Pr

eparedb yEli
aMwan ga,
As si
s t
antLect
u r
er,
Th
eUn
iver
sit
yofDodoma,DepartmentofLaw.
mwan ga23@gmail
.com

THEUNIVERSI
TYOFDODOMA
COLLEGEOFHUMANI TI
ESANDSOCI
ALSCI
ENCES
SCHOOLOFSOCIALSCI
ENCES
DEPARTMENTOFLAW

LW 416–MI
NI
NGANDNATURALRESOURCESLAW

I
.Cou
rseDes
cri
pti
on

I
nt h
iscourseth
es tu
den t
swi l
lstu
dyt h
elegalaspectsofnatur
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r ces
,then eedf or
preser
vati
on of natur
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ces an d vari
ousl egi
sl
ati
ons gover
n i
ngp reservat
ion,
expl
oit
ati
onanddevel
opmen tofnatur
alr
esourcesatnati
onal
andint
ernat
ionall
evel
.

I
I
.Cou
rseOb
ject
ives

Mini
ngandNatur
alResou r
cesLawintendst oequ i
plaws t
uden
tswithaspectsandcon
cep ts
ofthelawsgoverni
ngmi ni
ngandothern aturalr
es ou
rcesinTanzani
a.Th ecour
sefurt
h er
i
ntendstoenabl
es tudentsacqui
rek n
owl edgean ds ki
ll
sont h
eexp l
oitat
ion
,expl
orat
ion,
govern
anceandprot
ectionofnat
ural
res ourcesinTanzani
a.

I
I
I.As
ses
smen
t

TheFinalUniver
s i
tyExam willcar
ry60% an d40% oft h
emar kswi l
lbeobtai
nedf rom
as
sign
men t
s,testsands emi
narpresen
tati
onsconductedinthecourseofth
esemes ter.Itis
i
mport
antfort hes t
udentstoaccompli
shallcomponentsoft h
eCou rsework
.Ab scon din
g
oneoft hecomp onentrenderstheenti
recou r
sewor ki n
comp l
ete.Thi
sissubj
ect edt o
Uni
versi
tyExaminati
onregul
ati
ons.

I
V.Du
rat
ionoft
heCou
rse

Th
isi
saon
esemes
tercou
rse.
Ther
ewi
l
lbe3l
ect
ureh
our
sperweekan
d1s
emi
narh
our
.

I
V.Bas
icReadi
ngs

Thi
soutl
in
eindi
cat
eson l
ythemini
mu m essen
tialreadi
ngs
.Stu
dent
sareadvi
sedtoconsu
lt
ot
herreadi
ngsands ou
rcespar
ti
cular
lywh enp repari
ngforl
ect
ures
,semi
narsandti
med
ess
ays
. Thefol
l
owin
gar epr
escr
ibedasb as
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ect
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 Pr
eparedb yEli
aMwan ga,
As si
s t
antLect
u r
er,
Th
eUn
iver
sit
yofDodoma,DepartmentofLaw.
mwan ga23@gmail
.com

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scr
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esf
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ri
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”Nor
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J.S.
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tsh
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Maj
amb
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H.In
digen
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owl
edgeSys
temsan
dWi
l
dli
feMan
agemen
t:AFr
amewor
kfor

Maj
amb
a,H.I.Regul
ati
ngtheHu
nti
ngIndu
str
yinTanzani
a:Ref
lect
ion
sontheLegi
sl
ati
ve,
I
nst
it
uti
onalan
dPoli
cyMaki
ngFr
amework,
Dar-
es-Sal
aamUn i
ver
sit
yPr
ess
,2001

Maj
amb
a,H.
I
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Int
egr
ati
ngLocalCommu
nit
iesi
nth
ePol
i
cyan
dLegi
sl
ati
veFr
amewor
k
2
 Pr
eparedb yEli
aMwan ga,
As si
s t
antLect
u r
er,
Th
eUn
iver
sit
yofDodoma,DepartmentofLaw.
mwan ga23@gmail
.com

forWi l
dl
if
e Cons
ervati
on and Managementi
n Tan
zani
a,
” Uon
gozi
,Jour
nalof
Managementan
dDevelopmentDynami
cs,Vol
.
18I
ssu
eNo.2,Mzu
mbeUni
ver
siy.
t

Maj
amb
a,H.
I.“Wil
dl
ifeTradeandth
eImpl
ementat
ionofCI
TESinTan
zani
a,
”UgandaWil
dli
fe
Soci
etyRes ear
chRep or
tSeri
esNo.2,C&APr i
nti
ngan
dPubl
i
shi
ngLtd.
,Kampal
a,
Uganda,
2000

