Curriculum

Syllabus/Courses of Study

For

Bachelor of Science in Medical

Laboratory Technology
(BS-MLT)

Riphah International University

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 Mission Statement of RIPHAH
“The Riphah International University is committed to a holistic and integrated approach in
education character building, intellectual and academic development, for us, is equally
important. We want to build total human personality of our youth with concern for the welfare of
humanity. A value based education alone, in our view can produce a generation of dynamic,
committed and progressive leaders and builders of the Ummah.”

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY

Program Description:
Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory Technology is a four-year program that aims to train
students in the basic Medical Laboratory Techniques used in clinical chemistry, Haematology,
Blood bank, Microbiology and Histopathology laboratories. This programme will provide the
advanced knowledge of medical laboratory sciences facilitating the diagnostic services in the
hospitals and research activities at higher teaching, diagnostic and reference centers.
Rationale:
Medical laboratory technology (MLT) is a vast, multidisciplinary field of health-care
department. It plays a crucial role in diagnosis, prevention and treatment of infectious as well as
non-infectious diseases. A medical technologist is able to ensures the quality control in clinical
laboratories, providing the more accurate and precise results. The field is advancing day by day
with the advancement of Medical Science. MLT has a wide scope in Hospitals, Clinical and
Commercial Laboratories and Research Institutes.

Aims and Objectives of the Program:

This program will provide the knowledge and practical skill to the medical lab trainees, who
would be able to:
 Learn and apply theory and techniques in the medical pathology laboratory.
 Avoid problems pertaining to collecting, transporting, handling and conducting
tests on laboratory samples.
 Confidently and correctly carry out all the bench work required for diagnostic tests in
various discipline of pathology.
 Demonstrate proper handling and preventative maintenance of instruments.
 Convey timely laboratory results to the clinicians.
 Perform and monitor quality control in the laboratory.
 Assist the consultants in research.
 Demonstrate ethical behavior and decision making.

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 Detail Description of the Program:

Program: Bachelor of Science in Medical Laboratory Technology (BS-MLT)

Duration: Four years, full time with 136 Credit Hours
Level: Undergraduate
Eligibility Criteria for Admission
F.Sc. Pre-Medical, F.Sc. Medical Lab Technology or Equivalent HSSC Certificate from IBBC
Islamabad with at least 50% marks.

Entry Test:
All candidates have to appear in the entry test. This test will be of objective type having 100 marks.
Following subjects will be included.
 Physics
 Chemistry
 Biology
 English
 Pakistan Studies
 Islamic Studies
Percentage of Merit: (i) Entry Test 40% (ii) F.Sc. 60%
Interview:
The students finally selected will be interviewed for personality and aptitude for the Medical
Laboratory Technology education.
Course: Semester Based (8th -Semesters) Duration (18-weeks each)
Credit Hours: 136- Credit Hours

Assessment Criteria/Plan
Assessment Criteria for Undergraduate Programs
1. Subjects with Lab
Mid Term: 30% (1 paper of 100 MCQS)
End Term: 40% (1 paper of 100 MCQS)
Assignments: 10% (Descriptive)
Practical +Viva: 20%

2. Subjects without Lab

Mid Term: 40% (1 paper of 100 MCQS)
End Term: 50 % (1 paper of 100 MCQS)
Assignments: 10% (Descriptive)

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 3. Subjects with 100% Lab/ Clinical
Mid Term (Mini OSCE): 20%
End Term: 50% OSCE (minimum no. stations: 08)
Viva: 20%
Log Book: 10%

4. Social Sciences Subjects

Mid Term: 50%
MCQs: 20%
Internal Assessment (Quiz and Presentation):30%
End Term: 50%
MCQs: 20%
Short Answer Question: 10%
Long Answer Question: 20%

Grading System
Sr. No Letter Grade Grade Point Value Numerical Grade (%)

1. A 4.0 80% to 100%

2. B 3.0 70% to 79.9%

3. C 2.0 60% to 69.9%

4. D 1.0 50% to 59.9%

4. F 0 Below 50% considered FAIL

Scheme of study& Courses-(Semester wise Breakdown)

Total numbers of Credit hours 136

Duration 4 Years

Semester duration 16-18 weeks

Semesters 8

Course Load per Semester 16-18 Credit Hours

Number of courses per semester 5-7

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 Scheme of Studies

Semester I

S. No Course code Course title Credit Hours

1. 3(2+1)
MLAN-513 Anatomy-1

2. 3(2+1)
MLPH-513 Physiology-1
3.
MLBC-513 Biochemistry-1 3(2+1)
4.
MLBL-512 Biosafety & Lab Principles 2(1+1)

5. 3(3+0)
MLEN-513 Functional English -I

6. Life and Living ( Pakistan

UR-250 2(2+0)
Studies)
Total 16

Semester II

S. No Course code Course title Credit Hours

1. MLAN-523 Anatomy-II 3(2+1)
2. MLPH-523 Physiology-II 3(2+1)
3. MLBC-523 Biochemistry-II 3(2+1)
4. MLGP-513 General Pathology 3(3+0)
Communication Skills (English
5. MLEN-523 3(3+0)
–II)
Life and Living
Islamic Ethical Principles
and
6. UR-150 2(2+0)
Contemporary Issues
(Islamic
Studies)
Total 17

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 Semester III

S. No Course code Course title Credit Hours

1.
MLBS-512 Behavioural Sciences 2(2+0)
2.
MLCP-514 Chemical Pathology-I 4(3+1)
3.
MLHT-513 Haematology-I 3(2+1)
4.
MLGM-513 General Microbiology 3(2+1)

5. Technical writing and

MLEN-533 Presentation skills 3(3+0)
(Eng-III)
Life and Living (Basic
6. Teachings of
UR-350 the Qur’an (Revealed 2(2+0)
Sciences -
I)
Total 17

Semester IV

S. No Course code Course title Credit Hours

Immunology and 3(2+1)
1. MLIS-513 Serology
MLHC-513 Histopathology & 3(2+1)
2. Cytopathology-I
MLHT-523 3(2+1)
3. Haematology-II

4. MLMI-513 Medical Instrumentation 3(2+1)

MLCB-514 4(3+1)
5. Clinical Bacteriology

6. MLCE-512 Computer Education 2(1+1)

Total 18

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Semester V

S. No Course code Course title Credit Hours

1. MLMB-513 Molecular Biology & Genetics-I 3(2+1)
MLMV-513 3(2+1)
2. Medical Virology
MLTM-513 3(2+1)
3. Transfusion Medicine
4. MLPM -513 Parasitology and Mycology 3(2+1)
Histopathology &
5. MLHC-523 3(2+1)
Cytopathology-II
Life and living
6. UR-450 Introduction to Hadith & Seerah 2(2+0)
(Revealed Sciences - II)
Total 17

Semester VI

S. No Course code Course title Credit Hours

MLQC-514 Quality Control and Lab 4(3+1)
1.
Management
MLEC-513 Epidemiology and 2(2+0)
2.
Community Medicine
3. MLBI-512 Bioinformatics 2(1+1)

4. MLBS-513 Biostatistics 3(3+0)

Molecular Biology and 3(2+1)

5. MLMB-523 Genetics-II

6. Research 2(2+0)
MLRM-512
Methodology
Total 16

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Semester V II

S. No Course code Course title Credit Hours

MLCP-624 Chemical Pathology Lab
1. 4(1+3)
Rotation

2. MLHT-634 Haematology Lab Rotation 4(1+3)

3. MLMB-624
Microbiology Lab Rotation 4(1+3)

MLHC-634 Histopathology and

4. 4(1+3)
Cytopathology Lab Rotation
Total 16

Semesters VIII

S.No Course Code Course Title Credit Hours

1 UR-550 Life and Living (professional 2(2+0)

Ethics in Medical Sciences)

2 MLBW-613 Biomedical Waste Management 3(2+1)

3 Clinical Enzymology and 3(2+1)

MLCE-613 Automation
4 MLMS-612 Medical Sociology 2(2+0)

5 MLRR-616 Research Project 6(0+6)

P Total 16
Program Total Credit Hours = 133

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 Description of Courses

First Year Semester-I

Course Code MLAN-513
Course Title Anatomy -I
Credit Hours 3(2+1)

Introduction
 Anatomical Nomenclature
 Structural and functional organization
 Terminology and body plan
 Basic organization of the body
Skin
 Dermis and epidermis
 Superficial fascia and deep fascia
The Musculoskeletal System:
 Components of the skeletal system
Bones
 Different type of bones
 Bones of the skull
 Vertebral column, or spine
 Ribs and the sternum
 Bones of the upper limbs and shoulder
 Bones of the lower limbs and pelvic girdle
Joints
 Different types of joints
Muscles
 Types of muscles, Voluntary, Involuntary & Cardiac Connective tissue, components of the
connective tissue matrix Description of skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

Respiratory System
 The anatomy of the respiratory passages, beginning at the nose and ending with the alveoli.
 The lobes of the lungs and the membranes that cover the lungs
 Pleural cavity
 The muscles of contraction of respiration
The Cardiovascular System
 Anatomy of the Heart
 Coronary arteries
 The structure of the conduction system of the heart.
 Pulmonary and systemic circulation
 The structure of arteries, capillaries and veins.
 Major arteries and veins and the body areas they supply/ drain
Practicals:
 Study Axial and Appendicular skeleton on human skeletal model.
 Study musculoskeletal system on human musculoskeletal model.
 Study and understand anatomy of human body.
 Human models
 Video demonstration
Recommended Books:
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  Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by Seely, Stephens, and Tate, 4th edition
 Anatomy & Physiology by Rose & Wilson
 General Anatomy by Ghulam Ahmad/ Laeeq Hussain
 Anatomy by D.R Johnson & K.L Moore
 Regional Anatomy by Snells.
 Medical Laboratory Manual for Tropical Countries. Vol I, Second Edition by Monica
Cheesbrough

Course Code MLPH-513

Course Title Physiology-I
Credit Hours 3(2+1)

The Human Physiology

 Functional organization---relationship between structure and function of the human body
 Homeostasis – its importance-- negative and positive Feedback mechanism
Integumentary System
 Functions of the skin
 Temperature and its regulation
The Musculoskeletal System:
 Functional characteristics of Skeletal Muscle and Cardiac Muscle
 Basic concept of events of muscle contraction and relaxation in response to an action
potential in a motor neuron.
 Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic muscle contraction
Respiratory System
 Mechanism of breathing
 Uptake and release of oxygen in the lung and the tissue
 Functions of the Respiratory System beginning at the nose and ending with the alveoli.
Ventilation and Lung Volumes
 Gas Exchange and gas transport in the blood
 Rhythmic Ventilation
 Term used in the respiratory medicine
 Respiratory failure, Anoxia and hypoxia, Cyanosis, pneumothorax, Empyema,
 Pneumonia, Asthma, Bronchitis, Pulmonary tuberculosis, Lung cancer, URTI,
 PUO
Blood
 Composition of Blood and Plasma
 Functions of Blood
 Formed Elements
 Stages of cell development
 Blood grouping
 Coagulation mechanism

The functions of the specialized sense organs

 Eye---- physiology of site, accommodation, optic nerve and optic chiasma
 Ear---- functions of the internal, middle and external ear
 Physiology of the hearing and balance

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  Smell----------- physiology of olfactory nerve
 Taste ---------physiology of taste
 Location of the taste buds
 Physiology of speech

The Cardiovascular system

 Functions of the Heart

 Conducting system of the heart and Cardiac Cycle
 Heart Sounds
 Regulation of Heart Functions--- intrinsic and extrinsic
 Pulmonary Circulation
 Systemic Circulation: Arteries
 Veins
 Functions of the Peripheral Circulation
 Local Control of Blood Vessels
 Nervous Control of Blood Vessels
 Regulation of Arterial Pressure
 The function of Lymphatic System, tonsils, lymph nodes, the spleen and the thymus.
 Blood pressure
 Term used in Cardiac medicine.
 Angina, Atherosclerosis, Blue baby, Bradycardia, Cardiac arrest, Cardiac (heart) failure,
Electrocardiogram, Endocarditis, Heart murmurs, Ischemic heart disease, Myocardial
infarction, Myocarditis, Tachycardia
Practicals:
 Blood coagulation
 Blood groups
 Hemoglobiometer
 Hematocrit
 Sedimentation rate
 Blood cell count
 Blood glucose measurement
 Differential leukocytes count
 Blood pressure measurement
 Vision and its disorders
 Electrocardiography
 Spirometry
 Effects of breathing cycle on respiratory system

Recommended Books:
 Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by Seelay, Stephens and Tate. 4th edition
 Rose & Wilson Anatomy and Physiology
 Human Physiology. Stuart Ira Fox 7th edition
 Text book of Medical Physiology Guyton

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  Essential of Medical Physiology Vol I & II by Mushtaq Ahmad
 Medical Laboratory Manual for Tropical Countries, Vol I, Second Edition by Monica
Cheesbrough

Course Code MLBC-513

Course Title Biochemistry-I
Credit Hours 3(2+1)

COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course provides the knowledge and skills in fundamental organic chemistry and
introductory biochemistry that are essential for further studies. It covers introduction to the
biomolecules i.e. amino acid, proteins carbohydrates, fats, enzymes and nucleic acids. The
nutritional biochemistry concludes the course

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 Describe cell and body fluids in the context of chemistry and human biochemistry
 Discuss the properties, classification and functions of biomolecules with emphasis on amino
acid, peptides, proteins, enzymes, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acid
 Explain importance of nutritional biochemistry with emphasis on minerals, trace elements,
vitamins and balance diet
COURSE CONTENTS
Biochemistry
 Introduction to Biochemistry
 Importance of Biochemistry for Medical Lab Technologist
Cell
 Cell: Structure, function and types of cell (Biochemical Aspects)
 Cell Membrane Structure and function
 Cytoplasm and cytoplasmic organelles
 Cell Receptors & Signal Molecules
Body Fluids
 Structure and properties of Water
 Acids, Bases and Salts
 Concept of pH & pK
 Buffers, their mechanism of action
 Body buffers
Biomolecules
 Define biomolecules.
 Types and importance of biomolecules
Proteins Biochemistry
 Amino acids occurring in protein molecules:
 Standard amino acids and their classification
 Non-standard amino acids and their importance
 Peptide bonds and their properties
 Protein classification: Simple, Conjugated and Derived proteins
 Proteins three dimensional Structure and their properties
 Primary, Secondary, Tertiary & Quaternary Structures of Proteins
 Sanger’s, Edman’s and DNA sequencing methods
 Laboratory methods for protein detection and isolation

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  Electrophoresis, Isoelectric focusing, Chromatography, ELISA
Enzymes
 Introduction and properties of Enzymes
 Mechanism of action of enzymes in reaction
 Chemical nature of enzymes
 Co-enzymes and their actions
 Classification of enzymes
 Enzymes kinematics: MM equation and Line Weaver-Burke Plot
 Factors affecting enzyme activity
 Regulation & Inhibition of Enzyme activity & enzymes inhibitors
 Clinical Diagnostic Enzymology
 Special diagnostic tests using enzymes
 Enzymes, enzyme inhibitors, enzymes activator, enzymes inducers as medicines
 Disease caused by enzyme deficiency
Carbohydrates
 Definition, Classification, Biochemical Functions & Significance of Carbohydrates
 Structure & Properties of Monosaccharaides
 Isomerism, optical isomerism and Chirality in monosaccharaides
 Chemical properties of monosaccharaides
 Structure & Properties of Disaccharides
 Structure & Properties of Polysaccharides
 Heteropolysaccharides: GAGs, Glycoconjugates and mucilages
Lipids
 Classification of Lipids
 Fatty Acids: Chemistry
 Classification occurrence & Function
 Structure & Properties of Simple Lipids
 Waxes and their importance
 Structure & Properties of Triacylglycerols
 Structure & Properties of Compound or Complex Lipids
 Steroids and sterols
 Terpenes
 Cholesterol: Chemistry, Functions & Clinical Significance
Vitamins
 Sources, RDA, Biochemical Functions & Clinical Significance of Fat Soluble Vitamins
 Sources, RDA, Biochemical Functions & Clinical Significance of Water Soluble
 Vitamins.
Practicals
 Preparation of solutions routinely used in biochemical experiments (e.g., percent, normal
and molar solutions)
 pH determination using various methods
 Quantitative analysis of carbohydrates in unknown samples
 Extraction of starch from plant sources and its confirmative tests
 Quantitative analysis of lipids and fatty acids in unknown samples
 Extraction of lipids from animal and plant sources
 Quantitative analysis of Proteins in unknown samples
 Extraction of Proteins from animal and plant sources

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  Determination of total proteins by using different methods (Bradford, lowery and biuret
methods)
 Qualitative tests of proteins & amino acids: Biuret Test; Ninhydrin Test; Xanthoproteic Test;
Pauly’s Test; Hoplein’s Test; Ehrich’s Test; Sakaguchi Test; Sodium nitroprusside Test;
Sullivan Test; sulphate Test Phosphate Test; Aldehyde Test;
Recommended Books
1. Harper’s Biochemistry by Robbert K. Murray, Daryl K. Granner, Peter A. Mayes, Victor W.
Rodwell, Latest Ed.
2. Lippincott’s Illustrated Review of Biochemistry by Pamela C. Champe and Richard A.
Harvey, Latest Ed.
3. Practical Clinical Biochemistry by Varley.
4. Textbook of Biochemistry by Devlin, 5th Ed.
5. Textbook of Medical Biochemistry Vol-I and II by M.A. Hashmi.
6. Biochemistry by Stryer, Lubert, Latest Ed.

