BUCHBL0CK

CONTENTS
PAGE NO.
1. INTRODUCTION 01
2. REQUIREMENTS OF IMPRESSION MATERIAL 02
3. COLLOIDS 03
4. REVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOIDS 05
5. DUPLICATION WITH REVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOIDS 19
6. IRREVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOIDS 26
7. DUPLICATION WITH IRREVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOIDS 43
8. LAMINATE TECHNIQUE 45
9. RECENT ADVANCES 48
10. CONCLUSION 53
11. BIBLIOGRAPHY 54
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
PHOTO 01 REVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOIDS
PHOTO 02 IRREVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOIDS
PHOTO 03 TRAY MATERIAL (REVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOID)
PHOTO 04 SYRINGE MATERIAL (REVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOID)
PHOTO 05 RED ALGA
PHOTO 06 ARMAMENTARIUM FOR PREPARATION OF AGAR-AGAR
IMPRESSION MATERIAL
PHOTO 07 LIQUEFYING UNIT
PHOTO 08 TEMPERING UNIT
PHOTO 09 PLACEMENT OF SYRINGE MATERIAL
PHOTO 10 PLACEMENT OF TRAY MATERIAL
PHOTO 11 REVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOID
PHOTO 12 CHOPPING AGAR INTO SMALL PIECES
PHOTO 13 AGAR ON THE TOP PORTION DOUBLE BOILER
PHOTO 14 EXPANDED VIEW OF THE DUPLICATING FLASK

PHOTO 15 ASSEMBLEDVIEW OF THE DUPLICATING FLASK
PHOTO 16 CASTING THE FLASK
PHOTO 17 STORAGE UNIT CONTAINING PREPARED DUPLICATING
MATERIAL
PHOTO 18 POURING OF AGAR INTO THE FLASK
PHOTO 19 POURING OF AGAR UNDER STORAGE UNIT
PHOTO 20 TRAY OF RUNNING TAP WATER
PHOTO 21 REMOVING CAST FROM THE FLASK
PHOTO 22 HYDROCOLLOID MOLD
PHOTO 23 MAKING OF ALGINATE IMPRESSION
PHOTO 24 POURING OF THE ALGINATE IMPRESSION
PHOTO 25 AUTOMATIC MIXING FOR ALGINATE MATERIAL
PHOTO 26 LAMINATE IMPRESSION TECHNIQUE
PHOTO 27 HYDROGUM
PHOTO 28 NEOCOLLOID
PHOTO 29 TRI ALGIN

Introd
uction
Introduction
INTRODUCTION
Impression materials are used to register or reproduce the form and
relationship of the teeth with oral tissues . In dentistry we make impression of

teeth and their supporting structures include gingival, alveolar bone or
residual ridge, hard and soft palate and frenums which are muscle
attachments .
These replicas aids in the construction of acceptable prosthesis of

the
missing structures . The impression is a negative reproduction ,while the
replica (model or cast )is the positive reproduction.
The impression must be an accurate duplication of the hard and soft
tissues of interest and should be stable enough to allow disinfection and

production of a model .not all the impression materials are compatible with
all model materials .Because impression materials are used for a variety of
purposes,there is wide variety of products available to make impression of
oral tissues.
1
Requirements of
Impression Material
2
Colloids
Colloids
COLLOIDS
Colloids are often classified as the fourth state of matter , the colloidal
state, because of these differences, in the structure, constitution and

reactions ,
How does a colloid differ from a solid and liquid? Lets as at first examine a
solution of sugar and water .The sugar molecules(solute) are assumed to be
dispersed informally in the water (solvent). There is no visible ,physical
separation between the soluble and the solvent molecules . if the sugar
molecules are replaced with large ,visible, on-soluble particles such as sand
(in water)the system is termed a suspension .if these particles become liquids,
like oil in water ,the system is called as emulsion ,The suspended particles or
liquid droplets, which do not readily diffuse and tend to fall out of the
suspending medium unless mechanically or chemically held in place . some
where between the extremes of the very small molecules in the solution , and
very large particles in suspension is the colloid solution or gel.
True solution exits as a single phase. However, both the colloid and
the suspension have two phases dispersed and dispersion . in the colloid the
particles hi the dispersed phase consist of molecules that are held together
either by primary or secondary forces . The size of the colloid particles range
from I to 200 mm . The two phases are either compatible or non compatible.
Thus the dispersed phase may not stay suspended in the dispersion medium.
In addition to the particle size, factors common to any two phase
3
Colloids
system, System, for example surface energy, surface charge and wet ability,
determine the stability of the colloid.
Types of colloid:
Colloidal substances can be combination of any states of mater with the
exception of gaseous state. For example, liquids or solids in air are
calledaerosols gases liquids or solids in liquids are called lysosols, . gases
liquids and solids in solids called foams, solid emulsions and solid
suspensions respectively. All the colloidal dispersions are termed solution
regardless of the type of dispersion phase. When a liquid is used as the
dispersion phase , he colloids called lyohobic for liquid preferring dispersed
species and lyohobic for liquid avoiding dispersed species The colloidal
material used for making impressions are agar or algin dissolved in water,
hence the name hydrocolloids.
The hydrocolloid impression materials are of two types:
1. Reversible hydrocolloid (Agar Agar)

2. Irreversible hydrocolloid(Alginate)
4
Reversible
Hydrocolloid
Reversible Hydrocolloid
REVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOID (ADA specification no.11)

Agar under the classification of impression materials is grouped under
reversible hydrocolloid set by temperature change and is elastic in
nature.
A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units , extracted from gelidium
cartilaginous garcilaria conferuoides, and related red algae. It is a
mucilaginous substance that melts at approximately 100 c and solidifies into

a gel at approximately 40 c. it is not digested by most becteria and is used us
agel in dental impression materials and a solid cultue media microorganism
(According to GPT)
Reversible hydrocolloids are available in to forms:
1. Tray material
2. Syringe material
HISTORY :
Agar Agar hydrocolloids were first used in industry in 1925. The
first tooth impressons were made in 197. Until that time the chemicals
used to strengthen the hydrocolloidwere harmful to human tissue.
Hormer Verson Reed in his article regarding agar haydrocolloid

stated the use of agar in the year 1938 where he used Agar Agar chips or
flakes which were mixed in to a pot of boiling water and various
ingredients were added into the pot . which included long cotton
filaments, flake of glue antibacterial chemicals, antifungal chemicals,
asbestos fibers, and substance called “Filler
Earth”, to give the material body. This was boiled until it was the proper
consistency, then allowed to cool, until it reached a temperature of
approximately 150 to 160 f. Water trays were not available at that time.
Smooth trays were used and undercuts were made with sticky wax or
compound stops. The post dams tray extensions were made in compound the
tary was filled with the hydrocolloid and placed in a basin of water at
approximately 120 to 125 and left few minutes it was then inserted in to the
student’s mouth and held as still as possible. An assistant(usually another
student) filled a water bulb syringe with coldwater and squirted this cold
water in to the student’s mouth . After a time’ the impression was removed
and if acceptable at all, was poured in some cast stone material.
The above technique worked out after many trial and error
procedures.Later,a large metal mixing syringe was purchased. The
material was processed as stated previously and was allowed to cool
until it gelled. The material was then cut in to a cylindrical shape to fit
the syringe , place in the mixing syringe and placed into boiling water.
When the material reached sol state, an internal plunger was pushed up and
down and the material was mixed. Then the trays were loaded from the the
mixing syringe, placed in tempering water at about 120F for few minutes and
removed. Any remaining surface moisture was removed before the tray was
inserted in the mouth.
The cooling process was the same until the water cooler tray
came to the market, mainly through the efforts of Thompson and others.
The seaweed, or kelp, plant is the tallest plant, even taller than the
giant Redwood tree. Some of the best seaweed (Kelp) plants grow in
a reef off the coast of lower California. The height of the seaweed is
controlled by the depth of the reef’s floor. Before world war II, Japanese
came to this reef and harvested the plants , loaded them on ships and took
them to Japan where the seaweed was cleansed, boiled in water, and allowed
to gel. He gel was transported back to California, where it was converted
into agar agar hydrocolloid for the dental profession.
With the advent of world war II, Japanese ships were denied the use of
the sea lanes to California, and the production of agar agar hydrocolloid
closed this brought about the “discovery” of the “alginates”, or irreversible
hydrocolloids.
AAGAR HYDROCOLLOID:
Definition: it is an aqueous impression material used for recording

