Assessment # ______
Name: MIKE LAURENCE D. BUERANO
Course & Year Level: BSN 1A
REPORT OF THE
GOVERNOR
GENERAL
THIS ACCOUNT WAS THE
SAME AS VIDAL’S
ACCOUNT BUT MORE
SPITEFUL. OBVIOUSLY,
THERE WAS AN UNFAIR
TREATMENT DURING
THE SPANISH ERA. AND
THERE’S NO DOUBT
THAT THE REPORTS OF
IZQUIERDO BECAME
BIAS ALSO.
Analysis: How credible the 3 account in explaining the Cavite Mutiny of 1872?
Score: ________
Date: __________
VIDAL’S ACCOUNT
IN VIDAL’S ACCOUNT,
HE EMPHASIZED THAT
THE GOAL OF THE
UPRISING IS TO
OVERTHROW THE
SPANISH GOVERNMENT
IN WHICH AGREED BY
GOV. GEN. IZQUIERDO
AND ADDED THAT THEY
WANTED TO HAVE NEW
“HARI” IN THE PERSON
OF FATHER BURGOS OR
FATHER ZAMORA.
SINCE, THIS ACCOUNT
WAS CORROBORATED
AND AGREED BY THE
GOVERNOR-GENERAL, IT
WAS ALSO BIAS DUE TO
THEY REPORTED THE
INCIDENT BY THEIR
OWN PERSPECTIVES.
THIS ACCOUNT WAS
ALSO BIAS.
T,H DE TAVERA’S
ACCOUNT
TAVERA’S ACCOUNT
MENTIONED THAT THE
MERE CAUSED OF THE
UPRISING WAS THE
DISSATISFACTION OF
THE NATIVE FILIPINO
SOLDIERS AND
LABORERS AND THE
POLICIES OF THE NEW
GOBERNADOR
GENERAL. AND DUE TO
THE GIVEN THE UNJUST
LEADERSHIP AND
TREATMENT TO THE
FILIPINO PEOPLE THAT
TIME. THERE WAS NO
OTHER REASON WHY
FILIPINOS WANTED TO
FREED THEMSELVES. I
THINK THAT THIS WAS
MOR CREDIBLE THAN
THE OTHER TWO
ACCOUNTS. LATELY, A
FRENCH HISTORIAN
CONDUCTED A STUDY
ABOUT THE CAVITY
MUTINY AND HE ALSO
AGREES WITH THE
EVENT THAT ARE
INCLUDED IN TAVERA’S
ACCOUNT.
 Philippine Constitution
Complete the table below to compare and contrast the constitutions framed in the country

FORM OF RATIFYING/PR RIGHTS DISTINCTIVE

GOVERNMENT OMULGATING SPECIFIED FEATURES
BODY IN
BILL OF
RIGHTS
BIAK - REPUBLICAN  TEJEROS THE BIAK-NA-
NA – GOVE GOVERNMENT OUTLINED BATO
BATO RNME CENTRAL CERTAIN CONSTITUTION PR
CONSTIT NT EXECUTIVE BASIC OVIDED FOR THE
UTION COMMITTEE HUMAN ESTABLISHMENT
RIGHTS, OF A SUPREME
SUCH AS COUNCIL THAT
FREEDOM WOULD SERVE AS
OF THE HIGHEST
RELIGION, GOVERNING
FREEDOM BODY OF THE
OF THE REPUBLIC. IT
PRESS, AND ALSO OUTLINED
THE RIGHT CERTAIN BASIC
TO HUMAN RIGHTS,
EDUCATION SUCH AS
FREEDOM OF
RELIGION,
FREEDOM OF THE
PRESS, AND THE
RIGHT TO
EDUCATION.
MALOLO DEMOCRATIC, MALOLOS Article 6. The THE MALOLOS
S REPUBLICATI CONGRESS following are CONSTITUTION IS
REPUBLI ON GOVERNM Filipinos: THE FIRST
C ENT IMPORTANT
CONSTIT 1. All FILIPINO
UTION persons DOCUMENT EVER
born in PRODUCED BY
the THE PEOPLE'S
Philippi REPRESENTATIVE
ne S. ... IT CREATED A
territor FILIPINO STATE
y. A WHOSE
vessel GOVERNMENT
of WAS "POPULAR,
 REPRESENTATIVE
Philippi AND
ne RESPONSIBLE"
registry WITH THREE
is DISTINCT
conside BRANCHES -- THE
red, for EXECUTIVE, THE
this LEGISLATIVE
purpose AND THE
, as part JUDICIAL.
of
Philippi
ne
territor
y.
2. Childre
n of a
Filipino
father
or
mother,
althoug
h born
outside
of the
Philippi
nes.
3. Foreign
ers who
have
obtaine
d
certific
ation of
naturali
zation.
4. Those
who,
without
such
certific
ate,
have
acquire
da
domicil
 e in any
town
within
Philippi
ne
territor
y.

