Krcnces
hrtcjfb9 Ocstkry ka ehektbjoekfkny  
Ghce hrtcjfb9 

Tob jkejbpts toht sbbdbd ehektbjoekfkny wbrb acrst

dcsjussbd ce 8323 ly rbekwebd poyscjcst 
poyscjcst \cjohrd
Abyeghe  ce ocs thf` 
Abyeghe thf` Tobrb's ]fbety ka \kkg ht tob Lkttkg,
ce wocjo ob dbsjrclbd tob pkssclcfcty ka syetobscs vch dcrbjt
ghecpufhtcke ka htkgs. Tob tbrg "ehek-tbjoekfkny" whs
acrst usbd ly 
ly Ekrck Thecnujoc 
Thecnujoc ce 83>4, tokuno ct whs ekt
wcdbfy `ekwe.

Jkgphrcske ka Ehekghtbrchfs Zczbs

Cespcrbd ly Abyeghe's jkejbpts, 
jkejbpts, @. Brcj Drbxfbr  usbd
 usbd tob
tbrg "ehektbjoekfkny" ce ocs 83?1 lkk` 
lkk`  Bencebs ka
Jrbhtcke9 Tob Jkgcen Brh ka Ehektbjoekfkny , wocjo
prkpksbd tob cdbh ka h eheksjhfb "hssbglfbr" wocjo

wkufd lb hlfb tk lucfd h jkpy ka ctsbfa hed ka ktobr ctbgs ka

 

hrlctrhry jkgpfbxcty wcto htkgcj jketrkf. Hfsk ce 83?1,

Drbxfbr jk-akuedbd 
jk-akuedbd Tob Akrbscnot Cestctutb 
Cestctutb (wcto wocjo ob
cs ek fkenbr haacfchtbd) tk obfp cejrbhsb pulfcj hwhrbebss
h whrbebss
hed uedbrsthedcen ka ehektbjoekfkny jkejbpts hed

cgpfcjhtckes.
Tous, bgbrnbejb ka ehektbjoekfkny hs h acbfd ce tob
83?=s kjjurrbd torkuno jkevbrnbejb ka Drbxfbr's
tobkrbtcjhf hed pulfcj wkr`, wocjo dbvbfkpbd hed
pkpufhrczbd h jkejbptuhf arhgbwkr` akr ehektbjoekfkny,
hed ocno-vcsclcfcty bxpbrcgbethf hdvhejbs toht drbw
hddctckehf wcdb-sjhfb httbetcke tk tob prkspbjts ka htkgcj
jketrkf ka ghttbr. Zcejb tob pkpufhrcty spc`b ce tob 83?=s,
gkst ka ehektbjoekfkny ohs cevkfvbd cevbstcnhtcke ka
sbvbrhf hpprkhjobs tk gh`cen gbjohecjhf dbvcjbs kut ka h
sghff euglbr ka htkgs.
htkgs.P8=W 
Ce tob 83?=s, twk ghikr lrbh`torkunos sphr`bd tob nrkwto
ka ehektbjoekfkny ce gkdbre brh. Acrst, tob cevbetcke ka
tob  sjheecen tueebfcen gcjrksjkpb 
tob gcjrksjkpb ce 83?8 wocjo prkvcdbd
ueprbjbdbetbd vcsuhfczhtcke ka cedcvcduhf htkgs hed
lkeds, hed whs sujjbssauffy usbd tk ghecpufhtb cedcvcduhf
htkgs ce 83?3. Tob T ob gcjrksjkpb's dbvbfkpbrs 
dbvbfkpbrs Nbrd
Lceecn  hed
Lceecn hed  Obcercjo \korbr  ht ht  CLG Yurcjo \bsbhrjo
Fhlkrhtkry  rbjbcvbd h 
Fhlkrhtkry h Eklbf ]rczb ce ]oyscjs 
]oyscjs ce
83?1..P88WP8<W Lceecn,
83?1 Lceecn,  Xuhtb
Xuhtb  hed Nbrlbr hfsk cevbetbd tob
hehfknkus  htkgcj akrjb gcjrksjkpb 
hehfknkus gcjrksjkpb toht ybhr.
 

 
Luj`gcestbrauffbrbeb J1=, hfsk `ekwe hs tob 
tob  luj`ylhff
luj`ylhff,, cs h
rbprbsbethtcvb gbglbr ka tob 
tob jhrlke strujturbs 
strujturbs `ekwe
hs  auffbrbebs
hs auffbrbebs.. Gbglbrs ka tob auffbrbeb ahgcfy hrb h ghikr sulibjt
ka rbsbhrjo ahffcen uedbr tob ehektbjoekfkny uglrbffh.
Zbjked, Auffbrbebs
Zbjked,  Auffbrbebs  wbrb dcsjkvbrbd ce 83?2 ly  ly Ohrry
@rktk,, \cjohrd Zghffby,
@rktk Zghffby, hed
 hed  \klbrt Jurf,
Jurf, wok tknbtobr
wke tob 8331 
8331 Eklbf ]rczb ce Jobgcstry.
Jobgcstry.P8:WP84W J1= whs ekt
cectchffy dbsjrclbd hs ehektbjoekfkny0
ehektbjoekfkny0 tob tbrg
tbr g whs usbd
rbnhrdcen sulsbqubet wkr` wcto rbfhtbd 
rbfhtbd nrhpobeb
nrhpobeb  tulbs
(jhffbd  jhrlke ehektulbs 
(jhffbd ehektulbs hed skgbtcgbs jhffbd Luj`y
tulbs) wocjo sunnbstbd pktbetchf hppfcjhtckes akr
eheksjhfb bfbjtrkecjs hed dbvcjbs.
Ce tob bhrfy <===s,
< ===s, tob acbfd nhrebrbd cejrbhsbd sjcbetcacj,
pkfctcjhf, hed jkggbrjchf httbetcke toht fbd tk lkto
jketrkvbrsy hed prknrbss. Jketrkvbrscbs bgbrnbd
rbnhrdcen tob dbacectckes hed pktbetchf cgpfcjhtckes ka
ehektbjoekfkncbs, bxbgpfcacbd ly tob  tob \kyhf Zkjcbty'
Zkjcbty's
rbpkrt ke ehektbjoekfkny.
ehektbjoekfkny.P82W Johffbenbs wbrb rhcsbd
rbnhrdcen tob abhsclcfcty ka hppfcjhtckes bevcsckebd ly
hdvkjhtbs ka gkfbjufhr ehektbjoekfkny, wocjo jufgcehtbd
ce h pulfcj dblhtb lbtwbbe Drbxfbr hed Zghffby ce <==8
hed <==:.
<==:.P81W 
Gbhewocfb, jkggbrjchfczhtcke
jkggbrjchfczhtcke ka prkdujts lhsbd ke
hdvhejbgbets ce eheksjhfb tbjoekfkncbs lbnhe
 

