Ethology
Anthropomorphism:
Anthropomorphism is defined as
the attribution of human
characteristics or behavior to any
other animals (Domestic or Wild)
in the environment.
Anecdotal cognitivism:
A psychological methodology
that attributes mental states
to animals on the basis
of anecdotes and on the
observation of particular cases,
other than those observations
made during controlled
experiments.
Ethogram:
A description of the main types
of behavior with their frequency
occurs.
Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behavior which
focuses on behavior in natural conditions and viewing the behavior as
evolutionary adaptive trait.
Historical Background of ethology
a) Beginning of Ethology
i. Charles Darwin
 The first modern ethologist was Charles
Darwin.
 He wrote his book “The Expression of
Emotions of Human and Animals.” in
1872.
ii. George Romanes
 He investigated animal learning and
intelligence using an anthropomorphic
method and anecdotal cognitivism.
iii. Early Ethologists
 Charles O. Whitman, Oskar Heinroth,
Wallace Craig and Julian Huxley.
 They concentrated/worked on
instinctive and natural behavior.
 Their beginning for studying the
behavior was to construct Ethogram.