It is
understood that
domicile is
acquired by
uninterrupted
residence for
two years in
any locality
within
Philippine
territory, with
an open abode
and known
occupation,
and
contributing to
all the taxes
imposed by the
Nation.

The condition
of being a
Filipino is lost
in accordance
with law.

Article 7. No
Filipino or
foreigner shall
be detained nor
imprisoned
except for the
commission of
a crime and in
accordance
with law.

Article 8. All
persons
detained shall
be discharged
or delivered to
the judicial
authority
within 24
hours
following the
act of
detention. All
detentions
shall be
without legal
effect, unless
the arrested
person is duly
prosecuted
within 72
hours after
delivery to a
competent
court. The
accused shall
be duly
notified of
such
proceeding
within the
same period.

Article 9. No
Filipino shall
be imprisoned
except by
virtue of an
order by a
competent
court. The
order of
imprisonment
shall be
ratified or
confirmed
within 72
hours
following the
said order,
after the
accused has
been heard.

Article 10. No
one shall enter
the dwelling
house of any
Filipino or a
foreigner
residing in the
Philippines
without his
consent except
in urgent cases
of fire,
inundation,
earthquake or
similar
dangers, or by
reason of
unlawful
aggression
from within, or
in order to
assist a person
therein who
cries for help.
Outside of
these cases, the
entry into the
dwelling house
of any Filipino
or foreign
resident in the
Philippines or
the search of
his papers and
effects can
only be
decreed by a
competent
court and
executed only
in the daytime.
The search of
papers and
effects shall be
made always
in the presence
of the person
searched or of
a member of
his family and,
in their
absence, of
two witnesses
resident of the
same place.
However,
when a
criminal
caught in
fraganti should
take refuge in
his dwelling
house, the
authorities in
pursuit may
enter into it,
only for the
purpose of
making an
arrest. If a
criminal
should take
refuge in the
dwelling house
of a foreigner,
the consent of
a latter must
first be
obtained.

Article 11. No
Filipino shall
be compelled
to change his
residence or
domicile
except by
virtue of a final
judgment.

Article 12. In
no case may
correspondenc
e confided to
the post office
be detained or
opened by
government
authorities, nor
any telegraphic
or telephonic
message
detained.
However, by
virtue of a
competent
court,
correspondenc
e may be
detained and
opened in the
presence of the
sender.

Article 13. All
orders of
imprisonment,
of search of a
dwelling
house, or
detention of
written
correspondenc
e, telegraph or
telephone,
must be
justified. When
an order lacks
this requisite,
or when the
grounds on
which the act
was founded is
proven in court
to be unlawful
or manifestly
insufficient,
the person to
be detained or
whose
imprisonment
has not been
ratified within
the period
prescribed in
Art. 9, or
whose
correspondenc
e has been
detained, shall
have the right
to recover
damages.

Article 14. No
Filipino shall
be prosecuted
or sentenced,
except by a
judge or court
of proper
jurisdiction
and according
to the
procedure
prescribed by
law.

Article
15. Exept in
the cases
provided by
the
Constitution,
all persons
detained or
imprisoned not
in accordance
with legal
formalities
shall be
released upon
his own
petition or
upon petition
of another
person. The
law shall
determine the
manner of
proceeding
summarily in
this instance,
as well as the
personal and
pecuniary
penalties
which shall be
imposed upon
the person who
ordered,
executed or to
be executed
the illegal
detention or
imprisonment.