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iA.,“Draf
tRep
ortont
heRevi
ewoftheMi
n i
ngAct2010an
dMi ner
alPol
icyof2009to
I
den
tif
yGapsontheRi
ght
sandPar
ti
ci
pat
ionofWomenAr t
isan
alMiner
sinTanzani
a”
TAWOMA&BEST-AC

Map
undaB. T.
,“Th
eLawoft heSeai
nTan zani
a:AnAsses
smentoftheI
mp l
i
cati
onsofth
e
1982UNCon ven
tionont
heLaw oftheSea,Ph
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ert
ati
on,Un
iver
sit
yofGh en
t,
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Mi
l
ledge,S.etal,(
2007)For
estr
y,Governan
cean dNati
onal
Develop
men t
:Les
s on
sLearn
ed
FromaLoggingBoomi nSouth
ernTanzan
ia,TAFFI
C/Eas
tSou th
ernAfr
ica/Tan
zania
Develop
men tPart
ner
sGr ou
p/MNRT,Dar-es-
Sal
aam,Tanzani
a

Mi
ni
str
y ofEnergy an
d Mi
ner
als
,“Pr
ocedu
resf
orExp
ort
ing an
dimp
ort
ing Mi
ner
alsi
n
Tan
zan
ia”
.

Mn
iwas
aan dSh au
ri,(
2001)Review oftheDecentr
ali
zati
onPr oces
san dit
sImpacton
Envi
ronmentand Natur
alResources Man
agemen tin Tanzani
a,LEAT Resear
ch
Report
,LEATDar-es-
Salaam.

Ns
hal
a,R.,Ngoi
tik
o,D.& Gar dn
er,B.(1999)Th eRol
eofVi ll
ageBy-LawsinCommunit
y
BasedNat ur
alResour
ceMan agementinTanzan
ia,LegalBack
groundan
dGuidel
i
nes
forFaci
li
tat
ors.EPI
Q/USAI D,DaresSalaam

Ri
bot
,J.C(2002)
, Democr
ati
cDecentr
ali
zat
ionofNat
ural
Res
our
ces
:In
sti
tut
ion
ali
zi
ngPop
ular
Par
tici
pat
ion,WRI,
Was h
ingt
onDC.

Ri
bot
,J.CandLars
on,A.(un
dated)Democrat
icDecentr
ali
zati
onThrou
ghaNat
ural
Res
our
ce
Len
s(htt
ps:
//net
fi
les.
uui
uc.
edu/r
ibot
/shar
ed/161edr01.
pdf
)

Ri
bot
,J.
C.2003)Democr
( ati
cDecen
tral
i
zat
ionofNat
ural
Res
our
ces
:In
sti
tut
ion
alCh
oicean
d

Sch
olz,W “
t The Pr
omoti
onofRegionalEnvi
ron
men t
alSecur
it
y and Af
ri
ca’
sCommon
Pos
iti
ononCli
mat
eCh an
ge”Af
ricanHu
manRi gh
tsLawJourn
alVol
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Sh
ivj
iI
.,etal
,Const
it
uti
onalan
dLegalSys
tem ofTan
zan
ia,Mk
ukin
aNyot
aPu
bli
sher
sLt
d,
DaresSal
aam,2004
3
 Pr
eparedb yEli
aMwan ga,
As si
s t
antLect
u r
er,
Th
eUn
iver
sit
yofDodoma,DepartmentofLaw.
mwan ga23@gmail
.com

Sh
ivj
i
,I.(2002)“Vil
lageGover
nan
cean
dCommonPoolResour
cesinTan zan
ia,
”inPol
icy
I
mp l
i
cati
onsofCommonPoolResou
rceKn
owl
edgei
nIndi
a,Tanzan
iaandZimbabwe,
(
DFID),London,UK.

VanWager
en,
T.F.
,I
nter
nat
ion
alMi
ni
ngLaw,
Bib
li
ol
if
e,NewYor
k,2008.

