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Effect of Geomagnetically Induced Currents
Effect of Geomagnetically Induced Currents
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ISSN 1751-8660
Abstract: Geomagnetically induced current (GIC) can cause half-cycle saturation of transformer. The saturation can
increase the stray flux entering into transformer tank, so the tank loss will increase. This study presents a two-
dimensional finite element (2D FE) transformer model and the losses of tank wall, tank top and tank bottom are
computed, respectively. Based on the 2D FE magnetic field, the factors that influence the tank loss of
transformer with GIC are discussed. The influences of magnetic shunt, transformer types, step-up transformer or
step-down transformer, and transformer power factor on the tank loss are analysed in detail. As a consequence,
the transformer types and transformer power factor have large influence on the increase of tank loss caused by GIC.
IET Electr. Power Appl., 2010, Vol. 4, Iss. 5, pp. 373– 379 373
doi: 10.1049/iet-epa.2009.0192 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2010
www.ietdl.org
374 IET Electr. Power Appl., 2010, Vol. 4, Iss. 5, pp. 373– 379
& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2010 doi: 10.1049/iet-epa.2009.0192
www.ietdl.org
P1(kW) 23.5 19.1 15.6 12.4 where iHL is the load current in HV winding; iLL is the load
P2(kW) 1.55 1.30 1.06 0.84 current in LV winding; iE is the exciting current and it is
related to the extent of transformer DC bias.
at this time. The larger the load current, the larger the tank In (2) – (5), iHL , iLL and iE are all the significant vectors.
loss, as shown in Table 2. iHL has a phase angle difference w1 with the voltage of HV
winding and iLL has a phase angle difference w2 with the
GIC only flows through the winding that is connected voltage of LV winding. w1 and w2 are the same and they
to the ground. In this paper, the connection type of the are related with the load type and the parameter of power
transformer winding is YN/d, so the GIC can only flow grid. In electric power engineering, w1 and w2 are expressed
through the high voltage (HV) winding. In this transformer by the transformer power factor. The exciting current iE
model, the GIC excitation is imposed on the HV winding. lags behind the excitation voltage 908. Therefore the HV
winding current iH and LV winding current iL are not only
related with the magnitudes of iHL , iLL and iE , but are
3 Loss of transformer tank related with their phase angle differences.
with GIC
GIC can cause the half-cycle saturation of transformer. According to (1)– (5), besides the magnetic shunts, the
When the core is saturated, the magnetic resistance of core loss of transformer tank caused by GIC is influenced by
will increase dramatically, so there will be more stray flux the transformer types, step-up transformer or step-down
entering into the tank. This will result in large eddy current transformer and the load current.
loss in the tank.
3.2 Effects of magnetic shunt
3.1 Factors influencing the tank loss Magnetic shunt is used to reduce the tank loss and prevent
The magnetic shunt on the inner surface of tank wall will the tank from overheating. Based on the transformer 2D
prevent the stray flux entering into the tank wall because of FE model, the influence of magnetic shunt on tank loss is
its higher magnetic permeability, so the magnetic shunt studied. In this 2D FE magnetic field analysis, the load
will have an important impact on the tank loss with GIC. current is set as rated current and the phase angle
difference between load current and winding voltage is
Besides the magnetic shunt, the stray flux entering into assumed as 08.
tank is related to the HV winding current, low voltage
(LV) winding current and the magnetic permeability of Based on the stray flux entering into the tank, the tank loss
core. So the tank loss can be expressed as (1). is calculated. In order to analyse the effect of GIC on the
losses in different tank locations, the total loss of the tank
P ¼ f (iH , iL , m) (1) wall and total loss of tank top and bottom are computed,
respectively. The average value of transformer tank loss
where P is the tank loss; iH is the HV winding current; iL is without shunt and with shunt is shown in Fig. 3.
the LV winding current; m is the magnetic permeability of
core and f is a function of iH , iL and m.
