SUB TOPIC

SPECIAL

PETRONAS TOWER
POINTS OF IN-
TEREST:

 Design Devel-
opment

 Materials
M A L A Y S I A
 Soil and Foun-
dation
GENERAL INFTIONORMATION
 Structural Sys-
Year of comple- 1998
tems
tion
 Wind & Seis- Main architect: Cesar Pelli & Associates Architects
mic Design Local architects: Adamson Associates International,
RSP Architects Planners & Engi-
 Construction
neers Private Limited
Process
Records: The twin Towers were the world's
tallest buildings, before being sur-
passed by the Taipei

101. However, the towers are still

the tallest twin buildings and office
building in the world.
Offices: twin towers, Total gross area:
LATERAL LOADS 1,366,714 square meters.
Retail: a multi-level retail centre, Total
gross area 699,654

Hotel: a 1,800-room convention hotel and

conference centre. Total gross ar-
ea: 491,289 square meters
Parking: integrated parking for 6,650 cars.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT Floor plate design:

Based on simple Islamic geo-
The tower design is in-
metric shapes from two inter-
spired by the formal char-
related boxes creating an
acteristics of dominant
eight-pointed star shape. Af-
Islamic culture. The tower
ter the eight-pointed star, 8
is figurative and symmet-
half circles are superimposed
rical and creates figurative
softening the inner corner.
space. The tower tapers
The semicircle itself is an-
and backs five times in its
chored by the main structural
ascent. The 88-story tower
column arches of the building.
was mostly builtreinforced
concrete, with steel and Half a circle is superimposed
glass façade designed to on an inner corner of the box
resemble motifs found in that is interrelated to create
Islamic art. more useful floor space.
 MATERIALS
MALAYSIA
Skin : Stainless steel extru-
sions with laminated green
glass, Curtain wall of 33000
panls.
Concrete :Greater damping
than steel in order to reduc-
es sway- improves occupant
comfort in windy conditions,
Allows members to be small-
er and lighter : an advantage
in very tall buildings, Local
contractors were more famil-
iar working with concrete, 10
ksi strength.
Steel :Used for highly com-
plex bridge because of flexi-
bility and ease of erection
compared t concrete., Steel
is used only at top of towers.
SOIL AND FOUNDATION
 Irregular bedrock beneath
site.
 Perimeter diaphragm
walls 2’-6” thk.
 Underground forest of
friction piles providing
greater distribution of the
towers’ weight :solution
 Two raft foundations, 15’
thick, containing 13,000
cum of concrete.
 300,000 metric ton of
each tower spread over
concrete slab or mat
anchored to soil, not bed
rock.
 The towers rest on RCC
foundation mat poured
over piles.

Wind & Seismic Design  Cast in place concrete
Wind
 Rubber sheathed
heavy galvanized ship
anchor chain freely
swinging within a steel
pipe acts as an
inexpensive, effective
damper.
 Cylindrical towers  Perimeter columns
sustain vortex
shedding
Earthquake
 Seismic issue not a
major design
consideration
Construction Process
 Steel wide-flange
core walls, perimeter beams provide long
columns and beams spans and fast erec-
use eight sizes and tion between the con-
three concrete mixes crete core and ring
to optimize size, beams.
strength, stiffness and
 Concrete outriggers
cost
between 38th and
40th floors connect
varying in diameter and the core to the pe-
concrete strength rise, rimeter columns in-
upward and step back creasing stiffness and
to create tapered tow- resistance to lateral
er tops. loads.

 Each tower is supported
by a ring of 16 cylindrical
columns placed on inner
corners of star shaped
plan. As each towers
ascends, it sets back 6
times.
 Columns are sloped in-
ward over three stories.
 Reinforcing bars are add-
ed to ring beams
 Floor slabs resist the
lateral thrust.
 They form a soft tube.
Structural Systems
Petronas tower structure system
consists of :
 Twelve concrete columns sur-
round the bustle, 16 columns
surround the tower.
 Steel beams support floor slabs,
typically with 4.3inch deep con-
crete fill including 2inch metal
deck
 Concrete beams link the columns
to form ring frames around the
tower and bustle.
 Bands of steel reinforcing bars tie
the bustle back to the tower
core.
 Core is a box of concrete shear

PETRONAS TOWER
DICTIONARY

BEDROCK:
rocks that are in the bottom of the soil (the very bottom of the soil), hard
soil.

PERIMETER DIAPHRAGM WALL :

retaining wall at the same time is used for basement floor walls in building
structures that have underground floors.

RAFT FOUNDATION :
is a raft-shaped concrete plate extending throughout the bottom of the
building, which is used to forward the burden of the building to the sub-
grade or rocks beneath.

GALVANIZED :
is one application process for coating on steel or mild steel with a layer of
zinc (zinc). The purpose of coating with zinc is as a protector so that the iron
or steel does not occur corrosion or rust.

RCC (roller compacted complete) :

is concrete that is compacted by wearroller compactor. The condition of
fresh concrete mix during compaction must be able to withstand the weight
of the roller compaction tool. RCC has the same basic ingredients as con-
ventional concrete like cement, water, aggregates.