Single Channel Blind Source Separation for MISO
Communication Systems
Priyanka Dey, Nikita Trivedi, Udit Satija, Barathram. Ramkumar, M. Sabarimalai Manikandan
School of Electrical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar
Bhubaneswar, Odisha-752050, India.
Email:{pd16,nt10,us11,barathram,msm}@iitbbs.ac.in
Abstract—Massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) is
the key technology in the 5G communication network. Blind
source separation (BSS) plays an important role in MIMO
communication when information about the transmitted signals
or channel is not available. Independent component analysis
(ICA) is one of the well-known BSS technique applied in MIMO
wireless communication. Existing BSS techniques like ICA as-
sumes number of receiving antennas to be greater than or equal
to the number of transmit antennas and hence cannot be applied
to multiple input single output (MISO) communication scenario,
that happens during downlink massive MIMO communication. In
single channel blind source separation (SCBSS) the source signals
are retrieved from a single observed mixture (single channel or
single receiving antenna) of the source signals. In this paper, we
investigate the application of SCBSS to MISO communication
system. Using ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD),
the MISO communication system is converted to a pseudo-
MIMO system followed by the application of principal component
analysis (PCA) and ICA algorithms to separate the transmitted
signals. The algorithm is successfully applied to 2 × 1 MISO
system and with a slight modification to 𝑛 × 1 MISO system.
Simulation results are provided to validate the performance of
the algorithm.
Index Terms—Massive MIMO, Ensemble empirical mode de-
composition, Principal component analysis, Independent compo-
nent analysis, Pseudo-MIMO.
I. I NTRODUCTION
Massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) is one of
the promising technologies to meet the immense increase in
the mobile data traffic in wireless communication systems [1].
Massive MIMO provides high spectral efficiency by deploying
massive number of antennas at the base station which serve
a number of users (less than the number of antennas at the
base station) [2]. Massive MIMO with its large antenna array
provides high array gain to the spatially multiplexed multiple
users. The significant improvement in throughput and radiated
energy efficiency is achieved by the large number of antennas
which focus energy into ever smaller regions of space. In
presence of channel state information (CSI), high energy
efficiency can be achieved through various signal processing
techniques. However, the performance is highly degraded in
the absence of CSI. One way to obtain the CSI is the use of
pilot signals, which should be mutually orthogonal to ensure
the accuracy of the CSI estimation. In massive MIMO system,
the pilot contamination problem is inevitable [3]. The close
proximity of the co-channel cells leads to the possibility of
same pilot signal being sent by different users at the same time.
978-1-5090-5935-5/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE
UE1
Base station
UE2 with multiple
antennas (N),
UEm
N>m
Fig. 1. Massive MIMO Uplink System.
UE1
UEm Base station
with 2 ultiple
antennas (N),
N>2
UE2
Fig. 2. Massive MIMO Downlink System.
This phenomenon is commonly referred as pilot contamination
[4], results in inter cell interference in multi-cell massive
MIMO system which degrades the performance of the system.
One way to avoid pilot contamination is to employ BSS
(blind source separation) technique, which eliminates the use
of pilots. BSS is a technique where the transmitted source
signals are separated without a priori knowledge of the source
signals or the channel.
The typical uplink scenario of massive MIMO system is
shown in Fig. 1. The uplink system comprises of more
than one single antenna users and single multiple antenna
base station. At the multi antenna base station, multiple
realisations of the signals from various sources are received.
Therefore, BSS techniques can be implemented at base station
for source separation in the uplink system, whereas in the
downlink system (as shown in Fig. 2), the signal received
at the single antenna user is the mixture of signals from
multiple antennas of the base station. Thus, at the user
side, only one realisation of the mixed signal is available.
Hence, BSS techniques can not be implemented in downlink
system. Therefore, a novel approach for source separation in
downlink is presented in this paper. Independent component
analysis (ICA), principal component analysis (PCA), non-
negative matrix factorization are some of the prominent BSS
techniques applied to various fields like bio-medical signal
processing, audio signal processing, communication etc. [21].
Since many years, ICA has been applied to perform BSS,
interference cancellation, automatic modulation classification,
spectrum sensing [5], blind equalization in various wireless
communication systems including code division multiple ac-
cess systems, MIMO systems, MIMO-orthogonal frequency
division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems [6], cognitive
radio, green communication [7]. The difficulty of applying
ICA to MIMO communication system is that it requires the
