Mini Project

Design Passive filters

Introduction:
The concept of filters has been an integral part of the evolution
of electrical engineering from the beginning. Several technological
achievements would not have been possible without electrical filters. Because
of this prominent role of filters, much effort has been expended on the theory,
design, and construction of filters and many articles and books have been
written on them.

A filter is a circuit that is designed to pass signals with desired

frequencies and reject or attenuate others.

As a frequency-selective device, a filter can be used to limit the frequency

spectrum of a signal to some specified band of frequencies. Filters are the
circuits used in radio and TV receivers to allow us to select one desired signal
out of a multitude of broadcast signals in the environment.

A filter is a passive filter if it consists of only passive elements R, L,

and C. LC filters have been used in practical applications for more than eight
decades. LC filter technology feeds related areas such as equalizers,
impedance-matching networks, transformers, shaping networks, power
dividers, attenuators, and directional couplers, and is continuously providing
practicing engineers with oppurtunities to innovate and experiment.

1. A lowpass filter passes low frequencies and stops high frequencies, as

shown

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 2. A high pass filter passes high frequencies and rejects low frequencies, as
shown

3. A bandpass filter passes frequencies within a frequency band and blocks or

attenuates frequencies outside the band,

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 4. A band stop filter passes frequencies outside a frequency band and blocks
or attenuates frequencies within the band, as shown ideally

Objective :
In this project we:
Design and implement passive filters ( LPF , HPF , Series BPF & Series BSF)

Material/Equipment :

o Resistors
o Inductors
o Capacitors
o Oscilloscope
o Function generator
o Bread Board
o Multimeter
o Jumper wires

Theory Background :

In many circuits , different frequencies are present . if some frequencies are not desired , they
can be rejected with special circuit called filters . In this project the students should be able to
design and construct all passive filters ( Passive means that the filter made of capacitors,
resistors, inductors).

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The simplest filters are RC and RL series circuits which studied in the experiment #8 , these
circuits can be used as either High Pass Filter( HPF) or Low Pass Filter ( LPF).

A resonance circuit which studied in experiment #9 is used to pass selected frequencies from
a band which is called Band Pass Filter ( BPF) , the opposite of bandpass filter is a Band Stop
Filter ( BSF).

Figure.1

Design , Measurement & Implementation :-`

I. LPF( Low Pass Filter)

1. Design RC LPF , find the required value of the resistor to get critical
frequency=3.4KHz , assume the capacitor C=0.0069µF .

Calculate & draw the circuit in the box below:

Calculation:

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 As fc=1/(2pi*RC)
R=1/(2pi*fc*C)

Putting above mentioned values ;

R=6.787 kohm

2. Using breadboard to construct the RC LPF circuit , Set the function generator for 500
Hz , sine wave at 5VP , then measure the output voltage with the oscilloscope.
3. Changing the input signal frequency , measure the output voltage and record the
readings at Table.1 below.
4. Using the values in Table.1 to draw the Bode plot on the logarithmic paper (1) below

Frequency
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5
KHz
Vo 4.8 2.3 2.2 2
4.7 4,.5 4.3 4.1 4 4 3.5 2.9 2.6
3.9 2.4
Gain=Vo/Vin 0.4 0.4 0.4
0.9 0.96 0.85 0.7 0.65 0.56 0.52 0.51 8 5
0.81 0.73 0.6 0.5
8
Gain in dB -6 -6.8 -
7.5
-1 -2 -2. -2.7 -3 -3.5 -4 -4.5 -5
-0.4 -0.4 -0.7
5
5

Table.1

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 log paper (1)

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Data analysis:
From above results it is clear that RC circuit is only allowing lower frequencies to pass
through at output.as we know that frequency lying at -3 dB level is our critical frequency that
is
fc=3.4 k Hz which can be proved by above bode plot result.
Comment box #1

Capacitor has tendency to reject high frequencies at output

this is because relation for capacitor impedance is

Xc= 1/(2pi*f*C)

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Thus as frequency get increased our impedance decreases making output
voltage approximately equal to zero as it act as short circuit.

II. HPF( High Pass Filter )

1. Design RL HPF , find the required value of the inductor to get critical frequency =
5KHz , assume the resistor R=615ohm .

Calculate & draw the circuit in the box below:

Calculations:
Cut_off frequency is:
fc=R/(2pi*L)
thus

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 L=R/(2pi*fc)

Putting values as mentioned above :

L=0.0196 H

2. Using breadboard to construct the RL HPF circuit . Set the function generator for 1
KHz , sine wave at 5VP , then measure the output voltage with the oscilloscope.
3. Changing the input signal frequency , measure the output voltage and record the
readings at Table.2 below.
4. Using the values in Table.2 to draw the Bode plot on the logarithmic paper (2) below .
( show all the needed values on the graph)

Frequency
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
KHz
Vo
4.1
1.85 2.2 3.1 3.5 3.7 4 4.3 4.4
9
1.0
Gain=Vo/Vin
0.4 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8
0.37 0.75 0.8 0.89
8 3 8 3 7
0.2
Gain in dB -9 - -
-7 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1.7 -1.1
1.9 0.96

Table.2

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 log paper (2)
1. Use Bode Plot instrument in Multisim to draw the Bode plot curve and compare it
with the Bode plot in step 4 above . Write your comments at comment box #2 below:

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Data analysis:

From above results it is clear that RL circuit is only allowing higher frequencies to
pass through at output.as we know that frequency lying at -3 dB level is our critical frequency
determined by relation
determined by relation

For our case fc=5 k Hz which can be proved by above bode plot result.

