Wearable Antennas for Medical

Application: A Review

Shreema Manna, Tanushree Bose and Rabindranath Bera

Abstract Wearable devices for monitoring different biological signals are now
gaining huge interest now a day. Use of textile material as substrate material for
antenna design is growing rapidly. In order to reduce the effect of human body the
performance of antenna several different antenna structures have been proposed.
This article reveals research on different designs and development of wearable
antennas for biomedical application at different frequency bands.

Keywords Wearable antenna ISM band

Microstrip antenna

Textile antenna Radiation pattern

1 Introduction

Wearable electronic devices for monitoring and telemetering of biological signals

now a day have become an integral part of everyday human life. Technology for
developing wearable antenna is emerging day by day. One key requirement for
wearable devices is small size. Also reliability and flexibility to operate in all
environments are other major issues of wearable devices. These devices must be
inexpensive, robust and low maintenance required. Antenna is the main constituent
of wearable devices. Many researches are going on the development of wearable
antenna of miniaturized size, which is having less weight and at the same time
conformal to devices and body shape. In this review, primary focus is on how
wearable antennas are developed for monitoring biological signals. The performance

S. Manna (&)
T. Bose
R. Bera

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sikkim Manipal
Institute of Technology, Sikkim Manipal University, Majitar 737136, Sikkim, India
e-mail: shreema123@gmail.com
T. Bose
e-mail: contact_tanushree@gmail.com
R. Bera
e-mail: rbera50@gmail.com

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 115

A. Kalam et al. (eds.), Advances in Electronics, Communication
and Computing, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 443,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4765-7_13
116 S. Manna et al.

characteristics, advantages, disadvantages of those antennas are discussed. The

transmitter of wearable device must be compact and have minimum power con-
sumption. Also signal transmission must be optimized on human figure. Design of
an antenna which can satisfy all these measures is very much difficult. These
antennas must produce an omnidirectional radiation shape in order to provide
transmission in all direction regardless of the location of the receiver and orientation
of the antenna.

2 Review of Wearable Antenna

In 2003 author of [1] have presented smart cloth made of fabric material. The
substrate of the antenna is made of low cost fleece fabric. The radiating element and
ground plane is made up of knitted copper. The length and width of the antenna is
56 and 51 mm respectively. Dielectric constant of the material at 2.45 GHz is 1.04.
The ground plane dimensions are 76 mm  71 mm. Substrate thickness is 3 mm.
The antenna is flexible to operate in different frequency bands.
In 2004 authors of [2] have presented a circularly polarized textile antenna for
wearable applications. The proposed antenna Fig. 1 uses single inset microstrip
feed line. Circular polarization is achieved through truncated corners and single slit
in patch. Polymide spacer of 6 mm thickness is used as substrate material. Its
permittivity is 1.15 at 2.4 GHz. Nickel plated woven textile is used for patch and
the ground plane. Nickel has high resistance in contradiction of oxidation as well as
corrosion. The antenna structure including the patch and the ground plane were
mounted to the spacer fabric by means of textile based on ammonia. The SMA jack
was electrically connected to two-component glue which is conductive.
In 2005, authors of [3] presented a study on the design, simulation and evalu-
ation of wearable antennas. The antenna operates with a centre frequency of
868 MHz. Substrate material used here is glass epoxy having relative permittivity
4.8, thickness 1.6 mm. The conducting element used is cooper. The ground plane
limits the backward wave towards the wearer. In 2006, authors of [4] have

Fig. 1 Textile antenna

having circular polarization
Wearable Antennas for Medical Application: A Review 117

Fig. 2 Meander line slot with short circuit

presented small low cost printed antenna operating at frequency less than 1 GHz.
The proposed antenna is tested to operate at 430 MHz. It is co planner waveguide
fed to provide uni-planner solution. Proposed antenna, shown in Fig. 2 provides
near omnidirectional pattern with 5% band width. The proposed structure is shown
in Fig. 2. The overall size of the antenna is 4.5″  3″. The total length of the slot
given is 29″, width is 6 mm and gap between adjacent slots is 3 mm. Material used
for antenna is 1.6 mm thick FR4.
In the year 2006 [5] author Sanz-Izquierdo et al. presented wearable button
antenna (Figs. 3 and 4) for WLAN application. The antenna operates at 2.4 and
5 GHz with omni-directional radiation pattern.