number of receiving antennas must be greater than or equal
to the number of transmitted sources. In practice, this is not
possible due to implementation constraints. Because of this
disadvantage, ICA cannot be applied to MISO communication
systems. In SCBSS, the source signals are retrieved from a
single observed mixture (single channel or single receiving
antenna) of the source signals without any information about
the channel [21]. Since only one received signal is required,
SCBSS is more suited for MISO communication system.
A. Brief literature review
Various algorithms are proposed in literature for SCBSS.
In [8], Wavelet ICA (WICA) has been used to separate
different audio signals. In [9], authors have used wavelets
for BSS. However, WICA requires the appropriate selec-
tion of the mother wavelet which makes it tedious to be
applied for communication signals. In [10], single channel-
independent component analysis (SCICA) has been proposed
which decomposes the single observed signal into number of
blocks and each block serves as a separate observed signal.
Then this set of blocks is applied to ICA for extracting
the different sources. The major drawback of SCICA is that
the source signals need to be disjoint in frequency domain.
However, the source signals to be separated in communication
systems are generally modulated at the same carrier frequency.
Hence, SCICA will not be a proper choice in this case. In
[11], singular spectrum analysis and fast BSS algorithm have
been combinedly used to perform BSS for communication
signals at different center frequencies. However, this method
is more suitable for convolutive mixtures. In [12], adaptation
of Bayesian model approach has been used for SCBSS. In
[13], a learning algorithm using ICA based on maximum
likelihood (ML) has been presented. ML method has been used
in [14] to remove sinusoidal interferences from backscattered
echo. These ML-based probabilistic approaches for SCBSS
are based on either learning of basis functions or training
of “mixture models” using samples from the same class of
signals to be separated [13] which makes it inappropriate
for communication systems. In [15], a method combining
ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) and ICA
for SCBSS has been proposed where ICA is applied on the
modes obtained by EEMD decomposition of the observed
signal. Here, the signals to be separated need not be disjoint
in spectrum. However, in [16], EEMD along with PCA has
been used for dimensionality reduction. In [16], it has also
been shown that the EEMD-PCA-ICA method outperforms
the EEMD-ICA method.
B. Contribution of this paper
SCBSS has been applied to MISO communication systems
where the source signals are modulated at different carrier
Fig. 3. System model showing a 2 × 1 MISO communication system.
frequencies [11], [17]. However, to the best of our knowledge,
it has not been investigated for source signals at the same
carrier frequency. In this paper, we extend EEMD-PCA-
ICA-based proposed in [16] to a MISO 𝑛 × 1 communi-
cation system at same carrier frequency. In this paper, we
investigate MISO system for BPSK and QPSK modulation
schemes considering Rayleigh flat fading channel. As men-
tioned earlier, conventional BSS techniques like basic ICA
will not work for such single channel systems. Further, a
MISO communication system has practical importance since
generally constraints on receiver size do not allow more than
one antenna to be installed. Thus, an appropriate SCBSS
technique is necessary to estimate the source signals at the
receiver without channel information and with an acceptable
BER (bit error rate) performance. Therefore, in this paper,
we thoroughly investigated the EEMD-PCA-ICA algorithm
for such a communication system. The paper is organized
as follows. Section II consists of system model and problem
statement. Section III comprises brief description of EEMD,
PCA and ICA. Section IV consists of the EEMD-PCA-ICA
algorithm. Section V contains application of the EEMD-PCA-
ICA algorithm to MISO communication system. Section VI
contains the simulation results and discussion followed by
conclusion in Section VII.
II. S YSTEM MODEL AND PROBLEM STATEMENT
Here, first we have considered a 2×1 MISO communication
system as shown in Fig. 3. The two transmitting antennas
transmit either two BPSK or two QPSK modulated signals x1
and x2 with the same carrier frequency. It is assumed that x1
and x2 are independent of each other. The flat fading channel
is given by 𝐻. The received signal r is given by (1).
r = 𝐻x + n (1)
where, 𝐻 = [ℎ11 , ℎ12 ], x = [x1 , x2 ]𝑇 and n = AWGN (ad-
ditive white Gaussian noise) with variance 𝜎 2 . Our objective
is to retrieve x1 and x2 from r without any knowledge of
𝐻. Therefore, we use EEMD on r to decompose it into a
number of modes. This helps us to convert the MISO system
to a pseudo-MIMO system so that ICA can be applied on it.
Later, we have extended this to an 𝑛×1 MISO communication
system. It is assumed that each antenna transmits data inde-
pendent of each other modulated at the same frequency. Our
task is to estimate x from the knowledge of r at the receiver
side. However, directly applying EEMD-PCA-ICA on r will
not retrieve the transmitted signals successfully. Hence, we
modified the algorithm to make it applicable to 𝑛 × 1 MISO
communication systems.