Article 16. No
one shall be
temporarily or
permanently
deprived of
rights or
dstured in his
enjoyment
thereof, except
by virtue of
judicial
sentence. The
officials who,
under any
pretext
whatsoever,
should violate
this provision,
shall be
personally
liable for the
damages
caused.

Article 17. No
one shall be
deprived of his
property by
expropriation
except on
grounds of
public
necessity and
benefit,
previously
declared and
justified by
proper
authorities, and
indemnifying
the owner
thereof prior to
expropriation.

Article 18. No
one shall be
obliged to pay
any public tax
which had not
been approved
by the National
Assembly or
by local
popular
governments
legally so
authorized, and
which is not in
the manner
prescribed by
the law.

Article 19. No
Filipino who is
in full
enjoyment of
his civil or
political rights,
shall be
impeded in the
free exercise of
said rights.

Article
20. Neither
shall any
Filipino be
deprived:

1. Of the
right to
freely
express
his
ideas or
opinion
s,
orally
or in
writing,
through
the use
of the
press or
other
similar
means.
2. Of the
right of
associat
ion for
 purpose
s of
human
life and
which
are not
contrar
y to
public
morals;
and
lastly
3. Of the
right to
send
petition
s to the
authorit
ies,
individ
ually or
collecti
vely.

The right of
petition shall
not be
exercised
through any
kind of armed
force.

Article
21. The
exercise of the
rights provided
for in the
preceding
article shall be
subject to
general
provisions
regulating the
same.

Article
22. Crimes
committed on
the occasion of
the exercise of
rights provided
for in this title,
shall be
punished by
the courts in
accordance
with the laws.

Article
23. Any
Filipino may
establish and
maintain
institutions of
learning, in
accordance
with the laws
authorizing
them. Public
education shall
be free and
obligatory in
all schools of
the nation.

Article
24. Foreigners
may freely
reside in
Philippine
territory,
subject to legal
dispositions
regulating the
matter; may
engage in any
occupation or
profession for
the exercise of
which no
special license
is required by
law to be
issued by the
national
authorities.

Article 25. No
Filipino who is
in full
enjoyment of
his political
and civil rights
shall be
impeded in his
right to travel
freely abroad
or in his right
to transfer his
residence or
possessions to
another
country, except
as to his
obligations to
contribute to
military
service or the
maintenance of
public taxes.

Article 26. No
foreigner who
has not been
naturalized
may exercise
in the
Philippines any
office which
carries with it
any authority
or
jurisdictional
powers.

Article 27. All
Filipinos are
obliged to
defend his
country with
arms when
called upon by
law, and to
contribute to
the expenses of
the State in
proportion to
his means.

Article
28. The
enumeration of
the rights
provided for in
this title does
not imply the
denial of other
rights not
mentioned.

Article
29. The prior
authorization
to prosecute a
public official
in the ordinary
courts is not
necessary,
whatever may
be the crime
committed.

A superior
order shall not
exempt a
public official
from liability
in the cases
which
constitute
apparent and
clear violations
of
constitutional
precepts. In
others, the
agents of the
law shall only
be exempted if
they did not
exercise the
authority.

Article
30. The
guarantees
provided for in
Articles 7, 8, 9,
10, and 11 and
paragraphs 1
and 2 of
Article 20 shall
not be
suspended,
partially or
wholly, in any
part of the
Republic,
except
temporarily
and by
authority of
law, when the
security of the
State in
extraordinary
circumstances
so demands.

When
promulgated in
any territory
where the
suspension
applies, there
shall be a
special law
which shall
govern during
the period of
the suspension,
according to
the
circumstances
prevailing.

The law of
suspension as
well as the
special law to
govern shall be
approved by
the National
Assembly, and
in case the
latter is in
recess, the
Government
shall have the
power to
decree the
same jointly
with the
Permanent
Commission,
without
prejudice to
convoking the
Assembly
without the
least delay and
report to it
what had been
done.

However, any
suspension
made shall not
affect more
rights than
those
mentioned in
the first
paragraph of
this Article nor
authorize the
Government to
banish or
deport from
the Philippines
any Filipino.