Course Code MLBL-512

Course Title Biosafety & Lab Principles
Credit Hours 2(1+1)
Units of Measurement
 Structure of SI Units
 Standardized Reporting of Laboratory Result Units in Clinical Enzymology
Pathology Laboratory Safety Precautions
 Biological safety
 Chemical safety
 Electrical hazards
 Personal protective equipment
 Occupation safety and health hazards (OSHA)
Specimen collection
 Types of specimens
 Handling of specimens
 Sources of variation in lab results
 Reagent grade water
 Water purification instruments
 Type1, 2 and 3 water
 Preparation of reagent grade water
 Testing of water quality
Buffers
 Type of buffers
 Measurement of Buffer PH
 Solutions preparation
 Laboratory Glass and Plastic Ware (Use, storage and cleaning)
 Types of Glassware
 Cleaning of Glassware
 Pipettes
 Burettes
 Test Tubes
 Beakers

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  Flasks Cylinders
Basic Laboratory Equipment; Operation, calibration, maintenance
 Laboratory Centrifuge
 Balance
 Refrigerators, Freezers And Deep Freezers
 pH meter
 Mixers
 Incubators
 Ovens
 Safety cabinet
Basic Laboratory Procedures Practical

 Calculation of the concentration of the substances determined.

 Preparation of solution
 Preparation of Calibration Curve
 pH measurement
 Use of common lab instruments like balance, water bath, centrifuge etc
 PPE use
First aid
Introduction
 Definition and importance of First Aid
 Contents of first aid box in the lab
 First aid charts
Emergency treatment of cut and bleeding
 Caused by Contaminated glass ware
 Bleeding from a limb
 Bleeding from nose
Emergency treatment of burns
 Heat burns
 Chemical burn of skin
 Chemical injury in eye
Emergency treatment of poisoning
 Swallowing acid or alkali
 Swallowing other poisonous chemicals
 Swallowing of infected material
 Mouth pipetting
Emergency treatment of Fainting
Emergency management of Electric shock
Emergency resuscitation when a person stops breathing
First aid in cases where the heart stops beating
Code of safety for the labs
 Formulating a code of safe laboratory practice
 Enforcing a code of safe laboratory practices
Recommended Books:
Medical Laboratory Manual for Tropical Countries. Vol I, Second Edition by Monica Cheesbrough

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 Course Code: MLEN-513
Course Title Functional English (English-I)
Credit Hours 3(3+0)
Aims
The course aims to equip the students with fundamentals of English grammar and other
important structures
Course Objectives
By the end of the course students would be able to:
 Understand fundamental structures of English Grammar which includes Parts of Speech,
Tenses, Voice, Narration and punctuation
 Compose grammatically correct sentences and unified paragraphs
 Develop their written communication

Contents
 Basics of Grammar
 Parts of speech
 Verbs and its Kinds
 Definite and Indefinite Articles
 Tenses: Present, Past and Future
 Phrase, Clause and sentence structure
 Variety of Sentences
 Voice
 Narration
 Transitive
 Punctuation
 Infinitive Gerund and Participle
 Mood
 Reading Comprehension
 Paragraph writing
Methodology
The course will be taught mainly through lectures, tutorials, group discussions, simulations and
student presentations.
Suggested Readings
 English Grammar through stories by Alan Townend
 Made Easy Series by Afzal Anwar Mufti
o Tenses Made Easy
 Active Passive Made Easy
Narration Made Easy
 Practical English Grammar: Exercises 1 and Exercises 2
 Essential English Grammar by Raymond Murphy
 High School English Grammar by Wren and Martin

Course Code UR-250

Course Title Life and living (Pakistan Studies)
Credit Hours 2(2+0)

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Introduction/Objectives
 Develop vision of historical perspective, government, politics, contemporary
Pakistan, ideological background of Pakistan.
 Study the process of governance, national development, issues arising in the
modern age and posing challenges to Pakistan.
Course Outline:
1. Historical Perspective
a. Ideological rationale with special reference to Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Allama
Muhammad Iqbal and Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
b. Factors leading to Muslim separatism
c. People and Land
i. Indus Civilization
ii. Muslim advent
iii. Location and geo-physical features.
Government and Politics in Pakistan
Political and
constitutional phases: a.
1947-58
b. 1958-71
c. 1971-77
d. 1977-88
e. 1988-99
f. 1999 onward
Contemporary Pakistan
d. Economic institutions and issues
e. Society and social structure
f. Ethnicity
g. Foreign policy of Pakistan and challenges
h. Futuristic outlook of Pakistan
Recommended Books:
 Burki, ShahidJaved. State & Society in Pakistan, The MacMillan Press Ltd 1980.
 Akbar, S. Zaidi. Issue in Pakistan’s Economy. Karachi: OxfordUniversity Press, 2000.
 S.M. Burke and LawrenceZiring. Pakistan’s Foreign policy: An Historical
analysis. Karachi: OxfordUniversity Press, 1993.
 Mehmood, Safdar. Pakistan Political Roots & Development. Lahore, 1994.
 Wilcox, Wayne.The Emergence of Bangladesh,Washington: American
Enterprise, Institute of Public Policy Research, 1972.
 Mehmood, Safdar. PakistanKayyunToota, Lahore: Idara-e-Saqafat-e-Islamia,
Club Road, nd.
 Amin, Tahir. Ethno -National Movement in Pakistan,Islamabad: Institute of
Policy Studies, Islamabad.
 Ziring, Lawrence. Enigma of Political Development. Kent England:
WmDawson& sons Ltd, 1980.

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 Zahid, Ansar. History & Culture of Sindh.Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1980.
 Afzal, M. Rafique. Political Parties in Pakistan, Vol. I, II & III. Islamabad:
National Institute of Historical and cultural Research, 1998.
 Sayeed, Khalid Bin. The Political System of Pakistan.Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967.
 Aziz, K.K. Party, Politics in Pakistan, Islamabad: National Commission on
Historical and Cultural Research, 1976.
 Muhammad Waseem, Pakistan Under Martial Law, Lahore: Vanguard, 1987.
 Haq, Noor ul. Making of Pakistan: The Military Perspective.Islamabad: National
Commission on Historical and Cultural Research, 1993.

First Year Semester-II

Course Code MLAN-523

Course Title Anatomy-II
Credit Hours 3(2+1)

The Digestive System

 Anatomical organization of Digestive system
 Anatomy of Liver and Pancreas
 Blood supply of the organs of the GI tract
 Important secretory glands, (both exocrine and endocrine components)
Genito-Urinary System
 The structures and organs of the urinary system
 The structure of the nephron
 Organs of the Male Reproductive System
 Organs of the Female Reproductive System
The Nervous System
 Anatomical organization of Central Nervous System
 Anatomical organization of Peripheral Nervous System
 Anatomical organization of Autonomic Nervous system
 The basic structure of a neuron, nerve, nerve tract, nucleus, and ganglion.
 Cerebrospinal fluid and its circulation
Endocrine system
 Endocrine glands
Anatomy of eye and ear
Receptors of touch, taste and smell
Practicals:
 Study and understand anatomy of human body.
 Human models
 Video demonstration
Recommended Books:

• Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by Seely, Stephens, and Tate, 4th edition
• Anatomy & Physiology by Rose & Wilson
• General Anatomy by Ghulam Ahmad/ Laeeq Hussain
• Anatomy by D.R Johnson & K.L Moore

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• Regional Anatomy by Snells.
Course Code MLPH-523
Course Title Physiology-II
Credit Hours 3(2+1)

The Nervous System

 The functional areas of the cerebral cortex and their interactions.
 Functions of the parts of the brainstem and cerebellum.
 Functions of various cranial nerves.
 Functions of the autonomic nervous system
 The function of neurons. neuroglial cells and their components.
 Resting membrane potential and an action potential.
 The function of a synapse and reflex arc
 Medical terms used to describe disorders of Nervous system.
 Meningitis, Encephalitis, Epilepsy, Hydrocephalus, Neuropathy, Palsy, Paralysis,
Poliomyelitis, Shingles, Stroke, Vertigo
The Endocrine System
 Functions of the Endocrine System
 Chemical Signals, receptors and hormones
 The Endocrine Glands and their Hormones
 Other Hormones
The Digestive System
 Functions of each organ of the Digestive System
 Movements and Secretions of the Digestive System
 Physiology of Digestion, Absorption, and Transport
 Terms used in gastrointestinal medicine and liver disorders.
 Cholangitis, Cholecystitis, Cirrhosis of the liver, Gastrectomy, Haematemesis,
Haemoptysis, Hepatoma, Hiantus hernia, Melaena, Paralytic ileus, Pyloric stenosis,
Sprue, Ulcerative colitis, Vagotomy
Genito-Urinary System
 Urine Production
 Regulation of Urine Concentration and Volume
 Body Fluid Compartments
 Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Composition
 Physiology of Male Reproductive system—spermatogenesis and reproductive glands,
hormones and their regulations
 Physiology of Female Reproductive system--- ovulation, hormones
 Terms used to describe disorders of the Urinary system, Anuria, Cystitis, Diuretic,
Frequency, Glomerulonephritis, Nephrotic syndrome, Oliguria, Polyuria, Pyelitis,
Pyelonephritis, Pyuria, Renal calculus, Renal failure, Retention, Urinary tract infection
UTI
 Uraemia
Immunity
 Define immunity, Innate Immunity, Adaptive Immunity Antigens and Antibodies
 Primary and secondary responses to an antigen
 Antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity
 Role of lymphocyte in immunity regulation

19
Practicals
 Accommodation test
 The Effect of Insulin on Blood Glucose Level- Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
 The thorn test
 Pregnancy test
 ELISA
 Antioxidant analysis
 Protein estimation
 Microscopic Investigation of the Urine Sediment
 Detection of UBG in Urine with Ehrlich's Aldehyde test.
 Detection of Calcium According to Sulkowitsch
 Detection of Sugar According to Nylander and Fehling
 Detection of Blood and its Decomposition Products with the Benzidine Test
 Antigen and antibodies concept related to immunity

Recommended Books
 Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology by Seelay, Stephens and Tate. 4th edition
 Rose & Wilson Anatomy and Physiology
 Human Physiology. Stuart Ira Fox 7th edition
 Text book of Medical Physiology Guyton
 Essential of Medical Physiology Vol I & II by Mushtaq Ahmad
 Medical Laboratory Manual for Tropical Countries. Vol I, Second Edition by Monica
Cheesbrough.

Course Code MLBC-523

Course Title Biochemistry-II
Credit Hours 3(2+1)
Description
This course will provide the knowledge and skills in fundamental organic
chemistry and introductory biochemistry that are essential for further
studies. It will also cover the basic biochemical, cellular, biological and
microbiological processes, basic chemical reactions in the prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells, the structure of biological molecules, introduction to the
nutrients i.e. carbohydrates, fats, enzymes, nucleic acids and amino acids.
The course also covers the section of nutritional biochemistry
Learning Objectives
 Explain biochemical description of different human tissues
 Describe respiration at cellular and molecular level
 Explain metabolism of carbohydrates, protein and lipids
Nucleic Acids
 Structure, Functions & Biochemical Role of Nucleotides
 Structure & Functions of DNA
 Structure & Functions of RNA.
Nutrition
 Dietary Importance of Carbohydrates, Lipids & Proteins
 Balanced Diet
20
Nutritional Biochemistry Minerals & Trace Elements
 Sources, RDA, Biochemical Functions & Clinical Significance of Iron, Calcium,
Phosphorus, Sodium, Potassium & Chloride
Course Contents Tissue Biochemistry
 Extracellular Matrix
 Collagen
 Elastin and Extracellular Matrix Components
 Biochemistry of Proteoglycans
 Bone & Teeth
 Muscle & Cytoskeleton
Metabolism Bioenergetics
 Introduction to Bioenergetics
 Biological Oxidations
 Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Metabolism of Carbohydrates
 Digestion & Absorption of Carbohydrates
 Glycolysis & its Regulation
 Citric Acid Cycle
 Metabolism of Glycogen
 Gluconeogenesis and regulation of blood glucose
 Pentose Phosphate Pathway & its SignificanceMETABOLISM OF LIPIDS
 Digestion & Absorption of Lipids
 Metabolism & Clinical Significance of Lipoproteins
 Fatty acid oxidation biosynthesis and metabolism of
Triacylglycerols
 Metabolism & clinical Significance of Cholesterol
 Metabolism of Eicosanoids
Metabolism of Proteins & Amino Acids
 Digestion of Proteins & Absorption of Amino Acids
 Transamination & Deamination of Amino Acids and urea cycle
 Specialized products formed from Amino Acids
Practicals:
Section 1
Techniques of Instruments in Clinical Biochemistry with examples.
 Visible Spectrophotometry
 Flame photometry
 UV & IR spectrophotometry
 Atomic Absorption spectrophotometry
 pH Metry
 Chromatography and determination of Amino Acids in Urine by pape chromatography
Section 2
Clinical quantatives analysis in Biochemistry
 Sample Collection Blood, Faces and body fluids
 Serum Glucose Estimation
 Glucose tolerance Test (GTT)
 Serum Cholesterol estimation (Total, HDL and HDL cholesterol)
 Serum Bilirubin Estimation (Total, Direct and Indirect bilirubins)
 Serum Amylase Estimation

21
  Serum AST Estimation
 Serum ALT Estimation
 Serum ALP Estimation
 Serum Creatine Kinase(CK) Estimation
 Serum Ascorbic acid Estimation
 Serum LDH Estimation
 Serum Proteins Estimation (Total, Albumin & Globulin)
 Serum Total lipids Estimation
 Serum calcium Estimation (total, ionized & unionized)
 Serum Uric acid Estimation
 Serum Magnesium Estimation
 Serum Urea Estimation
 Serum Creatinine Estimation
Recommended Books
 Harper’s Biochemistry by Robbert K. Murray, Daryl K. Granner, Peter A. Mayes, Victor
W. Rodwell, Latest Ed.
 Lippincott’s Illustrated Review of Biochemistry by Pamela C. Champe and Richard A.
Harvey, Latest Ed.
 Practical Clinical Biochemistry by Varley.
 Textbook of Biochemistry by Devlin, 5th Ed.
 Textbook of Medical Biochemistry Vol-I and II by M. A. Hashmi.
 Biochemistry by Stryer, Lubert, Latest Ed.