maximum detail, such as that required to produce dies for fixed restorations.
A gelatinous colloidal extract of red alga used a gelling agent and principal
effective ingredient in reversible hydrocolloid impression materials.
Sol Gel Transformation : if the concentration of the dispersed phase in the

hydrocolloid is sufficient the sol may be changed to a semisolid material
known as gel. In the gel state dispersed phase agglomerates forming chains
or micelles. The fibrils may branch and intermesh to from a brush heap
structure.
In agar the fibrils are held together by secondary molecular forces. These
bonds are very weak and they break at slightly elevated temperatures and
become reestablished as the hydrocolloid cools to room temperature.The
stiffness and strength of the gel are directly related to the brush help density
or concentration. Eg. The greater the number of the dispersed phase in
the sol, the greater the number of fibrils formed on gelation.
In agar a large part of the structure of the gel is occupied by water. If

the water content of the gel is reduced the gel will shrink, and if the gel takes
up water , it will expand or swell.
The gel may lose water by evaporation from its surface o by exudation
of fluid onto the surface by a process known as syneresis. The Exudates that
appears on the surface of the gel during and after syneresis is not pure
water. It may be either alkaline or acid epending upon the composition of the
gel . If the gel is placed in water the gel swells because of absorption of
water and the process is called imbibitions.
8
GELTION PROCESS:
The setting of reversible hydrocolloid is called gelation . the physical change
from sol to gel , and vice versa induced by temperature change . the
hydrocolloid gel does not return to the sol at the same temperature at which
it solidified. The gel must be heated to a higher temperature known as
liquefaction temperature(70 to 100)to return to its sol condition. When

cooled the material remains a sol far below the liquification temperature .it
transforms to in to a gel between 37 and 50 the temperature lag between the
gelation temperature and liquefaction depends upon several factors including
the molecular weight the purity of agar and the ratio of agar to other
ingredients .
PROPERTIES:
Gelation temperature : after boiling for 8 minute the material should be

fluid enough to extruded from the container. After tempering the sol should
be homogenous and should set between 37 c and 45 c when cooled , as
required by ADA specification requires No. 11 for Agar impressions.
PERMANENT DEFORMATION :
The ADA specification requires that the permanenet deformation be less than
1.5% after the material compressed 10% for 30 seconds most tray types of
agar impression material readily, meet this requirement with values of about
1%. This permanent deformation is slightly lower than that of alginate
impression material. However, a reasonable thickness of impression material
should be present between the tray and the undercut area so that compression
higher than 10% does not occur, since higher compression results in higher
permanent deformation.
Flexibility: The ADA specification requirement for flexibility allows a
range of 4% to 15% at a stress of 14.2 psi (1000gm\cm)and most agar
impression material meet this requirement.
Strength: the compressive strength of a typical agar impression system is
8000gm\cm which far exceeds the ADA specification minimum of
2500gm\cm the tear strength of agar is 700gm\cm.
Since agar impression are viscoelastic. The strength properties are time
dependent and higher compressive and tear strength agar had higher rate of
loading .
Dimensional Stability: Agar impression are best stored in 100% relative

humidity if the gypsum models cannot be pepaed immediately. Even in 100%
humidity this can be stored only for a limited time such as one hour without
shrinkage of the impression caused by syneesis .
Manipulation :
Armamentarium
1) Unit which is having three chambers .
The first chamber is known as liquefication chamber,
10
Second chamber is known as storage unit .
Third is known as tempering unit.
The impression Procedure:
Gingival displacement material:
A wide assortment of chemicals are used in conjuction with cord , yarn ,
thread , rings and other materials to relax and displace the gingivaltissue
and to control hemorrhaging . some in use today are epinephrine , alum ,
aluminimum potassium sulfate , aluminimum chloride and hemogent.
Preparation of hydrocolloid impression material :
Cleanliness, maintenance, and care of the conditionar and strict

adherent to time and temperature are mandatory in the agar agar
hydrocolloid impression technique.
The water pots should be clean and free of any foreign material , e, wax
calcium deposits, and “scum”from the boiling water . conditioners stay clan
failure to keep th post clean will result in tempature variations . clean ,cool ,
distilled water is paled in the three pots. The conditioner is turned on . thirty
minutes , should be allowed for the water to reach the desired temperatures
before proceeding . the boiling pot temperature should be 150f, and the
tempering pot should be 110 to 115F.
The caps on the tubes of hydrocolloid are tightened. The tubes are placed in
the conditioner , caps down if the glass carpules of syringe material
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are being used , place the rubber plungers down. The water is brought to boil
and boiling is continued for 10 minutes tubes that have to be reboiled should
now have an extra 2 minutes added to the 10 minutes . longer boiling harms
the material . the tubes should be left in the boiling compartment about 15
minutes after the boiling stops . then tubes of hydrocolloid are transferred to
the tempering pot.the syringe material is left in the boiling pot if he metal or
plastic syringe is used , the cap on the needle is removed , and the stick of
syringe material is placed on the syringe plunger , and inserted in to the
syringe the plunger is pressed on , the cap on the needle is screwed on , thus
forming a vaccum in the syringe and the needle is placed end down into the
conditioner.
Tooth preparation:
When the agar agar hydrocolloid impression technique is to be used , afew
modifications other than the conventional prepareation should be done . the

grooves in three quarters of fifth eight preparation should be larger when the
hydrocolloid impression material is used then are grooves in a “normal”
preparation .
Box preparations should be used instead of grooves in the posterior teeth
when hydrocolloid material is used to make the impression .
Tryas should be selected and tried in the patient’s mouth before the
impression material is placed in them .
There should be 3 mm of impression material around the teeth occlusally

and laterally. For best results, three stops should be used to give the
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tripod effect. If possible the stops should rest on the incisal surfaces of
anterior teeth and occlusal surfaces of the right and left posterior teeth . if
there are no teeth available , or if these theeth have been prepared, soft
tissue stop areas may be selected.
Preimpression steps:
The prepared area, abutments, and gingival tissues are examined. A

spray of diluted, warm mouth wash of choice is an excellent means of
washing and
cleaning the area. Adequate cotton rolls are placed; cotton roll holders are
mandatory in the mandibular areas. The cotton trolls must be placed and
maintained apically to the gingival crest area. If they are allowed to exert
pressure on this area, the gingival displacement procedure will bew in vain.
Saliva ejectors are placed in the mouth and the prepared area is dried
cautiously to rid the surface of moisture. The gingival displacement material
is placed around the prepared teeth to the circumference of the prepration.