Fig. 3 Textile layer small size button antenna with (left)

118 S. Manna et al.

Fig. 4 Microstrip feed small

size dual band button antenna

Table 1 Dimensions of Parameters of the proposed antenna Values

wearable button antenna
Disc diameter, Dd 17
Top disc diameter, Dt 15.4
Base diameter, Bd 11
Cylinder outer diameter, Do 7
Centered via diameter, Vd 1.6
Track button height, Th 5.6
Gap between disc and button, G 1.5

Table 1 depicts the different dimensions of proposed small size wearable button
antenna.
In the year 2007 [6] author Kim et al. presented embedded UHF RFID tag
antenna. The antenna has been designed using flexible thread or textile material.
T matching method is used for the impedance matching between tag antenna and
RFID chip. The size of the proposed antenna is about 120  9 mm.
In 2009 author of [7] presented flexible wearable antennas operating between
100 MHz and 1 GHz. Three antenna designs are considered here spiral (Fig. 5),
bowtie (Fig. 6), and broadband wire dipole. The broadband wire dipole can cover
the frequencies, from 100 to 250 MHz. This element consists of a wire dipole with
lumped loads placed in each arm to produce a broadband antenna. The spiral and
bowtie both are capable of covering the band from 250 to 800 MHz. Scaled ver-
sions of the spiral and bowtie can cover higher bands as required. These antennas
were designed using finite difference time domain (FDTD) tool.
Wearable Antennas for Medical Application: A Review 119

Fig. 5 Conducting thread

spiral

Fig. 6 Copper coated fabric

bow tie antenna

In authors of [8] have presented coplanar waveguide fed ultra-wideband antenna.

In the proposed structure ultra-thin liquid crystal polymer of thickness 0.05 mm is
used as substrate (relative permittivity 2.9). The dimension of the proposed antenna
is 6  16  0.068 mm3 and it is one of the lightest UWB antennas. The proposed
120 S. Manna et al.

Fig. 7 Circular patch

antenna

antenna was tested in five different bending angles 20°, 30°, 40°, 45°, 60°.
Simulation result shows that −10 dB bandwidth spans from less than 3.1 to
10.6 GHz and hence covers whole UWB frequency band for any bending positions.
In [9] authors have proposed smart cloths. Antenna is designed using textile
material. The proposed antenna is a circular patch of radius 26.3 mm (shown in
Fig. 7) with a rectangular ground plane. Substrate material used here is indigo
jeans. Permittivity is calculated by experimental method and the value is 1.67 and
loss tangent 0.03. Thickness of the substrate used here is 2.84 mm. The proposed
antenna resonates at frequency of 2.45 GHz.
Lee et al. of [10] presented electrically coupled LC (ELC) resonator resonating at
2.45 GHz. The designed antenna used two layered substrate (FR4, with relative
permittivity 4.4). These substrates have thickness of 1.6 and 0.8 mm respectively.
The area of the patch is 27.8 mm2. The resonant frequency achieved here is
2.45 GHz. The designed antenna has been tested on a body model of size
200  200  50 mm3. The body model is having electrical properties like: per-
mittivity of 52.7, conductivity 1.95 S/m and loss tangent 0.27. The SAR value of
the designed antenna when placed on flat body model is obtained as 0.005 W/kg.
Joshi et al. of [11] presented polyester substrate based microstrip patch antenna
using inter digital capacitor and rectangular stub for wireless body area network
applications. The antenna is fabricated using copper tape and polyester substrate.
The designed antenna resonates at 2.45 GHz with bandwidth 40 MHz and gain of
5 dBi. The dimension of the rectangular patch is 30 mm  4 mm, substrate
thickness 3.14 mm, permittivity of 1.39 and loss tangent 0.01. The proposed
antenna has been simulated using IE3D.
Sabban of [12] in his paper presented compact dual polarized microstrip antenna
with high gain (0–2 dBi) at 434 MHz. The proposed antenna has dimension of
5  5  0.05 cm3. Authors of [13] have presented CPW fed rectangular monopole
patch antenna for wearable applications operating at 2.45 GHz (ISM band). The
ground plane and patch of the antenna is made up of graphene and carbon
Wearable Antennas for Medical Application: A Review 121