To step-up transformer:
iH ¼ iHL (2)
IET Electr. Power Appl., 2010, Vol. 4, Iss. 5, pp. 373– 379 375
doi: 10.1049/iet-epa.2009.0192 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2010
www.ietdl.org
In this 2D FE magnetic field analysis, the load current is As the DC flux increases, the magnetic permeability of
set as rated current and the phase angle difference between core will decrease largely because of the half-cycle
load current and winding voltage is assumed as 08. The saturation of transformer core, so more stray flux will enter
basic data of step-up and step-down transformers are the into tank top and bottom. Therefore the losses of tank top
same and it is shown in Table 2. The average value of tank and bottom greatly increase, as shown in Fig. 5. The
loss with different magnitude of transformer DC bias and greater the DC flux, the larger the losses of the tank top
transformer type is shown in Fig. 5. and bottom. The transformer type has little effect on the
losses of tank top and bottom. This is because the stray
fluxes entering into tank top and bottom are determined
for the most part by the magnetic permeability of
transformer core, not by the transformer winding currents.
376 IET Electr. Power Appl., 2010, Vol. 4, Iss. 5, pp. 373– 379
& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2010 doi: 10.1049/iet-epa.2009.0192
www.ietdl.org
The loss of tank wall is related to the changing rate of For a step-down transformer, the exciting current changes
stray flux in the tank wall and the stray flux is related to the slope of HV winding current. Based on the slope change
the winding currents; therefore, the loss of tank wall is of HV winding current, the HV winding current can also be
related to the changing rate of winding current. divided into three sections every cycle, Section a, Section b
and Section c, as shown in Fig. 8b. There are also three
As shown in Fig. 8a, for the step-up transformer, the large peak points in the curve of tank wall loss, point A, point B
exciting current caused by GIC will result in a slope change and point C, as shown in Fig. 7b. This is also because of
of the LV winding current. Based on the slope change of the the slope change of HV winding current caused by the
LV winding current with DC flux, the LV winding current increase of exciting current. Since the directions of stray
can be divided into three sections every cycle, Section a, fluxes caused by HV winding current and LV winding
Section b and Section c, as shown in Fig. 8a. The slope current are opposite, the change of the loss of tank wall of
change of the LV winding current in Section a compared a step-down transformer is different from the change of the
with the slope of the LV winding current with no DC flux loss of tank wall of a step-up transformer, as shown in Fig. 7.
is determined by the peak value of exciting current and it
will change the loss of tank wall compared with the loss
with no DC flux and the loss of tank wall will reach a peak
3.4 Power factor of transformer
point A, as shown in Fig. 7a; The slope change of the LV The angle difference between exciting current and winding
winding current in Section b will also change the loss of current can also influence the loss of transformer tank with
tank wall and the loss of tank wall will reach another peak GIC. In this paper, the angle difference between exciting
point B, as shown in Fig. 7a; In Section c, the slope of LV current and winding current is expressed as power factor.
IET Electr. Power Appl., 2010, Vol. 4, Iss. 5, pp. 373– 379 377
doi: 10.1049/iet-epa.2009.0192 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2010
www.ietdl.org
4 Conclusion
This paper presents the effect of GIC on the losses of tank
Figure 8 Winding current with 250 Wb DC flux in different locations and the factors that influence the loss
a LV winding current of step-up transformer of transformer tank. Based on a 2D FE transformer model,
b HV winding current of step-down transformer the loss of tank wall and the total loss of tank top and
bottom are calculated. The following observations can be
With the same 2D FE model, the influence of power factor made based on this study:
on tank loss is studied. Fig. 9 shows the average value of tank
loss with different magnitude of transformer DC bias when † the magnetic shunt on the inner surface of tank wall can
the power factor is 0.9. greatly reduce the loss of tank wall, but it can increase the
loss of tank top and tank bottom little;
In Fig. 9, the definitions of symbols are the same with
Fig. 5. Comparing Figs. 5 and 9, with the same DC flux, † the transformer type, step-up or step-down transformer,
the average values of tank loss are different for power has an important influence on the loss of tank wall, but less
factors 0.9 and 1.0, so the power factor does have influence on the total loss of tank top and bottom. With
important influence on the tank loss. When the magnitude the same DC flux, the loss of tank wall of step-down
transformer is larger than the loss of tank wall of step-up
transformer;
378 IET Electr. Power Appl., 2010, Vol. 4, Iss. 5, pp. 373– 379
& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2010 doi: 10.1049/iet-epa.2009.0192
www.ietdl.org
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IET Electr. Power Appl., 2010, Vol. 4, Iss. 5, pp. 373– 379 379
doi: 10.1049/iet-epa.2009.0192 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2010
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