No
lose ends should lap over the gingival issue or hang out over the labial or
lingual tissue. A small tip end may be left in the interproximal area
to aid n removal.
The prepared area and the oral cavity should be kept free of excesiver
moisture from the time the displacement material is placed until the
impression has been removed.
13
Impression making:
The agar agar hydrocolloid that has been stored is now removed and placed
in the selected tray. The material should be placed in the tray without
lapping or trapping air. The palatal area of the maxillary tray need not be
filled unless the patient has a deep vault in the palate bar or strap major
connector is to be used. The filled tray is placed in the tempering bath at 110
to 115 F for 5 to 10 minutes or to the individual dentist’s desire after a few
impressions have been made, the dentist has a good idea of the time and
temperature best suited to his or her technique.
The syringe is removeds from the bath, and some material is extruded from
the needle to eliminate any contaminated syringe material. The displacement
material is removed, the area is inspected quickly, and the syringe needle is
placed in the free gingival sulcus. The material is injected ce\arefully aroud
the prepared abutment. Care must be taken not to trap any air during the
procedure. The needle should not be takenb not to trap any airt during the
procedure. The needle should not lifted out and replace in the material as
this will cause air pockets. Any excess syringe material may be quickly place
in the occlusal surfaces of the unprepared teeth to aid in the elimination of
voids in the impression of these w\areas.
The prepared and filled tray is removed from the tempering bath before
of during the insertion of the syringe material a guaze square is placed on

the syrface to blot any excess water and the hoses are connected to the tray.
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As soon a the syringe material has been laid down on the abutments, the
guaze is removed and the tray is inserted in the mouth. The gauze square
should leave an imprint of the guaze on the hydrocolloid when it is removed.
If the imprint is not visible, there is till excessive moisture on te surface of
the hydrocolloid, the surface must be blotted again before proceeding. The
use of mirrior and a gentle rocking motion will aid in the placement of the
tray. The stops will aid in guiding and setting of the tray.
The patent should be in the upright position, and the arch of prepared teeth
should be parallel with the floor. The patient should be in a relaxed position,
and the lips should be relaxed. During and after insertion of the mandibular
tray, the patient’s tongue should be raised up and back into the palatal area
and then relaxed into its normal position or left to rest on the upper part of
the tray. The tray should be placed and held in the mouth by the dentist it is
removed from the mouth.
Rthe water is allowed to circulate through the tubes and the tray for the
desired period of time. The water should be 65 to 72F and should be used for
not less than 5 minutes. The tray is removed with a snap out method. Aftwer
the impression has been made it is plac4d into where glass or a stainless
steel a covered dish in which 2% potassium sulfate solution has been placed.
The potassium sulfate gives a harder surface to the stone die material.
Some, if not all, agar agar hydrocolloid contain borax as a filler.
15
When the impression sets on the bracket table just for a few minutes,
a thin film of water forms on the surface. The water film contains borax that
has been leeched from the hydrocolloid material . borax retards the set of die
stone, and the wayter film contaminates the surface of the die, resulting in a
weak surface that will remain in the agar agar hydrocolloid material when
the dies are removed. The potassium sulfate acts as an accelerator for the
stone, counteracting the retarding effect of the borax, thus producing a
harder and sharper die.
The potassium sulfate should not be washed out of the impressions before
the dies are poured. The impression must be blown carefully, the imopression
should not be dehydrated , but an excessive amount of water or moisture
should not be left in the impression. The working cat should be poured
immediately after the removal from the potassium sulfate bath. Excess water
may be “blotted using the end corner of a facial tissue. The occlusal depths
are checked carefully for water droplets. The stone cast will have holes in
areas in which the water has been left.
CARE OF THE IMPRESSION ;
Procedure 1 : the agr reversible hydrocolloid impression should be poured
immediately. As with alginate impression, lengthy exposure of the
hydrocolloid impression to air can result in dehydration and corresponding
distrotion.
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In accordance with manufactactures suggestions, soak the impression in
the recommended solution. Such as 2% potassium suifate, for recommended
period of time.Remove excess moisture from the impression with a gentle

stream of air. Do not use a strong blast of air as the impression may be
separated from the tray. Moisture accumuiation in tooth indentations may be
removed by using absorbent tissue or an air stringe.
Pouring the stone :
After proportioning the stone it is a mechanical spatulator under reduced
atmospheric pressure.
 Use gentle vibration and carefully flow store into the impression.
 Add stone in small amount to one distal corner of the impression and
tilt the impression to allow the stone to flow into each tooth
indentations. Watch the leading edge of the stone as it flows into indentations .to
prevent bridging and resultant voids.
 Build rough areas with undercuts on the upper surface of the stone of the first
stage.
 Suspend the poured impression in a tray holder to prevent contact of any

hydrocolloid with the bench top.
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 After the first pour has set and the heat of crystallization is beginning to cool,
place the impression with the stone in clear slurry water for 3 to 5 minutes.
 After this base is poured with the stone using the same W:P ratio.
 Separate the impression from the cast 45 minutes to 1 hours after pouring the first
stage.
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Duplication With
Duplication procedure
Duplication : The procedure of accurately reproducing a cast.

Refractory cast : a cast made of materials that will with stand high temperatures
without disintegrating when used in partial denture casting techniques has expansion to
compensate for metal shrinkage.
Reversible hydrocolloid (Agar ) molds: Reversible hydrocolloid is used most often to
make the mold for duplication since this material is heat reversible it may be reused
many
times . alginate irreversible hydrocolloid may also be used by increasing the volume of
water to 3 times the volume used for regular impression however reversible hydrocolloid
is seen to produce a smooth cast and is less expensive.
A duplicating flask will be used to support cast and confine the hydrocolloid since it aids
in controlling shrinkage it is a simple design consisting of 3 pieces the base the body and
the reservoir ring two holes in the top surface of the body permit air to escape as the
duplicating material fills is the flask.
Procedures:
1. The master cast must be thoroughly soaked is clear slurry water. A minimum of
30 minutes soaking is usually required.
2. Place the cast on the base of the duplicating flask to make that the space around
and above the cast in sufficient for the duplicating material.
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There should be ¼” (0.63) clearance in all directions. If there is no enough space the
cast must be trimmed or a larger flask used.
3. The cast is centered on the base of the flask and it is secured with three small
pieces of modeling clay.
4. The outer rim of the flask base is filled with modeling clay and the seat the
body of the flask firmly into the rim. This act as the seal and prevents the
hydrocolloid from escaping . it is asl oact as an insulting area when the flask
is being cooled slowly.
5. Place the reservoir ring in the body of the flask.
6. Place small ball of modeling clay adjacent to cut by not over the two vent
holes in the top surface of the body of the flask. These will be used to close
the hole when the duplication material has filled the flask, an the air has
escaped.
7. Check the temperature of the duplicating material in the storage unit. A

double boiler can also be used. Fill the top of the double boiler with agar and
bottom of the boiler with water. Put the boiler together and place it on fire,
and boil the water. Remove the boiler from the fire and allow the agar to cool
for 1 hour until it reaches between 57o to 60o C.
8. Fill the duplicating flask with agar. If the storage unit is used , center the
duplicating flask under the pouring spout and open the value. A stream
diameter of a lead pencil is desired.
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9. Continue to fill the flask unit the agar stars to run out of the hole on top of the
flask. Block the holes with modeling plastic until the flask and reservoir are
completely filled.
10. Cool the duplicating material in the flask in an exacting manner. It should be
placed on a tray of cool running tap water. The water should contact only the
base on the flask. Cooling the base of the flask causes the hydrocolloid to
shrink in the direction of the lower temperature or toward the cast, thus
causing it to adapt more closely to the cast. The reservoir ring supplies the
additional material needed to compensate for the shrinkage. Leave the flask
in the water for at least 45 minutes to cool it completely .
11. Remove the flask from the water and remove the reservoir ring. Use the
sharp knife, and trim the hydrocolloid flush with the top of the flask.
12. Invert the flask and gently twist and remove the base of the flask.
13. If the modeling plastic retention were not removed with based, they should
be removed now.
14. Invest the trip of 2 knives in the depression on each side of the cast made by
small amounts of modeling clay that held the cast. Pry upward using the swift
action and equal pressure on the both knives. The cast maybe loose first with
gentle blast of air around the borders of the cast base.
15. After the cast is removed, examine the hydrocolloid carefully for tears 0
voids. Tears may indicate that the hydrocolloid is old or spoiled and needs
replacing. If it is acceptable, pour it immediately.
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Modifications and Improvement of Techniques:
A technique use to obtained sharper more complete subgingival detail in difficult
subgingival preparation is described by Nichols C.F. and Woelfel J.B. in which use of
mild detergent in the prepared teeth is described. The detergent used in ivory liquid soap.
The use of detergent gives sharper, more complete subgingival preprations.
After the tooth preparation the retraction cords are placed into the gingival
( the epinephrine impregnated coils is used 0.5 mg).
Just before making the impression the retraction code are removed and the reason is f
lushed with water and dried with air. The No. 000 brush is dipped into the detergent
solution and is applied on the gingival sulcus and completely over the prepared tooth.
The detergent facilities flow by breaking the surface tension and lessening to number of
bubbles in the impression material. It also acts a lubricant, presenting then of the edge of
the hydrocolloid from adhering inside of the sulcular wall and tearing on removal of
impression.
After making the impression after the gelled impression tray is removed from the mouth.
The sulcular detergent application allows the hydrocolloid material to slide away
without
tearing and to accurately reproduce the excellent marginal detail.
______________________________________________________________________
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DISINFECTION :
Studies of cross contamination in the dental operatory laboratory and of dental