V.
Cou
rseCon
ten
ts

Chapt
erOne

I
ntr
odu
cti
on

Nat
urean
dor
igi
nofn
atu
ral
res
our
ces

I
mpor
tan
ceofn
atu
ral
res
our
ces

Cas
es:

 Pai
gev.Fai
rfi
el
d( 1995)
 I
nReTor t
orel
l
i(2003)66P.
3d606(2003)149Was
h.2d82
Devel
opmen
tofNatur
alResourcesLawinTanzan
ia

Sou
rcesofNat
ural
Res
our
cesl
aw

o Con
sti
tut
ion

o Pr
inci
pl
elegi
sl
ati
ons

o Su
bsi
di
aryl
egi
sl
ati
on

Nat
ural
Res
our
cesp
rot
ect
ionver
susf
orei
gni
nves
tmen
t

Chapt
erTwo

Owners
hip,Contr
olandUs eofNatur
alResources
Th
eor
iesofOwn
ers
hipan
dCon tr
olofMiner
alsandNatu
ralResour
ces

o Pu
bli
cTr
ustDoct
ri
ne

o I
nt
ergen
erat
ion
alequ
ity

o I
nt
ra–gen
erat
ion
alequ
ity
4
 Pr
eparedb yEli
aMwan ga,
As si
s t
antLect
u r
er,
Th
eUn
iver
sit
yofDodoma,DepartmentofLaw.
mwan ga23@gmail
.com

o Sover
eign
tyovern
atu
ral
res
our
ces

o Pr
otect
ionofCu
lt
ural
andNat
ural
her
it
age

o Pr
inci
pl
e of Common b
ut Di
ff
eren
tiat
ed Res
pon
sib
il
it
ies
/Pr
inci
pl
e of
Cooperat
ion

Own
ers
hipofMi
ner
alsan
dNat
ural
res
our
cesi
nTan
zan
ia

Own
ers
hipan
dCon
trol
inot
herCou
ntr
ies

Ri
ghtt
oNat
ural
Res
our
ces(
Thi
rdGen
erat
ionofHu
manRi
ght
s)

Ch
all
engesan
dPr
osp
ect
s

Cas
es:

 Marti
nv.Waddel l
’
sLes s
ee( 1842)
 Pol
lardv.Hagan44U. S.212(1845)
 TheDan i
elBall(1870)USSu premeCou r
t
 I
ll
i
noisCentralRail
roadv. I
l
li
noi
s(1892)
 Af rican Networ k ForAn i
malWelfare(ANAW)V The At
tor
ney
Gen eraloftheUn i
tedRepubl
icOfTanzan
iaRef
eren
ceNo.
9of2010

Chapt
erThr
ee

Nat
ural
Res
our
cesDevel
opmen
t(Mi
ner
al,Gasan
dOi
lExpl
orat
ion
san
dPr
odu
cti
on)

I
ntroduction
Naturalresourcesdevel opment(Min er
al,Gasan dOil)
Pol
icycon s
ideration
Legalan dInsti
tuti
on al f
rameworkf ormin eral
,gasandoilexplorat
ionandp
rodu
cti
on
o Pr ecol oni
alera
o Col onialera
o Pos tcol oni
aler
a
o Mi neral,gasandoilexplorationandproducti
onlicences
o Royal tiesandtaxes
o I ndigen ousri
ghts
Publi
cp arti
cipat
ioni nn atu
ralr
esou rcesdevel opment
Naturalresourcesdevel opmentan dEn vi
r onmental
protecti
on
Chall
engesan dPr os pects

Cas
es:
5
 Pr
eparedb yEli
aMwan ga,
As si
s t
antLect
u r
er,
Th
eUn
iver
sit
yofDodoma,DepartmentofLaw.
mwan ga23@gmail
.com

 Lekenger
eFaruParut
uKamu n
yuan d16OthersvTh eMin
ist
erforTour
ism,
Natur
alResour
cesandEnvi
ronmentand3others
.CA,Civi
lAppealn
o.53of
1998(Unr
eport
ed).
 NAFCOvMu l
badawVi
ll
ageCounci
l&67Oth
er s[
1985]TLR88.

Ch
apt
erFou
r

I
nter
nat
ion
alLawonNat
ural
Res
our
ces

Nat
ural
res
our
cest
reat
ies

Sh
aredn
atu
ral
res
our
ces

Ch
all
engesan
dPr
osp
ect
s

Chapt
erFi
ve

Cl
i
mat
eCh
angean
dNat
ural
Res
our
ces

I
nt
rodu
cti
ont
oCl
i
mat
eCh
ange

Fact
orsf
orCl
i
mat
eCh
ange

HowCl
i
mat
eCh
angeaf
fect
sNat
ural
Res
our
ces

Legal
framewor
kforcl
i
mat
ech
angei
nTan
zan
ia

I
nt
ern
ati
onal
lawonCl
i
mat
eCh
ange

Chapt
erSi
x

Nat
ural
Res
our
cesDi
spu
teSet
tl
emen
t

Di
spu
tesovern
atu
ral
res
our
ces

Set
tl
emen
tofDi
spu
tesovern
atu
ral
res
our
ces

CASES:

 Afr
ikaMas
har
ikiGol
dMi
nesLt
dvs
.Nyi
rab
uMagi
ge&Ot
her
s[2002]TLR
261

6
 Pr
eparedb yEli
aMwan ga,
As si
s t
antLect
u r
er,
Th
eUn
iver
sit
yofDodoma,DepartmentofLaw.
mwan ga23@gmail
.com

Chapt
erSeven

Over
viewoft
heMi
ni
ngan
dNat
ural
Res
our
cesLawi
nZan
zib
ar

Th
eCon
sti
tut
ion

Th
eSect
orp
oli
ci
es

Th
eSect
orLegi
sl
ati
ons

Ch
all
engesan
dPr
osp
ect
s

Bas
icLegis l
ations:
1.En viron men tal Man agemen tAct,2004
2.Fis heriesAct ,[Cap279RE2002] .
3.For es tsAct ,[Cap323RE2002] .
4.Lan dAct ,
1999
5.Mar i
nePar ksan dRes ervesAct ,[Cap146RE2002].
6.Mi ningAct ,2010, [
Cap123RE2002] .
7.Nat ional Par ksAct , Cap282R. E2002
8.Pet roleu mAct ,2008
9.Pr otect edPl acesan dAr easAct, [
Cap74RE2002] .
10.Tan zan i
aIn ves tmen tAct ,1997
11.Terr i
torialSeaan dExcl usi
veEcon omicZoneAct
,Cap238R.
E.2002
12.Vi
ll
ageLan dAct ,1999
13.Wat erRes ou rcesMan agemen tAct ,2009
14.Wat erSu pp l
yan dSan itati
onAct, 2009
15.Wildli
feCon servationAct ,2009,
[Cap283RE2002] .

I
nter
nat
ion
alCon
ven
tion
s:

Gen
eral
:
 Aar h
us Convent
ion
 Con
vent
ion on Acces
stoI nf
ormati
on,Publ
i
c Par
ti
ci
pat
ion i
n
Deci
sion
-maki
ngandAcces
st oJus
ticei
nEnvi
ron
mentalMatt
ers
,Aarh
us,
1998

 Es
poo Convent
ion
 Conven
tion on En
vir
onmen
tal I
mpact As
ses
smen
t i
n a
Tr
ans
bou
ndaryContext
,Espoo,1991

At
mos
pher
e:
 Con
vent
iononLon
g-Ran
geTr
ans
bou
ndar
yAi
rPol
l
uti
on 
(
LRTAP)
,Gen
eva,
1979.

7
 Pr
eparedb yEli
aMwan ga,
As si
s t
antLect
u r
er,
Th
eUn
iver
sit
yofDodoma,DepartmentofLaw.
mwan ga23@gmail
.com

 En
viron
ment
alPr
otecti
on:Air
craf
tEngi
neEmissi
ons 
Ann
ex16,vol
.2t
oth
e1944
Chi
cagoCon
vent
iononCivi
lAvi
ati
on,
Montr
eal
,1981.

 FrameworkConvent
iononCl
i
mat
e Ch
ange 
(
UNFCCC)
,New Yor
k,1992,i
ncl
udi
ng
th
e Kyot
oProt
ocol
,1997.

 Geor
giaBasin-
PugetSou
ndI
nt
ern
ati
onalAi
rsh
edSt
rat
egy,Van
cou
ver
,St
atemen
tof
I
nt
ent,2002.

 Vien
naConventi
onfort
heProtect
ionofth
eOzon eLayer
,Vien
na,1985,i
ncludi
ng
th
eMont
realPr
otocol
onSub
stan
cest h
atDepl
etet
heOzoneLayer
,Montr
eal1987.

Fr
esh
waterRes our
ces:
 Con ven
tion on th
e Prot
ect
ion an
d Use of Transboundar
y Wat
ercou
rses an
d
I
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)
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ut
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dOt
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),Lon
don
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nt
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ati
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uti
onfr
omSh i
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ytheProtocol
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hereto(MARPOL73/78)
,Lon
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abi
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it
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uti
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uss
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e Est
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onf
orOil
Poll
ut
ionDamage(
FUND)1971an
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ssels
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 I
nt
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orDamageinConnect
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heCarr
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 I
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alConvent
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tervent
ionont h
eHi ghSeasi
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8
 Pr
eparedb yEli
aMwan ga,
As si
s t
antLect
u r
er,
Th
eUn
iver
sit
yofDodoma,DepartmentofLaw.
mwan ga23@gmail
.com

 Prot
ocolonPrep
arednes
s,Res p
on s
e an
dCo-oper
ati
ontoPoll
ut
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ciden
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Hazardou
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dNoxiousSubs
tan
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OPRC-
HNSProt
ocol
,Lon
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heLaw oft
heSea 
LOSCon
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,Mon
tegoBay,
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 Conventi
on f
orth
e Protect
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e Mar
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vir
onmen
toft
he Nor
th-
eas
t
Atl
anti
c 
OSPARConven
tion
,Pari
s,1992.