Course Code MLGP-513

Course Title General Pathology
Credit Hours 3(3+0)
Cell Injury and adaptation
 Cell Injury
o Reversible and Irreversible Injury
o Fatty change, Pigmentation, Pathologic calcification
o Necrosis and Gangrene
 Cellular adaptation
o Atrophy, Hypertrophy
o Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Aplasia
Inflammation
 Acute inflammation
o Vascular changes, Chemotaxis, Opsonization and Phagocytosis
o Enlist the cellular components and chemical mediators of acute inflammation
o Differentiate between exudates and transudate
 Chronic
inflammation
0 Etiological factors, Granuloma
Cell repair and wound healing
 Regeneration and Repair
 Healing--- steps of wound healing by first and second
 Factors affecting healing

22
  Enlist the complications of wound healing
Haemodynamic disorders
 Define and classify the terms Edema, Haemorrhage, Thrombosis, Embolism,
Infarction &Hyperaemia with at least two examples of each
 Define and classify Shock with causes of each
 Describe the compensatory mechanisms involved in shock
 Describe the possible consequences of thrombosis
 Describe the difference between arterial and venous emboli
Neoplasia
 Define the terms Dysplasia and Neoplasia with examples of each
 Enlist the differences between benign and malignant neoplasms
 Enlist the common etiological factors for Neoplasia
 Define and discuss the different modes of metastasis
Adaptive Response
 Hyperplasia
 Endometrial Hyperplasia, Gross, Microscopic
Acute Inflammation
 Morphological patterns
Recognition of Ulcer, Abscess
Neoplasia – Gross examination of Cystadenoma ovary (Serous / Mucinous), Teratoma
ovary, Cystadenocarcinoma ovary, Lipoma, Fibroiduterus

Course Code MLEN-523

Course Title Communication Skills (English –II)
Credit Hours 3(3+0)

Communication Skills

Aims
The course aims to equip students with communication skills suitable for their
academic purposes. It is further meant to develop among students the skills necessary
for effective oral and written communication in their profession and life in general.

Course Objectives
By the end of the course students would be able to:
 Understand the dynamics and important dimensions of four skills: Reading,
Writing, Listening and Speaking
 Communicate effectively both verbally and non-verbally
 Relate to the interpersonal and organizational dynamics that affect effective
communication in organizations
 Demonstrate understanding of the generic fundamentals of communication.
Course Contents
 Reading: Fiction, poetry and Non-fiction
 Writing a coherent paragraph
 Effective Listening skills
 Public speaking
 Identification of Sentence errors
 Seven C’s of Effective Communication
 Phonetics and Phonology and its role in Communication
 English Pronunciation

23
  Developing Vocabulary
 Effective Note Taking
 Communicating effectively in Job Interviews
 Oral Interaction: Dialogue and Conversation skills
 Précis Writing
 Critical Thinking Skills
Methodology
The course will be taught mainly through lectures, activities, drills, tutorials, group
discussions, simulations and student presentations.

Suggested Readings:
 The role of Muslim Students in the reconstruction of Islamic world by
SayedAbul A’ alaMaududi
 Bequest of Umme Hakimah for her Son. Al Huda Publications, Islamabad.
 Why Islam is our only choice by Muhammad HanifShahid.
 Ummah or Nation by Abdullah al- Ahsan.
 Islamic Civilization foundational beliefs and principles by SayedAbul A’
alaMaududi.
Course Code UR-150
Course Title Life and living Islamic Ethical Principals and Contemporary
Issues (Islamic Studies)
Credit Hours 2(2+0)

Objectives
This course is aimed at:
1 To provide Basic information about Islamic Studies
2 To enhance understanding of the students regarding Islamic Civilization
3 To improve Students skill to perform prayers and other worships
4 To enhance the skill of the students for understanding of issues related to faith
and religious life.
Detail of Courses
Introduction to Quranic Studies
1) Basic Concepts of Quran
2) History of Quran
3) Uloom-ul -Quran
Study of Selected Text of Holly Quran
1) Verses of Surah Al-Baqra Related to Faith(Verse No-284-286)
2) Verses of Surah Al-Hujrat Related to
Adab Al-Nabi (Verse No-1-18)
3) Verses of Surah Al-Mumanoon Related to Characteristics of faithful (Verse No-1-11)
4) Verses of Surah al-Furqan Related to Social Ethics (Verse No.63-77)
5) Verses of Surah Al-Inam Related to Ihkam(Verse No-152-154)
Study of Selected Text of Holly Quran
1) Verses of Surah Al-Ihzab Related to Adab al-Nabi (Verse No.6,21,40,56,57,58.)
2) Verses of Surah Al-Hashar (18,19,20) Related to thinking, Day of Judgment
3) Verses of Surah Al-Saf Related to Tafakar,Tadabar (Verse No-1,14)

24
Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W)
1) Life of Muhammad Bin Abdullah ( Before Prophet Hood)
2) Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Makkah
3) Important Lessons Derived from the life of Holy Prophet in Makkah
Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) II
1) Life of Holy Prophet (S.A.W) in Madina
2) Important Events of Life Holy Prophet in Madina
3) Important Lessons Derived from the life of Holy Prophet in Madina
Introduction to Sunnah
1) Basic Concepts of Hadith
2) History of Hadith
3) Kinds of Hadith
4) Uloom –ul-Hadith
5) Sunnah& Hadith
6) Legal Position of Sunnah
Selected Study from Text of Hadith
Introduction to Islamic Law &
Jurisprudence
1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
2) History & Importance of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
3) Sources of Islamic Law & Jurisprudence
4) Nature of Differences in Islamic Law
5) Islam and Sectarianism
Islamic Culture & Civilization
1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Culture & Civilization
2) Historical Development of Islamic Culture & Civilization
3) Characteristics of Islamic Culture & Civilization
4) Islamic Culture & Civilization and Contemporary Issues
Islam & Science
1) Basic Concepts of Islam & Science
2) Contributions of Muslims in the Development of Science
3) Quran & Science
Islamic Economic System
1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Economic System
2) Means of Distribution of wealth in Islamic Economics
3) Islamic Concept of Riba
4) Islamic Ways of Trade & Commerce
Political System of Islam
1) Basic Concepts of Islamic Political System
2) Islamic Concept of Sovereignty
3) Basic Institutions of Govt. in Islam
Islamic History
1) Period of Khlaft-E-Rashida

25
2) Period of Ummayyads
3) Period of Abbasids
Social System of Islam
1) Basic Concepts of Social System of Islam
2) Elements of Family
3) Ethical Values of Islam
Reference Books:
1) Hameed ullah Muhammad, “Emergence of
Islam” , IRI, Islamabad
2) Hameed ullah Muhammad, “Muslim Conduct of State”
3) Hameed ullah Muhammad, ‘Introduction to Islam
4) Mulana Muhammad YousafIslahi,”
5) Hussain Hamid Hassan, “An Introduction to the Study of Islamic Law” leaf
Publication Islamabad, Pakistan.
6) Ahmad Hasan, “Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence” Islamic
Research Institute, International Islamic University,
Islamabad (1993)
7) Mir Waliullah, “Muslim Jurisprudence and the Quranic Law
of Crimes” Islamic Book Service (1982)
8) H.S. Bhatia, “Studies in Islamic Law, Religion and Society”
Deep & Deep Publications New Delhi (1989)
9) Dr. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, “Introduction to Al Sharia Al
Islamia”Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad (2001)

26
 Second Year Semester- III

Course Code MLBS-512

Course Title Behavioural Sciences
Credit Hours 2(2+0)

Introduction to Behavioural Sciences and its importance in health

 Bio-Psycho-Social Model of Health Care and the Systems Approach
 Normality vs. Abnormality
 Importance of Behavioural sciences in health
 Desirable Attitudes in Health Professionals
Understanding Behaviour Sensation and sense organs
 Describe sensation, sense organs/special organ
Perception
 Define perception, what factors affecting perception
Attention and concentration
 Define attention and concentration. What factors affecting them
Memory
 Define memory and describe its stages, types and methods to improving it
Thinking
 Discuss problem solving and decision making strategies
Communication
 Define communication. What are types, modes and factors affecting it.
 Describe ways to recognize non-verbal cues. Characteristics of a good communicator
Learning
 Define learning, Principles of learning, modern methods and styles of learning, types
of learners, Strategies to improve learning skills
Stress and Stressors
 Define and classify stress and stressors
 Relationship of stress and stressors with illness
Life Events
 Concept of life events and their relationship with stress and illness
Stress Management
 What is coping skills
 What is conflict and frustrations?
 What is concept of adjustment and maladjustment?
Interviewing/ Psychosocial History Taking
 Define, types of interview and listening
 Skills of interview and listening
Psychological reactions
 Grief and bereavement, Family and illness
 Dealing with difficult patients
 What are the psychosocial aspects of illness, hospitalization rape, torture, terminal
illness, death and dying?
 Psychosocial issues in Emergency Departments, Intensive Care and Coronary Care
Units,
Operating Theatres, Cancer wards, Transplant Units, Anaesthesia

27
 Practical
 Communication Skills
 Counseling,
 Crisis Intervention
 Conflict Resolution
 Principles of effective communication, active listening, the art of questioning

Course Code: MLCP-514

Course Title: Chemical Pathology

Credit hours: 4(3-1)

Sodium and water metabolism
 Total water and sodium balance
 Control of sodium and water balance
 Distribution of water and sodium in the body
 Biochemical test basis of treatment of sodium and water disturbances
 Clinical feature of sodium and water disturbance Urinary sodium estimation
Potassium metabolism and water balance:
 Distribution of body fluids, were intake and output, dehydration and edema
The kidney and renal calculi
 Clinical chemistry of Renal Disorder
 Pathophysiology
 Clinical syndrome of renal disease
 Renal Calculi
 Renal function tests used in clinical investigation.
o Inulin and Creatinine clearance (GFR).
o Para-aminohippurate clearance (renal plasma flow).
o Maximum rate of tubular excretion of P-amino-hippurate (Tr-PAH)
(measures excretory function of renal tubules).
o Maximum rate of reabsorption of glucose (Tmg) (measures reabsorption
function of renal tubules)
 Classification of renal function tests used in clinical assessment of renal function.
o Blood urea nitrogen.
o Serum Urea.
o The phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test.
o Serum creatinine
o Creatinine Clearance
o Serum Uric Acid
o Electrolytes
Urine
 Composition of glomerular filtrate and change which occur in the tubules, normal
urine, physical properties, and composition, pathological constituents and their
determination,
 Quantitative Analysis of Urine

28
 o Amino acids, Bence-Jones proteins, Calcium, Coproporphyrins, creatinine,
glactose, phosphates, nitrogen, PH, specific gravity, Ca, p, Oxalates and
urates. Determination of kidney function tests.

Investigation of renal, water, and Electrolytes disorder

Chemical Changes in Gastrointestinal tract

 Digestion and digestive enzymes, their control and mechanism of secretion, bile
Absoprtion of water, Minerals, Fats, Carbohydrate and proteins.
 Amylase and lipase
Minerals:
 Metabolism of Na, Ca, P, Fe, Cu, and Co, Electrolyte balance and imbalance.
 Investigation of disorder of calcium metabolism.
Endocrine:
 Pituitary gland
o Anterior and Posterior pituitary hormones,
o Hypothalamic hormones. Positive and negative feedback mechanism
 Parathyroid Gland function and associated disorder
o effects on Ca and phosphorus metabolism,
 Thyroid functions and chemistry,
o T3, T4, TSH,
o Hyperthyroidism
o Hypothyroidism
 Adrenal Glands.
o Hormones of the adrenal medulla and cortex.
o Hypo and Hyper secretion. Cushing’s syndrome.
 Addison’s disease
 Pheochromocytoma
 Male and Female sex hormones. (Testicular/ Ovarian/ Placental Hormones).
o Synthesis, secretion, actions, metabolism.
o A little information about Amenorrhea, Oligomenorrheoa, Hirsutism,
Virilism, Spermatogenesis, Ovulation, Climacteric.
 Insulin effects on Glucose metabolism, secretion, structure. Hyperglycemia,
Diabetes Mellitus. Antagonistic hormones
Carbohydrates Metabolism
 Definition and causes of hyperglycemia, Diabetes mellitus
 Criteria for diagnosing of diabetes mellitus
 Sample collection and processing for blood glucose determination
 Method for determination of blood glucose
 Method for interference and interpretation
 Reference interval
 Self-monitoring of blood glucose
 Definition of glycosuria
 Method of determination urinary glucose
 Name of ketone bodies

29
  Method for determination of ketone bodies in serum and urine
 Name of different glycated protein
 Method of determination of glycated protein
 Definition of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia
 Lab diagnose of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia.
Liver Metabolism
 Biochemical functions of the liver
 Diseases of the liver, cholestasis, Acute Hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis,
hepatocellular failure, hepatic invasion or infiltration, metabolic liver diseases,
Hemolytic jaundice, Jaundice in new born
 Lab diagnosis and interdiction of liver function test
 Method of determination of serum bilirubin
 Method of determination of liver enzymes
Plasma Lipid and lipoprotein
 Fatty acid, Triglyceride, phospholipid and cholesterol
 Lipoprotein metabolism
o Exogenous Lipid Pathways, Chylomicron metabolism
o Endogenous Lipid Pathways
o VLDL, HDL metabolism
 Disorder of Lipid metabolism
o Hyperlipidemia
o Hypercholesterolaemia,
o Hypertrigycridaemia,
o Mixed hyperlipidaemia
 Lab investigation of lipid profile
Bile Pigments and Urobillinogen in urine

 Two types of bile pigments and their characteristics.

o Constituents and derivation of bile which appear in the urine.
 Derivation of Bile in urine
o Routine screen test for bilirubin
o Methods: 1-Foam test, 2-Harrison focuchet method, 3- Harrison’s spot test,
4-Icto test (ames company), 5-Observant for standing of element of urine
sediment
 Determination of Urobilin in urine.
 Determination of urobillinogen in the urine.
 Semi quantitative methods of Watson or of Wallace and Diamond.
Haemoglobin, Myoglobin and Haemosiderin in Urine
 Haematuria.
 Detection of Haemoglobin in urine
o Spectroscopic examination
o Banzidins test
o Guaiac test
o Tablet test
 Myglobinuria

30
 o Differentiation or separation from Haemoglobin.
 Spectroscopic examination
 Spectrophotometery
 Precipitation by 80% saturated ammonium sulfate.
 Haemosiderin
o prussian blue reaction.
Other chemical tests
 Indicanuria
o Obermayer’s test
 Porphyrinuria
o Identification of Perphobilinogen.
o Identification of uroperphyrins.
o Identification of coproperphyrins: Method of Schwitz, Zeir and Watson.
 Melanin
o Ferric chloride test.
o Bromine Water test.
o Method of Blackberg and Wanger.
o The Thormahlen test.
 Chlorides
o Frantus test.
o Method of Schales and Schales
 Phenylketonuria
o Ferric Chloride test.
o Phenistix
 Metabolites of Salicylate and PAS
o Screening test for Salicylates and PAS.
 Ferric Chloride
 Phenistix.
Urinary Calculi
 Observations to be made of gross appearance.
 Reagents and Scheme for detection.
Cardiac Profile
 Cardiac Protein
 Myoglobin
 Troponin-I
 Troponin –T
 Cardiac Enzyme
 AST
 CPK
 CKMB
 CKB
 LDH
 Lab diagnose of Myocardial Infarction
Plasma Proteins
 Name of Plasma Protein

31
  Method of Determination of Proteins
 Protein Electrophoresis
The cerebrospinal fluid
 Procedure for examination of CSF
Biochemical effect of Tumour
Tumour Marker

Practicals
 Specimen Collection and Processing
Collection of Samples
Blood
Urine
Feces
 Transport of Samples
 Anticoagulant
 Preservatives
 Problem associated with lipamic, hemolytic, and icteric samples
 Collection of samples from neonates.
 Calibration of different part of spectrophotometry
 Plasma and Urine osmolality,
 Electrolyte estimation principal
 Method for determination of Blood gasses and Ph
 Protein electrophoresis, determination of ,T3,T4,TSH
 Determination of PTH, CA, mG
 Determination of glucose, OGTT,GCT
 Chemical test for urine (sugar, ketones Bodies, mucin)
 Chemical examination of urine (Protine and Albumin0
 Quantitative Analysis of Urine
o Amino acids, Bence-Jones proteins, Calcium, Coproporphyrins,
creatinine, galactose, phosphates, nitrogen, PH, specific gravity, Ca, p,
Oxalates and urates.
 Quantitative Analysis of Urine
o Amino acids, Bence-Jones proteins, Calcium, Coproporphyrins,
creatinine, galactose, phosphates, nitrogen, PH, specific gravity, Ca, p,
Oxalates and urates.
 Lipid Profile
 Liver profile test
 Cardic profile
 Renal profile test
 Special Chemistry
Course Code MLHT-513
Course Title Haematology-I
Credit Hour 3(2+1)

Blood (Cell, plasma, serum)

