MTM

2020-21 even sem6

 Friction
• Relative contact of two surfaces exerts a force either to keep them
stationary or to resist movement.
• The frictional force between the two surfaces is exerting its
maximum ability to resist motion is called limiting static frictional
force.
• Coefficient of static friction between two stationary surfaces is
defined as the ratio of the limiting frictional force of resistance
opposing their relative motion to the force, measured
perpendicular to the common point or plane of contact pressing
the two together:
• µ= F/N where F is the frictional force and N is the normal reaction.
 Friction
• The coefficient of dynamic friction (µ’) between two moving
surfaces is defined in and exactly analogues manner, except
that the frictional force under dynamic conditions is smaller
than the limiting frictional force
• µ’=F/N
Laws of friction states that,
• The frictional force between two surfaces opposes their
relative motion or their potential relative motion.
• The frictional force is independent of the area of contact of
the two surfaces if the normal reaction is constant
• The limiting frictional force is proportional to the normal
reaction.
• The dynamic frictional force is independent of the relative
velocity of the two surfaces.
 Types of friction
• Two types of friction are: 1. Linear friction and 2. Coil friction
• Linear friction is evident when one body slides or tends to
slide over another, the surfaces in contact being flat ones.
• Coil friction is the friction between a flexible band and a
curved surface, is extremely important in textiles.
• Example:
• A leather brake is held against the rim of a 40 cm diameter
pulley by a 15 kg load. If the coefficient of kinetic friction is
0.45, calculate the power used in braking if the pulley speed
is maintained at 150 rev/min.
 Friction calculation
• Given,
• Mass of braking load = 15 kg
• And hence, force applied by braking load
= 15 x 9.81 = 147.2 N which is equal to normal
reaction.
• Frictional force at rim is given by, F = µN
= 0.45 x 147.2 = 66.2 N (frictional resistance)
• In one revolution, a point on the circumference moves
= 40π cm or 1.26m
• So, work done in each revolution = 1.26 x 66.2 = 83.4 J
• Pulley rotates at 150 rev/min or 2.5 rev/s, thus,
• Work done in 1 sec = 83.4 x 2.5 = 208.5 W
• Power used in braking is 208.5 W
 Coil friction
• The friction in belt drives or yarn tension in guides is
determined by the relationship,

• Where is the tension on exit or tight side, is the tension

on entry or slack side, e is the base of Napierian logarithm
with value of 2.71828.., µ is coefficient of coil friction and θ
is the angle of lap in radians.
 Friction Calculation
• Example:
• A spindle of a ring spinning frame is driven at 9000 rev/min
by a tape that passes with a right angle lap around the 2.5
cm diameter spindle wharve. The coefficient of friction is
0.22 and the frictional force 1.5 N. Calculate the maximum
power required to drive the spindle and the tensions in the
tape.
• The maximum power is needed only if the tape is on the
point of slipping.
• Under this conditions,
 Friction Calculation
(∵ Angle of lap on spindle is 90°)
Te = 1.412 Ti
• Given frictional force = 1.5 N
i.e., Te – Ti = 1.5 N
0.412 Ti = 1.5
Therefore, Ti = 3.64 N
Hence tensions in the tape are 5.1 N and 3.6 N on the exit and
incoming sides respectively.
• Given, angular velocity = 9000 rev/min. = 150 rev/s.
=150 x 2π rad/s, = 300 π rad/s.
• Diameter of the wharve = 2.5 cm or 0.025 m
• Power transmitted = ½ (Te – Ti) d ω (∵formula)
= ½ (1.5)(0.025)(300 π) W =17.7W
• Thus maximum power needed = 17.7W
 Friction Calculation
• A loom swell applies a force of 40N as shown in figure to the back
edge of the shuttle. Calculate the force P that must be applied to
the rear of the shuttle to overcome swell friction when the loom is
being turned by hand. The coefficient of friction between swell and
shuttle and between shuttle and box front may be ignored.
 Friction Calculation
• Frictional resistance occurs at the back and front edges of
the shuttle, the total resistance to movement being the sum
of the two, since the bottom friction can be ignored. The
swell pressure is transmitted by the shuttle to the box front
so that normal reaction at the swell and at the box front is
40N in each case.
• At each place, F = µN
= (0.3)x(40) = 12N (front or back)
∴ Total force required to overcome swell friction = 24N