prosthesis
Have confirmed bacterial colonization, dissemination and transmittance. The aseptic
technique, as a premise of good dental practice demands a sterile environment whenever
possible.
The reversible hydrocolloid conditioning unit, which includes 3 water tanks at varying
temperature, boils maintains and tempers the impression material. The hydrocolloid is
transferred between both until it is inserted into the patient’s mouth. By design many
sources of contamination can be cited, tap and dental unit water are known to certain
bacteria. Cross contamination from patient to tank is possible; maintaining sterile water
tank from consecutive patient is difficult. Accordingly hydrocolloid material modified
with various substrates is potentially and ideal medium for bacterial growth. In the test
of
4 hydrocolloid conditioning were randomly tested for bacterial contamination. All were
contaminated beyond U.S. Army acceptable limits of potability. The predominant
bacterial were psedumons aeruginose and p.maltophilia from all 4 units. A protocol of
aseptic technique must be established and followed for the use of reversible hydrocolloid
units containing water. Ideally the water should bechanged between each patient and the
unit stabilized with a non corrosive chemical. A record should be made of care taker’s
name, date and time of sterilization and it should be made of care taker’s name, date and
time of sterilization and it should be affixed to the unit. Recommendations call for the
addition of iodophor or other chemical in the water of the tempering bath.

23
However the required concentration and times of sterilization must be reviewed. The 3
chemical solution that are effective for sterilization are sodium hypochlorite 0.5%, for 30
minutes, iodophor 0.5% for 30 minutes and glutaraldehyde 2% for 10 hours.
IMBIBITION AND SYNERESIS:
As might be expected from the structure of the hydrocolloids, great part of the volume of
the gel is occupied by the water. If the water content of the gel is reduved, the gel wil
shrink, and if the gel then takes up water, the gel will expand or swell. Such possible
changes in dimension are of considerable importance in dentistry. If these materials are
used for obtaining impressions, any change in dimension of the impression after it has
been removed form the mouth is a source of error.
The gel may lose water by evaporation from its surface, or by the exuding of fluid by a
process known as syneresis. This is one of the characteristic properties of a gel.the
exudates that appears on the surface of the gel during and after syneresis is not pre
water
as is shown by the fact that it may be either alkaline or acid depending upon the
composition of the gel in any event whenever water or flid is removed from the micelles
of the gel by syneresis or otherwise a shrinkage of the gel occurs.
If a gel is lacking in water content, a sorption of water will occur by a process known as
imbibitions, if it is placed in contact with water. A swelling of the gel occurs during
imbibitions, until the original water content is restored.

24
Gets appear to exhibit a “memory” in this respect; if a certain amount of water is
removed from a gel of a given concentration, imbibition will occur only to the extent that
the lost water is restored. The minimal concentration of the gel at a given temperature is,
therefore, established by the concentration of the sol before gelation. Thus, it follows that
when a hydrocolloid impression material gels around the teeth, the specific water content
is then established for that particular impression a that specific temperature. Irreversible
hydrocolloid set by chemical reaction and elastic in nature.

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Irreversible
Hydrocolloid
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RESEARCH
WORK
CONTENTS
PAGE NO
1. INTRODUCTION 01
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 03
3. MATERIAL AND METHODS 11
4. RESULTS 17
5. DISCUSSION 39
6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 42
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY 43
8. ANNEXURE 46
LIST OF TABLES AND GRAPHS
Sl. No. TITLE Page No.
Chart – 1 NAME OF THE MATERIALS USED AND NAME 15

OF MANUFACTURER
Table – I SHOWS MEASUREMENT OF FRASACO 16

MASTER MODEL AND THEIR MEAN VALUES
Table- II to V SHOWS MEAN VALUE AND STANDARD 17-20

DEVIATION, MEAN VALUE DIFFRENCE OF
EACH BRAND OF MATERIAL FROM THE
MASTER MODEL OF REFERENCES MARKING
A-B, B-C, AND D-A RESPECTIVELY
Table- VI to IX SHOWS MEAN VALUE AND STANDARD 21-24

DEVIATION, MEAN VALUE DIFFRENCE OF
EACH GROUP FROM THE MASTER MODEL
OF REFERENCES MARKING A-B, B-C, AND
D-A RESPECTIVELY
Graph I to IV SHOW THE DISCREPANCIES OF EACH 25-28

BRAND OF MATERIAL FOR REEFRENCE
MARKING A-B, B-C, C-D AND D-A
RESPECTIVELY FROM THE MASTER MODEL
Graph V to VIII SHOW THE DISCREPANCIES OF EACH 29-32

GROUP OF FOR REFERENCE MARKING A-B, B-C,
C-D AND D-A RESPECTIVELY FROM THE
MASTER MODEL
Graph IX SHOW THE COMPARATIVE PERCENTAGE 33

DIFFERENCE OF ALL GROUPS FOR
REFRENCE MARKING A-B, B-C, C-D AND
D-A
ILLUSTRATIONS
SL. NO. TITLE
Fig. 1 SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF MASTER

MODEL SHOWING THE REFERENCE POINTS
Photo 1 ALGINATES USED IN THE STUDY
Photo 2 IMPROVED ALGINATES USED IN THE STUDY
Photo 3 ELASTOMERS USED IN THE STUDY
Photo 4 OCCLUSAL VIEW OF FRASACO DENTULOUS

MASTER MODEL
Photo 5 FARASACO MODEL MOUNTED ON THE PHANTOM

HEAD
Photo 6 ARMAMENTARIUM USED IN THE STUDY
Photo 7 IMPRESSIONS MADE OF GROUP I AND II

MATERIALS
Photo 8 IMPRESSIONS MADE OF GROUP III MATERIALS
Photo 9 OCCLUSAL VIEW OF THE CAST
Photo 10 CASTS PRODUCED FROM DIFFERENT IMPRESSION