32
  Introduction to Haematology
 Haematopoiesis (erythropoiesis, leucopoiesis, thrombopoiesis)
 Haemoglobin synthesis, structure, functions
Etiology, lab diagnosis of the following:
 Anaemias
o Iron deficiency anaemia
o Megaloblastic anaemia
o Aplastic anaemia
o Thalassemia major
o Sideroblastic anaemia
o Anaemia of chronic disorder
o Sickle cell anaemia
Leukocyte disorders
 Leukemias
o Acute Lymphoblastic leukaemia
o Acute Myeloblastic leukaemia
o Chronic Myeloid leukaemia
o Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
 Lymphomas
o Hodghkins lymphoma
o Non Hodghkins lymphoma
Plasma cell disorders
 Multiple Myeloma
Haemostasis
 Normal Hemostasis
 Hereditary Coagulation Disorders
o Hemophilia A
o Hemophilia B
 Acquired Coagulation Disorders
o Vitamin K Deficiency
o Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn
o Liver Disease
o Disseminated intravascular Coagulation
Practicals

 Prepare and use common anticoagulants

 Operate fully Automated Haematology Analyzer
 Preparation and staining of blood films
 Reticulocyte staining and reticulocyte count
 Bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy
 Cytochemical stains
 Haemoglobin studies
 Screening tests for G6PD deficiency
 Sickling test
 Coagulation studies
 Platelet function studies
 Thrombophilia screening
 Cellulose Acetate Membrane Electrophoresis

33
  Quality control in routine haematology
Hemoglobin
 Equipment /methods of hemoglobin estimation
ESR
 Equipment /methods of ESR estimation
 Hematocrit (Hct) or Packed cell volume (PCV)
Definition and principle of test procedures:
 Micro Hematocrit method
 Macro hematocrit method
Cell Counts
 WBC Count
o Manual - Neubauer chamber technique
o Automated
 Platelet Count
o Manual - Neubauer chamber technique
o Automated
 Total RBC Count
o Manual - Neubauer chamber technique
o Automated
 Total eosinophil Count
o Normal values in adults and infants
o Reticulocyte stain
o Smear preparation for demonstrating reticulocyte
o Source of errors
 Differential leucocyte count (DLC)
o Preparation of blood smear
o Staining of blood smear
o Types of Romanowsky staining (Leishman’s , Giemsa’s, Field’s stain)
o Blood cells morphology (Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes , Eosinophils,
Basophils)

Course Code MLMB-513

Course Title General Microbiology
Credit Hour 3(2+1)

 Introduction to microbiology
 Classification of Microbiology
 Difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
 Role of Microbiology in Public health
 Introduction & importance of clinical Microbiology
 General characters and classification of Bacteria/prokaryotes
 Normal flora/commensals
 Structure of Bacteria
o Morphology –Shapes, Cell wall, Capsule, Flagella, Inclusion, Granule, Spore.
 Growth and Maintenance of Microbes – bacterial growth curve.
 Difference between cell wall of Gram-positive and negative bacteria
 The transmission of bacterial diseases: carries, routes of transmission

34
  Classification of bacteria
 Culture medium and its types
 Sterilization and disinfections
 Virus structure, viroids virion, prions
 Viral classification on the basic of Capsid, envelope, Nucleic acids, Baltimore
Classification
 Viral replication
 Viral life cycle
 Viral pathogenesis
 Viral culture, Cell lines
 Introduction to Mycology
 Growth characteristics of fungi
 Yeasts and molds
 Fungal pathogenesis
 Fungal culture media
 Fungal staining
 Introduction to Parasitology
Practicals:

 Identification of Culture media

 Identification of instruments in Microbiology lab
 Identification of Common microbes
 Preparation of Media
 Sterilization of Glass wares
 Preparation of swabs / sterile tubes & bottles
 Preparation of smear
 Simple staining
 Gram staining
 Microscopy
 Specimen collections, labeling and handlings
 Microbiology laboratory hazards and precautions
 Fumigation of Microbiology laboratory
 Quality control in Microbiology

Course Code MLEN-523

Course Title Technical Writing and Presentation Skills
Credit Hour 3(3+0)

Week: 1

Topic: Essentials of Technical and Business Writing

Details: The Writing process: prewriting, Writing and Rewriting, Need and significance of
Business Communication, Main forms of Business Communication, Difference between
business and other forms of wirings, prominent features of business communications,

Activities: To brainstorm on certain ideas and put them in writing

35
 To identify the most recent forms of technical business writing
Week: 2

Topic: Effective Business Letters-1

Details: Essentials parts of a business letter, forms and styles of modern Business letter,
comparing good and bad examples of business letters, Widely Known formats of letter:
Indented Form, Semi Block Form, Block Form, Full-Block Form

Activities and Tasks: To rewrite the letters after making required grammatical correction

Assignment: To write 15 letters on the themes assigned by the teacher

Week: 3

Topic: Effective Business Letters/emails-2

Details: Kinds of Business Letter: Inquiry Letters, Order Letters, Claim/Complaint Letter,
Apology Letters, Official Invitations, Thanks Letters, Resignation Letters, Letters of
Recommendation, Identifying various types of correspondence: very informal, very formal,
neutral, informal, formal, very formal

Activities and Tasks: To write at least three letters of each situation mentioned above

Assignment: To write letters on the assigned situations

Week: 4

Topic: Cover Letter

Details: The main purpose(s) of a Cover Letter, Structure and Format of a Cover
Letter, Reviewing the best specimens of Cover Letters,

Activities and Tasks: To write Cover Letter for different situation assigned by the teacher
Week: 5

Topic: CV Writing

Details: The main purpose of a CV, Key Characteristics of an Effective CV/Resume, Various
Formats of CV, Typical Errors in CV Writing, Comparing and Reviewing good and bad
examples of CVs/Resumes

Assignment: To prepare an effective CV for the vacant position of Software Engineer

Week: 6

Topic: How to write an Effective Executive Summary?

Details: What and Why of an Executive Summary? Steps/Processes involved in writing an

Executive Summary, language and style, What not to include in the summary?, Strategies to
make the summary clearer and concise, Editing and revising, checklist of an Executive
Summary, Analysis of the best examples of Executive Summaries

36
Activities and Tasks: To write a review of an Executive Summary

Assignment: To write an executive of material provided by the teacher

Week: 7

Topic: Report Writing

Details: What is a report and how is it different from other forms of writing? Stages/Steps in
writing a report, Terms of reference, planning your report, collecting information, organizing
information, structuring a report, style of writing, layout, presentation, redrafting and revising,
Checklist

Activities and Tasks: To Identify a report and write a review on it

Week: 8

Topic: Memoranda of Understanding

Details: What is an MoU and why is it significant? Possible situations to write an MoU,
Steps involved in writing an MoU, Structure, layout and language of an MoU, Best samples
of MoUs and their analysis

Activities and Tasks: To analyze the best samples of MoUs signed by govt/orgs
Assignment: To write an MoU between the two Software Houses
Week: 9

Mid Term Exam

Week: 10

Topic: Writing Meeting Minutes

Details: The purpose of Minutes, Steps involved in writing Minutes, Language and style of
Minutes Different Formats for writing minutes,What should be included and What not to
include in the Minutes, Minutes writing process, Analysis of various specimens of meeting
minutes

Activities and Tasks: To writer minutes of a mock meeting

Assignment: To select a specimen of a meeting minute and make a brief power point
presentation
Week: 11

Topic: Proposal Writing

Activities and Tasks: What is a proposal? The purpose and significance of writing a proposal,
Types of Proposals, Essentials elements and structure of a proposal, language, style and
format, presentation of data, checklist of a proposal

Assignment: To write a review of the proposal assigned by the teacher

To write a proposal on the theme assigned by the teacher

37
 Week: 12

Topic: Research Papers

Details: What is a Research paper? Structure and Format of a Research paper, In-Text citation,
references, language of a research paper, Difference between Abstract and Introduction,
language and style, Citation styles

Activities and Tasks: To write a review of a research paper

Assignment: To write a research paper

Quiz

Week: 13

Topic: How to make an Effective Oral Presentation

Details: Rules and Strategies to structure a presentation, Mechanics used to make a good
presentation
Week: 14

Topic: Presentations

Details: The students will make presentations in groups on the assigned theme
Week: 15

Topic: Presentations

Details: The students will make presentations in groups on the assigned theme
Week: 16

End Term Exam

Recommended Books
 Technical Communication: Process and Product by Sharon Gerson and Steven Gerson
 Effective Business Communication and Report Writing by Prof. Sh. Atta ur Rahman
 Modern Business Correspondence by L Gartside

Course Code UR-350

Course Title Life and Living (Basic Teachings of the Quran (Revealed
Sciences)
Credit Hours 2(2+0)
Course Description:
Introduction to Qur’an, Arabic Grammar, Fundamental Principles and teachings of
Islam through study of selected verses from the Holy Qur’an
This course highlights the different aspects of life and will help in enlightening the
minds of the students. It will give them a chance to have an authentic knowledge of the
current issues that they confront in their day-to-day life. Then they will also be able to

38
 apply this knowledge of Qur’an in their Practical life. The students will be given an
insight of Islamic laws, regulations particularly in perspective of the modern world and
its prevailing morality. This knowledge will not only give them awareness of the
routine matters but also offer them an opportunity to learn the basics of the Arabic
Grammar. This will help them in the better understanding of Qur’an.
Course Goals
1. To impart an understanding of the basic principles and teachings of Islam through
study of selected verses of Qur’an.
2. To develop ethical, knowledgeable and practical professional.
3. To prepare MUTTAQEE and good Muslim professional.
Course Objectives
1. General:
a. To learn the true concept of Allah, values and needs of the society.
b. To motivate themselves for determination of the character.
c. To develop an Islamic professional who can work for Islamic welfare state.
d. To prepare the students for adaptation of Islamic way of life in modern age.
2. Specific
e. Knowledge:
i. To offer an introduction to the Holy Qur’an
ii. To inculcate the basic concept of the Qur’anic teaching.
iii. To know about the etiquettes of DUA.
iv. To understand the qualities of believers.
f. Skills:
i. To recite the Holy Qur’an with correct pronunciation and annotation.
ii. To make them capable for understanding and translate the Holy Qur’an with the
help of Arabic Grammar.
iii. To communicate effectively (written, oral and inter-personal).
iv. To solve the problems in the light of teachings of the Holy Qur’an.
g. Attitude/Behaviour:
i. To adopt good manners and avoid social evils.
ii. To develop the characteristics of MUTTAQEEN.
iii. To develop honest and responsible personality.
Educational Methodology to be used:
1. Interactive Lecture
2. Translation
3. Discussion
4. Demonstration
5. Micro Teaching
Course Contents: (Part 1)
1 Introduction to the divine incorporation of
tajweed & etc. 2 Introduction to the Qur’an

39
 a. Makki Surahs
b. Madani Surahs
c. Revelation of the Qur’an
d. Miracle of the Qur’an
e. Manners of the Recitation
f. Obligations toward the Qur’an
g. Compilation of the Qur’an
h. Uloom-ul-Qur’an (the science of the Quran)

3. Arabic Grammar
Noun and its different types
a. By Capacity
b. By Gender
c. By Numbers
4. Pronouns
a. Attached Pronoun with Tables
b. Separated Pronoun with Tables
5. Verb and its Types
a. Past
b. Imperfect
c. Imperative
6. Letter and its Types
a. Preposition
b. Haroof-e-Jarah selective study of the Quran
7. Surah Al-Fatihah
a. Introduction
b. Different Names
c. Importance in the light of Hadith
d. Preface of the Quran
e. Comprehensive combination of praise of Allah and Dua
8. Surah Al-Baqarah (R 1)
a. Introduction
b. Characteristics of
Muttaqeen 9 Surah
An-Nisa (R 2 - 4)
a. Introduction
b. Inheritance
c. Fornication
d. Forbidden Relation regarding Nikkah
(Part 2)
10 Surah Al-Furqan (R 6)
a. Characteristics of believers

40
 b. Tauba
c. False Witness
11 Surah Luqman (R 2)
a. Shukker
b. Shirk
c. Raza’at
d. Rights of parents
e. Bad Manners (Raza’ail-
e-Akhlaq) 12 Surah Al-
Hujurat
a. Etiquettes about the honor of Allah and his Rasool
b. Confirmation of any news
c. Razail-e-Akhlaq
d. Concept of
TAQWA 13
Surah Al-
Noor (R 1)
a. Punishment of Adultery
b. Punishment for false witness (Had-e-Qazaf)
c. Accusation (Lian)
14 Surah Al-Ahzab (R 4 & 8)
a. Status of Ummhat Ulmomenin
b. Restrictions for woman in Islam
c. Prohibition of co-society
Assignment/Projects:
Criterion:
a. Addresses one of the assigned topics
b. Submitted on time
c. Free of spelling and grammatical errors
d. Appropriate length
e. Appropriate presentation (font type and size, margin, stapled)
Recommended Text Books
1. Maududi, Abul A`la. (1998) Tafheem-ul-Qur’an. Lahore: Idara Tarjaman ul Quran.
2. Hashmi, Dr. Ramiz Iqbal, (2003), The Science of Reciting the Qur’an,
Rawalpindi, Pakcom Printer, Peshawar Road.
3. Taqi, Usmani, Uloom-ul-Qur’an, Dar-us-Ishaat, Karachi
4. Taqi, Usmani, Introduction to Science of Qur’an, Dar-us-Ishaat, Karachi
5. Ali, Syed Shaukat, Taqseem-e-Meeras, Islamic Publication Ltd., Lahore, 2006
Recommended Reference Books
1. Sattar, Abdul, Arabi ka Moall’im, Maktaba Ilmia, Lahore
2. Shah, Buzarag. (1998) Ahkaam Ul Tajweed. Islamabad:
3. Murad,Khurram. (2003) Qur’anic Arabi kay Pandra Asbaq. Lahore: Manshorat.

41
4. Ghazi, Mehmood Ahmed, Muhazrat-e-Qur’ani, Al-Faisal, Lahore.
5. Rehman, Gohar. Uloom-ul-Qur’an. Mardan: Madrassah Tafheem-ul-Qur’an
6. Kaylani, Maulana Abd u Rehman 2003 ,Taseer-ul-Qur’an Maktaba Uslam Lahore
7. Qutab, Syed Muhammad, Fi-Zillal-ur-Qur’an, Islamic Publication, Lahore
8. Shafi, Mufti Muhammad, Ma’arif-ul-Qur’an, Dar-ul-Ishaat, Karachi
9. Islahi, Amin Ahsan, Tadabbar-ul-Qur’an, Faran Publications, Lahore, 2005
Subjects of the Quran, Zahid Malik

42
 Second year Semester – IV

Course Code MLIS-513

Course Title Immunology and Serology
Credit Hours 3(2+1)
Immunology & Serology
Learning outcome:
At the end of the course the students will be able to know, identify and differentiate many aspects
of immunity, antigens, antibodies, various serological reactions, techniques and their utility in
laboratory diagnosis of human diseases and students will be able to learn scientific
approaches/techniques that are used to investigate various diseases.
Course contents:
 Historical background, general concepts of the immune system, innate and adaptive
immunity; active and passive immunity; primary and secondary immune response. Cell and
organs of immune system, Phagocytosis, Innate immunity and cell mediated immunity
 Antigens and immunogens: Properties,foreignness, molecular size, heterogeneity, B and T
cell epitopes; T dependent and T independent antigens.
 Antibodies: Historical perspective of antibody structure; structure, function and properties of
the antibodies; different classes, subclasses and biological activities of antibodies; concepts
of antibody diversity, isotype, allotype,
 Introduction of hybridoma technology, monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibody
Mechanism of humoral and cell mediated immune response.
 Introduction of Major Histocompatibility Complex, organization of MHC and inheritance in
humans; Antigen presenting cells, antigen processing and presentation Complement system
and complement fixation test.
 Complement system
• Introduction of transplant immunology, graft rejection, tissue typing for kidney and
bone marrow transplant, Laboratory test for transplant.
• Autoimmune disorders, pathogenesis, organ specific and systemic autoimmune
disorders and its markers such parietal cell antibody, anti sperm antibody, lupus
anticoagulants, anti mitochondrial antibody, ANA, ds DNA, HLA-B27, ASMA, anti CCP
• Immunological disorders: primary and secondary immunodeficiency, SCID, AIDS,
Tumour, types of tumours, Various Tumour Markers, their significance and method of
estimation.