Article 31. In
the Republic of
the
Philippines, no
one shall be
judged by a
special law nor
by special
tribunals. No
person or
corporation
may enjoy
privileges or
emoluments
which are not
in
compensation
for public
service
rendered and
authorized by
law. War and
marine laws
shall apply
only for crimes
and delicts
which have
intimate
relation to
military or
naval
discipline.

Article 32. No
Filipino shall
establish laws
on
primogeniture,
nor institutions
restrictive of
property rights,
nor accept
honors,
decorations, or
honorific titles
or nobility
from foreign
nations without
the consent of
the
Government.
Neither shall
the
Government
establish in the
Republic
institutions
mentioned in
the preceding
paragraph, nor
confer honors,
decorations, or
honorific titles
of nobility to
any Filipino.

The Nation,
however, may
reward by
special law
approved by
the Assembly,
conspicuous
services
rendered by
citizens of the
country.
1935 COMMONWEA NATIONAL SECTION 1. THE 1935
CONSTIT LTH GOVERN ASSEMBLY OF (1) No person CONSTITUTION,
UTION MENT  THE shall be WHICH
PHILIPPINES. deprived of FEATURED A
life, liberty, or POLITICAL
property SYSTEM
without due VIRTUALLY
process of law, IDENTICAL TO
nor shall any THE AMERICAN
person be ONE, BECAME
denied the OPERATIVE. THE
equal SYSTEM CALLED
protection of FOR A PRESIDENT
the laws. TO BE ELECTED
AT LARGE FOR A
(2) Private 4-YEAR TERM
property shall (SUBJECT TO ONE
not be taken RE-ELECTION), A
for public use BICAMERAL
without just CONGRESS, AND
compensation. AN INDEPENDENT
JUDICIARY.
(3) The right of
the people to
be secure in
their persons,
houses, papers,
and effects
against
unreasonable
searches and
seizures shall
not be violated,
and no
warrants shall
issue but upon
probable
cause, to be
determined by
the judge after
examination
under oath or
affirmation of
the
complainant
and the
witnesses he
may produce,
and
particularly
describing the
place to be
searched, and
the persons or
things to be
seized.

(4) The liberty

of abode and
of changing
the same
within the
limits
prescribed by
law shall not
be impaired.

(5) The
privacy of
communicatio
n and
correspondenc
e shall be
inviolable
except upon
lawful order of
the court or
when public
safety and
order require
otherwise.

(6) The right to

form
associations or
societies for
purposes not
contrary to law
shall not be
abridged.
(7) No law
shall be made
respecting an
establishment
of religion, or
prohibiting the
free exercise
thereof, and
the free
exercise and
enjoyment of
religious
profession and
worship,
without
discrimination
or preference,
shall forever
be allowed. No
religious test
shall be
required for
the exercise of
civil or
political rights.

(8) No law
shall be passed
abridging the
freedom of
speech, or of
the press, or
the right of the
people
peaceably to
assemble and
petition the
Government
for redress of
grievances

(9) No law
granting a title
of nobility
shall be
enacted, and
no person
holding any
office of profit
or trust shall,
without the
consent of the
National
Assembly,
accept any
present,
emolument,
office, or title
of any kind
whatever from
any foreign
state.

(10) No law
impairing the
obligation of
contracts shall
be passed.

(11) No ex
post facto law
or bill of
attainder shall
be enacted.

(12) No person
shall be
imprisoned for
debt or
nonpayment of
a poll tax.

(13) No
involuntary
servitude in
any form shall
exist except as
a punishment
for crime
whereof the
party shall
have been duly
convicted.

(14) The
privilege of the
writ of habeas
corpus shall
not be
suspended
except in cases
of invasion,
insurrection, or
rebellion,
when the
public safety
requires it, in
any of which
events the
same may be
suspended
wherever
during such
period the
necessity for
such
suspension
shall exist.

(15) No person
shall be held to
answer for a
criminal
offense
without due
process of law.

(16) All
persons shall
before
conviction be
bailable by
sufficient
sureties, except
those charged
with capital
offenses when
evidence of
guilt is strong.
Excessive bail
shall not be
required.

