Design Guide for Reinforced Concrete Diaphragms

Therefore,

The in-plane wind forces are greater than the general structural integrity lateral forces. Because both types of forces
have a load factor equal to 1.0 (see the applicable load combinations in ASCE/SEI 2.3.1 and 2.6.1), the diaphragm is
designed for wind forces.

2. Determine the out-of-plane forces.

The out-of-plane forces on this roof diaphragm are determined in Part 2(a) of Step 2 above.
• S
 tep 4 – Determine the Classification of the Diaphragm, Select the Diaphragm Model, and Determine Diaphragm
Internal Forces
1. Determine the diaphragm classification.
The information in Section 6.2 of this publication is used to determine the classification of this diaphragm. In the north-
south direction, the maximum span-to-depth ratio is equal to . In the east-west direction, the
maximum span-to-depth ratio is equal to . Because the overall span-to-depth ratios of the
diaphragm are less than 2, the reinforced concrete slab can be classified as a rigid diaphragm when subjected to wind
forces in both directions of analysis (ASCE/SEI 26.2).

2. Select the diaphragm model.

The corrected equivalent beam model with spring supports is selected for this diaphragm. As noted in Section 6.4.3 of
this publication, this model is best suited for buildings with rigid diaphragms and lateral force-resisting systems with
elements that have different stiffnesses, which is the case for the building in this example.

3. Determine the diaphragm internal forces.

The flowchart in Figure 9.3 is used to determine the internal forces in the diaphragm.
(a) Determine the location of the CR.
The location of the CR is determined using the information in Section 6.3.3 of this publication. In lieu of a more
exact analysis, the in-plane stiffnesses of the walls are determined using the approximate method in Section 6.3.3
of this publication for this one-story building. As noted in the problem statement, it is assumed that typical door
and window openings do not have a significant impact on the stiffness of a wall, so wall stiffnesses are calculated
using the equations in Table 6.1 assuming that the walls do not have any openings.

Wall stiffness calculations are given in Table 10.2 assuming that the walls are fixed at the top and pinned at the
bottom and are subjected to unit horizontal forces. The modulus of elasticity of the concrete, , is carried as a
constant through the calculations because it is the same for all walls.

Table 10.2 Stiffness Calculations for the Walls in Example 10.1

Wall
(in.4) (in.2)
1 26,193,420 2,720 0.074 0.199 13.51 5.03 3.67
2 26,193,420 2,720 0.074 0.199 13.51 5.03 3.67
3 202,309,632 5,376 0.010 0.100 100.00 10.00 9.09
4 4,430,064 1,504 0.439 0.359 2.28 2.79 1.25
5 53,747,712 3,456 0.036 0.156 27.78 6.41 5.20
6 152,813,952 4,896 0.013 0.110 76.92 9.09 8.13

The location of the CR is determined by Equations (6.1) and (6.2) of this publication where the origin is taken at the
intersection of column lines A and 1:

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Design Guide for Reinforced Concrete Diaphragms

(b) Determine the wind forces in each of the walls.

The north-south and east-west in-plane wind forces are applied at and
from column lines 1 and A, respectively.

The wind forces in each of the walls are determined using Equations (6.5) and (6.6) where
and .

Force calculations for the walls for wind in the south and west directions are given in Tables 10.3 and 10.4, respec-
tively, where it is assumed that the applied in-plane wind forces of 6.10 kips and 6.70 kips are negative in those
directions. The forces in these tables are in the directions that resist the applied in-plane forces and torsional
moments where positive forces act in the north and east directions. Sample calculations for Wall 2 for wind in the
south direction are given below.

