Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lecture On Load Resistance: Chapter 4
Lecture On Load Resistance: Chapter 4
Chapter 4
Lecture on load resistance
Load Resistance –
The Structural Properties of Materials
Small spans in stone
brittle material, weak in tension
Discovery of
arch made
longer spans in
stone possible
Stresses in a cable
Compressiv
e and
tensile
stresses in
building
component
s
1
2/2/2012
Tensile and compressive stresses in
Calculating stress in a cable
a suspension bridge
Force P
f = =
Area A
f = stress, P = force, A= cross‐sectional area
If the force applied on the cable is 500 lb and if the diameter of
the cable is 0.5 in. (cross‐sectional area = 0.196 in.2, the tensile
stress in the cable is:
500
f =
0.196
= 5,100 psi = 5.1 ksi
Testing Compressive Strength of
Ultimate Strength
Concrete
If the applied force on a member results in
failure, stress at the point of failure is called:
Ultimate stress
Also known as:
Ultimate strength or strength of the material
Determining Ultimate Strength Test Specimen
determining compressive strength of masonry
Assume the sample tested
in previous image failed
when load reached 115
kips.
2
2/2/2012
Universal Testing Machine Deformation = Change of length in a member
measures tensile strength of steel specimen caused by a tensile or compressive stress
=
Change in length
Original length
=
L
Approximate values of ultimate
strain Ductile materials
selected materials not to scale
• Materials with large deformations at failure
• Ultimate strain ≥ 0.5%
• Steel (equal strength in tension &
compression)
• Warning before failure
Brittle materials Malleable materials
• Materials with little or no deformation at • Materials that can be shaped by hammering,
failure forging, pressing and rolling.
• Ultimate strain ≤ 0.5% • Not always ductile.
• Brick, stone and glass
• No visual warning before failure
3
2/2/2012
Yield strength of metals Elastic material
Material which when deformed under load,
Stress‐strain diagram for low‐
carbon steel (nts)
recovers its original shape when the load is
removed.
Y = yield point
U = ultimate strength
F = failure point
YU = area of strain hardening
Plastic (inelastic) material Elastic‐plastic materials
Material that does not recover its original shape Materials that are elastic up to a particular yield
when the load is removed after it has deformed. stress value, and plastic thereafter.
• Steel
• Aluminum
Modulus of elasticity (E) Stress‐strain diagram of concrete
E = Stress
Strain
4
2/2/2012
Bending strength
Stress distribution on small length
Location of neutral axis
of beam
Structural efficiency
The I‐section in steel, wood & concrete Strategies for improving structural efficiency
5
2/2/2012
Distribution of stresses in bending Steel reinforcing in concrete increases bending
strength
Material near support is not fully utilized
Force 2.0
Types of stress (a) Shear stress =
Area
=
4.0
= 500 psi = 0.5 ksi
2.0
(b) Shear stress = = 5.1 ksi
2(0.196)
6
2/2/2012
Bearing plates prevent local
Local crushing
crushing
Buckling failure Lateral buckling
7
2/2/2012
Safety margin vs. Factor of safety
Actual strength
Safety margin =
Required strength
Failure stress
Factor of safety =
Allowable stress