Chapter II.

I. Related Literature

Even before the first electronic computers were made, many people believe that

computers started with abacus, a simple counting device. The abacus is believed to

have been built in Babylon in the fourth century B.C. The “First Generation” much big

in its size, created much heat, used hundreds of kilowatts of power and was about as

reliable as a used up machines. As time went on, these computers evolved from using

vacuum tubes to transistors. Transistors mark the beginning of the “Second Generation”

of computers in 1947. Unfortunately, the 2 nd Generation did not advance as much as

most people hoped, but eventually the “Third Generation” was brought about by the

invention of integrated circuits in 1958. Integrated circuits replaced transistors, and

many born during this time, and eventually this led to personal computers for everyday

use. Microprocessors introduced the beginning of the “Fourth Generation” and a time

where computers were in almost every house.

II. Studies

In 1989, in most systems, computer use in school was made dominated. Only the

French – speaking systems and Greece employed in the majority of schools special

gender related policies on computer usage. These policies consisted of training female

teachers in computer education and selecting female to supervise computer activities.

The amount of information teachers received in training courses was strongly related to

their knowledge, skills and attitudes towards computers. Staff development was one of

the factors most strongly associated with the implementation of computers in school.
III. Abstract

In this era computers, video games and the internet have become entrenched features of

our daily lives. Computer use has reached beyond work and us now a major source of

fun and entertainment for many people. But there are symptoms of computer or video

game addiction for children. Symptoms of computer addiction for children in non –

school hours which is spent on the computer resulting to falling asleep in class, not

keeping up with assignments and worsening of grades. This review concerns with the

effect of computer usage to the academic performance of students which is computer

based instruments are part of a need to be connected to a measure of display data. There

are several types of computer based instruments have many specifications and function

in a variety of ways. A computer based oscilloscope has an external analogue to digital

converter, which can be connected to several parameters of technology also computer

based instruments have a wide range of applications in the field of education and

research
V. Significance

Computer based instruments have a many specifications and function in a variety of

ways. A computer based oscilloscope has an external analogue to digital converter,

which can be connected to a computer based oscilloscope has several parameters to

consider such as computer host, digital inputs, operating temperature, maximum shock,

maximum vibration, analog bandwidth and number of channels. A computer based

spectrum analyzer displays signal amplitude on the axis and frequency on the

horizontal axis. Computer based spectrum analyzers parameter include form factors,

number of input/output channels, and dynamic range. In digital and vector modulation

they are both used. In digital modulation the information to be transmitted is converted

into digital form and in vector modulation a single modulator is used to control both

amplitude and phase. Computers based instruments are designed and manufactures to

meet most industry specifications.

VI. Scopes and Limitations

Computers based instruments have a wide range of applications in the field of

education and research. Computer based spectrum analyzers can easily measure radio

frequency signal intensity, frequency and also power density through the use of

calibrated antenna. A computer based spectrum analyzer can also be used to check

whether a wireless transmitter is working in accordance with the federally defined

standards. Major advantages of computer based oscilloscope are low cost, easy

portability, easy handling and capability of storage. A computer based instruments can

be created to resolve open ended design problems. Due to the low cost of computers,

computer based instruments are particularly suitable for the educational market where

equipment budget are often low.

VII. Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

Rapid changes occurred between 1985, 1989 and 1992 in the percentage of schools that

access to computers in all participating countries and at all grade levels. The increases

were the results of government programs as well as support by local communities and

the efforts of individual schools. In both 1989 and 1992, the major use of computers in

schools was for teaching about computers, their applications and how to handle them.

Only a minority of students used computer regularly as a part of instruction in the

subject of mathematics, science and mother tongue. Opportunities provided outside

school were a major factor influencing students learning about computers. At all three

school levels, students computer related knowledge was weakly associated with the

opportunities that’s students had to acquire that knowledge within schools.