PARASITE INFECTIVE EGGS ADULT WORM LAB DIAGNOSIS

STAGE

Size range: 28-40 um by 18-30 T. saginata  Stool – specimen of choice

um Scolex:  Scolex can only be seen
Hooklets: 3 pairs ; hexacanth # of suckers : four after the patient has been
embryo Rostellum: Absent treated with anti-
Eggs Other features: Radial striations Hooks: Absent parasitic medication
on yellow-brown embryophore Proglottid:
Taenia Saginata Apperance & shape : Longer than wide  Cellophane tape preparation
“Beef Tapeworm” # of lateral branches: 15-30 - Collected in PERIANAL area
 Eggs of taenia are
T. solium identical
Taenia Solium Scolex:  Proglottid and scolex
“ Pork Tapeworm” # of suckers: Four must be recovered and
Rostellum: Present examined
Hooks: Present; double crown
Proglottid:
Apperance & shape : somewhat
square
# of lateral branches: 7-15

Eggs Average size: 55 by 85 µm Scolex:  Stool – specimen of choice

Hooklets: Three pairs; hexacanth
Hymenolepis embryo
Polar thickenings: Present
diminuta Polar filaments: Absent
“Rat tapeworm” Embryophore: Present; colorless
Eggs Average size: 45-38um
Hooklets: Three pairs; hexacanth
Hymenolepis embryo
Polar thickenings: Present
nana Polar filaments: Present
“Dwarf tapeworm” Embryophore: Present; colorless
Number of suckers: Four (eggs)
Rostellum: Present  Proglottids are not
Hooks: Absent typically found in stool
(only in human gut)
Proglottid:  Scolex are also rarely
Size: Twice as wide as long seen in samples
Appearance: Saclike uterus filled with
eggs
Scolex:  Stool – specimen of choice
Number of suckers: Four (eggs)
Rostellum: Present; short
Hooks: Present; one row
Proglottid:
Size: Twice as wide as long
Appearance: Saclike uterus filled with
eggs
 PARASITE INFECTIVE EGGS ADULT WORM LAB DIAGNOSIS
STAGE

Eggs Packet: Scolex:  Stool – specimen of choice

# of eggs in enclosed packet: 5- Number of suckers: Four (eggs and proglottids)
Dipylidium 30 Rostellum: Present; club-shaped, w/
caninum Diameter per egg: 30-60 µm 1-7 circlets of spines  Presence of single egg
“Dog or cat Individual egg features: 6 - Hooks: Absent may occur but extremely
hooked oncosphere rare
tapeworm”
Proglottid:
Size: Pumpkin seed
“Pumpkin seed Appearance: Full of eggs in enclosed
tapeworm” embryonic membrane

Eggs Size range: 55-75 µm long, 40-55 Scolex:  Stool – specimen of choice
µm wide Number of sucking grooves : Two (eggs)
Shape: Somewhat oblong Shape of sucking groove: Almond Less, frequent (proglottids)
Diphyllobothrium Embryo: Undeveloped, termed  Recovery of intact
coracidium Proglottid:
latum Shell: Smooth; yellow-brown in Shape: Pumpkin seed
proglottids and scolices is
RARE
“Broad fish color Location and Appearance: Central;  Stools sample from patients
tapeworm” Other features: Operculum on rossete who take drug tretamnent
one end; terminal knob on should be examined
opposite end
Eggs *similar to Taenia spp. But consists of a scolex, small neck, and  Hydatid fluid cyst fluid –
indistinguishable form three proglottids, one at each examined in biopsy sample
developmental stage—immature, (scolices, cysts)
HYDATID cyst mature, and gravid. The scolex
Protective coverings: Cyst wall; contains four suckers and 36 hooks  ELISA (Serologic tests)
multiple laminated germinal 
Echinococcus tissue layers
Indirect hemagglutination
 Western blot test
granulosus Basic cyst makeup: Fluid-filled  Radiography, CT or ultra scan
“Dog tapeworm” bladder - For detectionof hydatid cysts
“ Hydatid Structures that arise: Daughter
cysts
tapeworm” from inner germinal layer: Brood
capsules
Other possible structures: present
Hydatid sand
 PARASITE LIFE CYCLE EPIDEMIOLOGY CLINICAL SYMPTOMS TREATMENT
PREVENTION & CONTROL

Praziquantel
- Ingestion of raw/uncooked pork or - Areas of the world  ASYMPTOMATIC - Treatment of choice
beef infected with larva in which
inhabitants do not  TAENIASIS Paramomycin and
Taenia CYSTICERCUS LARVA practice proper - Diarrhea Quinacrine hydrochloride
- type of larva that consists of a scolex sanitation - Abdominal pain - Alternative treatment
Saginata surrounded by a bladder-like, - Beef or pork are - Change in appetite
“Beef Tapeworm” thin walled cyst that is filled with not properly - Slight weight loss
fluid cooked Prevention:
1. Scolex attached to the intestinal Other symptoms:
mucosa after larva emerges in SI - Dizziness - Exercising proper
Taenia Solium 2. Maturation into an adult worm - Vomiting sanitation
“ Pork occurs and multiplies - Nausea - Thorough cooking of
3. Eggs are then consumed by the - Moderate eosinophilia meat prior
Tapeworm” proper animal spp. In oncosphere consumption
4. Oncosphere migrates via blood - Promptly treating
to the animal tissue infected persons
5. Converts into infective larval
stage

