- 8 -

4. (a) What is meant by the ‘upper’ and ‘lower fixed points’ of the Celsius temperature scale?

( 2 marks)

(b) Figure 2 below shows the position of the meniscus in a mercury thermometer at 0 °C,
at 100 °C and at an unknown temperature, X.

4 cm

'23 cm

1 _ _ y _

oo
o°c
(D
100C
03
xc
Figure 2

(i) Use the information in the diagrams to find the temperature, X.

( 4 marks)

(ii) What would be the value of X on the Kelvin scale of temperature?

( 2 marks)

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002492/F/J ANUARY 2000
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(iii) If the temperature of a body changes by 40 °C, what would the temperature
change be in kelvin?

( 1 m ark)

(c)

Figure 3
(i) Water is heated at the top of a test-tube as shown in Figure 3 above. State what
would be observed and explain these observations.

( 3 marks)

(ii) In a refrigerator, the cooling element is at the top. Explain how the cooling
element is able to cool all the contents of the refrigerator.

( 3 marks)

Total 15 marks

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002492/F/IANUARY 2000
 -8-

4. (a) (i) A scientist conducts an experiment where she measures a series of values of
pressure, P, and temperature, 6, of a gas at a constant volume. On the axes
shown in Figure 3, sketch the graph she would obtain from plotting her results.

PIPa a

1 1 i i
■l-----
1
----- ----- -----11---- —zr
-400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 0/°C

Figure 3
(2 marks)

(ii) She now repeats the experiment with a different gas. Draw, on the same axes,
a graph she could obtain from the second experiment. (2 marks)

(iii) Explain how results like those she obtained led to the establishment of the
Kelvin temperature scale.

(1 mark )

(iv) What is the value in Kelvin of a Celsius temperature of 25 °C?

(2 marks)

(b) (i) A bottle full of air is corked at atmospheric pressure of 1.00 x 105 Pa and a
temperature of 25 °C. The bottle is heated. Calculate the temperature at which
the pressure of the air will reach 2.5 x 105 Pa. Assume the volume of the bottle
does not change.

(3 marks)

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002492/F/JANUARY 2001
 -9 -

(ii) In terms of the kinetic theory of gases, explain the origin of the pressure inside
the bottle.

(3 marks)

(iii) State whether the following quantities increase, decrease or stay the same when
the bottle is heated:

(a) The speed of the gas particles

(b) The average space between the particles

(c) The number of gas particles

(3 marks)

Total 16 marks

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002492/F/JANUARY 2001
 - 9 -

4. (a) (i) State what is meant by the term ‘change of phase.’

( 1 m ark)

(ii) List TWO features that are characteristic of a phase change.

( 2 marks)

(iii) Iceinitially at -5°C is heated until steam is formed. Sketch a graph showing how
the temperature of the ice would vary with time.

( 4 marks)

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(b) (i) 200 g of crushed ice at - 5°C is heated until it JUST reaches 0°C. Calculate the
heat required for this process.

( 4 marks)

(ii) More heat is added at 0°C until it is completely converted to water. Calculate the
amount of heat that is added during the heating process.

(Specific Heat Capacity of Ice = 2100 J kg K 1)

(Specific Latent Heat of Ice = 3.34 x 105 J k g 1) ( 3 marks)

Total 14 marks

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002492/F/JANUARY 2003
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Candidates are advised NOT to spend more than 30 minutes on this question.

1. The data in the table below show how the pressure of compressed gas in a cylinder varies with the
total mass of the cylinder of gas.

Mass of cylinder of gas (m)/kg 9.9 10.2 10.8 11.4 11.8 12.3

Pressure, P, in cylinder X 105Pa 1.5 2.7 5.0 7.3 8.9 10.9

(a) Plot a graph of P (y-axis) against m (jc-axis). ( 8 marks)

(b) Use your graph to find the mass of the empty cylinder.

( 3 marks)

(c) Find the gradient of the graph.