 III. B RIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF EEMD, PCA AND ICA
A. EEMD
EMD (empirical mode decomposition) introduced in [18]
decomposes a signal into a number of oscillatory modes
known as intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). A mode is consid-
ered to be an IMF if it satisfies the following two conditions:
(i) the total number of zero crossings and the number of
extrema should be equal or differ by at most one and (ii) the
mean value of the envelope formed by interpolating maxima
and envelope formed by interpolating minima should be zero
everywhere. However, a major disadvantage of this technique
is the “mode mixing” problem. To overcome this problem,
EEMD was proposed in [19]. It is a noise assisted technique.
Let the signal to be decomposed be 𝑥[𝑛]. The pseudo code of
EEMD is given in Algorithm 1.
Algorithm 1 Pseudo code for EEMD
1: 𝑥[𝑛] → input signal.
2: 𝑥𝑗 [𝑛] ← 𝑥[𝑛]+𝑤 𝑗 [𝑛]
3: Apply EMD on each 𝑥𝑗 [𝑛]
𝑗
4: IMFs obtained are 𝐼𝑀 𝐹 𝑘 [𝑛] where, 𝑘 is the mode number
𝑘 ∑𝐽 𝑗
5: True 𝐼𝑀 𝐹 [𝑛] ← 𝑗=1 𝐼𝑀 𝐹 𝑘 [𝑛] where, 𝐽 is the total
number of realizations. Here, 𝑤𝑗 [𝑛] are different white
noise realizations having the same finite variance.
B. PCA
PCA uses second order statistical properties to transform
a vector containing correlated elements x to another vector
containing uncorrelated elements y with the help of a trans-
formation matrix A as given in (2). It helps in dimensionality
reduction [20].
y = Ax (2)
The first element of y is obtained such that it has maximum
variance. The rest of the elements of y are obtained in the
same way but with an additional constraint that the elements
are uncorrelated with each other. The solution for A is found
to be the eigen vector matrix of the covariance matrix of x. The
elements of y are arranged from top to bottom (considering y
to be a column vector) in such a manner that the first element
corresponds to the eigen vector with the highest eigenvalue
and the rest of the elements correspond to eigenvalues sorted
in a descending manner. These elements of y are known
as the principal components. One can select the first 𝑚
principal components out of total 𝐾 principal components,
thus performing dimension reduction of the original vector x.
C. ICA
ICA performs a transformation similar to (2). However, the
major difference between PCA and ICA is that, the elements
of the transformed vector y are all statistically independent of
each other. Let z be the vector consisting of original source
elements. The observed vector x is obtained after multiplying
with the mixing matrix 𝐵. In the basic ICA model given in
[21] this mixing matrix 𝐵 is considered to be a square matrix.
Thus, it can be written as,
x = 𝐵z (3)
The function of ICA is to determine the unmixing matrix
given by (𝐴 = 𝐵 −1 ) such that y can be obtained only
from the knowledge of x using (2). The obtained vector y
(y = 𝐵 −1 x) will be same as source vector z if the following
conditions are satisfied: (i) the source components are sta-
tistically independent of each other and (ii) at most one of
the sources has a Gaussian distribution. The second condition
has been imposed since the algorithms of ICA work with
higher order statistics and these statistical parameters vanish
to zero for Gaussian distributions. Various algorithms of ICA
have been proposed based on maximization of non-Gaussianity
by kurtosis or negentropy, maximum likelihood estimation,
minimization of mutual information, tensorial methods, non-
linear decorrelation etc.
IV. EEMD-PCA-ICA ALGORITHM
The EEMD-PCA-ICA algorithm has been introduced in
[16]. Its application in communication system has not been
evaluated. In the first step, we apply EEMD on r using (1) to
convert the MISO (single output r) system to a pseudo-MIMO
system since it has more than one observed signals consisting
of the IMFs obtained (multiple outputs). Since EEMD is a
noise-assisted technique, the noise also gets reduced in the
process. PCA is applied on the obtained IMFs for dimension-
ality reduction. This step further eliminates noise contained in
the rejected principal components. Then the resultant outputs
are applied to ICA algorithm to extract all the independent
components. The obtained independent components would be
similar to the source signals. The pseudo-code of the algorithm
is given in Algorithm 2.
Algorithm 2 Pseudo code for EEMD-PCA-ICA
1: Apply EEMD on r
2: IMFs obtained are 𝐼𝑀 𝐹 𝑘 , 𝑘 being mode number
3: Apply PCA on 𝐼𝑀 𝐹 𝑘 , for 1 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 𝐾 where 𝐾 is the
total number of modes
4: Select 𝑚 principal components (𝑚 < 𝐾) p1 , p2 , .....p𝑚
5: Apply ICA on p1 , p2 , .....p𝑚 to retrieve sources
s1 , s2 , .....s𝑛
𝑛=number of sources.
Generally, it is considered that 𝑚 = 𝑛.
V. A PPLICATION OF EEMD-PCA-ICA ALGORITHM TO
MISO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
As our goal is to retrieve the independent transmitted signals
x (which are modulated at the same frequency) only from the
received signal r, we consider a 2 × 1 MISO system and then
extend it to 𝑛 × 1 MISO system with some modifications in
the algorithm.
A. SCBSS for a 2 × 1 MISO communication system
Here, we consider a 2 × 1 MISO communication system
as shown in Fig. 3, which has two transmitting antennas
which can transmit either two BPSK or two QPSK modulated
 1