(17) In all
criminal
prosecutions
the accused
shall be
presumed to be
innocent until
the contrary is
proved, and
shall enjoy the
right to be
heard by
himself and
counsel, to be
informed of
the nature and
cause of the
accusation
against him, to
have a speedy
and public
trial, to meet
the witnesses
face to face
and to have
compulsory
process to
secure the
attendance of
witnesses in
his behalf.

(18) Bo person
shall be
compelled to
be a witness
against
 himself.

(19) Excessive
fines shall not
be imposed,
nor cruel and
unusual
punishment
inflicted.

(20) No person
shall be twice
put in jeopardy
of punishment
for the same
offense. If an
cat is punished
by a law and
an ordinance,
conviction or
acquittal under
either shall
constitute a bar
to another
prosecution for
the same act.

(21) Free
access to the
courts shall not
be denied to
any person by
reason of
poverty.

1973 PARLIAMENT 1973 Section 1. No THE 1973

CONSTIT ARY SYSTEM CONTITUTIONA person shall be CONSTITUTION,
UTION OF GOVERNM L CONVENTION deprived of COMPOSED OF A
ENT life, liberty, or PREAMBLE AND
property 17 ARTICLES,
without due PROVIDES FOR
process of law, THE SHIFT FROM
nor shall any PRESIDENTIAL TO
person be PARLIAMENTARY
denied the SYSTEM OF
equal GOVERNMENT.
protection of THE CONSTITUTIO
the laws. N VESTS THE
LEGISLATIVE
Section POWER IN THE
2. Private NATIONAL
property shall ASSEMBLY.
not be taken
for public use
without just
compensation.

Section 3. The
right of the
people to be
secure in their
persons,
houses, papers,
and effects
against
unreasonable
searches and
seizures of
whatever
nature and
whatever
purpose shall
not be violated,
and no search
warrant or
warrant of
arrest shall
issue except
upon probable
cause to be
determined by
the judge, or
such other
responsible
officer as
maybe
authorized by
law, after
examination
under oath or
affirmation of
the
complainant
and the
witnesses he
may produce,
and
particularly
describing the
place to be
searched, and
the persons or
things to be
seized.

Section 4.

1. The
privacy
of
commu
nicatio
n and
corresp
ondenc
e shall
be
inviola
ble
except
upon
lawful
order of
the
court,
or
when
public
safety
and
order
require
otherwi
se.
 2. Any
evidenc
e
obtaine
d in
violatio
n of
this or
the
precedi
ng
Section
shall be
inadmis
sible
for any
purpose
in any
proceed
ing.

Section 5. The
liberty of
abode and of
travel shall not
be impaired
except upon
lawful order of
the court, or
when
necessary in
the interest of
national
security, public
safety, or
public health.

Section 6. The
right of the
people to
information on
matters of
public concern
shall be
recognized.
Access to
official
records, and to
documents and
papers
pertaining to
official acts,
transactions, or
decisions, shall
be afforded the
citizen subject
to such
limitations as
may be
provided by
law.

Section 7. The
right to form
associations or
societies for
purposes not
contrary to the
law shall not
be abridged.

Section 8. No
law shall be
made
respecting an
establishment
of religion, or
prohibiting the
free exercise
thereof. The
free exercise
and enjoyment
of religious
profession and
worship,
without
discrimination
or preference,
shall forever
be allowed. No
religious test
shall be
required for
the exercise of
civil or
political rights.

Section 9. No
law shall be
passed
abridging the
freedom of
speech, or the
press, or the
right of the
people
peaceably to
assemble and
petition the
government for
redress of
grievances.

Section 10. No
law granting a
title of royalty
or nobility
shall be
enacted.

Section 11. No
law impairing
the obligation
of contracts
shall be
passed.

Section 12. No
ex post facto
law or bill of
attainder shall
be enacted.

Section 13. No
person shall be
imprisoned for
debt or non-
payment of a
poll tax.

Section 14. No
involuntary
servitude in
any form shall
exist except as
a punishment
for a crime
whereof the
party shall
have been duly
convicted.

Section
15. The
privilege of the
writ of habeas
corpus shall
not be
suspended
except in cases
of invasion,
insurrection, or
rebellion, or
imminent
danger thereof,
when the
public safety
requires it.