 Conventi
onontheProt
ecti
onoft h
eMar
ineEn
vir
onmen
toft
heBal
ti
cSeaAr
ea 
1992
Hel
sink
iConven
tion
,Hel
sin
ki,1992.

 Con
ven
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swi
thi
nth
eUNEPRegi
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SeasPr
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amme

 Con
ven
tionont
hePr
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heBl
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nstPol
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uti
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Buch
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t,1992.

 Convent
ionfortheProt
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eMar
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onmen
toft
he
WiderCari
bbeanRegi
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tagen
adeIndias
,1983.

 Conventi
onfortheProt
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ion
,Managementan
dDevel
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eMar in
ean d
CoastalEnvi
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mentoftheEast
ernAfri
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on(
Nai
robiCon
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,Nair
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,
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 Conventi
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heProt
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Regi
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eMedit
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Bar
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onaCon
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,Bar
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 Conventi
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ePr ot
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our
cesan
dEn
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onmen
toft
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Sou
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fi
cRegi
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Nou méa,1986.

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dCoas
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-eastPaci
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 Conventi
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nt heProt
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9
 Pr
eparedb yEli
aMwan ga,
As si
s t
antLect
u r
er,
Th
eUn
iver
sit
yofDodoma,DepartmentofLaw.
mwan ga23@gmail
.com

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venti
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ser
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heRedSeaan
dth
eGu
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Envi
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Mar
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 Con
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 Agr
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 Con
ven
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 Con
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 Con
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esp
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10
 Pr
eparedb yEli
aMwan ga,
As si
s t
antLect
u r
er,
Th
eUn
iver
sit
yofDodoma,DepartmentofLaw.
mwan ga23@gmail
.com

Wat
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Hab
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 I
nt
ern
ati
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Trop
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Timb
erAgr
eemen
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I
TTA)
,Gen
eva,
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Addi
ti
onal
Cas
es:

1.Emb
reyvs
.Owen(
1851)155E.
R.579(
ri
par
ianr
igh
ts)

2.Li
ggi
nsvs
.In
ge(
1831)131E.
R.263,
268(
l
imi
tat
iont
oown
ers
hipofr
ipar
ianr
igh
ts)

3.M.
C.Meth avs.Uni
onofIndiaAIR1988Su
premeCA115(
I
ndi
a)-Pol
l
uti
onofr
iver
,
r
ipar
ianr
ight
s,pub
li
cin
ter
es tl
it
igat
ion
)

4.M.C.Metha vs.KamalNathetal,(1977)1 SCC 388 (

I
ndi
a)(Repor
ted i
nthe
UNEP/UNDP et alComp endi
um of Judi
ci
alDeci
si
ons on Mat
ter Rel
ated t
o
Envi
ron
mentalLaw–Nati
onal
Decis
ion
sVol.1)

5.Oposavs.
FactoranGRNo.101083(1983)Phi
li
ppi
nes
,( I
nt
ergener
ati
onal
equi
ty/Locu
s
st
andi
).(
ReportedintheUNEP/ UNDPetalComp endium ofJudi
ci
alDeci
s i
onson
Matt
erRel
atedtoEnvi
ronment
alLaw–Nat ion
alDeci
sionsVol.
1)

6.Auck
landCityCou
nci
l&Tranzr
ail
Ltdvs.th
eAuckl
andRegion
alCou
ncil
,Deci
si
onNo.
A28/99(p
.118Case82UNEPComp en
diu
m-s u
stai
nab
ledevel
opment
)

7.Raj
en draPar
ajuli
etalvs.ShreeDis
til
l
eryPvt
.Ltd.etal
Wr i
tNo.3259,1996Supr
eme
CourtofNep al(p.71Case43UNEPComp endi
um -poll
ut
ionofwat erbyin
dustr
y,
pub
li
ci n
teres
tp eti
ti
on,
sustai
nabl
edevelop
ment)

Web
sit
es

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ttp
://
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.
orgTexasJ
our
nal
ofOi
l
,Gasan
dEn
ergyLaw

11