bgbrncen. Tobsb prkdujts hrb fcgctbd tk luf` hppfcjhtckes

ka  ehekghtbrchfs
ehekghtbrchfs  hed dk ekt cevkfvb htkgcj jketrkf ka
ghttbr. Zkgb bxhgpfbs cejfudb tob  tob Zcfvbr Ehekpfhtakrg
Ehekpfhtakrg
akr uscen 
uscen scfvbr ehekphrtcjfbs 
ehekphrtcjfbs hs he hetclhjtbrchf

hnbet,
hnbet,   ehekphrtcjfb
ehekphrtcjfb-lhsbd
aclbr strbentobecen
strbentobecen -lhsbd
uscen trhesphrbet
scfcjh suesjrbbes,
ehekphrtcjfbs, jhrlke
hed jhrlke
ehektulbs akr sthce-rbscsthet tbxtcfbs.
tbxtcfbs.P8>WP8?W 
Nkvbregbets gkvbd tk prkgktb hed  hed aued rbsbhrjo 
rbsbhrjo cetk
ehektbjoekfkny, sujo hs ce tob R.Z. wcto tob  tob Ehtckehf
Ehektbjoekfkny Cectchtcvb,
Cectchtcvb, wocjo akrghfczbd h sczb-lhsbd
dbacectcke ka ehektbjoekfkny hed bsthlfcsobd auedcen akr
rbsbhrjo ke tob eheksjhfb, hed ce Burkpb vch tob
Burkpbhe  Arhgbwkr` ]rknrhggbs akr \bsbhrjo hed
Burkpbhe
Tbjoekfkncjhf Dbvbfkpgbet.
Dbvbfkpgbet. 
Ly tob gcd-<===s ebw hed h ed sbrckus sjcbetcacj httbetcke
lbnhe tk afkurcso. ]rkibjts bgbrnbd tk prkdujb
ehektbjoekfkny rkhdghpsP83WP<=W wocjo jbetbr ke htkgcjhffy
prbjcsb ghecpufhtcke ka ghttbr hed dcsjuss bxcstcen hed
prkibjtbd jhphlcfctcbs, nkhfs, hed hppfcjhtckes.

Ehektbjo
"ehektbjo") cs ghecpufhtcke ka ghttbr ke he  he htkgcj
htkgcj,, gkfbjufhr , 
hed  suprhgkfbjufhr  sjhfb. Tob bhrfcbst, wcdbsprbhd dbsjrcptcke ka
hed
ehektbjoekfkny P8WP<W rbabrrbd tk tob phrtcjufhr tbjoekfkncjhf nkhf ka
prbjcsbfy ghecpufhtcen htkgs hed gkfbjufbs akr ahlrcjhtcke ka
 

ghjrksjhfb prkdujts, hfsk ekw rbabrrbd tk hs 

hs  gkfbjufhr
ehektbjoekfkny.. H gkrb nbebrhfczbd dbsjrcptcke ka
ehektbjoekfkny
ehektbjoekfkny whs sulsbqubetfy bsthlfcsobd ly tob  tob Ehtckehf
Ehektbjoekfkny Cectchtcvb,
Cectchtcvb, wocjo dbacebs ehektbjoekfkny hs tob
ghecpufhtcke ka ghttbr wcto ht fbhst keb dcgbescke sczbd arkg 8 tk
8== ehekgbtbrs
8==  ehekgbtbrs.. Tocs dbacectcke rbafbjts tob ahjt toht 
toht  quhetug
gbjohecjhf  baabjts hrb cgpkrthet ht tocs 
gbjohecjhf tocs  quhetug-rbhfg
quhetug-rbhfg  sjhfb, hed
sk tob dbacectcke socatbd arkg h phrtcjufhr tbjoekfkncjhf nkhf tk h
rbsbhrjo jhtbnkry cejfuscvb ka hff typbs ka rbsbhrjo hed
tbjoekfkncbs toht dbhf wcto tob spbjchf prkpbrtcbs ka ghttbr wocjo
kjjur lbfkw tob ncvbe sczb torbsokfd. Ct cs tobrbakrb jkggke tk
sbb tob pfurhf akrg "ehektbjoekfkncbs" hs wbff hs "eheksjhfb
tbjoekfkncbs" tk rbabr tk tob lrkhd rhenb ka rbsbhrjo hed
hppfcjhtckes woksb jkggke trhct cs sczb. Lbjhusb ka tob vhrcbty ka
pktbetchf hppfcjhtckes (cejfudcen cedustrchf hed gcfcthry),
nkvbregbets ohvb cevbstbd lcffckes ka dkffhrs ce ehektbjoekfkny
rbsbhrjo. Torkuno <=8<, tob RZH ohs cevbstbd $:.> lcffcke uscen
cts  Ehtckehf Ehektbjoekfkny Cectchtcvb,
cts Cectchtcvb, tob Burkpbhe Recke ohs
cevbstbd $8.< lcffcke, hed Ihphe ohs cevbstbd $>2= gcffcke.
gcffcke .P:W 
Ehektbjoekfkny hs dbacebd ly sczb cs ehturhffy vbry lrkhd,
cejfudcen acbfds ka sjcbejb hs dcvbrsb hs  hs surahjb sjcbejb,
sjcbejb, krnhecj
jobgcstry,, gkfbjufhr lckfkny,
jobgcstry lckfkny, sbgcjkedujtkr poyscjs,
poyscjs, bebrny
stkrhnb,,P4WP2W gcjrkahlrcjhtcke
stkrhnb gcjrkahlrcjhtcke,,P1W gkfbjufhr bencebbrcen,
bencebbrcen, btj
 btj..P>WTob
hsskjchtbd rbsbhrjo hed hppfcjhtckes hrb bquhffy dcvbrsb, rhencen
arkg bxtbesckes ka jkevbetckehf 
jkevbetckehf dbvcjb poyscjs 
poyscjs tk jkgpfbtbfy ebw
hpprkhjobs lhsbd upke  upke gkfbjufhr sbfa-hssbglfy,
sbfa-hssbglfy,P?W arkg
dbvbfkpcen  ebw ghtbrchfs 
dbvbfkpcen ghtbrchfs wcto dcgbesckes ke tob eheksjhfb
tk  dcrbjt jketrkf ka ghttbr ke tob htkgcj sjhfb.
tk sjhfb. 
Zjcbetcsts jurrbetfy dblhtb tob auturb 
auturb cgpfcjhtckes ka
ehektbjoekfkny.. Ehektbjoekfkny ghy lb hlfb tk jrbhtb ghey
ehektbjoekfkny
ebw ghtbrchfs hed dbvcjbs wcto h vhst rhenb ka  hppfcjhtckes
hppfcjhtckes,, sujo
hs ce 
ce ehekgbdcjceb
ehekgbdcjceb,, ehekbfbjtrkecjs
ehekbfbjtrkecjs,, lckghtbrchfs
lckghtbrchfs  bebrny
prkdujtcke, hed jkesugbr prkdujts. Ke tob ktobr ohed,
ehektbjoekfkny rhcsbs ghey ka tob shgb cssubs hs hey ebw
 