Amplitude
0 (a)
x1 h11
IMF1 P1 s1
−1
r r 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Tx h12 Rx EEMD IMF2 PCA ICA
s2 5
P2 1

Amplitude
0
−1
x2
IMFK 0 (b)

−5
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
2x1 MISO system
Pseudo-MIMO 5
1

Amplitude
0
−1
0 (c)

Fig. 4. Block diagram representation of the algorithm for a 2 × 1 MISO

−5
system. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Sample Index

Fig. 6. (a) Received mixed signal of BPSK modulated signals for 2 × 1 sys-
tem (b),(c)Superimposed transmitted and estimated BPSK modulated signals
obtained after applying EEMD-PCA-ICA.

EEMD-PCA-ICA on the received signal. It is observed that the

Fig. 5. Block diagram representation of the modified algorithm.
signals x1 and x2 with the same modulation frequency. The
proposed 2 × 1 MISO system is illustrated in Fig. 4. The
proposed system works in three steps: Firstly, the received
signal is decomposed into different IMFs. In the second step,
dimensionality reduction is performed using PCA and then
ICA is applied to retrieve the two sources s1 and s2 . Finally,
retrieved sources are compared with the original transmitted
sources to calculate the BER and investigate the performance
of the algorithm.
B. SCBSS for 𝑛 × 1 MISO communication system
It is observed that when the same algorithm of EEMD-
PCA-ICA is applied directly to 𝑛 × 1 MISO communication
system (as an example we have considered 3 × 1 MISO
system), the BER of the system degrades drastically. Degra-
dation is to the extent that one source signal corresponding
to the highest channel coefficient is being decoded correctly
while the BERs in the other two obtained signals are almost
reduced by half. The degradation in performance is due to
the fact that decomposition of a signal using EEMD gives
rise to modes with different oscillatory components in it. The
initial modes are high frequency modes and the frequency
of the modes keeps on decreasing subsequently until the
residual is obtained. Here, our goal is to blindly separate
communication signals modulated at the same frequency. The
low frequency modes obtained using EEMD do not contain
adequate information about the original modulating frequency
of the signal. Hence, the mixing matrix obtained is inadequate
to separate the sources accurately. However, from simulations
it has been found that the source signal multiplied with the
highest channel coefficient is being decoded correctly. On the
other hand, the rest of the obtained source signals have very
little or no information. Thus, it can not be extended directly to
higher order MISO system. Therefore, first we extend SCBSS
for 3 × 1 MISO system and then subsequently we will extend
for 𝑛 × 1 MISO system. For the 3 × 1 MISO system, we apply
mixing matrix obtained from ICA is a scaled version of the
original mixing matrix. Therefore, identification of this scale
factor is important to retrieve the mixing matrix adequately.
In this case, the phase modulated source signals are constant-
modulus signals. Hence, using this amplitude information one
can easily find out the scale factor and obtain the original
mixing matrix. However, only the highest channel coefficient
can be correctly determined in this way. Hence, we check for
the highest coefficient in the mixing matrix. The reconstructed
source corresponding to the highest channel coefficient is
considered to be the only correctly reconstructed source. It
is then subtracted from the received signal. EEMD-PCA-
ICA algorithm is again applied to the resultant signal, which
reduces to SCBSS for 2 × 1 MISO system. The algorithm for
SCBSS in a 𝑛 × 1 MISO communication system is given in
Algorithm 3. Fig. 5 shows the diagrammatic representation of
the proposed algorithm. It is seen from Fig. 5 that the MISO
system has been converted to a pseudo-MIMO system where
the selected principal components are the multiple outputs.
Algorithm 3 Pseudo code for SCBSS in 𝑛 × 1 MISO system
1: Apply EEMD on r
2: IMFs obtained are 𝐼𝑀 𝐹 𝑘 , 𝑘 being mode number
