Engineering drawing

Semester I/II
Mechanical Engineering Department
Technical University of Gdańsk

Lecture 10
 Three methods commonly used in
fastening

Mechanical Fastening
• Bolts, screws, rivets, keys, pins

Bonding
• Welding, soldering, brazing, gluing

Forming
• Sheet metal, plastic snap parts
 Fasteners

• nuts,
• bolts,
• screws,
• washers,
• nails,
• pins,
• keys,
• rivets,
• clips
 Threded fasteners
Self-weight approx.Threded
250kg, load fasteners
capacity up to 150kg, additional
Useful joining
acceleration forcestechnique that allows disassembly
• but need to guard against loosening
• most screw threads are right-handed
• widely used throughout industry:
– 2.5 million fasteners in a Boeing 747
– most are rivets

More than 125 Nm

Great braking forces
of torque have to be
resulting from emergency
transmitted at the wheels.
braking (300 km/h!)
 Sizes of boletd joints
Huge screws

Midget screws

Screws in a clock Holding screws in

a compressor
 Threaded Fasteners – terminology

Bolt – head on one end, threads on other end, used

with a nut

Stud – rod threaded at both ends

Cap screw – head on one end, threads on other end,
NOT used with a nut

Machine screw – similar to cap screw but smaller

Set screw – used to prevent 2 rotating parts from
moving separately
 Threaded Fasteners – terminology

Internal threads
• Threads inside a hole
• Made by drill & tap:

drill smooth hole

make threads with a tap

External threads
• Threads outside a cylinder
• Made with a die
• Made by rolling
Threaded Fasteners – terminology

External thread
 Thread types
Unified Coarse- Thread Type
Series of(UNC or UNRC)
thread Designation Sample
Most commonly used in the bulk production of bolts,
Metric (coarse) M
screws,
M16
nuts for general engineering applications.
Metric (fine) M M16 x 1,5
Unified Fine-Thread Series (UNF or UNRF)
Unified screw thread ½
Use when more threads per inch are required (i.e. where are
Pipe thread G G1/4
short length of engagement is available).
Pipe taper thread R R1/4
M-Series
Trapezoidal thread Tr Tr24x5
Metric system of diameters, pitches, and tolerance/allowances.
(symetric)
Buttres thread S S24x5
Knuckle thread Rd Rd32x1/8
Left-hand thread LH M16LH
Multiple thread P… M60x4(P3)
 Screw threads – metric types

• thread angle = 60o

• symmetric profiles
• identified as M
• coarse and fine pitch
• specification of the thread:

M12 x 1.75
• the metric thread designation (M)
• nominal major diameter (12 mm)
• pitch (1,75 mm)
 Metric threads
Thread P Thread P
diameter it Thread diameter it Thread
series c dimensions series c dimensions
h h
Threaded fasteners - sections
Simplified representation of bolts and screws
Agreed
Exact drawing Simplified drawing drawin
g
Simplified representation of nuts and washers
Agreed
Exact drawing Simplified drawing drawing
Simplified representation of bolts and nuts in
assembling
Agreed
Exact drawing Simplified drawing drawing
 Threads for power screws

• Used for power transmission

• These have preferred sizes but also can vary
• Modifications to these threads are easy

(a) Single, (b) double, (c) triple threaded screws.

 Screw class property
4.6 5.6 6.8 8.8 10.9 12.9
Bolts withstanding
Bolt materials are identified according to property class.
the same
• The designation for each loadclass consists of two figures
property
which are separated by a full-stop
• The first figure is equal to a hundredth of the nominal tensile
strenght Rm in MPA
• The second figure indicates 10 times the ratio of the nominal yield
stress Rp02 to the nominal tensile stress Rm (ratio yield
point)
• If the two figures are multiplied together the result is a tenth of the
nominal yield stress in MPa

5 – Rm=500MPa,
5.6
6 – Re=0.6*500MPa=300 MPa
Thread dimensioning

1413,0.SLDPRT
ZłoŜenie1.SLDASM