MATERIALS
Photo 11 CASTS ON THE STUDY TABLE OF THE PROFILE

PROJECTOR MICROSCOPE
Photo 12 PROFILE PROJECTOR MICROSCOPE USED FOR THE

STUDY
Introduction
Introduction
Partial edentulism is one of the commonest prosthodontic problems, we
come across.This condition is usually treated by means of removable or
fixed prosthesis.
Since the introduction of Alginate in the year 1947, it is one of the most
commonly used impression material in recording the partial edentulous
conditions. But the studies have shown that the alginates are not
dimensionally stable and accurate enough to be used as an impression
material for fixed partial denture cases.
When it comes to its accuracy and dimensional stability, elastomers are

proved to be superior than that the alginates and they are the most
preferred impression materials in partial edentulous conditions. From the
last couple of years, to overcome the deficiencies of alginates, various
companies have come out with the improvised alginate ( Chromatic alginate)
which they claim to be equivalent to the elastomers and can be used in crown
and bridge cases.
Since they claim that improvised alginates are equivalent in quality and
dimensional accuracy as compared to elastomer, this study has been
planned with the following aims and objectives:-
1
Introduction
Aims and Objectives:
1. To compare the dimensional accuracy of alginates with that of improved
alginates.
2. To compare the dimensional accuracy of alginates with that of elastomers.
3. To compare the dimensional accuracy of improved alginates with that of
elastomers.
2
Review of literature Review of Literature
BAILEY (1955) recommended acrylic resin tray for rubber base
impression materials. He specified that this tray should have a spacer of
1 to 1.5 mm over the abutment teeth. The occlusal and incisal surfaces of
unprepared teeth should not be covered by the spacer so that they act as
stops for the tray. Perforations should be made to provide mechanical
retention for the impression material. He believed that an individual tray
prepared in this manner would utilize the utmost elasticity of rubber
based impression materials.
ROSENTIEL (1955 ) carried out an investigation on the dimensional

accuracy with models obtained from rubber base impression material of
a stainless steel die simulating two bridge abutment. A copper plated
replica was obtained. Control experiments with other impression
materials showed it to compare favourably with the more reliable of the
older materials. Reversible hydrocolloids gave the least satisfactory
result.
EUGENE W.SKINNER and NOEL E.HOBLIT (1956) studied the
accuracy of hydrocolloid impressions and for this, they constructed an
oversize model to simulate the conditions like the human mouth for a
one tooth bridge. Impressions in hydrocolloid were obtained of the
model and their dimensions were compared with the similar dimensions
of the model. In this study the three reversible hydrocolloids impression
materials and impression involving both types of materials were

3
Review of Literature
considered and from this study they stated that the impressions obtained
with the irreversible hydrocolloid material are equal in accuracy to those
obtained with reversible hydrocolloid materials.
CAUL H.J. (1957) outlined the techniques that would avoid many of
the inaccuracies in the use of alginate impression materials.
Caul suggested that:
1) Alginate mix should have a smooth creamy consistency.
2) Precooling the mixing equipment and using cool water is indicated to
delay the setting time. Since, this is a chemical reaction the working
time will be lengthened by reduction of temperature of the mix.
3) Impression should be removed with a sudden and snap about 2-3
minutes after time of set.
4) Impression should be poured instantaneously.
5) Impression and cast should be separated one hour after pouring.
6) Excellent accuracy can be obtained with alginates if the material is
used properly.
PHILLIPS (1958) summarized the research on elastomeric materials
and started that factors such as the use of minimum bulk of materials,
bonding of the impression material to the tray, adequate time in the
mouth and use of double mix technique were essential for accuracy.
SNIPPER (1960) studied invivo the accuracy of casting made with
Thiokol and Silicone and comparison drawn was that Thiokols, when
manipulated as suggested, will produce impressions of complete dental
arch as any other elastic impression material.
AGARWAL N.K. et al (1970) carried out a study to determine the
accurate reproducibility of alginate impression materials. They tested
three brands of alginate under the trade name of Zelgan, Unident and
Dencer and with these alginates they made the impression of brass metal
die with a perforated copper cap with a uniform space of 1.5 mm. Their
conclusion was that Zelgan Alginate material was more accurate than
others, if poured within 3 to 10 minutes.
JAMES A.STACKHOUSE Jr. (1975) conducted a study on a
comparison of elastic impression materials in relation to consistency and
time relation and he concluded that, the polyether material compared
favorably with the other in mixing time, working time, and consistency.
1) There were no significant differences in accuracy among all of the
Elastomers when poured within 30 minutes.
2) Dies poured immediately from the hydrocolloids did not differ
significantly from those of the other materials poured in 30 minutes.
3) The polyether was the most stable among all the tested materials.
HOSES F.SAWYER et al (1976) conducted a study on the accuracy
of casts produced from two alginate hydrocolloids ( irreversible), one
hydrocolloid (reversible) and a polyether rubber. When compared ,
they concluded that the polyether impression material produced the
most accurate casts. The hydrocolloids reversible casts were the
second most accurate, and the alginate ( irreversible hydrocolloid)
produced the least accurate casts.
JEAN – PIERR STAUFFER et al (1979) studied the accuracy of six
elastic impression materials used for complete arch fixed partial

dentures and for this, four types of impression materials were used.
The accuracy was evaluated by visual comparison and indirect
measurement methods and from this study they concluded that :
1) None of the tested materials allow safe finishing of a
complete arch fixed partial denture on a cast poured from one single
master impression.
2) All of the tested materials can be used for impressions for a
complete arch fixed partial denture.
EAMES W.B et al (1979) studied the effect of bulk on the accuracy
of elastomeric impression materials Impression trays were fabricated
providing 2, 4 and 6 mm spacer to determine the stability and accuracy of
6
nine elastomeric impression materials on a simulated full crown
Apreparation steel die and from this study they stated that space of 2 mm
produced the most accurate impressions for all of the materials tested.
EAMS W.B et al (1979) studied accuracy and dimensional stability
of elastomeric impression materials in relation to making of impression in
a heat processed tray, with a space of 2.4mm for impression material and
from the study they stated that the impressions should be poured as soon as
possible. When poured immediately, many of the available materials
exhibit similar characteristicsof stability.

OLA HANSSON and JAN EKLUND (1984) studied the dimensional
accuracy of three new alginate with that of two agar hydrocolloids and one
additional silicone in relation to different stock trays and stated that new
alginates were as accurate as other impression materials in most clinical
conditions and further stated that the use of perforated and non-
perforated
metal stock tray will cause inaccuracy. However when used in severe
undercut area they stated that alginate were inferior to elastomers in
accuracy.
CHANG CHI LIN et al (1988 ) conducted a study on the accuracy of
Impression materials. The materials selected for study were polyether,
vinyl polysiloxane, polysulfide, reversible hydrocolloids, irreversible
7
hydrocolloid and irreversible reversible hydrocolloid combination. They
concluded that the polyether gave the most accurate result, the second
accurate was vinyl polysiloxanes followed by polysulfides and irreversible
reversible hydrocolloids and least accurate was irreversible hydrocolloids.
P.A.ODMAN, T.M JENT (1988) conducted a study on the accuracy
of impression materials in a semi-clinical model. The materials selected
for this study were irreversible hydrocolloid, reversible hydrocolloid and
addition and condensation silicone and they stated that all tested materials
seemed acceptable for clinical use in crown and short span bridge work.
GEORGIA S.DOVNIS et al (1991) conducted a study to compare the
Marginal fit of complete arch fixed prosthesis under simulated clinical
conditions. Prostheses were made on casts constructed from three
commonly used impression materials; Polyther, Polyvinyl siloxane
(Medium viscosity and putty wash) and Reversible hydrocolloids. A
maxillary dentoform with four abutment teeth was used as the master cast
and six impressions was made with each material. Individual casting for
each abutment was made on the stone casts. The abutment castings were
luted together on the cast to provide a complete arch fixed partial denture
using a tictonium framework and acrylic resin. The marginal fit of the
abutment casting was measured on the master cast before and after the
8
prostheses were luted together and they stated that the polyether and both
addition and condensation silicone impression materials were significantly
more accurate than the reversible hydrocolloid in both situations. All of
the single castings were clinically acceptable, but the luted restorations
made from reversible hydrocolloids were not.
ANDERS ERIKSSON et al (1996) studied irreversible hydrocolloids
used for crown and bridge impressions and stated that all the irreversible
hydrocolloids,hydrocolloids if correctly treated before pouring with

compatible gypsum, could reproduce details of 20 mm and further stated
that detail reproduction did not improve with the use of 2% potassium
sulfate solution, compared to water or if the impression were poured
“dry”. In general, the alginate stabilizer produced casts with significantly
Better detail reproduction and surface structure and they also stated that
an irreversible hydrocolloids impression should not come into contact with
any liquid within the first 15 minutes.
KENNETH J.ANUSAVICE (1999) stated that the most of the alginate
impression materials are not capable of reproducing the finer details that
one observed with elastomeric impression materials. To improve the
9
accuracy of the alginates, the surfactants can be used but addition of a
layer of solution over the surface of the impression also obscures the
accuracy.
JOSEPH NISSAN et al (2000) studied the accuracy of three putty
wash impression techniques using the polyvinyl siloxane impression
material and they concluded that the polyvinyl silxane, 2 step, 2 mm relief
putty wash impression technique was the most accurate for fabricating
stone dies.
10
Materials and Methods
I. ARMAMENTARIUM USED IN THE STUDY
 Frasaco dentulous model
 Maxillary metallic dentulous perforated stock tray(Coe Tray)
 Water dispensing cup
 Alginate dispensing scoop
 Rubber bowl
 Curved stainless steel mixing spatula
 Straight stainless steel mixing spatula
 Automixing gun for elastomers

