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6 6 - 6 5 áæ°ùdG
JOURNAL OF THE
FACULTY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT

2018- 2017

AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT

Beirut, Lebanon
 

Journal of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences

 ƩȁŚƥĿƨȈǯŚǷȋơƨǠǷƢŪơǵȂǴǠdzơȁƣơƽȉơƨȈǴǯƢǿǁƾǐƫƨƐǴů
American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon

EDITORS: Ramzi Baalbaki,Bilal Orfali  ŅǾǧǁȋơDZȐƥȆǰƦǴǠƥȅDŽǷǁ ǂȇǂƸƬdzơƢLjȈƟǁ
ASSOCIATE EDITORS: Maher Jarrar, Lina Choueiri  ȅǂȇȂNjƢǼȈdzǁơǂĈ ƳǂǿƢǷǹȂǯǁƢnjŭơǹȁǁǂƄơ
BOOK REVIEW EDITOR: Alexis Wick
COPY EDITORS: Fatme Chehouri, Zane Siraj Sinno  ǮȇȁądžLj Ê ǰdzƗ ƤƬǰdzơƨǠƳơǂǷ
EDITORIAL BOARD: Tarif Khalidi, Ferial J. Ghazoul, Wadad Kadi, Alexander  ǹƢǔǷǁňƢǿȅǁȂƸNjƨǸǗƢǧ ǂȇǂƸƬdzơơƾǟƢLjǷ
Knysh, Chase Robinson, Monique Bernards, Julia Bray,
Beatrice Gruendler, Abdessalem Mseddi  ǹȂLjǼƥȁǁdžȇƢNjNJȈǼǯǁƾǼLjǰdzƗȆǓƢǬdzơƽơƽȁDZȁDŽǣǁȂƦƳDZƢȇǂǧȅƾdzƢŬơǦȇǂǗ  ǂȇǂƸƬdzơƨƠȈǿ
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Al-Abhath is a refereed journal published annually by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences of the
American University of Beirut. The journal publishes articles and reviews in the fields of Arab and ƨȈƥǂǠdzơƩƢLJơǁƾdzƢƥŘǠƫȁƩȁŚƥĿƨȈǯŚǷȋơƨǠǷƢŪƢƥǵȂǴǠdzơȁƣơƽȉơƨȈǴǯƢǿǁƾǐƫƨǸƐǰŰƨȇȂǼLJƨǴƐůƭƢŞȋơ
Middle Eastern studies.  ǖLJȁȋơǩǂnjdzơƩƢLJơǁƽȁ
 ǂnjǼdzơǁȁƽȁśǨdzƚǸǴdzƩƢǷȂǴǠǷ
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Manuscripts: Al-Abhath encourages the submission of articles written in English or Arabic dealing ȄǴǟǙƢǨūơǞǷśĈǐƬƼŭơǺǷƨǼŪǶǰūƨǷĈƾǬŭơƽơȂŭơǞǔţ ȃǂƻƗƩƢǟȂƦǘǷĿǂnjǼǴdzƨǷĈƾǬǷȁƗƢƆǬƥƢLJƩǂnjĄǻ
with Arab and Middle Eastern studies. Manuscripts submitted to the journal may not be or have ǁơƾǏƛĿŚƻƘƫȅ Ĉ ƗǺǟƨdzȁƚLjǷƪLjȈdzƭƢŞȋơǺǰdzƨȇǂĈ LJśǸǰƄơƔƢũƗȄǬƦƫȁǶȈǰƸƬdzơƔƢǼƯƗśǨdzƚŭơƔƢũƗƨȇĈǂLJĉ
been published or submitted elsewhere. Submissions are subject to peer review that maintains the ƽƾǠdzơǺǷƨƼLjǻǦdzƐƚǷDzǯ ȄǘǠĄȇǂnjǼdzơƾǠƥƢđƢƸǏƗńƛǂnjǼǴdzƧǁǂĈ ǬŭơŚǣDZƢǸǟȋơƧƽƢǟƛƨƐǴĐơǵDŽƬǴƫȏǁơǂǬdzơ
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 ǕȁǂnjdzơǽǀǿĿȂƬLjƫȏŖdzơDZƢǸǟȋơǂnjǼĄƫȏƨǸǴǯÎÒÍȄǴǟƾȇDŽȇȏǎƼ Ĉ ǴŠǪǧǂĄƫȁǂǘLJȋơ
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Ĉ ƢŬơƩȐLJơǂŭơǞȈŦȁƩƢƥƢƬǰdzơDzLJǂĄƫ
Style: Text and reference note style must conform to the Chicago Manual of Style. Transliteration  ƭƢŞȋơ
follows the style of the International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. Authors who wish correct  ƩȁŚƥĿƨȈǯŚǷȋơƨǠǷƢŪơ
modern Turkish orthography to appear in their texts are responsible for providing it.  ÎÎÍÏÐÓƣǍ
Send manuscripts to:  ǹƢǼƦdzƩȁŚƥÎÎÍÔÏÍÏÍƶǴǐdzơǑƢȇǁǝǁƢNj