43
 • Vaccines, classification and applications, Active and passive immunization,
Immunoprophylaxis schedule in neonates, children and in pregnancy
• Hypersensitivity and its types Introduction to Allergy and its laboratory test

Practicals:
 agglutination,
 precipitation,
 ELISA,
 RIA,
 Immunofluorescence
 RA test
 WIDAL test
 RPR test.
 CRP test.
 Skin sensitivity test
 HCV test
 HBS test
 Cell culture
 Bacterial agglutination test
 Agar gel precipitation test
 Complement fixation test
 Haemagglutination and Haemagglutination inhibition test
 Delayed hypersensitivity test
 Fluorescent antibody techniques
 Immunoelectrophoresis

Books recommended:
1. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S. (2007). Cellular and Molecular Immunology. 6th edition
Saunders Publication, Philadelphia.
2. Delves P, Martin S, Burton D, Roitt IM. (2006). Roitt’s Essential Immunology.11th edition
Wiley- Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford.
3. Goldsby RA, Kindt TJ, Osborne BA. (2007). Kuby’s Immunology. 6th edition W.H. Freeman
and Company, New York.
4. Murphy K, Travers P, Walport M. (2008). Janeway’s Immunobiology. 7th edition Garland
Science Publishers, New York.
5. Peakman M, and Vergani D. (2009). Basic and Clinical Immunology. 2nd edition Churchill
Livingstone Publishers, Edinberg.
6. Richard C and Geiffrey S. (2009). Immunology. 6th edition. Wiley Blackwell Publication.

44
 Course Code MLHP-513
Course Title Histopathology and Cytopathology-I
Credit Hours 3(2+1)

Cells, Tissue
 Fundamental of cell tissue
Epithelium and, Muscle Tissue
 Type
 Stain used
Connective Tissue
 Type of Connective Tissue
 Stain used
Microscopy
 Brief history of Microscopy, Parts of a microscope, Types of microscope,
Classification and their uses. Nature of light, Concepts of amplitude, Wavelength and
Phase, Perception of color and brightness, Refraction, formation of images,
Specification of objective magnification, Focal length, tube length, Resolution,
Numerical aperture etc.
 Calculation of the resolution and magnification
 Care and Cleaning of the Microscope
 Introduction to common Histological Techniques
 Examination of fresh material. & Examination of fixed material.
Fixation
 The purpose of fixation
 Common fixative used for the histological techniques
 Mechanism of commonly used fixative
Tissue processing
 Type of tissue processing
 Step of tissue processing
 Advantages and disadvantages
Embedding /Blocking
 Embedding
 Types of embedding medias
o Advantages and disadvantages
 Advantages and disadvantages of the paraffin method
Sectioning of tissue
 The Paraffin method of sectioning tissue
o Advantages and disadvantages of the paraffin method
Microtome and Microtome Knives
 Type of Microtome, Advantages and Disadvantages
o Grinding and stooping of microtome knives.
o Cleaning and lubrication of the microtome
Type of mounting Medias
 Advantages and disadvantages
The Freezing Method of Sectioning
 Advantages and disadvantages of freezing method

45
  Common techniques of freezing tissues
 Cutting sections with a freezing microtome
Stains
 Object of staining.
 Classification of stains.
 Acids and basic dyes.
 Basophilic and acidophilic tissue components.
Routine Haematoxyline-Eosin Staining of Paraffin Sections
 The procedure of haematoxyline-eosin staining and mounting sections.
 The relation of various steps in this procedure
Cryostat / Frozen Section
Histology of GIT
 Histology of Buccal cavity
 Histology of Esophagus
 Histology of stomach
 Histology of intestine
 Histology of Appendix
Cytopathology of following systems
 Basic principles of exfoliative cytology , Exfoliation, sites from which exfoliated
cells can be obtained and methods for obtaining them.
 Morphology and physiology of cell, cytology of: female genital tract, urinary tract,
gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, effusions, miscellaneous fluids, collection,
preservation, fixation and processing of various cytological specimen, preparation
and quality control of various stains and reagents used in cytology, all routine and
special staining techniques in cytology, FNAC, immunocytochemistry,
flowcytometry, automation in Cytology
 Difference between normal and cancerous cell
Fine needle aspiration
 Practicals
 Biopsy and type of Biopsy, merit and demmerits
Tissue Fixation , method , and morphological changes
 Tissue processing
 Embedding, sectioning
 Microtome cutting
 Hematoxylin & Eosin staining
 Tissue Identification microscopically
 Collection of samples and processing.
 Cytological fixatives and fixation.
 Collection and preparation of fluid sediment for cytological examination.
 Preparation and fixation of sputum smears for cytology and preparation.
 Morphology of normal and abnormal cells
 Karyotyping technique
Recommended Books
1. Diagnostic cytology and its Histopathological Basis-Vol-1-E.G.Koss
2. Suvarna SK, Layton C, Bancroft JD. Bancroft's Theory and Practice of Histological
Techniques, Expert Consult: Online and Print, 7: Bancroft's Theory and Practice of
Histological Techniques. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2013.
3. Medical Histology by Laiq Hussain Siddiqu

46
 4. Lynch’s Medical Laboratory Technology
5. Diagnostic Cytology Koss. Volume I & II
6. Henry’s Clinical Diagnosis&Management by Laboratory method.
7. Basic Histopathology – Stevens.
8. Practical Cytology – Astarita.
9. Hand book of Medical Laboratory Technology – Robert H. Carman

Course Code MLHT-523

Course Title Haematology-II
Credit Hour 3(2+1)

Thrombosis
 Venous Thrombosis
 Arterial Thrombosis
Platelet Disorders
 Thrombocytopenia;
o Idiopathic (or immune) thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
o Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
o Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS)
Polycythemia
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Coagulation
 Mechanism of coagulation (role of blood vessels, platelets and clotting factors)
 Estimation of coagulation (BT, CT, PT, APTT, TT,FDP’S, D-Dimers)
o Manual
o Automated
Blood coagulation disorders
The techniques, principle, procedure and interpretation of the following tests:
 Bleeding Time
 Clotting Time
 Prothrombin Time
 Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time
 Thrombin Time
 Correction studies
 Fibrin Degradation Products
 D-dimers
Practical
 Study of peripheral blood smear for WBCs, RBCs and platelets
 Automation in hematology
 Hematology cell counter, principle, usage and precautions for daily maintenance
 Start up and shut down procedures
 Record of maintenance
 Coagulation analyzers
 Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

47
  RBC Count
 WBC Count
 Platelet Count
 Eosinophil Count
 Coagulation assays BT, CT, PT, APTT, TT
 Bone marrow biopsy: Preparation of instrument tray and to assist Hematologist in
performing Bone marrow biopsy
 Hb electrophoresis
Course Code MLMI-514
Course Title Medical Instrumentation
Credit Hour 3 (2+1)

Clinical Chemistry techniques - Spectral techniques

 Light and matter
o Properties of Light and radiant Energy
o Interaction of Light with matter
 Absorption spectroscopy
o Radiant energy absorption
o Beer Lambert law
o Instrumentation
o Instrument performance
o Quality Control checks of spectrometry
o Reflectance spectrophotometry
o Recording or spectral spectrophotometry
o Multiwavelength spectrophotometry
 Atomic absorption
o Principle
o Instrumentation
o Sources of Error
 Flame Photometry
o Principle
o Instrumentation
 Fluorometry
o Principle
o Instrumentation
o Limitations
o Chemiluminescence
o Electro chemiluminescence
o Fluorescence polarization
 Nephelometry and Turbidimetry
o Principle
o Instrumentation
o Limitations; Nephelometry versus Turbidimetry
 Refractivity
o Principle
o Application

48
 o Interference
o Instrumentation
 Electrochemistry
o Potentiometric Methods
o Reference electrode
o Indicator Electrode
o Ion-selective electrode
o Care and methodology
Laboratory Automation
 Laboratory Processes
o Goals of automation
 Automated laboratory Systems- General considerations
o Total lab Automation
o Modular Integrated system
o Stand-alone Systems
o Sample processing and Archiving
 Concepts of Automation
o Test Repertoire
o Random Access
o Discrete
o Continous Flow
o Batch Analyzer
o Dwell Time
o Throughput
o Stat Testing
o Cost
Measurement of colligative Properties
 Colligative Properties
o Osmosis
o Osmolality
o Osmometry
o Osmolal gap
 Clinical uses of Osmometry
o Plasma Osmolality
o Urine Osmolality
 Principles of Measurement
o Freezing Point Depression
o Vapour Pressure depression
o Osmotic Pressure
o Boiling point elevation
o Colloid osmotic pressure
Students should possess sufficient knowledge about following topics:
 Electrophoresis
 Chromatography
 Mass Spectrometry
 Clinical Enzymology
 Immunochemical techniques

49
  ELISA
 Electro chemiluminescence
 FPIA
 MEIA
Practical: Handling of Common Lab Instruments
 Spectrophotometers
 Flame Photometer
 Ion selective analyser
 ABG analyser
 Plasma and urine Osmolality
 Chemistry auto analyzer

Course Code MLCB-514

Course Title Clinical Bacteriology
Credit Hour 4(3+1)

Introduction and importance

Classification of clinically important bacteria
Pathogenesis, characteristics and identification of:
 Gram positive cocci
o Staphylococci species
o Streptococci species
 Gram positive bacilli.
o Bacillus species
o Clostridium species
o Corynebacterium diptheria
o Listeria monocytogenes
 Gram negative cocci
o Neisseria species (meningococci, Gonococci)
o Mycobacterium
 Gram negative bacilli/ Enterobactericeae
o E. coli
o Klebsiella
o Enterobacter
o Citrobacter
o Salmonella
o Shigella
o Vibrio
o Proteus
o Pseudomonas
o Campylobacter
o Acinetobacter
o Spirochaetes
o Actinomyces Israel
o Nocordia asterioides
o Yersinia pestis

50
 o Chlamydia
o Rickettsia
o Mycoplasma
Practicals
 Microbiology laboratory hazards and precautions
 Gram staining
 Zn staining
 Biochemical tests
Catalase
Coagulase
Oxidase
TSI
SIM
Urease
Hanging drop method
Specimen collections, labeling and handlings
 Examination of
Pus
Sputum
CSF
Blood
Urine
Stool
Body fluids
Semen

Course Code MLCE-512

Course Title Computer Education
Credit Hours 2(1+1)

Introduction to Computers
 Usage and functionality of computers
 Classification of Computers
 Basic Components of Computers
 Hard ware and soft ware
 System Software
 Application Software
 Equipment’s/devices in Personal computer system
 Input device
 Output devices
 Storage devices
 The processor
Microsoft Windows
 Introduction to MS-Windows
 Arranging, Moving and Resizing Windows.
 Identifying the components of desktop.
 Crating, Opening and Deleting items and folders.
 Working with My Computer
 Deleting and Resume Print Jobs.
 Using Control Panel
 Working with Accessories.
51
Microsoft Office
Microsoft Win Word
 Microsoft Excel
 Microsoft Power Point
 E. mail
Practical.
 Medical data entry
 Patients reporting

52
 Third year semester – V

Course Code MLMB-513

Course Title Molecular Biology and Genetics-I
Credit Hours 3(2+1)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course students will be able to recognize the comparison of prokaryotic and
eukaryotic genes and genomes and know about molecular genetics and how DNA and RNA work

Course Contents
 Introduction to molecular biology and history
 Chemical and physical properties of nucleic acids
 The structure and function of DNA, RNA and Proteins
 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic genes and genome, DNA packaging in chromatin and
regulation of chromatin structure
 Structure of chromosomes
 Evolution of genomes (nuclear and organelle genome)
 Central dogma of molecular biology; DNA replication; Transcription; Translation
 Mutations in DNA
 DNA repair including description of types of DNA damage, various DNA
polymerases and different types of repair
 DNA recombination; Transposable DNA elements
Genetics
 Introduction to Genetics
 Introduction to Genetics
 Mendelian Genetics (Mendel laws of assortment and segregation)
 Heredity and Variation
 Gene interaction-genotypic and phenotypic ration

Practicals
 Preparation of solutions of different concentrations
 Extraction and purification of nucleic acids from different sources (bacteria, blood,
plants, animal tissues) etc.
 Quantification of DNA by spectrophotometer
 Gel Electrophoresis
 Qualitative and quantitative analysis of nucleic acids

Recommended Books
1. Allison, L.A., 2011. Fundamental Molecular Biology. 2nd Edition. Wiley Sons.
2. Gerald Karp, G., Janet Iwasa, J., Wallace Marshall, W., 2016. Karp's Cell and
Molecular Biology, 8th Edition .John Willey and Sons, Inc.
3. Kormann, M.S.D., 2016. Modern Tools for Genetic Engineering. Publisher: InTech
Janeza Trdine 951000 Rijeka, Croatia - European Union.
4. Kormann, M.S.D., 2016. Modern Tools for Genetic Engineering. Publisher: In Tech
Janeza Trdine 951000 Rijeka, Croatia - European Union.

53
 5. Larramendy, M.L., and Soloneski, S., 2016. Nucleic Acids From Basic Aspects to
Laboratory Tools Publisher: In Tech, Janeza Trdine 951000 Rijeka, Croatia -
European Union.
6. Lodish., H., Berk, A., Kaiser, C.A. M. Krieger, M., Bretscher, A., Ploegh, H.,
Martin, K., 2016. Molecular Cell Biology. 8th Edition. W.H. Freeman.
7. Old R. W. and Primrose, S.B.,1994. An Introduction to Genetic Engineering,
Blackwell Scientific Publications.
8. Watson, J.D., Gann, A., Levine, M., Losicks, R., 2013. Molecular Biology of the
Gene. The Benjumen Cummings Publishing Company, California
9. Wilson, J. and Hunt, T., 2015. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 6th Edition Garland
Sciences, Taylor and Francis.