3: Apply PCA on 𝐼𝑀 𝐹 𝑘 , for 1 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 𝐾 where 𝐾 is the
total number of modes
4: Select 𝑛=number of sources mixed in r) principal com-
ponents p1 , p2 , .....p𝑛
5: Apply ICA on p1 , p2 , .....p𝑛 to retrieve sources
s1 , s2 , .....s𝑛
6: If 𝑛 ∕= 2, go to next step else stop
7: Mixing matrix obtained is 𝑀
8: Find highest coefficient in 𝑀 . Assume it as 𝑎
9: Obtain 𝑎s1 , s1 assumed to be corresponding to 𝑎
10: Retrieved source=s1
11: Perform r − 𝑎s1 → r̂
12: Go back to step 1 with input as r̂
VI. S IMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this section, we evaluate the performance of the proposed
system for SCBSS. First we analyze the SCBSS for the 2 × 1
MISO system. We generated two sets of BPSK modulated
 0
10 10
0 EEMD-PCA-ICA algorithm. The algorithm was successfully
BPSK 2x1
QPSK 2x1
−1 −1
10 10
BPSK 1x1
QPSK 1x1
Average BER
−2 −2
10 BPSK 2x2 10
−3
10 10
−3
−4
10 10
−4
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10
SNR in dB
(a)
Fig. 7. Comparison of average BER vs. SNR using EEMD-PCA-ICA method
for SCBSS of (a) two BPSK and two QPSK signals (2 × 1 system), and 1 × 1
and 2 × 2 systems. (b) two BPSK and two QPSK signals (2 × 1 system), and
1 × 1 and 3 × 3 systems.
signals which are independent to each other. Received signal
is the mixture of these signals as shown in Fig. 6(a). The
channel is considered to be constant over a frame length of
105 bits. Flat fading channel and AWGN are considered for
SNR calculation. The received signal is decomposed into IMFs
using EEMD. It is to be noted that appropriate number of
realizations is chosen to suppress noise while keeping the
trade-off with the computation time. This has been manually
set by trial and error. After applying PCA on all IMFs, two
principal components have been selected as we considered
two sources. This ensures that the unmixing matrix obtained
after applying ICA would be square matrix. The mixing matrix
would just be the inverse of the unmixing matrix. JADE (joint
approximate diagonalization of eigen matrices) algorithm has
been used for ICA to obtain two independent components. The
estimated signals have been superimposed on the transmitted
signals and it can be observed that the phase change locations
are preserved in the estimated signals as shown in Fig. 6(b),
(c). The average BER vs. SNR (in dB) has been plotted after
comparing the decoded data and the source data, as shown
in Fig. 7. We have compared this BER with that of a 1 × 1
(SISO- single input single output) system. For the 1×1 system,
we have transmitted x1 and x2 separately in two different
time slots. The average of the individual BERs for x1 and
x2 has been plotted. Again, a BPSK modulated 2 × 2 MIMO
system has been considered where only basic ICA has been
used to determine the source signals. These serve as references
to observe the degradation in performance when SCBSS is
employed. The performance of the two QPSK modulated
signals has also been analyzed and plotted in Fig. 7(a). Next,
we analyze the performance of the proposed algorithm for
3 × 1 MISO system for BPSK and QPSK modulated signals.
Fig. 7(b) shows the average BER vs. SNR plot of SCBSS for
both the modulation schemes using the modified EEMD-PCA-
ICA method. To determine the degradation in performance we
compared the BER using 1 × 1 and 3 × 3 system. Results
demonstrate that the proposed method has great potential in
SCBSS for massive MIMO system.
VII. C ONCLUSION
In this paper, we investigated the application of SCBSS
to MISO communication system. For SCBSS, we consider
BPSK 3x1
QPSK 3x1
applied to a 2 × 1 system. The algorithm was also applied
to 𝑛 × 1 MISO system with modifications. Simulation results
BPSK 1x1
QPSK 1x1
show good performance of the algorithm.
BPSK 3x3
VIII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This project was funded by Department of Science and
Technology (Project no: YSS/2014/000025).
15 20 25 30
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