 Base former
 Vibrator
 Profile Projector Microscope
II. MATERIALS USED IN THE STUDY
For this study, the materials used were grouped as follows;
1. Group I: Alginate
a. Zelgan ( Dentsply India)
b. Alginoplast ( Heraeus and Kulzer Holland)
11
2. Group II: Improved alginate
a. Litochrom (LASCOD – Italy)
b. Cavex (Cavex “Holland”
3. Group III: Elastomer
a. Putty consistency elastomer (3M, India, Reprosil, India)
b. Light body elastomer (3M, India, Reprosil, India)
4. Tray adhesive (3M, Reprosil, India)
5. Die stone Type IV (Kalabahi, Karson, Mumbai)

6. Dental plaster Type II (Kalabahi, Karson, Mumbai)
The present in-vitro study was carried out in the Department of
Prosthodontics, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere.
Material and method followed in this study has been discussed under
the following headings.
1. Preapration of the master model (Frasaco Model)
2. Selection of the stock tray for alginates and elastomer.
3. Making impressions of the master model using alginates, improved
alginates and elastomers.
4. Pouring the cast
5. Measurement of the distance between reference points
12
1) Preapration of Master Model
The Frasaco maxillary dentulous model was selected and reference
markings of 1 mm in diameter were made on the buccal cusp of first
pre-molars and mesio-buccal cusp of the first molar using round
diamond bur. These makings were made on 14, 24, 26 & 16 and were
named as A, B, C, & D respectively. The distance between the above
markings were measured with a “profile projector microscope” and kept
as a standard value.
2) Selection of the stock tray ;
The maxillary perforated stock tray (Coe tray) was selected with a
uniform space of 4-6 mm between the tray and the master model to
make impression with alginate improved alginate and elastomer.
3) Making impression of the master model using various impression

materials.
The Frasaco model was mounted on the phantom head and using
each group, 14 impressions were made.
Making Alginate Impression:
Manufacturers instructions were strictly followed regarding the water:
Powder ration and the manipulation of Alginates Uniformly mixed
irreversible hydrocolloids were made, loaded onto the selected perforated
stock tray and the impressions were made of the master model mounted on
the phantom. after 5 minutes (3 minutes setting time + 2 minutes waiting
time),
13
impressions were removed from the master model and checked for the
accuracy, seven impressions were made using each brand and a total of 14
impressions were obtained. Acceptable impression were poured with die
stone Type IV.
Making Improved Alginate Impression:
Similar to the Alginate impressions, 14 impressions of group II were
made, 7 of each brand were obtained and poured with die stone, Type IV.
Making Elastomeric Impression:
On the selected stock tray, the respective tray adhesive was applied onto
the tissue surface and 2 mm at the border of the stock tray. Then the tray
was air dried a the room temperature for 10 minutes.
Putty consistency base and catalyst were taken according to
manufacturers instruction and mixed till the uniform colour was obtained
and loaded onto the selected stock tray and on this the polyethylene sheet
was applied as a spacer and impression was made. After
this the polyethylene sheet was removed and light body was loaded onto
the putty using automixing gun and tray was again seated onto the model
and impression was made, similary 14 impressions were made, seven of
14
each brand and were checked for presence of voids and acceptable
impressions were poured with die stone Type IV.
4) Pouring of the Cast:
The die stone, Type IV was handmixed. Water powder ratio was taken
according to manufaturers’ instructions in a clean rubber bowl. With the
help of straight stainless steel spatula it was uniformaly mixed and poured
into the impression on the mechanical vibrator. After setting, the casts
were removed from the impressions and the base was poured with dental
plaster Type II.

5) Measurement of the Dimensaional Accuracy:
Measurements were made between the four reefrence points that are A to
B,B to C, C to D and D to A using Nikon Profile Projector Microscope,
Japan at Bapuji Institutse of Engineering and Technology, Davangere.
The readings were obtained and subjected to statistical analysis.
15
CHART – 1
Material and Trade Name Manufacturer
Group
Group I Zelgan Dentsply India Ltd.

Alginate
Alginoplast Heraeus Kulzer, Italy
Group II Cavex Cavex, Holland

Improved Alginate
Litochrom LASCOD, italy
Group III 3 M 3M, India

Elastomeric
Reprosil Dentsply, India Ltd.
16
Photographs
Results
RESULTS
TABLE – I
1 2 3 Mean Value (mm)
A-B 42.645 42.645 42.645 42.645
B-C 12.801 12.801 12.801 12.801.
C-D 51.890 51.890 51.890 51.890
D-A 12.770 12.770 12.770 12.770
Shows the mean value of references points on the master model in millimeters and
micrometers.
17
Results
TABLE - 2
SHOWS THE MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION, DIFFRENCE AND
PERCENTAGE DIFFRENCE OF ALL MATERIALS FROM THE, MASTER
MODEL FOR REFERENCE MARKING A-B
Impression Materials Mean+ S.D. Diffrence from Percentag

Master Model e
Diffrence
Master Model 42.645 mm - -
Group I Zelgen 41.290 + 0.053 1.355 + 0.053 3.2

Alginate
Alginoplast 42.276 + 0.053 1.369 + 0.054 3.2
Group I
Improve Litochrom 42.022 + 0.053 0.623 + 0.051 1.5
Alginate
Cavex 42.022 + 0.053 0.623 + 0.083 1.4

Non
Group I 3M 42.560 + 0.053 0.085 + 0.007 0.2

Alginate
Significan
t
Reprosil 42.596 + 0.053 0.049 + 0.049 0.1
One way ANOVA (F = 802.3)
Student- Newman Kaul’s test P<.01 Significant for all groups.
18
Results
TABLE - 3
SHOWS THE MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION, DIFFERENCE AND
PERCENTAGE DIFFERENCE OF ALL MATERIALS FROM THE, MASTER
MODEL FOR REFERENCE MARKING B-C
Impression Materials Mean+ S.D. Diffrence from Percentag

Master Model e
Diffrence
Group I Zelgen 12.577 + 0.035 0.224 + 0.035 1.7

Alginate
Alginoplast 12.561 + 0.057 0.240 + 0.059 1.9
Group I
Improve Litochrom 12.572 + 0.047 0.229 + 0.047 1.8
Alginate
Cavex 12.579 + 0.023 0.222 + 0.023 1.7

Non
Group I 3M 12.773 + 0.003 0.028 + 0.003 0.2

Alginate
Significan
t
Reprosil 12.760 + 0.023 0.041 + 0.023 0.3
19
Results
TABLE - 4
SHOWS THE MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION, DIEFFRENCE AND
MODEL FOR REFERENCE MARKING C-D
Impression Materials Mean+ S.D. Diffrence Percentag

from Master e
Model Diffrence
Group I Zelgen 50.645 + 0.006 1.245 + 2.4 %

Alginate 0.006
Alginoplast 50.700 + 0.043 1.190 + 2.3

0.043
Group I
Improve Litochrom 51.364+ 0.019 0.526 + 1.0
Alginate 0.019
Non
Cavex 51.390 + 0.003 0.500 + 1.0

0.003 Significant
Group I 3M 51.780 + 0.004 0.110 + 0.2

Alginate 0.004
Reprosil 51.779 + 0.008 0.111 + 0.2

0.008

20
Results
TABLE - 5
MODEL FOR REFERENCE MARKING D-A
Impression Materials Mean+ S.D. Diffrence Percentag

from Master e
Model Diffrence
Master Model 12.770 - -
Group I Zelgen 12.309 + 0.005 0.461 + 3.6 %