Fig. 8 3D view of the button

antenna

nanotubes. The substrate material used is poly-dimethysiloxane having dielectric

constant 2.65, loss tangent 0.02 (substrate thickness 2 mm). The simulation result is
compared with a reference antenna made of copper. The comparison result shows
18% bandwidth improvement in the proposed design. Since graphene is one of the
top conductive materials, the proposed antenna can be used to study the effect of
improvement in the ground structure.
In 2014, [14] authors Lim et al. presented their paper Wearable Textile Substrate
Patch Antenna. Size of antenna is 12″  9″ and antenna impedance is 50 Ω. Here
textile material having low dielectric constant is used for designing the antenna. The
proposed antenna is grounded on microstrip technology, which is a type of elec-
trical transmission line used to transmit microwave frequency signals. It consists of
three layers, ground plane, substrate and patch. They are fabricated on printed
circuit board. Here the patch is rectangular having thickness 0.1 mm. Dimension of
ground plane is 120  120 mm2 and thickness is 0.5 mm. Copper is used for patch
and ground plane. The performance of antenna with different textile substrate (e.g.
wash cotton, curtain cotton, polyester and poly-cotton) has been examined.
Simulation result shows that at resonant frequency is 2.4 GHz, the return losses of
these antennas are around −30 to −40 dB. Reducing the patch dimension increases
resonant frequency which can be compensated by inserting sorting pin between top
of the patch and ground plane.
Mondol et al. [15] in their paper presented wearable button antenna (Fig. 8)
operating in WLAN frequency band (5.25–5.80 GHz). Here substrate material used
is transparent acrylic fiber sheet and copper sheet is used as conducting material.
A frequency selective surface is used, which is split ring shaped slot, to enhance the
gain of the proposed antenna.
122 S. Manna et al.

Fig. 9 The dual band square slot antenna with stub

Table 2 Proposed antenna Parameter Value (mm) Parameter Value (mm)

parameters
L 50 Lfeed 34
Lslot 31 Wfeed 13
S 8 Wstub 0.6
Lstub 14

The proposed antenna consists of triangular microstrip patch antenna.

In 2015, authors of [16] Hammoodi et al. have presented dual band square slot
antenna, shown in Fig. 9. The antenna operates at ISM and WiMAX frequency
band i.e. 2.4 and 3.5 GHz respectively. The gain of antenna is around 2.5 dB at
both frequency bands. Vinyl substrate material issued here with relative permittivity
of 2.5 and thickness angle of 0.47 mm. A square slot is removed from the ground
plane and stub of length 14 mm and width 0.6 mm are introduced. Dimension of
the antenna is 50 mm2.
Performance of the antenna under bending condition has also been analyzed in
both the bands. Gain achieved here is around 2.4–2.9 dB. This shows that the
antenna is good in ISM and WiAX band. The antenna parameters are listed in
Table 2.
In [17] authors have proposed two different miniaturized wearable microstrip
antennas operating at 2.4–2.48 GHz. Using stacked triangular guiding patches and
slotting of the patches author have achieved 60% size reduction with respect to the
original volume. The proposed antennas have dimension of 39  39  2.1 mm3.
Two substrate materials are used here Taconic CER-10 (dielectric constant 10.1)
and FR4 (dielectric constant 4.4), which causes desired shift in the resonating
Wearable Antennas for Medical Application: A Review 123

Fig. 10 3D view of the

co-designed CP filtering
antenna using SOLRs with a
strip line feed (tilted view)