- Can be seen  ASYMPTOMATIC Praziquantel

Source of parasite transmission: WORLDWIDE - Treatment of choice
- Contaminated droppings from - Areas in which  HYMENOLEPIASIS: RAT
infected rats foodstuffs such as TAPEWORM DISEASE Niclosamide
- Alternative treatment
Hymenolepis Intermediate host: GRAIN BEETLE or
FLEA
grains or cereal are
not protected from
- Diarrhea
- Nausea - Not available in US
diminuta rats and insects - Abdominal pains
“Rat tapeworm” - Consumption by rats of infected - Anorexia
Prevention:
insects that resides in grains and
cereals - Rodent control
- Considered to be an accidental - Protection of food in rat
parasitic disease that affect animals droppings
and also humans that is called - Thorough inspection of
ZOONOTIC OR ZOONOSIS potentially
contaminated stuffs
 PARASITE LIFE CYCLE EPIDEMIOLOGY CLINICAL SYMPTOMS TREATMENT
PREVENTION & CONTROL

 ASYMPTOMATIC
- Consumption of an infective egg - Considered to be Praziquantel
1. Larva occurs in the intestine the most  HYMENOLEPIASIS: - Treatment of choice
2. Maturation, scolex emerges and common DWARF TAPEWORM
attaches to intestinal mucosa tapeworm DISEASE Niclosamide
3. Adult worm resides in the intestine recovered in US - Abdominal pain - Alternative treatment
caple of self-reproduction - Tropical and - Anorexia - Not available in US
4. Disintegration of proglottids subtropical - Diarrhea
release eggs climates - Dizziness Prevention:
Hymenolepis 5. Eggs can take 1-2 routes worldwide - Headaches - Proper personal hygiene
nana 6. Passed out the body by feces or - Persons residing and sanitation process
initiate autoreinfection in close - Controlling transport host
“Dwarf tapeworm” populations
quarters(instituti
Does not require intermediate host to onal setting) - Avoidance of contact with
complete life cycle - Children is at potentially infected rodent
most risk feces
(preschool-
daycare)
- Infective eggs
generated by
contaminated
human feces
 ASYMPTOMATIC Praziquantel
- Fleas may be transmitted by the lick - Infection is - Treatment of choice
of an infected dog or cat via HAND worldwide  Dipylidiasis: Dog or
TO MOUTH contamination - Children is most cat tapeworm Niclosamide
Intermediate host: at risk disease - Alternative treatment
Dipylidium Dog or Cat - Appetite loss - Not available in US
- Diarrhea Prevention:
caninum - Ingested of infected food - Abdominal - Dogs and cat should be
“Dog or cat - Human ingestion of larval stage discomfort
examined by a veterinarian
on a regular basis
tapeworm” - Adult worm self-fertilizes - Indigestion - should be treated and
- Eggs and proglottids pass thru feces - Anal Pruritus protected against flea
“Pumpkin seed - To continue cycle, the eggs must be infestation
tapeworm” ingested by a dog or cat flea. - Children should be taught
not to let the pets lick them or
near mouths
 PARASITE LIFE CYCLE EPIDEMIOLOGY CLINICAL SYMPTOMS TREATMENT
PREVENTION & CONTROL

- Relatively complex - Found in a  ASYMPTOMATIC Praziquantel

- 2 intermediate hosts for its completion variety of - Treatment of choice
(CYCLOPS & FRESHWATER FISH)
PLEUROCERCOID temperate  Diphyllobothriasis
regions Niclosamide
- Precursor alrval stage
- Ingested when consuming contaminated worldwide - Digestive discomfort - Alternative treatment
Diphyllobothrium freshwater fish that is raw or uncooked - Other endemic - Overall weakness - Not available in US
1. Scolex emerges from the pleurocercoid and
latum attaches to mucosa of SI
areas like: - Weight loss
2. Adult worm self-fertilizes and undeveloped South America, - Abdominal pain
“Broad fish Prevention:
eggs are passed by stool Asia, Central - Risk in developing
- Proper human fecal
tapeworm” 3. If eggs come contact with fresh water, it will Africa, Baltic Vitamin B12
disposal
be hatched as CORACIDIUM (fee-swimming region and deficiency
larva) - Avoidance of eating raw or
4. Larva is ingested by the 1sy IH, the CYCLOPS Finland2 - Pernicious anemia
undercooked fish
- Thorough cooking of all fish
PROCERCOID
- Occurs in copepod before consumption
1. copepod is ingested by the freshwater fish
2. Once inside, it develops into larva in
muscle tissue
3. Human ingestion of the fish starts the new
cycle

- Human serves a accidental - Found in areas  Surgical removal of

intermediate host with sheeps or  Echinococcosis : hydatid cysts
- Sheep serves as typical intermediate other herbivores Hydatid cyst, Hydatid - Treatment of choice
Echinococcus host raised disease, Hydatidosis  Advent of anti-parasitic
 Ingestion of infective eggs - Countries like - Discomfort varies on medications
granulosus 1. Larvae penetrate intestine and Great Britain, size or depending on -alternative to surgery
“Dog tapeworm” migrate via bloodstream to South America, location of the cyst  Mebendazole, albendazole
“ Hydatid number of tissue like lung and Australiza, Africa - Death and praziquantel
liver and asia (china), - Anaphylactic shock - If ioperable
tapeworm” 2. Hydatid cysts develops in tissue Middle east - Eosinophilia
3. Here, Humans considered now - Allergic reactions Prevention:
as DEAD END HOST - For lung infection: - Hygiene practice
Chest pain, coughing, - Discontinue feeding
Sheep will now serve as the and shortness of canines with contaminated
intermediate host by the cysts formed in breath viscera
VISCERA - For liver infection: - Treating canines and
Dog or wild Canine – Definitive host Obstructive jaundice humans infected
- Education programs