Section 16. All
persons, shall
have the right
to a speedy
disposition of
their cases in
all judicial,
quasi-judicial,
or
administrative
bodies.
Section 17. No
person shall be
held to answer
for a criminal
offense
without due
process of law.

Section 18. All
persons, except
those charged
with capital
offenses when
evidence of
guilt is strong
shall, before
conviction, be
bailable by
sufficient
sureties.
Excessive bail
shall not be
required.

Section 19. In
all criminal
prosecutions,
the accused
shall be
presumed
innocent until
the contrary is
proved, and
shall enjoy the
right to be
heard by
himself and
counsel, to be
informed of
the nature and
cause of the
accusation
against him, to
have a speedy,
impartial, and
public trial, to
meet the
witnesses face
to face, and to
have
compulsory
process to
secure the
attendance of
witnesses and
the production
of evidence in
his behalf.
However, after
arraignment,
trial may
proceed
notwithstandin
g the absence
of the accused
provided that
he has been
duly notified
and his failure
to appear is
unjustified.

Section 20. No
person shall be
compelled to
be a witness
against
himself. Any
person under
investigation
for the
commission of
an offense
shall have the
right to remain
silent and to
counsel, and to
be informed of
such right. No
force, violence,
threat,
intimidation,
or any other
means which
vitiates the free
will shall be
used against
him. Any
confession
obtained in
violation of
this section
shall be
inadmissible in
evidence.

Section
21. Excessive
fines shall not
be imposed nor
cruel or
unusual
punishment
inflicted.

Section 22. No
person shall be
twice put in
jeopardy of
punishment for
the same
offense. If an
act is punished
by a law and
an ordinance,
conviction or
acquittal under
either shall
constitute a bar
to another
prosecution for
the same act.

Section
23. Free access
 to the courts
shall not be
denied to any
person by
reason of
poverty.

1987 REPRESENTAT PLEBISCITE Section 1. No THE 1987

CONSTIT IVE person shall be CONSTITUTION ES
UTION DEMOCRACY  deprived ofTABLISHED A
life, liberty, orREPRESENTATIVE
property DEMOCRACY
without due WITH POWER
process of law, DIVIDED AMONG
nor shall any THREE SEPARATE
person beAND
denied theINDEPENDENT
equal BRANCHES OF
protection of GOVERNMENT:
the laws. THE EXECUTIVE,
A BICAMERAL
Section 2. The LEGISLATURE,
right of the AND THE
people to be JUDICIARY.
secure in their
persons,
houses, papers,
and effects
against
unreasonable
searches and
seizures of
whatever
nature and for
any purpose
shall be
inviolable, and
no search
warrant or
warrant of
arrest shall
issue except
upon probable
cause to be
determined
personally by
the judge after
examination
under oath or
affirmation of
the
complainant
and the
witnesses he
may produce,
and
particularly
describing the
place to be
searched and
the persons or
things to be
seized.

Section 3. (1)
The privacy of
communicatio
n and
correspondenc
e shall be
inviolable
except upon
lawful order of
the court, or
when public
safety or order
requires
otherwise, as
prescribed by
law.

(2) Any
evidence
obtained in
violation of
this or the
preceding
section shall be
inadmissible
for any
purpose in any
proceeding.

Section 4. No
law shall be
passed
abridging the
freedom of
speech, of
expression, or
of the press, or
the right of the
people
peaceably to
assemble and
petition the
government for
redress of
grievances.

Section 5. No
law shall be
made
respecting an
establishment
of religion, or
prohibiting the
free exercise
thereof. The
free exercise
and enjoyment
of religious
profession and
worship,
without
discrimination
or preference,
shall forever
be allowed. No
religious test
shall be
required for
the exercise of
civil or
political rights.

Section 6. The
liberty of
abode and of
changing the
same within
the limits
prescribed by
law shall not
be impaired
except upon
lawful order of
the court.
Neither shall
the right to
travel be
impaired
except in the
interest of
national
security, public
safety, or
public health,
as may be
provided by
law.

Section 7. The
right of the
people to
information on
matters of
public concern
shall be
recognized.
Access to
official
records, and to
documents and
papers
pertaining to
official acts,
transactions, or
decisions, as
well as to
government
research data
used as basis
for policy
development,
shall be
afforded the
citizen, subject
to such
limitations as
may be
provided by
law.