Fig. 11 Antenna structure

(the side view)

frequency. Simulations are carried out in HFSS platform. Results show a return loss
of −16.69 and −15.53 dB for the designed antennas respectively. Vatankhah et al.
of [18] proposed in their report a compact antenna which is capacitively fed using
inverted L shape feed for wearable wireless sensors. The antenna operates at 2.4–
6.4 GHz band. The total size of the sensor and the elevated antenna is 35 mm
22 mm  9 mm. The proposed antenna is designed using FR4 substrate with full
ground plane at the bottom and microstrip feed line at the top. A large via is created
in the middle to connect the feed line with SMA connector for antenna parameter
measurement. Jiang of [19] presented co-designed filtering antenna which is cir-
cularly polarized. The proposed antenna composed of patch radiator and bandpass
filter. The patch in this case functions as both the radiator and last stage resonator of
the filter. The filtering circuit not only provides frequency discrimination but also
performances as impedance matching circuit. Figures 10 and 11 depicts the pro-
posed antenna. The antenna operates in the frequency range of 3.77–4.26 GHz. The
proposed antenna is designed as a square patch truncated at corners on the top and
planner strip line microwave circuit at the bottom. As the antenna operates in close
vicinity to human body, the strip line shape isolates the band pass resonators from
the loading effect of human tissue.
124 S. Manna et al.

Fig. 12 The proposed UWB

antenna

Jose and Kappan of [20] in their paper presented UWB wearable textile antenna
with coplanar waveguide feed shown in Fig. 12. Coplanar feed is used to provide
the antenna a uniplanar structure.
The antenna operates in the band of 3.1–10.6 GHz. The antenna is made-up on
jeans substrate having relative permittivity 1.9. Conductive patch is designed using
copper. Artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) is used at the back side of the antenna
to give high gain over the entire range of operation. It provides high gain and
reflection of the back lobes of back lobes. It acts as high impedance ground surface.
Velan et al. of [21] presented in their report a dual band fractal monopole
antenna. The patch antenna is combined with electromagnetic band gap arrange-
ment. The prototype antenna covers the GSM band of 1800 MHz and ISM band of
2.45 GHz. The EBG substrate creates a barrier for radiation into human body, also
reduces the effect of frequency shifting due to human body.
Figure 13 represents the proposed fractal design of the monopole antenna. Here
also the antenna is fabricated on jeans substrate having dielectric constant 1.7 and
loss tangent 0.085. The antenna is backed with a EBG substrate of 150  150 mm2
dimension. For the whole frequency band the EBG substrate acts as band reject
filter. The result is also analyzed under bending condition of the proposed antenna.
SAR of the prototype is measured using three layer model of human body.
The SAR value at 1.8 GHz with EBG is 0.024 and without EBG is 5.77 W/kg. At
2.45 GHz, the corresponding SAR values are 0.016 and 6.62 W/kg. Using EBG
structure a significant reduction in SAR has been obtained in both the bands.
Wearable Antennas for Medical Application: A Review 125

Fig. 13 Prototype fractal

monopole antenna

Agarwal et al. of [22] have presented wearable antenna which is backed by

artificial magnetic conductor operating in 2.4 GHz ISM band. The permittivity of
latex substrate has been characterized to realize a flexible planar Yagi–Uda antenna
printed on it using a large area screen printing process. The 0° reflection phase of
single-layered and double layered (AMC and D-AMC) surfaces are proposed to
minimize the maximum specific absorption rate (SAR) level at 2.4-GHz frequency
band.
Jiang et al. of [23] presented in their paper a compact circularly polarized
antenna using truncated anisotropic meta surface. In the proposed antenna structure
loop monopole is at the top and a metallic sheet backed by meta surface layer is at
the bottom. These two are detached by a foam spacer. The proposed antenna
operates at ISM band of 2.45 GHz. Polydimethylsiloxane and silver nanowire
clusters are used for building the antenna, which are tremendously flexible.

3 Conclusion

A brief review of wearable antenna is presented. Several different aspects have to be

taken into account when designing wearable antenna. Several different materials
can be taken into account. Wearable antennas have great future mainly due to the
rapid development of wireless communication technologies. Table 3 lists the study
on wearable antenna, their performance and different materials used as substrate.
Table 3 Summary of wearable antennas and their performance
126