Course Code MLMV-513

Course Title Medical Virology
Credit Hour 3(2+1)
Introduction
 Viruses are Distinct from Living Organisms
 The History of Virology
 Living Host Systems
 Structure Size & Shape, Viral Nucleic Acid,
 Viral Capsid & Symmetry, Viral Protein, Viral Envelope,
 Atypical virus like Agent
Replication
 Viral Growth curve
 Specific event duing growth cycle
 Attachment , penetration & Uncoating
 Gene expression and Genome Replication
 Assembly and release
 Lysogeny
Genetics & Gene Therapy
Classification of Medically Important Viruses
Pathogenesis
 The infected cell
 The infected patient’s
 Pathogenesis
Host Defenses
 Nonspecific defenses
 Specific defenses
Antiviral Drugs
 Inhibition of early events
 Inhibition of viral nucleic acid synthesis
 Inhibit of retroviruses
 Inhibit of other virsuses
 Inhition of integrase
 Inhibition of viral protirn
 Inhibition of relase of virus
 Chemoprophylaxis

54
Viral Vaccines
 Active immunity
 Passive immunity
 Hero immunity
DNA Enveloped Viruses
 Herpesviruses
o VarIcella –Zoster Virus (VZV)
o Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
o EPSTIN-bar VIRUS (EBV)
 Poxviruses
o Smallpox Viruses
o Molluscum Contagiousum virus
 Hepatitis B Viruses
DNA Nonenveloped Viruses
 Adenoviruses
 Papillomaviruses
 Parvoviruses B-19
RNA Enveloped Viruses
 Orthomyxoviruses
 Paramyxoviruses
 Coronaviruses
 Togaviruses
 Rhabdoviruses
 Retroviruses
 Respiratory viruses
 Measles,mumps,Rubella viruses
 Rabies viruses
 Hepatitis C Virsues
 Human T cell lymphotrophic virus
 Human Immunodeficiency Virus
RNA Nonenveloped Viruses
 Picornaviruses
 Coxackieviruses
 Echoviruses
 Calciviruses
 reoviruses
 Enteroviruses
 Rhinoviruses
 Reoviruses (Rotaviruses)
 Hepatitis A virus
Hepatitis Viruses
 Hep A. Hep B. Hep C. Hep D
Arboviruses
Tumor Viruses
 Over view,Malignant Tranformation of Cells
 Provirus & oncogenes, outcome of tumor virus infection
 Tramsmission of tumor virus
 Evidence for human tumor virusrs
55
  Human pappiloma viruses
 Epstin bar virus
 Hep B virus. Hcv virus, human herpesvirus B
 Vaccine against Cancer
 Animal tumor virus
o DNA tumor virus
o Rna tumor virus
Hepatitis viruse
Slow Viruses & Prions
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Minor Viral Pathogens
 Astroviruses
 Chikungunya virus
 Hantaviruses
 Ebola viruses
 Hendra Virus
 Herps B Virus
 Human Herpevirus 6
 Human Metapneumoviruses
 Japanese enchphalitis virus
 Lessa fever virus
 Lypmhtoic chorimeniningitis
 Marburg virus
 Nipah virus
 Poxviruses of animal origin
 spumaviruses
Genomes without Viruses, Viruses without Genomes
 Satellites and Viroids
 Prions
Practical
 Identification of cell culture
 Complement fixation
 Hemagglutination inhibition
 Neutralization
 Fluorescent –Antibody Assay
 Radioimmunoassay
 ELISA
 Immunoelectron microscopy
 Serological procedure
 Detection of viral Antigen
 Detection of viral nucleic Acid
References
1. Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology by Warren, Levinson, MD,
PH.D.
2. John carter/venetiasaunder, Virology Prinicpal and Application

56
 Course Code MLTM-513
Course Title Transfusion Medicine
Credit Hours 3(2+1)

Blood Banking
 Introduction
 Requirements for establishment of blood bank
 Human blood group system (ABO, Rh, and other important blood group systems)
 Blood grouping: Forward and reverse grouping
Coombs test
Blood Transfusion
 Principal and practice of blood Transfusion
 Blood Transfusion service at district level
 Guidelines for the use of blood, appropriate use of blood, quality assurance
 Autologous blood transfusion practices
 Objectives of quality assurance in blood transfusion services
 Standard operating procedure for usage, donation and storage of blood
 Screening of donor and compatibility testing
 Safety and procurement of blood components.
Blood Donation
 Introduction
 Voluntary blood donation
 Criteria for selection of donor
 Medical history and personal details
 Self-exclusion
 Basic lab tests before donating blood
 Screening for TTI
Blood Collection
 Blood Bags
 Anticoagulants (CPD-A1, CPD-A2)
 Taking and giving sets in blood transfusion
 Blood donation procedure
 Post donation donor care
 Reaction during and after donation
Testing donor blood
 Screening donors blood for infectious agents – HIV, HCV,HBV, Treponema
pallidum, malarial parasite
Blood donor records
 Blood donor record book
 Recording Results
 Blood Donor Card
Storage and Transport
 Storage of blood (RCC) / Components
 Changes in blood after storage
 Refrigerated centrifuge
 Lay out of a blood bank refrigerator

57
  Transportation of Blood components
Maintenance of blood bank records
 Blood bank temperature sheet
 Blood bank stock sheet
 Blood transfusion request form
Compatibility testing a. Purpose
 Single tube compatibility techniques using AHG reagent
 Emergency compatibility testing
 Difficulties in cross matching
 Labeling and issuing cross matched blood
Blood components
Collection of blood for components preparation
 Red cell concentrates (RCC)
 Platelet concentrates (PCC)
 Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP)
Blood Transfusion Reactions
Practicals
 ABO Blood grouping (Forward and Reverse)
 Coombs Test (Direct coombs and indirect coombs)
 Rh Grouping (Detection of Du antigen)
 Rh antibody screening and Rh antibody titer
 Cross match (Minor and major cross match)
 Visit to AFIT

Course Code MLPM -513

Course Title Parasitology and Mycology
Credit Hour 3(2+1)

Course contents
1. Definition - parasitism, HOST, vectors etc
2. Classification of Parasit3
3. Phylum Protozoa- general Pathogenic and nonpathogenic protozoa
4. Phylum Nemathelminths Round words (nematode)
5. Phylum Platyhelminths- class-cestoda, class-Trematoda
6. Lab diagnosis of parasitic infections.
Major Protozoa
 Intestinal & urogenital protozoa
o Intestinal Entamoeba
 Entamoeba , Diseases, pathogenesis & Epidemiology, Clinical Finding,
Lab diagnosis
 Giardia, Diseases, Properties, pathogenesis & Epidemiology, Clinical
Finding, Lab diagnosis
 Cryptosporidium, Diseases, Properties, pathogenesis & Epidemiology,
Clinical Finding, Lab diagnosis
o Urogential Track
 Trichmononas Vaginalis
o Blood and Tissue

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  Toxoplasma, Diseases, Properties, pathogenesis & Epidemiology,
Clinical Finding, Lab diagnosis
 Pneumocystis, Diseases, Properties, pathogenesis & Epidemiology,
Clinical Finding, Lab diagnosis
 Trypanosoma, Diseases, Properties, pathogenesis & Epidemiology,
Clinical Finding, Lab diagnosis
 Leishmania Diseases, Properties, pathogenesis & Epidemiology, Clinical
Finding, Lab diagnosis
 Malarial Parasite, Plasmodium vivax: Life cycle, morphology, disease &
lab diagnosis, Differences between P. vivax, P. malaria, P. falcipaum & P.
ovale.

Minor Protozoa
 Intestinal tract , Blood & Tissue
o Acanthamoeba & Naegleria Properties, pathogenesis & Epidemiology,
Clinical Finding, Lab diagnosis
o Babesia Properties, pathogenesis & Epidemiology, Clinical Finding, Lab
diagnosis
o Balantidum Properties, pathogenesis & Epidemiology, Clinical Finding, Lab
diagnosis
o Cyclospora Properties, pathogenesis & Epidemiology, Clinical Finding, Lab
diagnosis
o Isospora Properties, pathogenesis & Epidemiology, Clinical Finding, Lab
diagnosis
o Microsporidia Properties, pathogenesis & Epidemiology, Clinical Finding,
Lab diagnosis
 Cestodes
o Tennia Solium, Taenia Saginata, Diphylloborthrium lactum. Echinococcus
granulosus
o Echinococcus multilocularis, Hymenolepis nana, Dipylidium caninum
Properties, pathogenesis & Epidemiology, Clinical Finding, Lab diagnosis
 Trematodes
o Schistosoma Properties, pathogenesis & Epidemiology, Clinical Finding,
Lab diagnosis
o Clonorchis Properties, pathogenesis & Epidemiology, Clinical Finding, Lab
diagnosis
o Paragonimus Properties, pathogenesis & Epidemiology, Clinical Finding,
Lab diagnosis
 Trematodes of Minor Importance
o Fasciola
o Fasciolopsis
o Heterophyes
Trematodes
 Intestine
o Enterobious Properties, pathogenesis & Epidemiology, Clinical Finding,
Lab diagnosis
o Trichuris Properties, pathogenesis & Epidemiology, Clinical Finding, Lab
diagnosis

59
 o Ascaris Properties, pathogenesis & Epidemiology, Clinical Finding, Lab
diagnosis
o Ancylostoma & Necator Properties, pathogenesis & Epidemiology, Clinical
Finding, Lab diagnosis
o Strongyloides Properties, pathogenesis & Epidemiology, Clinical Finding,
Lab diagnosis
o Trichinella Properties, pathogenesis & Epidemiology, Clinical Finding, Lab
diagnosis
 Tissue Nematodes
o Wuchereria Properties, pathogenesis & Epidemiology, Clinical Finding,
Lab diagnosis
o Onchocerca Properties, pathogenesis & Epidemiology, Clinical Finding, Lab
diagnosis
o Loa Properties, pathogenesis & Epidemiology, Clinical Finding, Lab
diagnosis
o Dracunculus Properties, pathogenesis & Epidemiology, Clinical Finding, Lab diagnosis
Nematodes whose Larva Cause Disease
o Toxocara Properties, pathogenesis & Epidemiology, Clinical Finding, Lab
diagnosis
o Ancylostoma Properties, pathogenesis & Epidemiology, Clinical Finding,
Lab diagnosis
o Angiostrongylus Properties, pathogenesis & Epidemiology, Clinical Finding,
Lab diagnosis
o Anisakis Properties, pathogenesis & Epidemiology, Clinical Finding, Lab
diagnosis.
Basic Mycology
Introduction
 Structure & Growth
 Pathogenesis
 Fungal Toxin & Allergies
 Laboratory Diagnosis
 Antifungal therapy
Cutaneous & Sub cutaneous and systemic Mycosis
 Cutaneous & subcutaneous Mycoses
o Dermatophytoses
o Tinea Versicolor
o Tinea Nigra
o Sporotrichosis
o Chromomycosis
o Mycetoma
 systemic Mycosis
o Coccidiodes
o Histoplasma
o Balstomyces
o Paracoccidioides
 Lab diagnosis of fungal infections
Opportunistic fungal infections
 Candida

60
  Cryptococcus
 Aspergillus
 Mucor & Rhizopus
 Pseudallescheria Boydii
 Fusarium Solani
 Lab diagnosis of fungal infections
Role of Arthropods in the transmission of diseases.
Mosquito: Morphology and Bionomics of Anophales, Culex, Aedes and Mansaonia.
Mosquito – Borne diseases and their control
Phlebotomus: Morphology, life – history and control
House fly- Morphology, life cycle, disease relationship and control
Tse-Tse fly (glossina) morphology, life-cycle and public health importance.
Fleas: Morphology, life cycle, disease transmitted and control
Louse: Morphology, life cycle, disease transmitted and control
Bed bug: Life cycle and control
Ticks: Morphology, life cycle, disease transmitted and control
Sarcoptisscabiei: Morphology, life cycle, public health importance and control
Cyclops and Public Health importance.

Practicals
 Specimen collection, labeling and handling
 Microbiology laboratory hazards and precautions
 Urine examination
 Stool examination
o Direct method
o Concentration method
 Blood film for haemoparasite
 Semen examinations
 culture media for Stool culture
 Serological test
 Microscopic identification of common parasite
 Morphological identification of Parasite
 Staining in mycology
 Culture Media used for Fungus
 Fungal Culture
 Methods of lab diagnosis
References Book
1. Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology 10 edition Levinson,
Open Book, Research Articles

Course Code MLHP-523

Course Title Histopathology and Cytopathology-II
Credit Hour 3(2+1)

Nervous System
• Histology of Brain, Spinal cord

61
 • Morphological classification of neuron
• Stain for Nervous Tissues, Nissel Stain, Stain for myelin
Respiratory Track
• Histology of Nasal Cavites
• Histology of Larynx
• Histology of Trachea
• Histology of Lungs
• Histology of Bronchi
• Histology of Bronchioloes
• Histology of Alvoli
Lymphatic system
• Histology of Tonsil
• Histology of Lymph node
• Histology of The Spleen
• Histology of Thymus
• Ziehl-Neelsen stain for tubercular lymphadenopathy
FNAC
Urinary system
 Histology of Urinary bladder
 Histology of Urethra
 Histology of Urinary Bladder
Female Reproductive System
 Histology of Ovaries
 Uterine tubes
 Uterus
 Vagina
 External genitalia
Male Reproductive System
 Testes
 Seminal vesicle
 Prostate
 Penis
Immunohistochemistry
 Introduction and Significance
 Direct and indirect method
 PAP/Avidin BIOTIN Method
 Step involve in IHC
 Antigen Retrieval
 Type of fixative. Buffer, enzyme and chromgen used in IHC
 List of Commonly used Tumors marker in different disease and their clinical utility
Immunocytochemistry
Decalcification
 Decalcification mechanism
 Decalcifying agent, Type, Advantages and Disadvantages
Cytogenetic

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Structure and molecular organization of chromosomes, identification of human chromosomes,
karyotyping, direct chromosome preparation of Bone Marrow cells, culture techniques, banding
techniques, sex Chromatin bodies, autoradiography of human chromosomes, chromosome
Identification by image analysis and Quantitative cytochemistry, clinical Manifestations of
chromosome disorders
Principal of Cell and Tissue Culture
 Animal Cell Culture
o Overview of background, advantages, Limitation, terms and definition
 Biology of Culture Cell
o Culture environment, Cell adhesion, Cell proliferation, differentiation and
evolution of cell line
 Design, Layout and Equipment in Animal Cell Culture
 Aseptic Technique and Safety
 Media and Serum-free Media
o Physicochemical properties, complete media, serum, selection, advantages and
disadvantages of serum free media, replacement of serum, media development.
 Primary Culture and Cell Lines
o Type of primary culture cell. Isolation of tissues. Primary culture.
 Cloning Selection and Molecular Techniques
o An overview of suspension cloning, isolation of clones, in situ molecular
hybridization, production of monoclonal antibodies. Somatic cell fusion and
DNA transfer.
Practicals
 Stains for Nervous Tissue
o Nissle Stain, Stain for myelin
 Demonstration of Lipids
o Choice of fixative
o Choice of sectioning Technique
o Sudan Black B stain
 Demonstration of Amyloid material, Calcium, Iron, Melanin, Muscle Tissue,
Mucinous Material, Special Gross Anatomical Technique
Special Staining Technique
 GMS, Mucicarmine and Alcian Blue,
Staining for Connective Tissue Elements
 Mallory connective Tissue stain
 Aldehyde fuchsine and verhoff stain for elastic fiber
 Gordon + Sweet stain for reticular fiber
 Toluidine blue staining for mast cells
 Masson Trichrome stain
 The PAS Technique, Procedure of the PAS staining
 The Schiff reaction, Principle of the Schiff reaction
Staining for frozen section
 Preparation and fixation of vaginal and cervical smears for cytology.
 Hormonal evaluation of vaginal smears.
 Papanicolaou staining-principles and staining procedures.
 Maygrunwarld staining-principles and staining procedures.

63
  Identification of cells.
 Differentiation between malignant and benign cells.
 Fine needle aspiration technique
 Immuno-histochemistry techniques
 FNAC technique

Recommended Books
 Diagnostic cytology and its Histopathological Basis-Vol-1-E.G.Koss
 Suvarna SK, Layton C, Bancroft JD. Bancroft's Theory and Practice of Histological
Techniques, Expert Consult: Online and Print, 7: Bancroft's Theory and Practice of
Histological Techniques. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2013.
 Freshney, R.I., (2000), Culture of Animal cell: A Manual of Basic Techniques, 4th Ed.,
Wiley Liss.2.Dodds, J.H., & Roberts, L.W., (1995),
 Experiment in Plant TissueCulture,3rd Ed. , Cambridge University Press.
 Harrison, M.A., & Rae, I.F., (1997), General Techniques of Cell Culture , Cambridge
University Press
 Medical Histology by Laiq Hussain Siddique.
 Lynch’s Medical Laboratory Technology
 Diagnostic Cytology Koss. Volume I & II
 Henry’s Clinical Diagnosis&Management by Laboratory method.
 Basic Histopathology – Stevens.
 Practical Cytology – Astarita.
 Hand book of Medical Laboratory Technology – Robert H. Carman

Course Code UR-450

Course Title Life and Living
Introduction to Hadith & Seerah (Revealed Sciences - II)
Credit Hours 2(2+0)

Course Description:
Islamic Ethical Principles and Contemporary issues (Islamic Studies)
Basic Teachings of the Qur’an (Revealed Sciences - I)
Course Duration & Sequence: 32 weeks (Semester 7 & 8)

Course Description:

This course will introduce the Seerah of Holy Prophet Muhammad (SAW) and His Sayings, the
status of the Hadith and Seerah in the Islamic faith and Shariah. It is divided into two parts. First
part comprises the introduction of hadith, its authoritative position, compilation, terminologies,
types and its sources
while the second part consists of introduction to the Seerah and different aspects of Prophet’s life
and status of Prophet in the DEEN.

This course will be university required course and partially fulfill the requirement of HEC Islamic
studies undergraduate compulsory course.