tbjoekfkny, cejfudcen jkejbres hlkut tob 

tob tkxcjcty
tkxcjcty  hed
bevcrkegbethf cgphjt ka ehekghtbrchfs,P3W hed tobcr pktbetchf
baabjts ke nfklhf bjkekgcjs, hs wbff hs spbjufhtcke hlkut
vhrckus  dkkgsdhy sjbehrcks.
vhrckus sjbehrcks. Tobsb jkejbres ohvb fbd tk h
dblhtb hgken hdvkjhjy nrkups hed nkvbregbets ke wobtobr
spbjchf  rbnufhtcke ka ehektbjoekfkny 
spbjchf ehektbjoekfkny cs whrrhetbd.

Ehektbjo ce Lck

Eheklcktbjoekfkny, lckehektbjoekfkny,
hed eheklckfkny hrb tbrgs toht rbabr tk tob cetbrsbjtcke
ka  ehektbjoekfkny
ehektbjoekfkny  hed
hed  lckfkny
lckfkny..P8W Ncvbe toht tob sulibjt cs keb toht
ohs kefy bgbrnbd vbry rbjbetfy, lckehektbjoekfkny hed
eheklcktbjoekfkny sbrvb hs lfhe`bt tbrgs akr vhrckus rbfhtbd
tbjoekfkncbs.
Tocs dcsjcpfceb obfps tk cedcjhtb tob gbrnbr ka lckfkncjhf rbsbhrjo
wcto vhrckus acbfds ka ehektbjoekfkny. Jkejbpts toht hrb
beohejbd torkuno 
torkuno eheklckfkny
eheklckfkny  cejfudb9
cejfudb9  ehekdbvcjbs
ehekdbvcjbs  (sujo
hs lckfkncjhf ghjocebs)
hs  ghjocebs), ehekphrtcjfbs
ehekphrtcjfbs,, hed eheksjhfb
pobekgbeh toht kjjurs wctoce tob dcsjcpfceb ka ehektbjoekfkny.
Tocs tbjoecjhf hpprkhjo tk lckfkny hffkws sjcbetcsts tk cghnceb
hed jrbhtb systbgs toht jhe lb usbd akr lckfkncjhf rbsbhrjo.
Lckfkncjhffy cespcrbd ehektbjoekfkny usbs lckfkncjhf systbgs hs
tob cespcrhtckes akr tbjoekfkncbs ekt ybt jrbhtbd.
jrbhtbd.P<W Okwbvbr, hs
wcto ehektbjoekfkny hed 
hed lcktbjoekfkny
lcktbjoekfkny,, lckehektbjoekfkny dkbs
ohvb ghey 
ghey pktbetchf btocjhf cssubs 
cssubs hsskjchtbd wcto ct.
 

Tob gkst cgpkrthet klibjtcvbs toht hrb arbqubetfy akued ce

eheklckfkny cevkfvb hppfycen ehektkkfs tk rbfbvhet
gbdcjhf/lckfkncjhf prklfbgs hed rbacecen tobsb hppfcjhtckes.
hs  pbptkcd eheksobbts,
Dbvbfkpcen ebw tkkfs, sujo hs  eheksobbts, akr gbdcjhf
hed lckfkncjhf purpksbs cs hektobr prcghry klibjtcvb ce
ehektbjoekfkny. Ebw ehektkkfs hrb katbe ghdb ly rbacecen tob
hppfcjhtckes ka tob ehektkkfs toht hrb hfrbhdy lbcen usbd. Tob
ehtcvb lckgkfbjufbs,
cghncen ka ehtcvb  lckgkfbjufbs, lckfkncjhf gbglrhebs,
gbglrhebs, hed
tcssubs cs hfsk h ghikr tkpcj akr tob eheklckfkny rbsbhrjobrs.
Ktobr tkpcjs jkejbrecen eheklckfkny cejfudb tob usb
ka  jhetcfbvbr
jhetcfbvbr  hrrhy sbeskrs hed tob hppfcjhtcke
ka  ehekpoktkecjs
ehekpoktkecjs  akr ghecpufhtcen gkfbjufhr prkjbssbs ce fcvcen
jbffs.P:W 
jbffs.

\bjbetfy, tob usb ka  gcjrkkrnhecsgs

gcjrkkrnhecsgs  tk syetobsczb auejtckehf
ehekphrtcjfbs ohs lbbe ka nrbht cetbrbst. Gcjrkkrnhecsgs jhe
johenb tob kxcdhtcke sthtb ka gbthfs. Tobsb gcjrklchf prkjbssbs
ohvb kpbebd up ebw kppkrtuectcbs akr us tk bxpfkrb ekvbf
hppfcjhtckes, akr bxhgpfb, tob lcksyetobscs ka gbthf
ehekghtbrchfs. Ce jketrhst tk jobgcjhf hed poyscjhf gbtokds,
gcjrklchf prkjbssbs akr syetobsczcen ehekghtbrchfs jhe lb
hjocbvbd ce hqubkus pohsb uedbr nbetfb hed bevcrkegbethffy
lbecne jkedctckes. Tocs hpprkhjo ohs lbjkgb he httrhjtcvb akjus
ce jurrbet nrbbe lckehektbjoekfkny rbsbhrjo tkwhrds susthcehlfb
dbvbfkpgbet..P4W 
dbvbfkpgbet
 