Ref. Author and year Method used for size reduction Size Frequency of Dielectric Dielectric
No. operation material used constant
[1] Salonen and High frequency operation and use of Patch is 56 mm  51 mm, Flexible to operate at Textile 1.04 at
Hurme (2003) textile material Ground plane is different frequency 2.45 GHz
76 mm  71 mm bands
[2] Klemm et al. Truncated corner along with single slit Patch width 48 mm, length 2.29–2.36 GHz, Spacer fabric 1.15 at
(2004) in patch and single inset microstrip 5 mm, feed width 14 mm center textile 2.4 GHz
feed line frequency 2.32 GHz
[3] Noury et al. Introducing input stub Antenna length and width both Centre frequency Glass epoxy 4.8
(2005) are 86.4 mm, thickness 868 MHz
1.6 mm
[4] Waterhouse et al. Coplanner waveguide fed meander line 4.5 in.  3 in. Centre frequency FR4 4.4
(2006) slot 430 MHz
[5] Sanz et al. Cylindrical structure Standard denim button size Dual band of 2.4 and Velcro 1.37
(2006) 5 GHz substrate of
1.8 mm thick
[7] Mathews et al. Bowtie structure, Spiral structure Standard size Band of 250– Nylon, liquid 2.9
(2009) 800 MHz crystal
polymer
[8] Sagor et al. Coplanner waveguide fed UWB 6 mm  16 mm  0.068 mm 3.1–10.6 GHz Liquid crystal 2.9
(2009) antenna polymer
[9] Sankaralingam Circular disk structure Radius 26.3 mm 2.45 GHz Indigo jeans 1.67 at
et al. (2009) cotton fabric 2.45 GHz
[24] Fang et al. Rectangular spiral patch Patch width 4 mm 402–406 MHz Patch-Cu, 10.2
(2011) Diele.-Roger
RO 3210
(continued)
S. Manna et al.
Table 3 (continued)
Ref. Author and year Method used for size reduction Size Frequency of Dielectric Dielectric
No. operation material used constant
[25] Duan et al. Rectangular Spiral patch 27 mm  14 mm  1.27 mm 433.9–542.4 MHz Roger 6010 10.2
(2012)
[26] Kiourti et al. vertically stacked circular structure 6 mm radius ground plane, 402–406 MHz, 902– Roger 3210 10.2
(2012) two 5 mm radius meandered 928 MHz
patch
[27] Wnuk et al. Truncated corners 51.262 mm  51.262 mm 1.8 GHz Roger RT 2.6
(2012)
[11] Joshi et al. Inter digital capacitor and rectangular 0.213 ʎ  0.246 ʎ 2.45 GHz Polyster cloth 1.39
(2013) stub
[28] Sagor et al. Cu radiating patch 6 mm  16 mm  0.068 mm 3.1–10.6 GHz Liquid crystal 2.9
(2013) polymer
[29] Dwibedi (2013) Symmetric L shaped arms are joined 90 mm  90 mm 1.31–3.21 GHz Bed sheet 1.8
together fabric
[15] Mondol et al. Split ring shaped slot is designed 18.11 mm  18.11 mm Centre frequency Transparent 2.8
Wearable Antennas for Medical Application: A Review

(2014) 5.25 GHz acrylic fiber

sheet
[17] Shubair et al. Stacked triangular patches and slotting 39 mm  39 mm  2.1 mm 2.4–2.48 GHz FR4 4.4
(2015) of the patches
[18] Varnoosfaderani Shorted patch and printed wall made 35 mm  22 mm  9 mm 2.2–6.44 GHz FR4 4.4
et al. (2015) from ACHESON ELECTRODAG PM
496
[19] Jiang et al. Truncated corner on the top and 40 mm  40 mm  5.3 mm 3.77–4.26 GHz FR4 4.4
(2015) planner stripline microwave circuit at
the bottom
(continued)
127
Table 3 (continued)
128

Ref. Author and year Method used for size reduction Size Frequency of Dielectric Dielectric
No. operation material used constant
[21] Velan et al. Electromagnetic band gap structure 150 mm  150 mm 1800 MHz and Jean fabric 1.7
(2015) 2.45 GHz
[22] Agarwal et al. Use of Artificial Magnetic Conductor 50 mm  50 mm 2.4 GHz Latex 3.31
(2016)
[23] Jiang et al. Truncated anisotropic metasurface 50 mm  50 mm 2.4 GHz PDMS 2.8
(2016)
S. Manna et al.
Wearable Antennas for Medical Application: A Review 129

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