Table 10.3 Wind Forces in the Walls for Wind in the South Direction
Term 1 Term 2

Wall
(ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (kips)
(kips) (kips)
1 0.0 — 3.67 — 31.2 — 3,569 — 1.36 0.24 1.60
2 15.0 — 3.67 — 16.2 — 963 — 1.36 0.12 1.48
3 50.3 — 9.09 — 19.1 — 3,324 — 3.38 –0.36 3.02
4 — 27.7 — 1.25 — 5.6 — 39 — 0.02 0.02
5 — 55.3 — 5.20 — 33.2 — 5,738 — 0.36 0.36
6 — 0.0 — 8.13 — 22.1 — 3,971 — –0.38 –0.38
S 16.43 14.58 7,856** 9,748** 6.10 0.00 6.10
* For walls, 4, 5, and 6, replace with in this equation.
**

Table 10.4 Wind Forces in the Walls for Wind in the West Direction
Term 1 Term 2

Wall
(ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) (kips)
kips kips
1 0.0 — 3.67 — 31.2 — 3,569 — — (0.24) 0.24
2 15.0 — 3.67 — 16.2 — 963 — — 0.13 0.13
3 50.3 — 9.09 — 19.1 — 3,324 — — –0.37 –0.37
4 — 27.7 — 1.25 — 5.6 — 39 0.58 0.02 0.60
5 — 55.3 — 5.20 — 33.2 — 5,738 2.39 0.36 2.75
6 — 0.0 — 8.13 — 22.1 — 3,971 3.73 –0.38 3.35
S 16.43 14.58 7,856** 9,748** 6.70 0.00 6.70
* For walls, 1, 2, and 3, replace with in this equation.
**

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 Design Guide for Reinforced Concrete Diaphragms

For Wall 2 with wind in the south direction:

Term 1 force:

(the resisting force in this wall due to direct shear force acts in
the north direction, which is positive)

Term 2 force:

(the resisting force in this

wall due to torsional moment acts in the north direction, which is positive)

Total force,

Depicted in Figures 10.2 and 10.3 are the Term 1 and Term 2 forces in each of the walls for wind in the south and
west directions, respectively. For wind forces in the north and east directions, the forces in the walls are in the op-
posite directions to those shown in the figure.

(c) D
 etermine the equivalent in-plane distributed loads on the diaphragm and construct the corresponding shear and
moment diagrams.
The equivalent in-plane distributed loads for wind in the south and west directions are determined using the infor-
mation in Section 6.4.3 of this publication. The distributed loads are trapezoidal, which accounts for the eccentrici-
ties between the points of wind load application and the CR (see Figures 10.4 and 10.5 for wind in the south and
west directions, respectively).

6.1 kips
25� -2″

0.36 kips
0.12 kips
1.36 kips

②
0.36 kips
3.38 kips

④ N
𝑒𝑒� � 6.0�
③
0.02 kips
CR
0.24 kips
1.36 kips
𝑦𝑦�� � 22.1�

Term 1 force
①

Term 2 force

0.38 kips

⑥
𝑥𝑥�� � 31.2�

Figure 10.2 Force allocation to the walls for wind in the south direction.

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Design Guide for Reinforced Concrete Diaphragms

⑤
2.39 kips
0.36 kips

0.13 kips
②

0.37 kips
𝑒𝑒� � 5.6�
④ ③ N
6.7 kips
0.58 kips
0.02 kips
CR
0.24 kips
𝑦𝑦�� � 22.1�

27� -8″
Term 1 force
①

Term 2 force

0.38 kips
3.73 kips

⑥
𝑥𝑥�� � 31.2�

Figure 10.3 Force allocation to the walls for wind in the west direction.

• Wind in the south direction

The equations for force and moment equilibrium are solved simultaneously for the two unknowns and
where moments are summed about column line 1:

Therefore, and .

• Wind in the west direction

The equations for force and moment equilibrium are solved simultaneously for the two unknowns and
where moments are summed about column line A:

Therefore, and .

(d) Determine the chord forces.

• Wind in the south direction
In the west segment of the diaphragm, the maximum moment is equal to 14.8 ft-kips (see Figure 10.4). There-
fore, using Equation (6.7), the maximum chord forces are equal to the following:

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