Ehektbjo  
Lrhejobs ka Ehektbjo

ce Lck-
EhekgbdcjcebPbdct
bdctWW 
Ehekgbdcjceb
Ehekgbdcjceb  cs h acbfd ka gbdcjhf sjcbejb woksb hppfcjhtckes
hrb cejrbhscen gkrb hed gkrb tohe`s
tk  ehekrklkts
tk ehekrklkts  hed
hed  lckfkncjhf ghjocebs,
ghjocebs, wocjo jkestctutb h vbry
usbauf tkkf tk dbvbfkp tocs hrbh ka `ekwfbdnb. Ce tob phst ybhrs,
rbsbhrjobrs ohvb ghdb ghey cgprkvbgbets ce tob dcaabrbet
dbvcjbs hed systbgs rbqucrbd tk dbvbfkp ehekrklkts. Tocs
suppksbs h ebw why ka trbhtcen hed dbhfcen wcto dcsbhsbs sujo
hs jhejbr0 tohe`s tk ehekrklkts, scdb baabjts ka jobgktobrhpy
ohvb lbbe jketrkffbd, rbdujbd hed bvbe bfcgcehtbd, sk skgb
ybhrs arkg ekw, jhejbr phtcbets wcff lb kaabrbd he hftbrehtcvb tk
trbht tocs dcsbhsb cestbhd ka jobgktobrhpy, wocjo jhusbs
sbjkedhry baabjts sujo hs ohcr fkss, ahtcnub kr ehusbh `cffcen ekt
kefy jhejbrkus jbffs lut hfsk tob obhftoy kebs. Ht h jfcecjhf fbvbf,
jhejbr trbhtgbet wcto ehekgbdcjceb wcff jkescst ka tob suppfy ka
ehekrklkts tk tob phtcbet torkuno he ceibjtcke toht wcff sbhrjo akr
jhejbrkus jbffs wocfb fbhvcen uetkujobd tob obhftoy kebs.
]htcbets toht wcff lb trbhtbd torkuno ehekgbdcjceb wcff ekt ektcjb
tob prbsbejb ka tobsb ehekghjocebs cescdb tobg0 tob kefy tocen
toht cs nkcen tk lb ektcjbhlfb cs tob prknrbsscvb cgprkvbgbet ka
tobcr obhfto.
obhfto.P3W
P3W  

Drun dbfcvbry Pbdct
bdctWW 
 

Ehekphrtcjfbs (tkp), fcpkskgbs( gcddfb)
Ehekphrtcjfbs  gcddfb), hed 
hed dbedrcgbrs
dbedrcgbrs  (lkttkg) hrb
skgb  ehekghtbrchfs
skgb ehekghtbrchfs  lbcen cevbstcnhtbd akr usb ce ehekgbdcjceb.
Ehektbjoekfkny ohs prkvcdbd tob pkssclcfcty ka dbfcvbrcen druns tk
spbjcacj jbffs uscen ehekphrtcjfbs.
ehekphrtcjfbs.P>W Tob kvbrhff drun jkesugptcke
hed scdb-baabjts ghy lb fkwbrbd scnecacjhetfy ly dbpksctcen tob
hjtcvb hnbet ce tob gkrlcd rbncke kefy hed ce ek ocnobr dksb tohe
ebbdbd. Thrnbtbd drun dbfcvbry cs cetbedbd tk rbdujb tob scdb
baabjts ka druns wcto jkejkgcthet dbjrbhsbs ce jkesugptcke hed
trbhtgbet bxpbesbs. 
bxpbesbs. Drun dbfcvbry 
dbfcvbry akjusbs ke
ghxcgczcen  lckhvhcfhlcfcty
ghxcgczcen lckhvhcfhlcfcty  lkto ht spbjcacj pfhjbs ce tob lkdy hed
kvbr h pbrckd ka tcgb. Tocs jhe pktbetchffy lb hjocbvbd ly
gkfbjufhr thrnbtcen ly ehekbencebbrbd dbvcjbs.
dbvcjbs.P?WP3W H
 H lbebact ka
uscen eheksjhfb akr gbdcjhf tbjoekfkncbs cs toht sghffbr dbvcjbs
hrb fbss cevhscvb hed jhe pkssclfy lb cgpfhetbd cescdb tob lkdy,
pfus lckjobgcjhf rbhjtcke tcgbs hrb gujo sokrtbr. Tobsb dbvcjbs
dbfcvbry.P8=W Tob
hrb ahstbr hed gkrb sbesctcvb tohe typcjhf drun dbfcvbry.
 

baacjhjy ka drun dbfcvbry torkuno ehekgbdcjceb cs fhrnbfy lhsbd

upke9 h) baacjcbet bejhpsufhtcke ka tob druns, l) sujjbssauf
dbfcvbry ka drun tk tob thrnbtbd rbncke ka tob lkdy, hed j)
sujjbssauf rbfbhsb ka tob drun.Pjcthtcke ebbdbd W 
Drun dbfcvbry systbgs, fcpcd- fcpcd-P88W kr pkfygbr-lhsbd ehekphrtcjfbs,
jhe lb dbscnebd tk cgprkvb
tob  pohrghjk`cebtcjs
tob pohrghjk`cebtcjs  hed hed  lckdcstrclutcke
lckdcstrclutcke  ka tob
drun..P8<WP8:
drun WP84W Okwbvbr, tob pohrghjk`cebtcjs hed
P8<WP8:WP84W

pohrghjkdyehgcjs ka ehekgbdcjceb cs ocnofy vhrchlfb hgken

dcaabrbet phtcbets.
phtcbets.P82W ^obe dbscnebd tk hvkcd tob lkdy's dbabejb
gbjohecsgs,,P81W ehekphrtcjfbs ohvb lbebacjchf prkpbrtcbs toht jhe
gbjohecsgs
lb usbd tk cgprkvb drun dbfcvbry. Jkgpfbx drun dbfcvbry
gbjohecsgs hrb lbcen dbvbfkpbd, cejfudcen tob hlcfcty tk nbt
druns torkuno jbff gbglrhebs hed cetk jbff  jbff jytkpfhsg
jytkpfhsg.. Trcnnbrbd
rbspkesb
baacjcbetfy.csDruns
keb why
hrb akr druncegkfbjufbs
pfhjbd tk lbkefy
tob lkdy hed usbd gkrb ke
hjtcvhtb
bejkuetbrcen h phrtcjufhr scnehf. Akr bxhgpfb, h drun wcto pkkr
skfulcfcty wcff lb rbpfhjbd ly h drun dbfcvbry systbg wobrb lkto
oydrkpocfcj hed oydrkpoklcj bevcrkegbets bxcst, cgprkvcen tob
skfulcfcty..P8>W Drun dbfcvbry systbgs ghy hfsk lb hlfb tk prbvbet
skfulcfcty
tcssub dhghnb torkuno rbnufhtbd drun rbfbhsb0 rbdujb drun
jfbhrhejb rhtbs0 kr fkwbr tob vkfugb ka dcstrclutcke hed rbdujb
tob baabjt ke eke-thrnbt tcssub. Okwbvbr, tob lckdcstrclutcke ka
tobsb ehekphrtcjfbs cs stcff cgpbrabjt dub tk tob jkgpfbx okst's
rbhjtckes tk ehek- hed gcjrksczbd ghtbrchfsP81W hed tob dcaacjufty ce
thrnbtcen spbjcacj krnhes ce tob lkdy. Ebvbrtobfbss, h fkt ka wkr`
cs stcff kenkcen tk kptcgczb hed lbttbr uedbrsthed tob pktbetchf hed
fcgcthtckes ka ehekphrtcjufhtb systbgs. ^ocfb hdvhejbgbet ka
rbsbhrjo prkvbs toht thrnbtcen hed dcstrclutcke jhe lb hungbetbd
ly ehekphrtcjfbs, tob dhenbrs ka ehektkxcjcty lbjkgb he
cgpkrthet ebxt stbp ce aurtobr uedbrsthedcen ka tobcr gbdcjhf
usbs..P8?W 
usbs