Section 8. The
right of the
people,
including those
employed in
the public and
private sectors,
to form unions,
associations, or
societies for
purposes not
contrary to law
shall not be
abridged.

Section 9.
Private
property shall
not be taken
for public use
without just
compensation.

Section 10. No
law impairing
the obligation
of contracts
shall be
passed.
Section 11.
Free access to
the courts and
quasi-judicial
bodies and
adequate legal
assistance shall
not be denied
to any person
by reason of
poverty.

Section 12. (1)

Any person
under
investigation
for the
commission of
an offense
shall have the
right to be
informed of his
right to remain
silent and to
have
competent and
independent
counsel
preferably of
his own
choice. If the
person cannot
afford the
services of
counsel, he
must be
provided with
one. These
rights cannot
be waived
except in
writing and in
the presence of
counsel.
(2) No torture,
force, violence,
threat,
intimidation,
or any other
means which
vitiate the free
will shall be
used against
him. Secret
detention
places,
solitary,
incommunicad
o, or other
similar forms
of detention
are prohibited.

(3) Any
confession or
admission
obtained in
violation of
this or Section
17 hereof shall
be
inadmissible in
evidence
against him.

(4) The law

shall provide
for penal and
civil sanctions
for violations
of this section
as well as
compensation
to and
rehabilitation
of victims of
torture or
similar
practices, and
their families.

Section 13. All

persons, except
those charged
with offenses
punishable by
reclusion
perpetua when
evidence of
guilt is strong,
shall, before
conviction, be
bailable by
sufficient
sureties, or be
released on
recognizance
as may be
provided by
law. The right
to bail shall not
be impaired
even when the
privilege of the
writ of habeas
corpus is
suspended.
Excessive bail
shall not be
required.

Section 14. (1)

No person
shall be held to
answer for a
criminal
offense
without due
process of law.

(2) In all
criminal
prosecutions,
the accused
shall be
presumed
innocent until
the contrary is
proved, and
shall enjoy the
right to be
heard by
himself and
counsel, to be
informed of
the nature and
cause of the
accusation
against him, to
have a speedy,
impartial, and
public trial, to
meet the
witnesses face
to face, and to
have
compulsory
process to
secure the
attendance of
witnesses and
the production
of evidence in
his behalf.
However, after
arraignment,
trial may
proceed
notwithstandin
g the absence
of the accused
provided that
he has been
duly notified
and his failure
to appear is
unjustifiable.

Section 15.
The privilege
of the writ of
habeas corpus
shall not be
suspended
except in cases
of invasion or
rebellion when
the public
safety requires
it.

Section 16. All

persons shall
have the right
to a speedy
disposition of
their cases
before all
judicial, quasi-
judicial, or
administrative
bodies.

Section 17. No
person shall be
compelled to
be a witness
against
himself.

Section 18. (1)

No person
shall be
detained solely
by reason of
his political
beliefs and
aspirations.

(2) No
involuntary
servitude in
any form shall
exist except as
a punishment
for a crime
whereof the
party shall
have been duly
convicted.

Section 19. (1)

Excessive fines
shall not be
imposed, nor
cruel,
degrading or
inhuman
punishment
inflicted.
Neither shall
the death
penalty be
imposed,
unless, for
compelling
reasons
involving
heinous
crimes, the
Congress
hereafter
provides for it.
Any death
penalty already
imposed shall
be reduced to
reclusion
perpetua.

(2) The
employment of
physical,
psychological,
or degrading
punishment
against any
prisoner or
detainee or the
use of
substandard or
inadequate
penal facilities
under
subhuman
conditions
shall be dealt
with by law.

Section 20. No
person shall be
imprisoned for
debt or non-
payment of a
poll tax.

Section 21. No
person shall be
twice put in
jeopardy of
punishment for
the same
offense. If an
act is punished
by a law and
an ordinance,
conviction or
acquittal under
either shall
constitute a bar
to another
prosecution for
the same act.

Section 22. No
ex post facto
law or bill of
attainder shall
be enacted.