Course Goals:

64
  To introduce the basic sources of Islamic Shariah.
 To give the holistic view of the Holy Prophet’s (SAW) life.
 To develop balanced, dynamic and wholesome personality.
Course Objectives:

General:
 To familiarize the students with the status and authoritative position of Prophet Muhammad
(SAW).
 To build up the information in Hadith and Seerah perspective.
 To understand the preservation and transference of Hadith.
 To learn the terminologies of Hadith.
Specific:
 Knowledge:
 To understand the science of Hadith.
 To describe the methods for preservation and transference adopted by Muslim scholars.
 sTo have sufficient knowledge on the life of the Holy Prophet (SAW).
 To inculcate the true spirit of Islam through selected textual study.
 Skills:
 To develop the reading skill for Arabic text of Hadith.
 To create the positive and critical thinking.
 To enable the students to seek and utilize the basic sources of Shariah.
 Attitude/Behaviour:
 To develop a personality under the influence of moral teachings.
 To follow the exemplary pattern of Holy Prophet’s (SAW) seerah in every aspect of life.
Educational Methodology to be used:
 Interactive Lecture
 Translation

 Discussion
 Demonstration
Course Contents: (Part 1)
 Introduction to Hadith & Sunnah.
Hadith
Sunnah
Relation between Hadith and Sunnah
Importance & Scope
Hujjiyyat-e-Hadith
Compilation of Hadith
Basic sources of Hadith
Ter0minologies of Hadith and Classification
 Khabr-e-Wahid
 Khabr-e-Mutawater
 Sahih
 Hassan
 Mashhoor
 Zaeef
 Aziz
 Matwater

65
  Mozoo
(Part 2)
 Introduction to Sihah Sitta
 Sahih Bukhari
 Sahih Muslim
 Sunan Ibn-e-Maja
 Sunan Abi Daud
 Jameh Tirmzi
 Sunan Nisai
 Arba’een-e-Nawavi
 Introduction to Seerah (Life of Muhamamd (SAW)
 A comprehensive view of Prophet Muhammad’s (SAW) Life
 Prophet Muhammad (SAW) as a Preacher
 Prophet Muhammad (SAW) as a Moa’alim
 Prophet Muhammad (SAW) as a Head of Family
 Prophet Muhammad (SAW) as a Trader
 Prophet Muhammad (SAW) as a Head of State
 Prophet Muhammad (SAW) as a Commander-in-Chief
Assignment/Projects:
Criterion:
 Addresses one of the assigned topics
 Submitted on time
Free of spelling and grammatical error

 Appropriate length
 Appropriate presentation (font type and size, margin, stapled)

General requirement not met 1 2 3 4 5 Completely met

Inadequate introduction, Captivating introduction,

Topic and direction not clear Clear topic and direction

Poorly written paper Excellent written paper

Logical and lucid

Poor structure and organization Excellent structure and

organization

Low level critical thought and High level critical thought and
Analysis analysis

Insufficient researched Thoroughly researched

Low level demonstrated High level demonstrated

knowledge of Islam knowledge of Islam
66
 Inadequate conclusion Excellent conclusion, all major
point address

Insufficient response to topic; Paper thoroughly addresses topic;

Answers question
Question(s) not answered

Inadequate referencing of sources Complete and accurate referencing

of sources

Technology/Equipment/Models/Physical Support:
 Multimedia
 Overhead Projector
 White Board
 Movies
 Audio Cassettes
 CDs
 Websites
Recommended Text Books::

 Hasan, S. (1995) An Introduction to Science of Hadith, RiYadh: Darussalam

 Alvi Khalid Doctor 1999, Hifazat-e-Hadith Lahore Makataba Al-Faisal
 Nawavi, Mohi-ud-din, Arba’een-e-Nawavi, Dar-ul-Ishaat, Karachi
 Alvi, Khalid Dr., Insaan-e-Kamil, Al-Faisal, Lahore
Recommended Reference Books:

 Hafiz, Abu Muhammad. (2005) Sahih Bukhari. Lahore: Dar-us-Salam

 Murad, Khurram. Chalees (40) Muntakhib Ahadiths. Lahore: Manshorat
 Mubarakpura, Safi-ur-Rahman, Al-Raheeq-ul-Makhtoom, Dar-us-Salam, Lahore
 Gillani, Munazar Ahsan, Tadween-e-Hadith, Maktaba-e-Ilmia, Lahore
 Naumani, Shibli, Seerat-un-Nabi, Idara Islamiat, Lahore
 Siddiqui, Naeem, Mohsin-e-Insaniat, Al-Faisal, Lahore
 Azmi, Mustafa, Early Hadith Literature, Sohail Academy, Lahore

Third year semester – VI

Course Code MLQC-514

Course Title Quality Control and Lab Management
Credit Hours: 4 (3+1)
Course Content
 Introduction to Quality control
 Total quality management framework
 Quality laboratory processes, Quality assurance, Quality assessment, Quality control,
 Quality planning and Quality improvement

67
 Costs of conformance and nonconformance, appraisal costs, prevention costs
 Internal quality control, basic steps, sources of error and their correction methods,
CAPA - corrective action & preventive action
 Sources of variation in laboratory results
 Total allowable error
 Pre analytical Test Variables
 Analytical Test Variables
 Random Errors
 Systematic Errors
 Post analytical Test Variables
 Performance Required for Proficiency Testing
 Medical Decision Limit
 Control of quality (process Control) and Error Detection.
 Quality control charts, Levy- Jennings and Cusum charts
 External quality control
 Quality control programme, intrinsic and extrinsic and random errors
 Current trends in laboratory accreditation, ISO certificate, West guard Rules
 Demonstration of various methods of quality control.
 Actions to bring a testing system back into control
 Actions to be taken when method is out of control
 Calibration and quality control
 Use of calibrators
 A practical system for new calibrator verification
 Instrument validation, calibration
 External quality control programmers and other tools for accuracy control
 Definitive and reference method
 Accuracy and precision
 Calibration and quality control
 Laboratory safety
 Laboratory commodity management
 Laboratory management of information systems
 Systemic approach to specimen Management & Processes

68
  Systemic approach to laboratory processes
 Support supervision
 Data interpretation & its commutation
 Effective administration of laboratory services
 Defining standards of performance
 Budget processing
 Document control through complaints
 Control of records, internal audits & management review
Practical
 Discuss laboratory QA programs
 Describe QMS requirements
 Determining valid requirements
 Method validation
 Determining QC check standard concentration
 Developing control charts
 Inter-Intra-laboratory programs
References
 Verónica Valdivieso-Gómez and Rocío Aguilar-Quesada Additional information is
available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.73052.
 Open book and research articles

Course Code MLEC-513

Course Title Epidemiology and Community Medicine
Credit Hours 2 (2+0)

Introduction to epidemiology
 Determinants
Primary
Secondary
 Clinical epidemiology
 Occupational epidemiology
 Importance of epidemiology
 Definitions of common terms related to epidemiology?
 Health Indication
 Concept of Health and Disease
 Definition of health (Dimensions, physical, mental, social and spiritual).
 Spectrum of health, Determinants of health.
 Responsibility for health
 Indicators of health

69
  Concept of disease
 Concept of causation (all theories including ecological triad, (agent, host & environmental
factors)
 Spectrum of disease
 Iceberg phenomenon
 Natural history of disease
 Levels of prevention
 Disease elimination and eradication
 Disease surveillance
 Introduction to Public Health and Health Systems in Pakistan
 Background and concepts: Definitions and concepts in Public health
 Development of public Health in Pakistan
 Economics and Health
 Health policy and planning in Pakistan. “Health for all” background, concepts and progress.
 Primary Health care”: Concepts and progress.
 The national disease control programs; polices, strategies and operations.
 Health system in Pakistan: The role of Federal and Provincial Governments in Health care.
 The district health system, in the context of devolution
 The physician as a manager: Functions of manager, management of material, human and
financial resources.
 Leadership and motivation
 Partners in health

Course Code MLBI-512

Course Title Bioinformatics
Credit Hours 2(1+1)
Course Outline
Analyzing Protein Sequences
 A brief history of sequence analysis
 Reading protein sequences from N to C
 Retrieving protein sequences from databases
 Computing amino-acid composition, molecular weight, isoelectric point
 Computing how hydrophobic or hydrophilic a protein is, predicting antigenic sites,
 Predicting elements of secondary structure
 Predicting the domain organization of proteins
 Visualizing protein structures in 3-D
 Predicting a protein’s 3-D structure from its sequence
 Finding all proteins that share a similar sequence
 Classifying proteins into families
 Finding the best alignment between two or more proteins
 Finding evolutionary relationships between proteins, drawing proteins’ family trees
 Use of ExPASy
Analyzing DNA Sequences
 Reading DNA sequences the right way
 Retrieving DNA sequences from databases
 The two sides of a DNA sequence
 Palindromes in DNA sequences
Analyzing RNA Sequences
 RNA structures: Playing with sticky strands

70
 DNA Coding Regions
 Translating DNA into proteins
Miscellaneous
 Computing nucleotide compositions Identifying restriction sites
 Designing polymerase chain-reaction (PCR) primers
 Identifying open reading frames (ORFs)
 Predicting elements of DNA/RNA secondary structure
 Finding repeats
 Computing the optimal alignment between two or more DNA sequences
 Finding polymorphic sites in genes
 Assembling sequence fragments
Working with Entire Genomes
 The Ensembl project
Similarity Searches on Sequence Databases
 BLAST
Use of Pubmed/Medline
Use of GenBank
Course Code MLBR-513
Course Title Biostatistics
Credit Hours 3(3+0)
Introduction to statistics
 Statistical data condensation of data
 Presentation of data by graphs
 Health related data
 Rates and their relative importance
 Presentation of quantitative data
Sampling
 Concept of sampling
 Type and methods of drawing ideal sample
 Sampling distribution of sample mean
 Error of sampling
 Standard error
 Chi square
 T-test and their uses in health
Central Tendency
 Concepts of central tendency
 Mean, mode and median and their value in health
 Percentiles
 Measure of dispersion
 Coefficient of variation and skewness
 Normal distribution
 Range, Standard deviation and relative deviation
Hypothesis
 Concept of Hypothesis testing
 Null and alternative Hypothesis
 Two type of errors
 Acceptance and rejection regions
 Two sided and one sided tests
 General steps in Hypothesis testing

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  Test about means, confidence interval for mean, meaning significance in
statistical procedures and methods of inferential statistics
Regression and correlation
 Scatter diagram
 Straight line regression model
 Method of least squares
 Sample correlation coefficient
 Inference about regression coefficient and correlation coefficient

Course Code MLMB-523

Course Title Molecular Biology and Genetics – II
Credit hours 3(2+1)

Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course Students will be able to Know about the gene regulation and
gene expression and understand the processes of transcription and translation

Course Contents
 Over view of regulation of gene expression. Regulatory sequences, transcription
factors,
 Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes (operon systems), eukaryotic gene
regulation,
 Transcriptional control of gene expression (RNA polymerases, regulatory sequences,
activators and repressors of transcription; genetic switches, transcription initiation,
molecular mechanisms of transcription repression and activation, regulation of
transcription factor activity)
 Post-transcriptional controls (processing and transport of pre-mRNA, cytoplasmic
mechanisms of post-transcriptional control, processing of rRNA and tRNA)
 Bacterial protein synthesis and regulation
 Eukaryotic protein synthesis and regulation; post translational modification; non
coding RNAs
Genetics
Multiple alleles, multiple factor hypothesis and use of binomial theorem
Linkages and crossing over and their calculations
Gene mapping,
Sex linkages, Sex determination, sex linked inheritance.
 Gene and environment
Practicals
 Gel Electrophoresis
 Blotting
 Transformation
 PCR
Recommended Books:
 Allison, L.A., 2011. Fundamental Molecular Biology. 2nd Edition. Wiley Sons.
 Gerald Karp, G., Janet Iwasa, J., Wallace Marshall, W., 2016. Karp's Cell and
Molecular Biology, 8th Edition. John Willey and Sons, Inc.
 Kormann, M.S.D., 2016. Modern Tools for Genetic Engineering. Publisher: InTech
Janeza Trdine 951000 Rijeka, Croatia - European Union.
 Kormann, M.S.D., 2016. Modern Tools for Genetic Engineering. Publisher: In Tech
Janeza Trdine 951000 Rijeka, Croatia - European Union
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  Larramendy, M.L., and Soloneski, S., 2016. Nucleic Acids From Basic Aspects to
Laboratory Tools Publisher: In Tech, Janeza Trdine 951000 Rijeka, Croatia
EUROPEAN UNION
 Lodish., H., Berk, A., Kaiser, C.A. M. Krieger, M., Bretscher, A., Ploegh, H.,
Martin, K., 2016. Molecular Cell Biology. 8th Edition. W.H. Freeman.
 Old R. W. and Primrose, S.B., An Introduction to Genetic Engineering, Blackwell
Scientific Publications.
 Watson, J.D., Gann, A., Levine, M., Losicks, R., 2013. Molecular Biology of the
Gene. The Benjumen Cummings Publishing Company, California
 Wilson, J. and Hunt, T., 2015. . Molecular Biology of the Cell. 6th Edition Garland
Sciences, Taylor and Francis.

Course Code MLRM-512

Course Title Research Methodology
Credit hours 2(2+0)
Introduction to Research
 The question of legitimate knowledge
 Knowledge and decision making, the scientific method
 Quantitative vs qualitative research
 Application of scientific method
 Positivistic vs naturalistic paradigm
Classification of research
 Basic vs applied research
 Evaluation research
 Research and development (R& D)
 Action research
Selection and formulation of a problem
 From generic to a specific problem, program statement
 Getting an access to primary and secondary resources
 Note taking and information to management
 Review of related literature
 Questions and/or hypothesis of the study
  The ethical, legal and professional obligations
 The rational of the study
  The research plan
 Development of a research plan
Selection of sample
 Sample and population
 Basic considerations in sampling
 Random sampling, stratified random sampling cluster sampling
 Systematic sampling determination of sample size and elimination of sampling bias
Instrumentation and data collection
Data analysis and interpretation
Preparation of research report
Introduction to research (in sample term and a scientific term)
 Concept of research
 Why do need research
 Advantage of research
 Identification of research need and its qualities

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  Component of research
 Ethical and legal aspect of research
 Objective of research (definition, purpose, structure)
Selection of topic
 The criteria points of prioritization of topic
o Relevance
o Avoidance of duplication
o Physibility
o Political acceptability
o Applicability
o Cost efficiencies
o Ethical consideration and scales for rating research topic mentioned above

 Work plan
o It’s content
o How to develop a work plan
o What factor should be kept in mind while preparing research work plan

 Budget required for research work

o Why it is needed?
o What should be taken in to consideration?
o Literature searching
o Statistical help
o Material
o Type of manuscript
o Printing of manuscript for submission and postage
Concepts of measurement
 Principals and reliability of measurement
 Errors and sources of measurement,
 Type of measurement
 Measure of disease frequency and screening (introduction, validity and screening
test)
Designing clinical research
 Studies design (introduction, selection of design)
 Research questionnaire
 Validity and reliability of research finding, confounding factors
 Strategies to deal with threats to validity
Hypothesis test
Sampling
 Probability and non-probability and their sampling
 Advantages and disadvantages of probability and non-probability sampling,
bias in sampling
Research protocol
Data collection
 Purpose and techniques
 Why do we collect data?
 Data collection procedure
Step and data collection survey questionnaire, starting questionnaire.

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75
 Forth Year Semester – VII
Course Code MLCP-624
Course Title Chemical Pathology Lab Rotation
Credit Hours 4(1+3)

Common Analytes- principles, methods and analysis

 Cholesterol
 Glucose
 Triglycerides
 HDL and LDL
 Urea
 Creatinine
 LFTs
 Albumin
 Calcium
 Phosphate
 Uric acid
 Iron Metabolism
 Muscle Enzymes
 Cardiac markers
 Gastric, Pancreatic and Intestinal Function Tests
 Electrolytes
 Blood gases
Pathophysiology of Endocrine disorders and lab diagnosis of following:
 Anterior and Posterior pituitary hormones, hypothalamic hormones. Pituitary Disorders
 Thyroid Disorders
 Adrenal Glands. Hormones of the adrenal medulla and cortex. Hypo and Hyper secretion.
Cushing’s syndrome. Addison’s disease.
 Parathyroid effects on Ca and Phosphorus
 Insulin effects on Glucose metabolism, secretion, structure. Hyperglycemia, Diabetes
Mellitus. Antagonistic hormones 50
 Male and Female sex hormones. (Testicular/ Ovarian/ Placental Hormones).Synthesis,
secretion, actions, metabolism. A little information about Amenorrhea, Oligomenorrheoa,
Hirsutism, Virilism, Spermatogenesis, Ovulation, Climacteric.
 Tumour Markers List of commonly used tumor markers in different diseases and their
clinical utility.

 List of commonly used tumor markers in different diseases and their clinical utility.