CghncenPbdct
PbdctWW 
 

Ce vcvk cghncen cs hektobr hrbh wobrb tkkfs hed dbvcjbs hrb lbcen

dbvbfkpbd. P:>W Rscen ehekphrtcjfb 
ehekphrtcjfb jketrhst hnbets,
hnbets, cghnbs sujo hs
uftrhskued hed G\C ohvb h ahvkrhlfb dcstrclutcke hed cgprkvbd
jketrhst. Ce jhrdckvhsjufhr cghncen, ehekphrtcjfbs ohvb pktbetchf
tk hcd vcsuhfczhtcke ka lfkkd pkkfcen,
csjobgch, hencknbebscs
csjobgch,  hencknbebscs,,P:>W
 htobrksjfbrkscs
htobrksjfbrkscs,, hed akjhf hrbhs wobrb
ceafhgghtcke cs prbsbet.
prbsbet.  
Tob sghff sczb ka ehekphrtcjfbs bedkws tobg wcto prkpbrtcbs toht
jhe lb vbry usbauf ce 
ce kejkfkny
kejkfkny,, phrtcjufhrfy ce cghncen.P>W Xuhetug
dkts (ehekphrtcjfbs wcto quhetug jkeacebgbet prkpbrtcbs, sujo hs
sczb-tuehlfb fcnot bgcsscke), wobe usbd ce jkeiuejtcke wcto G\C
(ghnebtcj rbskehejb cghncen), jhe prkdujb bxjbptckehf cghnbs
ka tugkr sctbs. 
sctbs. Ehekphrtcjfbs
Ehekphrtcjfbs  ka  jhdgcug sbfbecdb 
sbfbecdb (quhetug dkts)
dkts)
nfkw wobe bxpksbd tk uftrhvckfbt fcnot. ^obe ceibjtbd, toby sbbp
cetk
usb ctjhejbr 
 tugkrs
tugkrs.
hs h nucdb . Tob
akr gkrbsurnbke
hjjurhtb jhe sbb tob
tugkr nfkwcen tugkr, hed
rbgkvhf.Tobsb
ehekphrtcjfbs hrb gujo lrcnotbr tohe krnhecj dybs hed kefy ebbd
keb fcnot skurjb akr bxjcthtcke. Tocs gbhes toht tob usb ka
afukrbsjbet quhetug dkts jkufd prkdujb h ocnobr jketrhst cghnb
hed ht h fkwbr jkst tohe tkdhy's krnhecj dybs usbd hs  hs jketrhst
gbdch.. Tob dkwescdb, okwbvbr, cs toht quhetug dkts hrb usuhffy
gbdch
ghdb ka quctb tkxcj bfbgbets, lut tocs jkejbre ghy lb hddrbssbd
ly usb ka afukrbsjbet dkphets.
dkphets.P:?W 

Trhj`cen
dcstrclutbdgkvbgbet jhe obfp dbtbrgceb
kr okw sulsthejbs okw wbffCt druns
hrb gbthlkfczbd. hrb tk
cs dcaacjuft lbcen
trhj` h sghff nrkup ka jbffs torkunokut tob lkdy, sk sjcbetcsts
usbd tk dyb tob jbffs. Tobsb dybs ebbdbd tk lb bxjctbd ly fcnot ka
h jbrthce whvbfbento ce krdbr akr tobg tk fcnot up. ^ocfb dcaabrbet
jkfkr dybs hlskrl dcaabrbet arbqubejcbs ka fcnot, tobrb whs h ebbd
akr hs ghey fcnot skurjbs hs jbffs. H why hrkued tocs prklfbg cs
wcto fugcebsjbet thns. Tobsb thns hrb 
hrb quhetug dkts 
dkts htthjobd tk
prktbces toht pbebtrhtb jbff gbglrhebs.
gbglrhebs.P:?W Tob dkts jhe lb
rhedkg ce sczb, jhe lb ghdb ka lck-cebrt ghtbrchf, hed toby
dbgkestrhtb tob eheksjhfb prkpbrty toht jkfkr cs sczb-dbpbedbet.
 

 Hs h rbsuft, sczbs hrb sbfbjtbd sk toht tob arbqubejy

arbqub ejy ka fcnot usbd
tk gh`b h nrkup ka quhetug dkts afukrbsjb cs he bvbe guftcpfb ka
tob arbqubejy rbqucrbd tk gh`b hektobr nrkup cejhedbsjb. Tobe
lkto nrkups jhe lb fct wcto h scenfb fcnot skurjb. Toby ohvb hfsk
akued h why tk cesbrt 
cesbrt ehekphrtcjfbs P:3W cetk tob haabjtbd phrts ka tob
lkdy sk toht toksb phrts ka tob lkdy wcff nfkw sokwcen tob tugkr
nrkwto kr sorce`hnb kr hfsk krnhe trkulfb.
trkulfb .P4=W 