Al-Abhath  ńƛƨǠƳơǂǸǴdzƨǷƾĈ ǬŭơDZƢǸǟȋơDzLJǂƫƤƬǰdzơƩƢǠƳơǂǷ
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P.O. Box 11-0236
Riad El-Solh, Beirut 1107-2020, LEBANON  ƩȁŚƥĿƨȈǯŚǷȋơƨǠǷƢŪơ
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 alabhath@aub.edu.lbȄǴǟƢǼƬǴLJơǂǷǶǰǼǰŻƩƢǷȂǴǠŭơǺǷƾȇDŽǸǴdz
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 ǽȐǟƗǁȂǯǀŭơƭƢŞȋơǹơȂǼǟńƛDzLJǂĄƫƨǬƥƢLJƽơƾǟƗƤǴǘƥȁƗǭơǂƬNjȏƢƥƨǏ Ĉ ƢŬơƩȐLJơǂŭơǞȈŦ
Volume 65-66 2017-2018
EDITORS
Ramzi Baalbaki & Bilal Orfali
2018 Faculty of Arts and Sciences
American University of Beirut
Published by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences
American University of Beirut
Beirut, Lebanon
Copyright 2018 by the American University of Beirut
All rights reserved. This publication may not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, or otherwise, without the
prior permission of the publisher.
The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this journal are entirely those of
the contributors and should not be attributed in any manner to the American University of
Beirut, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Trustees.
For permission to reprint a page or more of this publication, submit a written request by fax
to 961-1-744461 or e-mail: alabhath@aub.edu.lb
Printed in Beirut, Lebanon
ISSN: 0002-3973
Volume 65-66 2017-2018
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Al-Abhath 65-66 (2017-2018) 37
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Al-Abhath 65-66 (2017-2018) 39
 Bilal Orfali and Francesco Chiabotti
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 The $PöOƮRI$EɫO4öVLPDO4XVKD\UƮ
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Al-Abhath 65-66 (2017-2018) 47
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52 Al-Abhath 65-66 (2017-2018)
 The $PöOƮRI$EɫO4öVLPDO4XVKD\UƮ
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Al-Abhath 65-66 (2017-2018) 53
 Bilal Orfali and Francesco Chiabotti
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Al-Abhath 65-66 (2017-2018) 55
 Bilal Orfali and Francesco Chiabotti
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56 Al-Abhath 65-66 (2017-2018)
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Al-Abhath 65-66 (2017-2018) 57
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58 Al-Abhath 65-66 (2017-2018)
 The $PöOƮRI$EɫO4öVLPDO4XVKD\UƮ
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60 Al-Abhath 65-66 (2017-2018)
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 Bilal Orfali and Francesco Chiabotti
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