Course Code MLHT-634

Course Title Haematology Lab Rotation
Credit Hours 4(1+3)
Analysis and interpretation of laboratory data in following analytes
 Estimation of Haemoglobin (Hb)
 Hemoglobin disorders
 Hemoglobin electrophoresis

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  Total Red Blood Cell Count (TRBC)
 Packed Cell Volume (PCV) or Haematocrit (Hct)
 Calculation of Red Cell Indices (Absolute Values)
 Total Leucocyte Count (TLC)
 Platelet Count
 Reticulocyte Count
 Erythrocytes Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
 Preparation and Staining Of Blood Films
Study of Peripheral blood smear
 Normal
 In different types of anemias , WBC and Platelets disorder
Differential Leucocyte Count (DLC)
Bleeding Time (BT)
Whole Blood Clotting Time
Prothrombin time (PT)
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT)
Thrombin Time (TT)
Assisting bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsy
D-Dimers
Sickling test
Osmotic fragility test
Ham’s test
Course Code MLMB-624
Course Title Microbiology Lab Rotation
Credit Hours 4(1+3)

Microscopic Examination of Un-stained bacteria

 Visibility of unstained organism
 Hanging drop preparation
 Detecting motility using MIU medium
Examination of Specimens by Dark field microscopy
Examination of microorganism in stained preparation.
 The following stained techniques will be learnt & practiced
o Gram staining
o Ziehl-Neelsen staining for Mycobacterium tuberculosis
o ZN staining for M. leprae
o Auramine (fluorochrame) staining
o Methylene blue
o Wayson’s
o Albert
o Giemsa
o HISS
o Acridine orange (Fluorochrome)
 Type of staining basic stains and Acidic stains
 Mordants

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  Decolorization
 Technique of staining smears
 Quality control
Smear making
Culture of micro organism
 Microbial growth requirement
 Common ingredients of culture media
Type and selection of culture media
 Basic, enriched, enrichment, selective, differential & Transport
Solid, Semisolid & fluid media with examples
Inoculation of culture media
 Aseptic technique
 Making a wire loop
 Inoculation of culture media in petri dishes, slops, as stabs and fluid media
Incubation of cultures
 Temperature of incubation
 Humidity
 Gaseous atmosphere
 Culturing of anaerobes
 Anaerobic jars using hydrogen from a cylinders
 Gas generating kits method
 Use of copper coated steel wool to remove oxygen
 Use of dithionite in petri dishes
 Use of reducing agents in culture media
 Culturing in Carbon-dioxide
 Control of culture media
 Control of stains & regents
Biochemical testing of Micro organisms
Following biochemical tests will be learned (both theory and practical)
 Arylsulphatase
 Bile Solubility
 Catalase
 Coagulase
 DNAse
 Hydrogen sulphide (H2S)
 Indole
 Litmus milk decolonization
 Nitrate reduction
 Oxidase
 Oxidation fermentation
 Phenylalanine deaminase
 Tween hydrolysis
 Urease
 Voges-Proskaur
 Methyl Red

Dealing of various specimens for culture and sensitivity

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  Sputum
 Throat / mouth specimen s
 Ear- discharges
 Eye specimens
 Skin and ulcer specimens
 Pus from wound, absences, burns & sinuses
 Urogenital specimens
 Faeces (stools)
 Urine
 CSF
 Blood & bone marrow
 Specimen for viral studies
 Fungal specimens

Mycobacteria & other

Specimen Processing
Direct examination
 Microscopic Examination
0 Stained
1 Unstained
2 concentration methods (e.g. centrifugation)
 Non-microscopic examination
0 antigen/antibody detection
1 molecular techniques
2 other
Culture/isolation
 Media
 Techniques
 Incubation
 Atmosphere
 Duration
 Temperature
Mycobacterium susceptibility testing
 technique/principles
 pharmacology/mode of action*
 Results*
Immunologic/serologic tests
Molecular techniques
Others

Course Code MLHC-634

Course Title Histopathology & Cytopathology Lab Rotation
Credit Hours 4(1+3)

 International reporting protocols

 Checklists
 Collection of Biopsy Specimens
 Histotechnology
 Special Staining Techniques
 Postmortem Examination

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 Preparation Of Museum Specimens
 Synoptic reporting of common resections (Breast, Gastric, Colon, H&N,
Prostate, U. Bladder, Uterus & Ovaries)
 Stain preparation- (H& E, PAS, Reticulin, Trichrome and other stain)
 Immunohisto chemical staining, Principles (Technique) and common
applications
Basic museum techniques Any specimens for museum are handled by
following steps:
0 Reception
1 Preparation
2 Fixation
3 Restoration
4 Preservation
5 Presentation
 Mounting of specimen
 Museum jars and boxes
 Attaching specimen to center plate
 Special methods macerated specimen of bones
 Plastination a technique to preserve whole bodies or body parts water and fat are replaced
by certain plastics specimens can be touched, do not smell or decay retain most
properties of original sample
 Demostration of bronchial tree by plastics
 Dlastination of abnormal fetuses transparent specimen
 FNAC slide preparation
 PAP staining
 Rapi staining

Forth year Semester - VIII

Course Code UR-550

Course Title Life and Living (Professional Ethics in Medical Science)
Credit Hours 2(2+0)
Course Pre-requisite:
Islamic Ethical Principles and Contemporary issues
Introduction to the Basic Concepts and Teachings of the Qur’an
Introduction to Hadith and Seerah
Course Duration & Sequence: 32 weeks (Final Year)

Course Description:

This course highlights the importance of moral conduct in human life. First part of the course will
familiarize the students with ethical viewpoint of Islam. The second part will develop student’s
understanding about historical, social, ethical and professional issues related to the discipline of
Medical Science. It identifies the sources of information about professionalism and ethics. Students

80
evaluate at access ethical and professional in medical case studies. This course introduces the
students to ethical, moral issues and their responsibilities.

Course Goals:

 To develop the good Muslim professionals in medical sciences.

 To highlight the role of ethics in personality development.
 To inculcate the ethical values in professional life.
To provide well equipped professionals to the society who can meet the upcoming challenges in the
field of Medical Science.
Course Objectives:
 General:
To build up personal and professional qualities in the light of Islamic ethics.
To acquire the knowledge of basic global ethical principles enshrined in the Islamic sources
to enable exercise of professional judgment in modern ethical issues.
Students will be encouraged to think critically about the ethical implications of what
medical practitioners do.
 Specific:
Knowledge To understand the values and principles concerning ethics and personality
development.
To comprehend the basic concepts, ideas and principles about professional and scientific
issues.
To exhibit leadership qualities in ethic and profession Skills:
To analyze ethical issues and resolve the problems arise in their profession.
To be able to understand and implement the Islamic ethical values in the field of Medical
Science.
Attitude/Behavior:
To develop honest and responsible professionals who will be able to perform leading role in
their respective fields.
Educational Methodology to be used:

 Interactive Lecture
 Discussion
 Demonstration
Course Contents:
General Ethics
 What is ethics? In General an introduction.
 The development of ethical theory.
 The basic principles of ethics in different religions.
 Ethics in Islam, a comprehensive view.
 Moral conduct and Faith.
 The five pillars of Islam and moral conduct.
 The moral qualities of believers.
 Moral conduct and Taqwa.
 The distinction of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) among the teachers of moral conduct.
 Impact of Role Model on personality
 Virtuous conduct and Baseness (Raza’il)
 Qualities of a good professional
 Rights and duties

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 Etiquettes and manners
Scientific Issues:
 The process of expansion of universe.
 Beginning of Life. Evolution Stages & End
 Truth about Big Bang Theory (Creation of Universe).
 Purpose of Creation of Mankind & Who Created it
 Revealed Sciences.
 Difference between Creator & creatures, a comparative study
 Law of Conservation of Matter
 Balance
 Education
Bio-Medical Ethical issues
 Dissection on dead bodies
 Theory of Evolution
 Genetic engineering
 Postmortem
 Cloning, therapeutic/reproductive and Parthenogenesis.
 Stem cell engineering.
 Surrogate mother.
 Medical aspects and moral implications of Rape.
 Ancient Medicine and Surgery
 Tib-a-Nabavi (SAS)
 Muslim contribution to Medicine and Surgery
 Modern medicine
 Infertility and its ethical an psychological effects.
 Organ Transplant and donation
 Cosmetic Surgery
 Commercial use of human remains
 Gender selection
 Deformation
 Abortion
 Population Planning
 Code of ethic in social life to protect from extremism & Clashes.
 Medical profession as a mission of curing not only physical problems but also treatment of
whole human, including spiritual and moral problems.
 Sexual misconduct, obscenity; disrespect for relations.
 Persecution & Human Right
 Embryological Development of Reproductive System.
 Bribe
Some Common and popular myth
 Magic, its viability in nature.
 Unidentifiable objects
 Dreams and their nature an effects on behavior.
 Ghost. Super Natural & Sprits
 Telepathy, Horoscope, Hypnosis, Psychological Treatments.
 E.S.P
 Telepathy

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 Assignment/Projects:
Criterion:
Addresses one of the assigned topics
Submitted on time
Free of spelling and grammatical errors
Appropriate length
Appropriate presentation (font type and size, margin, stapled)

Inadequate introduction, Captivating introduction,

Topic and direction not clear Clear topic and direction

Poorly written paper Excellent written paper

Logical and lucid

Poor structure and organization Excellent structure and

organization

Low level critical thought and High level critical thought and
analysis analysis

Insufficient researched Thoroughly researched

Low level demonstrated High level demonstrated

knowledge of Islam knowledge of Islam

Inadequate conclusion Excellent conclusion, all major

point address

Insufficient response to topic; Paper thoroughly addresses topic;

Question(s) not answered Answers question

Inadequate referencing of sources Complete and accurate referencing

of sources

General requirement not meat 1 2 3 4 5 Completely meat

Technology/Equipment/Models/Physical Support:

 Multimedia
 Overhead Projector
 White Board
 Movies
 Cassettes
 CDs

83
 Recommended Text Books:

1. Lillie, William, Introduction to Ethics, National Book Foundation, Pakistan

2. Nadvi, Syed Sulaman, Ethics in Islam, Dar-ul-Ishaat, Karachi
3. Chatgami, Abdus Slam, Maulana, Aaza-i-Insani key paywand kari.
4. Rahman Gohar Maulana, Tibbi Fiqhi Masail (Tafheemul Masail) Vol. I.
5. Rahman, Saif Ullah, Maulana Tibbi Fiqhi Masail
6. Hashmi, Ahmed, Dr. Oath of Muslim Doctor, Islamabad: PMDC
7. Lillie, William, Introduction to Ethics, Sage Publication, India
8. Nadvi, Syed Sulaman, Ethics in Islam, Dar-ul-Ishaat, Karachi
9. Kasuli, Hassan Omar, Prof. Dr. Lectures notes on Islamic Principles in Medical Practice,
IIMU
10. Bashmil, Ahmed, Takamul
11. Chadwick, Ruth, Ethics of New Technologies.
12. Dar, Bashir Ahmed, Ethics in Qur’an, Islamic Book Depot, Karachi
13. Sewharvi, Hifz-ur-Rehman, Ikhlaq aur Falsafa-e-Ikhlaq, Dar-ul-Isha’at, Karachi
14. Al-Ghazali, Shaikh Muhammad, A Muslim’s Character, Dawah Academy, Islamabad.

Course Code MLBW-613

Course Title Biomedical Waste Management
Credit Hours 3(2+1)
Unit 1 Present Scenario
 Bio-medical waste – Concepts and Perceptions, Waste Generation, Segregation, Disposal
Unit 2
 Planning and Objectives of BMW Management, Survey, Policies and Perspectives of BMW
 Management
Unit 3
 Record Keeping, Management of Bio-medical Waste, Technologies for Treatment for
BMW,
 Criteria for selecting appropriate Medical Waste Technologies
Unit 4
 Training, Occupational Safety and Health Issues
Unit 5
 Legal Aspects and Environment Concern, Implementation of Action
 Plan, Approaches to Common Regional facility
Reference Books
1. The Book of Hospital Waste Management: Dr. D.B. Acharya & Dr. Meeta Singh (Minerva
Press, New Delhi)
2. Hospital Waste Management & its Monitoring: Madhuri Sharma (Jaypee Brothers, Medical
Publishers (P) Ltd. New Delhi)
3. Infectious and medical waste management by Gordon, Judith G.; Reinhardt, Peter A
4. Basic Hazardous Waste Management by William C. Blackman Jr.

Course Code MLCE-613

Course Title Clinical Enzymology and Automation
Credit Hours 3(2+1)

Course Objective
 To impart knowledge about the nature of enzymes
 To provide an overview of reactions and impact of different factors on their rate
 To introduce the concept of catalysis and catalytic mechanisms

84
Learning Outcome
 Upon successful completion of the course, the student will be able to:
 Understand the catalytic properties and mechanisms of enzyme action
 Understand and analyze kinetics of enzyme catalyzed reactions.
 Evaluate effect of different types of inhibitors on enzyme activity
 Perform enzyme assays
Course Outline
 Introduction to enzymes, nomenclature and classification
 Isoenzymes, coenzymes and role of cofactors
 Structure of enzyme; active site and regulatory sites
 Enzyme specificity and different types
 Kinetics of chemical reactions
 Michaelis-Menten equation and other models used to understand kinetics
 Multienzyme system and two substrate reactions
 Enzyme Inhibition and types of inhibition
 Ribozyme
 Enzyme catalysis; catalytic strategies and mechanisms of different enzymes
 Regulation of enzyme activity
 Effect of various factors on rate of reactions
 Enzyme assays
 Immobilized enzyme
 Applications of enzyme
 Plasma Enzymes activities
 Pathophysiology of Enzymes
 Fate of Liver Enzymes in Body
 Advances in methodology of Enzyme Assays
 Role of Enzyme in diagnosis of clinical diseases/disorders (Hepatitis, Myocardial infarction,
Liver diseases, Kidney diseases, Haematological disorders)
 Clinical Enzymology for the assessment of organ damage

Practicals
 Extraction and estimation of enzymes from plant and animal sources.
 Acid and enzymatic hydrolysis of glycogen and starch
 Biosynthesis of enzymes by fungi and bacteria
 Effect of Temperature on enzymes activity
 Effect of Substrate concentration on enzyme activity
 Effect of Enzyme concentration on enzyme activityEffect of heat on stability of enzyme.
Recommended Books:
1. Fundamentals of Biochemistry. (2008) 3rd Ed. by D. J. Voet, G.J. Voet and C. W. Pratt. J.
Wiley & Sons Inc.
2. Text Book of Biochemistry (1970) by E. West & W. Todd Macmillan
3. Biochemistry. (1999) 3rd Ed. by C. K. Mathews, K. E. Van Holde, & K.G. Ahern. Prentice
Hall.
4. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry, 27th Ed. by R.K. Murray, D.K. Grannar,
5. V.W. Rodwell. McGraw-Hill.
6. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (2008) 5th Ed. by D. L. Nelson, M. M. Cox. W. H.
Freeman Publishers
7. Braun, J.P., Aktas, M., Lefebvre, H. et al. Clinical enzymology for the assessment of organ
damage: Interspecific differences. Comparative Haematology International 3, 27–32 (1993)

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 Course Code MLMS-612
Course Title Medical Sociology
Credit Hours 2(2+0)
General
 Definition and scope of sociology, sociology is a science, Islamic sociology
Medical Sociology
 Introduction contribution of sociology to medicine
Health and disease
 Social definition of illness, social and emotional component of illness
Patient and paramedic
 Paramedics view of disease and patient, psychology of patient / paramedic relationship
Mental illness sociological perspective
 Definitions, social implication of mental illness
Rehabilitation
 Definition, physical, mental handicape
 Method in rehabilitation: Guidness counseling and vocational training
Social Disorganization
 The concept and factor of social organization, family, group and community disorganization
Problem of community
 Problem of crime, method of treatment and preventive measure
Educational problems
 Deterioration of education standard in school, college and university
Health problems
 Illness behavior, delivery and utilization of health services
Introduction to applied sociology
 Definition of applied sociology, nature and causative analysis of social problem and the role
of sociologist in solving social problems
 Application of social research in social problems
 Social survey and social research, nature purpose and function

Course Code MLRP-616

Course Title Research Project
Credit Hours 6(0+6)
_____________________________________________

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