Alginate 0.004
Alginoplast 12.297+ 0.060 0.473 + 3.7%

0.060
Group I
Improve Litochrom 12.438+ 0.064 0.32 + 0.064 2.6 %
Alginate
Non
Cavex 12.494 + 0.014 0.276 + 2.2 %
0.014
Significant
Group I 3M 12.6950 + 0.004 0.075 + 0.6%
Alginate 0.004
Reprosil 12.629 + 0.005 0.078 + 0.6

0.005
21
Results
TABLE – 6

PERCENTAGE DIFFERENCE AND PERCENTAGE DIFFERNCE FOR ALL THE
GROUPS FOR REFERENCE MARKINGS A-B
Dimensional Measurements (mm)

Impressiion
Material
Master Model Mean + S.D. Difference from Percentage
Master Model Diffrence
Master Model -
42.645 -
Group I Alginate
41.283+0.052 1.362+0.052 3.2%
Group II Improved
Alginate 42.032+0.067 0.613+0.067 1.4%
Group III
Elastomer 42.578+0.038 0.067+0.038 0.2%
22
Results
TABLE – 7
SHOWS THE MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION, DIFERENCE AND

PERCENTAGE DIFFERENCE FOR ALL THE GROUPS FOR REFERENCE
MARKINGS B-C

Impressiion
Material
Master Model
12.801 - -
Group I Alginate
12.569+0..46 0.232+0.046 1.8%
Group II Improved
Alginate 12.575+0.036 0.226+0.36 1.7
Group III
Elastomer 12.767+0.017 0.034+0.017 0.3%
23
Results
TABLE – 8
SHOWS MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION, DIFFERENCE AND

MARKINGS C-D

Impressiion
Material
Master Model
51.890 - -
Group I Alginate
50.673+0.041 1.217+0.041 2.4%
Group II Improved
Alginate 51.337+0.019 0.513+0.019 1.0%
Group III
Elastomer 51779+0.006 0.111+0.006 0.2%
24
Results
TABLE – 9
SHOWS MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION, DIFFERENCE AND

MARKINGS D-A

Impression
Material
Master Model Difference
Master Model
12.770 - -
Group I Alginate
12.303+0.042 0.467+0.042 3.7%
Group II Improved
Alginate 12.466+0.053 0.304+0.053 2.4%
Group III
Elastomer 12.694+0.005 0.076+0.005 0.6%
25
GRAPHS
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
RESULTS
Results
The aim of the present study is to assess and compare the dimensional
accuracy of alginates s and improved alginates with that of elastomer
mpressions
Material.
The material with their tradename and name of their manufacturers
have been shown in Chart No.1.
The distance between the reference markings were measured to know
the accuracy of difference materials and compared with the master model
values. For this the test specimens (Casts) were evaluated under “Profile
Projector Microscope” amd the accuracy of each specimen was analysed
Statistically by;
1) Wilcoxon’s signed rank test : it was used to compare the accuracy of
different materials with the master model.
2) One way ANOVA test : in this test , the mean discrepancy of different
materials were subjected.
3) Student-Newman Kaul’s test ; it was used for the simultaneous
comparison between different groups.
TABLES:
Table I:
It shows the measurements of the master model and their mean value in
millimeter (mm) and micrometer (um).
35
Results
Table II:
It shows the mean value and standard deviation, mean value difference
and the percentage difference of each brand from the master-model for
reference marking A-B.
Table III:
It shows the mean value and standard deviation, means value difference
and the percentages difference of each brand from the master model for
reference marking B-C.
Table IV:
It shows the mean value and standerd deviation, mean value difference,
And the percentage difference of each brand from the master model for
references marking C- D.
Table V:
It shows te mean value and standerd deviation,mean, value difference

f
and the percentage difference of each brand from the master model for
reference marking D-A.
The ANOVA test showed that the materials of Group I, Group II and
Group III exhibit significantly different dimensional changes from the
master – model. Group III shows the least dimensional change followed by
Group II and the highest dimensional change was shown by Group I from the
36
Results
master model for all reference markings. The F value of ANOVA test was
significant for all reference markings in all groups. So, to know which group
differs significantly from one and the other, Student- New Kaul’s test was
used.
The P value of Student Newman Kaul test was significant between the
groups (P<.01) and the P value non- significant (P>.01) within the groups,
so
the value of each group has been clubbed and compared with the
master-mode.
Table VI, VII, VIII, and IX shows the mean value and standard
deviation, mean value difference and the percentage difference of each group
from the master model for the reference markings A-B, B-C, C-D and D-A
respectively.
When the mean and standard deviation, mean value difference and
percentage difference of each group were compared with the master-model
and statically analysed, It showed the followed mentioned percentage
discrepancies.
Percentage discrepancies of each group from the master model :
A-B B-C C-D D-A

Grooup I 3.2% 1.8% 2.4% 3.7%
Grooup I 1.4% 1.7% 1.0% 2.4%
Grooup I 0.2% 0.3% 0.2% 0.6%
37
Results
So, from these values it can be revealed that the Group III
elastomers showed least discrepancies from the master model followed by
Group II
improved alginates and the highest discrepancies was seen in GroupI
alginate.
Graph I, II, III and IV shows the discrepancies of each group for
reference markings A-B, B-C, C-D, and D-A respectively for the master
model.
Graph V, VI, VII and VIII shows the discrepancies of each group for
reference markings A-B, B-C, C-D, and D-A respectively for the master
model.
Graph IX shows the comparative percentage difference of all groups
for reference markings A-B, B-C, C-D, and D-A respectively for the master
model.
38
Discussion Discussion
For the [proper fitting of all the partial prosthesis, the accuracy of impression
materials play an important role. From the beginning of 18th and 19th centuries, many
researches are going on to improve the accuracy of the impression materials.
In 1937, Sears used agar –hydrocolloid as an impression material for the first time.
In 1947, the irreversible hydrocolloids came into existence.
The advantages of alginate discussed by Skinner and Pomes were;
I. Low cost
II. No heat in necessary for their preparation and no danger of burning of mouth
of the patient.
III. Sufficient fluidity prior to the time gelation.
IV. Reduced risk of trapping of air.
Caul H.J. out lined the techniques to avoid the inaccuracies during the use of
alginate impression material.
i) Alginate mix should have a smooth creamy consistency.
ii) Pre cooling of the mixing equipment and using cool water indicate to delay the
setting time. Since this is the chemical reaction, the working is lengthened by
reducing the temperature of the mix.
iii) The impression should be removed with sudden and snap about 2-3 minutes after the
time of set.
iv) The impression should be poured instantaneously.
v) The impression should be separated 1 hour after pouring.
39
Discussion
Agarwal er al suggested that accuracy of the alginate impression material is better if