( 4 marks)

(d) When the pressure reaches 12 X 105Pa,thecylinderisconsideredfull. Would it be possible

to add more gas at this pressure? Why might this not be advisable?

( 2 marks)

(e) Use your graph to find the

(i) total mass of the cylinder and gas

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002492/F 99
 -4 -

(ii) mass of gas ONLY at this maximum pressure 12 X 105 Pa .

( 4 marks)

(f) At a certain time, the pressure of the gas is 7.8 X 105Pa and its temperature is 24°C. What
will be the new pressure if the temperature of the cylinder and gas rises to 32°C? (Assume
the cylinder does not expand.)

( 4 marks)

(g) In terms of the kinetic theory of gases, explain what causes the pressure of a gas and why
the pressure of a gas rises when its temperature rises at a constant volume.

( 5 marks)

Total 30 marks

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002492/F 99
 -9-

5. Figure 4 shows a solar water heater being used to heat a domestic water supply.

Figure 4

(a) Identify the processes of heat transfer taking place between the following and explain how
the construction of the heater makes these processes more efficient:

(i) The sun and the upper surface of the solar collector

( 2 marks)

(ii) The upper surface to the water in the pipes of the collector

( 2 marks)

(iii) The collector to the storage tank

( 2 marks)

(b) (i) Give TWO reasons why there is a transparent cover over the collector.

( 2 marks)

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002492/F 2000
 10 -

(ii) Suggest a material that might be used at A, and explain why it would be suitable.

( 2 marks)

(c) The radiation from the sun arrives at a rate of 900 W m '2. A solar heater has a collection
area of 0.4 m2and converts the sun’s radiation into thermal energy in the hot-water system
with an efficiency of 15%. Calculate the rate of supply of energy to the hot-water system.

( 5 marks)

Total 15 marks

END OF TEST

002492/F 2000
 -2 -

1. You are to spend no more than -2 hour on this question.

A liquid, A, initially at temperature = 28.4°C, is heated by an immersion heater in a container.

The resulting temperature, T2, is recorded at 1 minute intervals and the following results
obtained.

Time, t / min. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Temperature T2/°C 28.4 36.0 43.1 52.5 60.5 69.0 75.1 84.3
Temperature changes A7V°C 0

(a) Complete the table by computing the temperature changes AT =T2 - Tr

(4 marks)

(b) Plot a graph of Temperature change, AT, against time, t, on page 3. (9 marks)

(c) Find the slope, 5, of the graph.

(5 marks)

(d) Cp the Specific Heat Capacity of the liquid is related to the slope S by:
Cp - 2TO0 j jjg-t j(-i Find the Specific Heat Capacity of the liquid.

(2 marks)

(e) What would the temperature of the liquid after 12 minutes?

(4 marks)

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002492/F 2002
 -3 -

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002492/F 2002
 -4-

(f) Another liquid, B, has a much higher specific heat capacity than Liquid A. On the
same graph paper used in (b) on page 3 sketch (DO NOT PLOT) a line showing the
approximate graph that would be obtained if Liquid B was the working fluid.
(2 marks)

(g) State TWO possible sources of error in this experiment and in EACH case describe a
method that might be used to minimize the magnitude of the error.

(4 marks)

Total 30 marks

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002492/F 2002
 -5-

2. (a) (i) Define ‘specific heat capacity’.

( 2 marks)

(ii) List THREE differences between specific heat capacity and heat capacity.

( 3 marks)

(b) A copper cube has side 8 cm. Determine its

(i) volume in SI units

( 3 marks)

(ii) mass.

( 3 marks)
[Density of copper = 8 890 kg/m3]

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01238020/F 2004
 -6 -

(c) The cube is heated to 90°C and then placed in a closed, thermally insulated container
of negligible heat capacity containing 1 kg of water initially at 35 C. Calculate the final
equilibrium temperature of copper and water.

( 5 marks)

Total 16 marks

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01238020/F 2004