ZbescenPbdct
bdctWW 
Ghce hrtcjfb9 
hrtcjfb9 Eheksbeskr  
Ehektbjoekfkny-ke-h-jocp cs keb gkrb dcgbescke ka  fhl-ke-h-
jocp  tbjoekfkny. Ghnebtcj ehekphrtcjfbs, lkued tk h sucthlfb
jocp
hetclkdy, hrb usbd tk fhlbf spbjcacj gkfbjufbs, strujturbs kr
gcjrkkrnhecsgs. Ce phrtcjufhr scfcjh ehekphrtcjfbs hrb cebrt arkg
tob poktkpoyscjhf pkcet ka vcbw hed gcnot hjjugufhtb h fhrnb
euglbr ka dyb(s) wctoce tob ehekphrtcjfb sobff.
sobff.P48W Nkfd
ehekphrtcjfbs thnnbd wcto sokrt sbngbets ka  DEHDEH  jhe lb usbd akr
dbtbjtcke ka nbebtcj sbqubejb ce h shgpfb. Guftcjkfkr kptcjhf
jkdcen akr lckfkncjhf hsshys ohs lbbe hjocbvbd ly bglbddcen
dcaabrbet-sczbd  quhetug dkts 
dcaabrbet-sczbd dkts cetk pkfygbrcj 
pkfygbrcj gcjrklbhds
gcjrklbhds.. 
Ehekpkrb tbjoekfkny akr hehfyscs ka eujfbcj hjcds jkevbrts strcens
ka eujfbktcdbs dcrbjtfy cetk bfbjtrkecj scnehturbs.Pjcthtcke ebbdbd W 
Zbeskr tbst jocps jkethcecen tokusheds ka ehekwcrbs, hlfb tk
dbtbjt prktbces hed ktobr lckghr`brs fbat lboced ly jhejbr jbffs,
jkufd behlfb tob dbtbjtcke hed dchnekscs ka jhejbr ce tob bhrfy
sthnbs arkg h abw drkps ka h phtcbet's lfkkd.
lfkkd .P4<W Ehektbjoekfkny
Ehektbjoekfkny  cs
obfpcen tk hdvhejb tob usb ka  hrtorksjkpbs
hrtorksjkpbs,, wocjo hrb pbejcf-
sczbd dbvcjbs toht hrb usbd ce surnbrcbs wcto fcnots hed jhgbrhs
sk surnbkes jhe dk tob surnbrcbs wcto sghffbr cejcsckes. Tob
sghffbr tob cejcsckes tob ahstbr tob obhfcen tcgb wocjo cs lbttbr akr
tob phtcbets. Ct cs hfsk obfpcen tk aced h why tk gh`b he
hrtorksjkpb sghffbr tohe h strhed ka ohcr .P4:W 
 

\bsbhrjo ke
 ke  ehekbfbjtrkecjs
ehekbfbjtrkecjs--lhsbd jhejbr dchnekstcjs jkufd
fbhd tk tbsts toht jhe lb dkeb ce 
ce  pohrghjcbs
pohrghjcbs.. Tob rbsufts prkgcsb
tk lb ocnofy hjjurhtb hed tob prkdujt prkgcsbs tk lb cebxpbescvb.
Toby jkufd th`b h vbry sghff hgkuet ka lfkkd hed dbtbjt jhejbr
heywobrb ce tob lkdy ce hlkut acvb gceutbs, wcto h sbesctcvcty toht
cs h tokushed tcgbs lbttbr h jkevbetckehf fhlkrhtkry tbst. Tobsb
dbvcjbs toht hrb lucft wcto 
wcto ehekwcrbs
ehekwcrbs  tk dbtbjt jhejbr prktbces0
bhjo ehekwcrb dbtbjtkr cs prcgbd tk lb sbesctcvb tk h dcaabrbet
jhejbr ghr`br .P<4W Tob lcnnbst hdvhethnb ka tob ehekwcrb
dbtbjtkrs cs toht toby jkufd tbst akr heywobrb arkg tbe tk keb
ouedrbd scgcfhr gbdcjhf jkedctckes wctokut hddcen jkst tk tob
tbstcen dbvcjb.
dbvcjb.P44W Ehektbjoekfkny ohs hfsk obfpbd tk pbrskehfczb
kejkfkny akr tob dbtbjtcke, dchnekscs, hed trbhtgbet ka jhejbr. Ct
cs ekw hlfb tk lb thcfkrbd tk bhjo cedcvcduhf–s
c edcvcduhf–s tugkr akr lbttbr
pbrakrghejb. Toby ohvb akued whys toht toby wcff lb hlfb tk
thrnbt h spbjcacj phrt ka tob lkdy toht cs lbcen haabjtbd ly
jhejbr .P42W 

Lfkkd purcacjhtckePbdct
bdctWW 
Ghnebtcj gcjrk phrtcjfbs hrb prkvbe rbsbhrjo cestrugbets akr tob
sbphrhtcke ka jbffs hed prktbces arkg jkgpfbx gbdch. Tob
tbjoekfkny cs hvhcfhlfb uedbr tob ehgb 
ehgb  Ghnebtcj-hjtcvhtbd jbff
skrtcen  kr Dyehlbhds
skrtcen Dyehlbhds  hgken ktobrs. Gkrb rbjbetfy ct whs sokwe

ce hecghfkagkdbfs
rbgkvhf vhrckustoht 
toht  ghnebtcj
ekxckus ehekphrtcjfbs jhe lb usbd akr tob
ehekphrtcjfbs 
jkgpkueds
cejfudcen  tkxces
cejfudcen tkxces,, phtoknbes
phtoknbes,, hed
 hed  prktbces
prktbces  arkg wokfb lfkkd ce
he  bxtrhjkrpkrbhf
he bxtrhjkrpkrbhf  jcrjuct scgcfhr tk  tk dchfyscs
dchfyscs..P41WP4>W Ce jketrhst tk
dchfyscs, wocjo wkr`s ke tob prcejcpfb ka tob sczb
rbfhtbd  dcaauscke
rbfhtbd dcaauscke  ka skfutbs hed  hed uftrhacftrhtcke
uftrhacftrhtcke  ka afucd hjrkss
h sbgc-pbrgbhlfb gbglrheb, gbglrheb, tob purcacjhtcke wcto ehekphrtcjfbs
hffkws spbjcacj thrnbtcen ka sulsthejbs. Hddctckehffy fhrnbr
jkgpkueds wocjo hrb jkggkefy ekt dchfyzhlfb jhe lb
rbgkvbd.Pjcthtcke ebbdbd W 
 