Comment box #2

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 Inductor is rejecting lower frequencies at output
This is because relation for inductor impedance is

Xl= (2pi*f*L)

Thus as frequency get increased our impedance increases making output

voltage approximately equal to input as it act as open circuit.

III. BPF( Band Pass Filter )

1. Design series RLC BPF with a bandwidth ( BW ) of 250Hz and a center frequency
( fo ) of 750Hz assume C=116nF.

Calculate and draw the circuit in the box below:

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 Calculations:

Q=fo/B
Putting values we get:
Q=3

Also
Q=1/R*(L/C)^1/2
Thus we can find R by putting given values:

R=609 ohm

also
fo=1/(2pi*LC)
thus
L=0.39 H

2. Use breadboard to construct the series RLC BPF circuit . Set the function generator for
400Hz , sine wave at 5VP , then measure the output voltage with the oscilloscope.

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 3. Change the input signal frequency , measure the output voltage and record the
readings at Table.3 below.
4. Use the values in Table.3 to draw the Bode plot on the logarithmic paper (3) below .
( show all the needed values on the graph)

Frequency Hz 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000
Vo 1.2 3.4 3 2.4
1.8 2.2 3 3.5 3.56 4 4.5 4.7 3.9

Gain=Vo/Vin 0.25 0.6 0.68 0.56 0.49

0.2 0.35 0.6 0.78 0.82 0.91 0.94 0.7
3
Gain in dB -9.8 -5.2 -7.8
-3.3 -2.8 -3.1 -1.8 -1.2
-7.7 -4.6 -0.2 -2.1 -3.2

Table.3

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 5. Use Bode Plot instrument in Multisim to draw the Bode plot curve and compare it
with the Bode plot in step 4 above. Write your comments at comment box#3 below :

Data analysis:

As our objective was to allow certain range of frequencies using series RLC circuit
thus it can be verified that our designed calculations mentioned above are providing as
band pass filter of
Band-width=fc2-fc1=250 Hz

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 Where fc2 and fc1 are the frequencies lying at -3 dB level or having values equal to 70
percent of maximum voltage. A 3 dB level can be determined from above plotted bode
plot diagram and also using formula given below

centerd at fo=450 Hz.

Comment box #3

As we know that capacitor block low frequencies while inductor block

high frequencies thus taking output along resistor will enable us to get
rest of frequencies of band width
B.W=fc2-fc1
where both critical frequencies are obtained at 3dB level as
mentioned in above bode plot .Also by varying component values we
can select desired pass band .

IV. BSF( Band Stop Filter )

1. Design series RLC BSF with Q=10 and fo= 5KHz , assume R = 1.09K

Calculate and draw the circuit in the box below:

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 Calculations:
B.W=fo/Q
=500
As
B=R/L
Thus by putting values

L=2.18 H

Also
fo=1/(LC)^1/2
thus
C=0.46 nF

2. Use breadboard to construct the series RLC BSF circuit. Set the function generator for
1KHz , sine wave at 5VP , then measure the output voltage with the oscilloscope.
3. Change the input signal frequency , measure the output voltage and record the readings
at Table.4 below.
4. Use the values in Table.4 to draw the Bode plot on the logarithmic paper (4) below .
( show all the needed values on the graph)

Frequency
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
KHz
Vo 4.9 4.9 4.7 4.8 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.9 4.9

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 3
Gain=Vo/Vi 0.9
0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
n 6 0.9 0.99
7 1 3 6 7 9 9
7
Gain in dB -0.1
-1 -3 -8 -0.1 -0.2 -0.1
-0.2 -0.5 -0.2
8
Table.4

Log paper (4)

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 2. Use Bode Plot instrument in Multisim to draw the Bode plot curve and compare it with
the Bode plot in step 4 above. Write your comments at comment box#4 below :

Data analysis:

As our objective was to stop certain range of frequencies using series RLC circuit
thus it can be verified that our designed calculations mentioned above are providing as
band stop filter of
Band-width=fc2-fc1=500 Hz
Where fc2 and fc1 are the frequencies lying at -3 dB level or having values equal to 70
percent of maximum voltage. A 3 dB level can be determined from above plotted bode
plot diagram and also using formula given below

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centerd at fo=5k Hz.

Comment box #4

As capacitor block low frequencies while inductor block

high frequencies thus taking output along inductor and capacitor will
enable us to reject frequencies of band width

B.W=fc2-fc1
where both critical frequencies are obtained at 3dB level as
mentioned in above bode plot .Also by varying component values we
can select desired stop band .

6. Increase the value of the resistor and observe the effect on the bandwidth , write your
observation at comment box#5 below:

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Comment box #5

There is direct relation of band width with value of resistor.

As

Band width=R/L(2pi)

Conclusion:
We have seen that how different configuration of passive circuit elements
like resistor, capacitor and inductor enable us to get desired frequency range at
output depending upon type of application. These filters are excessively used in
a variety of applications in electrical and electronic engineering as they enable
radio receivers to only "see" the desired signal while rejecting all other signals and to
eliminate undesired high frequencies (i.e., noise) that are present on AC
input lines. Additionally, filters are used on a power supply's output to
reduce ripple.

However there is certain draw back of using passive filters at low

frequencies as passive filters are responsive only to a frequency range from roughly
100 Hz to 300 MHz. The limitation on the lower end is a result of the fact that at low
frequencies the inductance or capacitance would have to be quite large. The upper-
frequency limit is due to the effect of parasitic capacitances and inductances. Careful
design practices can extend the use of passive circuits well into the gigahertz range.

THE END

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