Gauss-Seidel Method of Load Flow

Analysis
Contents:
 Algorithm
 Flowchart
 Problems
 Advantages & Disadvantages

Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Gauss-Seidel Method Prepared by,

Mrs.S.Revathi
 2

Algorithm
Step 1:
Assume a flat voltage profile 1+j0 for all buses except slack bus
Step 2:
Assume a suitable value of convergence criterion ε
Step 3:
Set iteration count k=0 and assume V10 V20 V30 ………. Vn0 except
slack bus.
Step 4:
Set bus count p=1
Step 5:
Check for slack bus. If it is slack bus then go to step-12,
otherwise go to next step.

Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Gauss-Seidel Method Prepared by,

Mrs.S.Revathi
 3

Contd…
Step 6: Check for generator bus. If it is generator bus go to next step,
otherwise go to step 9

Step 7:
Set |Vpk|=|Vp|spec calculate the reactive power by,

𝑘+1 𝑘 ∗ 𝑝−1 𝑘+1 𝑛 𝑘

𝑄𝑝,𝑐𝑎𝑙 =(-1) im 𝑉𝑃 × 𝑞=1 𝑌𝑝𝑞 𝑉𝑞 + 𝑞=𝑝 𝑌𝑝𝑞 𝑣𝑞

If the calculated reactive power is within specified limits then consider

𝑘+1
this bus as generator bus and set 𝑄𝑃 =𝑄𝑝,𝑐𝑎𝑙 and go to next step.

Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Gauss-Seidel Method Prepared by,

Mrs.S.Revathi
 4

Contd…
If calculated Q violates the specified limit then treat this bus as
load bus
if Qp,cal k+1 < Qp,min then Qp = Qp,min
Qp,calk+1 > Qp,max then Qp = Qp,max
go to step-9
Step 8:
For generator bus the voltage magnitude is constant. The
phase of bus voltage calculated by,

𝑘+1 1 𝑃𝑝−𝑄𝑝 𝑝−1 𝑘+1 𝑛 𝑘

𝑉𝑝,𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑌 ∗ − 𝑌 𝑉
𝑞=1 𝑝𝑞 𝑞 − 𝑌 𝑣
𝑞=𝑝+1 𝑝𝑞 𝑞
𝑝𝑝 𝑉𝑝𝑘

Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Gauss-Seidel Method Prepared by,

Mrs.S.Revathi
 5

Contd…
Step 9: For the load bus the value of voltage can be calculated by,
𝑃𝑝−𝑄𝑝
𝑘+1 1 𝑝−1 𝑘+1 𝑛 𝑘
𝑉𝑝 =𝑌 ∗ − 𝑌 𝑉
𝑞=1 𝑝𝑞 𝑞 − 𝑌 𝑣
𝑞=𝑝+1 𝑝𝑞 𝑞
𝑝𝑝 𝑉𝑝𝑘
Step 10: An acceleration factor α can be used for faster convergence.
Vp,acck+1 = Vpk+α(Vpk+1- Vpk)
Then set,
Vpk+1 = Vp,acck+1 α=1.6

Step 11:
Calculate, ∆Vpk+1=Vpk+1- Vpk
Step 12:
Repeat steps 5 to 11 until all the bus voltages have been calculated .
Continue until bus count is n.

Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Gauss-Seidel Method Prepared by,

Mrs.S.Revathi
 6

Contd…
Step 13:
Find the largest of the absolute value of
change in voltage. |∆Vmax|<ε then move to next step.
Otherwise increment the iteration count and go to
step-4.
Step-14
Calculate the line flows and slack bus power
using bus voltages.

Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Gauss-Seidel Method Prepared by,

Mrs.S.Revathi
Flowchart: 7

Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Gauss-Seidel Method Prepared by,

Mrs.S.Revathi
 8

Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Gauss-Seidel Method Prepared by,

Mrs.S.Revathi
 9

The above algorithm has been explained in the next slide with an
example.

Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Gauss-Seidel Method Prepared by,

Mrs.S.Revathi
 10

1. The figure given below shows a power system.

Bus 1:Slack bus V Specified=1.05p.u
Bus 2:PV bus 𝑽 =1.2p.u Pg=3 p.u
Bus 3: PQ bus PL=4p.u QL=2p.u
Carry out one iteration of load flow solution by G-S method. Take
Q limits of generator 2 as 0 < Q < 3.
Step 1:Form 𝒀𝒃𝒖𝒔 matrix

3 − 𝑗9 −2 + 𝑗5 −1 + 𝑗4
𝑌𝑏𝑢𝑠 = −2 + 𝑗5 5 − 𝑗14 −3 + 𝑗9
−1 + 𝑗4 −3 + 𝑗9 4 − 𝑗13
Step 2: Initial voltages are considered as 1 p.u for all buses.
𝑉20 = 1.2+j0 𝑉30 = 1+j0
Bus 1 is slack bus so its voltage remains constant for all iterations.
𝑉10 =𝑉11 = 𝑉12 = 𝑉13 = 1.05+j0
Step 3: Start iteration count, for first iteration set k=0
Step 4: Bus 1 is slack bus p=1 ∴ 𝑽𝟏
𝟏 = 1.05+j0