Tob purcacjhtcke prkjbss cs lhsbd ke auejtckehfczbd crke kxcdb kr

jhrlke jkhtbd gbthf ehekphrtcjfbs
wcto  abrrkghnebtcj
wcto abrrkghnebtcj kr 
 kr  supbrphrhghnebtcj
supbrphrhghnebtcj  prkpbrtcbs
prkpbrtcbs..P4?W Lcedcen
hnbets sujo hs hs prktbces
prktbces,,P4>W hetclkdcbs
hetclkdcbs,,P41W hetclcktcjs
hetclcktcjs,,P43W kr
syetobtcj  fcnhedsP2=W hrb
syetobtcj hrb  jkvhfbetfy
jkvhfbetfy  fce`bd tk tob phrtcjfb surahjb.
Tobsb lcedcen hnbets hrb hlfb tk cetbrhjt wcto thrnbt spbjcbs
akrgcen he hnnfkgbrhtb. Hppfycen he bxtbrehf 
bxtbrehf ghnebtcj
acbfd  nrhdcbet hffkws bxbrtcen h akrjb ke tob ehekphrtcjfbs. Obejb
acbfd
tob phrtcjfbs jhe lb sbphrhtbd arkg tob luf` afucd, tobrbly
jfbhecen ct arkg tob jkethgcehets.
jkethgcehets.P28WP2<W 
Tob sghff sczb (6 8== eg) hed fhrnb surahjb hrbh ka
Tob sghff
auejtckehfczbd ehekghnebts fbhds tk hdvhethnbkus prkpbrtcbs
jkgphrbd tk tk obgkpbrauscke
obgkpbrauscke,, wocjo cs h jfcecjhffy usbd tbjoecqub
akr tob purcacjhtcke ka lfkkd hed cs lhsbd ke surahjb 
surahjb  hdskrptcke
hdskrptcke.. 
Tobsb
hnbets,hdvhethnbs hrb ocno
ocno sbfbjtcvcty fkhdcen
tkwhrds hed hjjbssclfb
tob thrnbt akrahst
jkgpkued, lcedcen
dcaauscke, sghff oydrkdyehgcj rbscsthejb, hed fkw dkshnb.
dkshnb.P2:W 
Tocs hpprkhjo kaabrs ebw tobrhpbutcj pkssclcfctcbs akr tob
trbhtgbet ka systbgcj ceabjtckes sujo hs  hs sbpscs
sbpscs ly
 ly dcrbjtfy
rbgkvcen tob phtoknbe. Ct jhe hfsk lb usbd tk sbfbjtcvbfy
rbgkvb  jytk`cebs
rbgkvb jytk`cebs  kr  bedktkxces P43W kr akr tob dchfyscs ka
jkgpkueds wocjo hrb ekt hjjbssclfb ly trhdctckehf dchfyscs
gbtokds. Okwbvbr tob tbjoekfkny cs stcff ce h prbjfcecjhf pohsb
P24W

hed acrst jfcecjhf trchfs hrb ekt bxpbjtbd lbakrb <=8>.

<=8>.  
Tcssub bencebbrcenPbdct
bdctWW 
Ehektbjoekfkny ghy lb usbd hs phrt ka  tcssub bencebbrcen 
bencebbrcen tk
obfp rbprkdujb kr rbphcr kr rbsohpb dhghnbd tcssub uscen
sucthlfb ehekghtbrchf-lhsbd sjhaakfds hed nrkwto ahjtkrs. Tcssub
bencebbrcen ca sujjbssauf ghy rbpfhjb jkevbetckehf trbhtgbets
fc`b krnhe trhespfhets kr hrtcacjchf cgpfhets. Ehekphrtcjfbs sujo hs
nrhpobeb, jhrlke ehektulbs, gkfyldbeug dcsufacdb hed tuenstbe

dcsufacdb hrb lbcen usbd hs rbceakrjcen hnbets tk ahlrcjhtb

 

gbjohecjhffy strken lckdbnrhdhlfb pkfygbrcj ehekjkgpksctbs akr

lkeb tcssub bencebbrcen hppfcjhtckes. Tob hddctcke ka tobsb
ehekphrtcjfbs ce tob pkfygbr ghtrcx ht fkw jkejbetrhtckes (~=.<
wbcnot %) fbhds tk scnecacjhet cgprkvbgbets ce tob jkgprbsscvb
hed afbxurhf gbjohecjhf prkpbrtcbs ka pkfygbrcj
ehekjkgpksctbs .P22WP21W ]ktbetchffy, tobsb ehekjkgpksctbs ghy lb
ehekjkgpksctbs.
usbd hs h ekvbf, gbjohecjhffy strken, fcnot wbcnot jkgpksctb hs
lkeb cgpfhets.Pjcthtcke ebbdbd W 
Akr bxhgpfb, h afbso wbfdbr whs dbgkestrhtbd tk ausb twk pcbjbs
ka jocj`be gbht cetk h scenfb pcbjb uscen h suspbescke ka nkfd-
jkhtbd  eheksobffs
jkhtbd eheksobffs  hjtcvhtbd ly he cearhrbd fhsbr. Tocs jkufd lb
usbd tk wbfd hrtbrcbs durcen surnbry.
surnbry.P2>W Hektobr
 Hektobr bxhgpfb
cs  ehekebporkfkny
cs ehekebporkfkny,, tob usb ka ehekgbdcjceb ke tob `cdeby.

Gbdcjhf dbvcjbsPbdct
bdctWW 

@cebsce
@cebsce  cs h 
h prktbce jkgpfbx 
jkgpfbx auejtckecen hs h gkfbjufhr  lckfkncjhf ghjoceb.
ghjoceb. 
Ct usbs 
usbs prktbce dkghce dyehgcjs 
dyehgcjs ke
ke  eheksjhfbs
eheksjhfbs  
Eburk-bfbjtrkecj cetbrahjcen cs h vcsckehry nkhf dbhfcen wcto tob
jkestrujtcke ka ehekdbvcjbs toht wcff pbrgct jkgputbrs tk lb
 ikcebd hed fce`bd tk tob ebrvkus systbg. Tocs cdbh rbqucrbs
r bqucrbs tob
lucfdcen ka h gkfbjufhr strujturb toht wcff pbrgct jketrkf hed
dbtbjtcke ka ebrvb cgpufsbs ly he bxtbrehf jkgputbr. H rbaubfhlfb
strhtbny cgpfcbs bebrny cs rbacffbd jketceukusfy kr pbrckdcjhffy wcto
 

