ(t)dt ds.
0 s 0 x

By the change of the order of integration, we get

Z x Z t  Z 1 Z x 
φ(x) = (x + s)(t + s)ds φ(t)dt + (x + s)(t + s)ds φ(t)dt
0 0 x 0
Z x  Z 1 
3 2 5 3 3 2 5
φ(x) = xt + t φ(t)dt + x t + x3 φ(t)dt.
0 2 6 x 2 6

11
 Q.12.

Sol: We have φ(3) = 0. Also,

φ0 (x) = λφ(3 − x).

Hence φ0 (0) = λφ(3) = 0. Differentiating once more we get

φ00 (x) = −λφ0 (3 − x) = −λ2 φ(x).

Thus, we have the BVP,

φ00 (x) + λ2 φ(x) = 0, φ0 (0) = φ(3) = 0.

We have φ(x) = A cos λx + B sin λx. The BC φ0 (0) = 0 implies B = 0. The BC

φ(3) = 0 implies that cos 3λ = 0 which gives the eigenvalues λn = (2n + 1)π/6,
n ∈ Z and the eigenvectors are φn (x) = cos λn x.

12
 Q.13.

Sol: Repeated integration gives

Z x
φ(3) (x) = φ(3) (0) + λ φ(t)dt; (∗)
0
Z x
00 00 (3)
φ (x) = φ (0) + φ (0)x + λ (x − t)φ(t)dt;
0
x
x2
Z
λ
φ0 (x) = φ00 (0)x + φ(3) (0) + (x − t)2 φ(t)dt;
2 2 0
2 3 Z x
x x λ
φ(x) = φ00 (0) + φ(3) (0) + (x − t)3 φ(t)dt.
2 6 6 0

Solving for φ(3) (0) we get

Z 1 Z 1
(3) 3
φ (0) = 2λ (1 − t) φ(t)dt − 3λ (1 − t)2 φ(t)dt.
0 0

Putting this in (∗), we get

Z 1 Z x
(3) 2 3
φ (x) = λ (3t − 2t − 1)φ(t)dt + λ φ(t)dt.
0 0

13