Step 5: Bus 2 is generator bus(p=2)

For generator bus calculate the phase of the voltage
To calculate phase angle of bus voltage estimate the reactive power at bus 2 by
using.
∗ 𝒑−𝟏
𝑸𝒌+𝟏
𝒑,𝒄𝒂𝒍 =(-1) im 𝑽𝒌
𝑷 × 𝒒=𝟏 𝒀𝒑𝒒 𝑽𝒌+𝟏
𝒒 + 𝒏
𝒒=𝒑 𝒀𝒑𝒒 𝒗𝒌
𝒒

Substitute k=0 and p=2

1
𝑄2 =(-1) im 𝑉20 ∗
× 1
𝑞 =1 𝑌2𝑞 𝑉𝑞1 + 3
2
0
𝑌2𝑞 𝑣𝑞

1
𝑄2 =(-1) im 𝑉20 ∗
∗ 𝑌21 𝑉11 + 𝑌22 𝑉20 + 𝑌23 𝑉30
= (-1) im 1.2 − 𝑗0 ∗ (−2 + 𝑗5) 1.05 + 𝑗0 + 5 − 𝑗14 1.2 + 𝑗0 + −3 +
𝑗9 (1 + 𝑗0)
=(-1)im 𝑗1.08 − 𝑗3.06 ∴ 𝑸𝟏
𝟐 = 3.06 p.u 0 < Q < 3.

Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Gauss-Seidel Method Prepared by,

Mrs.S.Revathi
 11

The Q-limit is violated which is greater than the upper limit. Set 𝑄2 = 3 𝑝. 𝑢 Therefore the
bus acts as load bus. ∴ 𝑽𝟎
𝟐 = 1+j0

For load bus calculate the value of voltage magnitude and phase angle,
1 𝑃 𝑝 −𝑗𝑄 𝑝 𝑝 −1 𝑛
𝑉𝑝𝑘, +1 =𝑌 ∗ − 𝑞 =1 𝑌𝑝𝑞 𝑉𝑞𝑘 +1 − 𝑞 =𝑝 +1 𝑌𝑝𝑞 𝑣𝑞𝑘
𝑝𝑝 𝑉𝑝𝑘

1 𝑃 2−𝑗𝑄 2
𝑉21 = ∗ − 𝑌21 𝑉11 − 𝑌23 𝑣3
0
𝑌22 𝑉20

1 3+𝑗 3
=5−𝑗 14 − −2 + 𝑗5 (1 + 𝑗0) – −3 + 𝑗9 (1 − 𝑗0)
1−𝑗 0

𝑉21 =1.023 + j0.063p.u =1.02 3.54°p.u

Step 6: Bus 3 as load bus,
1 𝑃 3 −𝑗 𝑄 3
𝑉31 =𝑌 ∗
1
− 𝑌31 𝑣1 1
− 𝑌32 𝑣2
33 𝑉30

1 −4+𝑗 2
= − −1 + 𝑗4 (1.05 + 𝑗0) – −3 + 𝑗9 (1.023 + 𝑗0.063)
4−𝑗 13 1−𝑗 0

𝑉31 = 0.803 – j0.194 p.u = 0.826 −13.60 p.u

Result:
The voltages at the end of first iteration is,
𝑉11 = 1.05+j0 p.u
𝑉21 =1.023 + j0.063p.u
𝑉31 = 0.803 – j0.194 p.u

Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Gauss-Seidel Method Prepared by,

Mrs.S.Revathi
 12

Advantages and disadvantages of G-S method.

Advantages:
 Simple calculation and less programming task.
 Less memory requirement.
 Useful for small systems.
Disadvantages:
 Requires large number of iterations to reach convergence
 Not suitable for large systems
 Convergence time increases with size of the system.

Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Gauss-Seidel Method Prepared by,

Mrs.S.Revathi
 13

References:

1. Hadi Saadat, ‘Power System Analysis’, Tata McGraw Hill Education Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi, 21st reprint, 2010.
2. Kundur P., ‘Power System Stability and Control, Tata McGraw Hill Education
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 10th reprint, 2010.
3. Pai M A, ‘Computer Techniques in Power System Analysis’, Tata Mc Graw-Hill
Publishing
Company Ltd., New Delhi, Second Edition, 2007.
4. J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sarma, Thomas J. Overbye, ‘ Power System
Analysis & Design’, Cengage Learning, Fifth Edition, 2012.
5. Olle. I. Elgerd, ‘Electric Energy Systems Theory – An Introduction’, Tata
McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, Second Edition, 2012.
6. C.A.Gross, “Power System Analysis,” Wiley India, 2011.
7. M.Jeraldin Ahila “Power System Analysis”, Lakshmi Publications, Chennai,
Eleventh Edition 2017.
8. Other Web Resources

Kongunadu College of Engineering & Technology Gauss-Seidel Method Prepared by,

Mrs.S.Revathi