poured within 3-10 minutes. Skinner and Carlism proved that considerable errors in the
accuracy of alginate occurred when ;
i) The alginate impression was dried with an air-burst.
ii) The model surface was dried before the impression was taken.
iii) The water at room temperature was employed instead of ice water.
Chang-Chi-Lin et at proved that irreversible hydrocolloid was least accurate when
compared with other materials.
To overcome the advantages of the alginate, in the past recent years several new
materials for mixed prosthesis based on alginate have been introduced. As the new
hydrocolloids are only minor modifications of the older ones and the manipulation is
almost same as in 1947.
Ander et. Al. conducted a study on the accuracy of new alginates and the
traditional
alginates. According to them new alginates are 2-3 time costly than traditional alginates
and they
stated that this study does not indicate that the increase prize corresponds to a similar
increase in the success of impression,
Anne Pertzfeldt et al proved from their study that the accuracy of the blue print
alginates was comparable with the elastomers.
40
Discussion
From the results obtained of the present study, it has been proved that there is
significant difference on the dimensional accuracy between the alginates and the
improved alginates.
In 1975, the additional polymerizing silicones were introduced in the market.
There was no by-product of the polymerizing reaction and the material proved to be
more
dimensionally stable and accurate.
It has been proved by Sawyer, Peutzfeldt, Chang-Chillin and Anusavices that
elastomers are more accurate then alginates.
B.A.Linke et al proved from their study on the distortion analysis of stone
cast made from different impression materials and they concluded that silicone
impression materials produced less inter-abutment distortion than the irreversible
hydrocolloids and they also stated that statically significant differences exist among the
different impression materials.
From the present study it is proved that the significant differences exists between
the elastomers, alginates and improved alginates on the accuracy of impression.
The result of this in vitro study showed that improved alginates are better
than
alginates but the elastomers are the still more accurate. So the further studies are
required to co- relate the results clinically.
41
Summary and Conclusion
Summary and Conclusion
The present study was conducted to compare the dimensional
accuracy of alginates and improved alginates with that of elastomers.
For this study, Frasaco model was prepared with four reference
markings and seven impressions were made, totally 42 casts were prepared
using different impression materials and the distance between the reference
markings A-B, B-C, C-D, and D-A on the casts were measured and compared
with the distance between the reference markings on the master model.
Multi group comparison of reference markings were analysed by
One- Way ANOVA F-test followed by Student-Newman Kaul’s test.
Form this study is was concluded that ;
1) Improved alginates were more dimensionally accurate than alginates.
2) Elastomers were more dimensionally accurate than alginates as well as
from the improved alginates.
3) Although elastomers were dimensionally more accurate than the
improved alginates, but the discrepancy was less as compared to
alginates.
4) Further clinical study is required to compare and assess the accuracy of
improved alginates with that of the elastomers.
42
Bibliography
Bibliography
43
Bibliography
1. Agarwal N.K Chandra Suresh S.L. : “A stdy of indigenously
produced irreversible hycrocolloids.” Journal of the Indian Dental
Association. 1970 ; 42 : 173-176.
2. Anders Eriksson, Gudrum Ockert-Eriksson, Pul Lockowandt and
Lars-Ake Linden: “irreversible hydrocolloids for crown and bridge
impression: Effect of different treatment on compatibility of
irreversible hydrocolloids impression material with type IV gypsums”.
Dent Mater 1996 ; 12 : 74-82.
3. Anusavice J.K. : “ The Science of Dental Materials”. 10 t h Edition,
1990, P.130.
4. Baily L.R : “acrylic resin trays for rubber base impression materials”.
J Prothet. Dent. 1955 ; (5) : 658.
5. Caul H.J. : “Alginate impression materials”. J Am Dent Assoc. 1957 ;
54 :567-569.
6. Chi-Lin C ., Donegan S.j., Dhuru V.B. : “ Accuracy of impression
materials for complete arch fixed partial dentures.” J. Prosthe. Dent.
1988 ; 59 (3) ; 28-291.
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materials for complete arch fixed partial dentures.” J Prosthet.
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Bibliography
8. Eames W.B., Sieweke J.C., Eallace S.W. and Roger L.B. :
“Elastomeric impression materials: Effect of bulk on accuracy”.
J. Prosthet. Dent. 1979 ; 41 (3) : 304-307
9. Eames W.B., Wallace S.W., Suway N.B. and Rogers L.B. : Accuracy
And dimensional stability of elastomeric impression materials”. J
Prosthet. Dent. 1979; 42(2) : 159-162.
10. Linke B.A., Nicholls J.I., Faucher R.R. : “Distoration analysis of
stone casrts made from impression materials.” J. Prosthet. Dent. 1985;
54(6) : 794-802.
11. Nissan J., Laufer B.Z., Brosh T.and Assif D.: “Accuracy of three
polyvinyl siloxane putty wash impression technique’. J. Prosthet. Dent.
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and
an investigation of the new alginate for crown and bridge impression
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45
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46
Annexure
Annexure
Formulae used :
47

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CONTENTS

2. REQUIREMENTS OF IMPRESSION MATERIAL 02

5. DUPLICATION WITH REVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOIDS 19

7. DUPLICATION WITH IRREVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOIDS 43

PHOTO 01 REVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOIDS

PHOTO 02 IRREVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOIDS

PHOTO 03 TRAY MATERIAL (REVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOID)

PHOTO 04 SYRINGE MATERIAL (REVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOID)

PHOTO 05 RED ALGA

PHOTO 06 ARMAMENTARIUM FOR PREPARATION OF AGAR-AGAR

PHOTO 07 LIQUEFYING UNIT

PHOTO 08 TEMPERING UNIT

PHOTO 09 PLACEMENT OF SYRINGE MATERIAL

PHOTO 10 PLACEMENT OF TRAY MATERIAL

PHOTO 11 REVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOID

PHOTO 12 CHOPPING AGAR INTO SMALL PIECES

PHOTO 13 AGAR ON THE TOP PORTION DOUBLE BOILER

PHOTO 14 EXPANDED VIEW OF THE DUPLICATING FLASK

PHOTO 16 CASTING THE FLASK

PHOTO 17 STORAGE UNIT CONTAINING PREPARED DUPLICATING

PHOTO 18 POURING OF AGAR INTO THE FLASK

PHOTO 19 POURING OF AGAR UNDER STORAGE UNIT

PHOTO 20 TRAY OF RUNNING TAP WATER

PHOTO 21 REMOVING CAST FROM THE FLASK

PHOTO 22 HYDROCOLLOID MOLD

PHOTO 23 MAKING OF ALGINATE IMPRESSION

PHOTO 24 POURING OF THE ALGINATE IMPRESSION

PHOTO 25 AUTOMATIC MIXING FOR ALGINATE MATERIAL

PHOTO 26 LAMINATE IMPRESSION TECHNIQUE

PHOTO 29 TRI ALGIN

Impression materials are used to register or reproduce the form and

relationship of the teeth with oral tissues . In dentistry we make impression of

These replicas aids in the construction of acceptable prosthesis of

missing structures . The impression is a negative reproduction ,while the

replica (model or cast )is the positive reproduction.

The impression must be an accurate duplication of the hard and soft

tissues of interest and should be stable enough to allow disinfection and

purposes,there is wide variety of products available to make impression of

state, because of these differences, in the structure, constitution and

solution of sugar and water .The sugar molecules(solute) are assumed to be

dispersed informally in the water (solvent). There is no visible ,physical

suspending medium unless mechanically or chemically held in place . some

very large particles in suspension is the colloid solution or gel.

In addition to the particle size, factors common to any two phase

determine the stability of the colloid.

Colloidal substances can be combination of any states of mater with the

exception of gaseous state. For example, liquids or solids in air are

calledaerosols gases liquids or solids in liquids are called lysosols, . gases

suspensions respectively. All the colloidal dispersions are termed solution

regardless of the type of dispersion phase. When a liquid is used as the

dispersion phase , he colloids called lyohobic for liquid preferring dispersed

hence the name hydrocolloids.

The hydrocolloid impression materials are of two types:

1. Reversible hydrocolloid (Agar Agar)

REVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOID (ADA specification no.11)

reversible hydrocolloid set by temperature change and is elastic in

A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units , extracted from gelidium

cartilaginous garcilaria conferuoides, and related red algae. It is a

mucilaginous substance that melts at approximately 100 c and solidifies into