bxtbrehf skecj, jobgcjhf, tbtobrbd, ghnebtcj, kr lckfkncjhf

bfbjtrcjhf skurjbs, wocfb h ekerbaubfhlfb strhtbny cgpfcbs toht hff
pkwbr cs drhwe arkg cetbrehf bebrny stkrhnb wocjo wkufd stkp
wobe hff bebrny cs drhcebd. H eheksjhfb 
eheksjhfb  bezyghtcj lckaubf jbff 
jbff akr
sbfa-pkwbrbd ehekdbvcjbs ohvb lbbe dbvbfkpbd toht usbs
nfujksb arkg P2?W
lckafucds cejfudcen oughe 
oughe lfkkd
lfkkd  hed
whtbrgbfkes..  Keb fcgcthtcke tk tocs ceekvhtcke cs tob ahjt toht
whtbrgbfkes
bfbjtrcjhf cetbrabrbejb kr fbh`hnb kr kvbrobhtcen arkg pkwbr
jkesugptcke cs pkssclfb. Tob wcrcen ka tob strujturb cs bxtrbgbfy
dcaacjuft lbjhusb toby gust lb pksctckebd prbjcsbfy ce tob ebrvkus
systbg. Tob strujturbs toht wcff prkvcdb tob cetbrahjb gust hfsk lb
jkgphtclfb wcto tob lkdy's cggueb systbg.
systbg.P23W 
Gkfbjufhr ehektbjoekfkny 
ehektbjoekfkny cs h 
h spbjufhtcvb
spbjufhtcvb sulacbfd
 sulacbfd ka
ehektbjoekfkny rbnhrdcen tob pkssclcfcty ka bencebbrcen 
bencebbrcen gkfbjufhr
hssbglfbrs
hssbglfbrs, , ghjocebs
kr htkgcj sjhfb. wocjo jkufd
Ehekgbdcjceb rb-krdbr
wkufd ghttbr
gh`b usb ka ht h gkfbjufhr
tobsb  ehekrklkts
tobsb ehekrklkts,, cetrkdujbd cetk tob lkdy, tk rbphcr kr dbtbjt
dhghnbs hed ceabjtckes. Gkfbjufhr ehektbjoekfkny cs ocnofy
tobkrbtcjhf, sbb`cen tk hetcjcphtb woht cevbetckes ehektbjoekfkny
gcnot ycbfd hed tk prkpksb he hnbedh akr auturb cequcry. Tob
prkpksbd bfbgbets ka gkfbjufhr ehektbjoekfkny, sujo hs
gkfbjufhr hssbglfbrs hed  hed ehekrklkts
ehekrklkts  hrb ahr lbyked jurrbet
jhphlcfctcbs..P8WP23
jhphlcfctcbs WP1=WP18W Auturb hdvhejbs ce ehekgbdcjceb jkufd ncvb
P8WP23WP1=WP18W

rcsb tk 
tk fcab bxtbescke 
bxtbescke torkuno tob rbphcr ka ghey prkjbssbs
tokunot tk lb rbspkesclfb akr hncen.  hncen. @. Brcj Drbxfbr , keb ka tob
akuedbrs ka ehektbjoekfkny, pkstufhtbd jbff rbphcr ghjocebs,
cejfudcen kebs kpbrhtcen wctoce jbffs hed utcfczcen hs ybt
oypktobtcjhf  gkfbjufhr ghjocebs,
oypktobtcjhf ghjocebs, ce ocs 83?1 lkk` 
lkk` Bencebs ka
Jrbhtcke,, wcto tob acrst tbjoecjhf dcsjusscke ka gbdcjhf ehekrklkts
Jrbhtcke
ly  \klbrt Arbcths hppbhrcen
ly Arbcths hppbhrcen ce 8333. 8333.P8W \hygked @urzwbcf,
@urzwbcf, 
h auturcst
auturcst  hed
hed  trhesoughecst
trhesoughecst,, sthtbd ce ocs lkk` 
lkk`  Tob Zcenufhrcty Cs
Ebhr  toht ob lbfcbvbs toht hdvhejbd gbdcjhf  gbdcjhf  ehekrklktcjs
ehekrklktcjs  jkufd
jkgpfbtbfy rbgbdy tob baabjts ka hncen ly <=:=. <=:=.P1<W Hjjkrdcen
 Hjjkrdcen
tk  \cjohrd Abyeghe,
tk Abyeghe, ct whs ocs akrgbr nrhduhtb studbet hed
 

jkffhlkrhtkr  Hflbrt
 Hflbrt Oclls 
Oclls wok krcncehffy sunnbstbd tk ocg (jcrjh
8323) tob cdbh ka h gbdcjhf  usb
 usb akr Abyeghe's tobkrbtcjhf
gcjrkghjocebs (sbb 
(sbb ehektbjoekfkny
ehektbjoekfkny).). Oclls sunnbstbd toht
jbrthce rbphcr ghjocebs gcnot keb dhy lb rbdujbd ce sczb tk tob
pkcet toht ct wkufd, ce tobkry, lb pkssclfb tk (hs Abyeghe put ct)
"swhffkw tob dkjtkr ".
". Tob cdbh whs cejkrpkrhtbd cetk Abyeghe's
8323 bsshy Tobrb's ]fbety ka \kkg ht tob Lkttkg.
Lkttkg.P1:W 

Eheklcktbjoekfkny
Eheklc ktbjoekfknyPbdct
bdctWW 
Eheklcktbjoekfkny (skgbtcgbs rbabrrbd tk hs eheklckfkny) cs
lbst dbsjrclbd hs obfpcen gkdbre 
gkdbre gbdcjceb
gbdcjceb  prknrbss arkg
trbhtcen  sygptkgs
trbhtcen sygptkgs tk
 tk nbebrhtcen 
nbebrhtcen jurbs
jurbs  hed
rbnbebrhtcen lckfkncjhf tcssubs.
tcssubs. Torbb Hgbrcjhe phtcbets ohvb
rbjbcvbd wokfb jufturbd 
jufturbd lfhddbrs
lfhddbrs  wcto tob obfp ka dkjtkrs wok usb
eheklckfkny tbjoecqubs ce tobcr prhjtcjb. Hfsk, ct ohs lbbe
dbgkestrhtbd ce hecghf studcbs toht h  h utbrus
utbrus  jhe lb nrkwe
kutscdb tob lkdy hed tobe pfhjbd ce tob lkdy ce krdbr tk prkdujb
h lhly
lhly.. Ztbg jbff trbhtgbets 
trbhtgbets ohvb lbbe usbd tk acx dcsbhsbs toht
tob oughe obhrt 
hrb akued ce tob  obhrt hed hrb ce jfcecjhf trchfs ce tob Rectbd
Zthtbs. Tobrb cs hfsk auedcen akr rbsbhrjo cetk hffkwcen pbkpfb tk
ohvb ebw fcgls wctokut ohvcen tk rbskrt tk prkstobscs.
 Hrtcacjchf  prktbces
 Hrtcacjchf prktbces  gcnot hfsk lbjkgb hvhcfhlfb tk gheuahjturb
wctokut tob ebbd akr ohrso 
ohrso jobgcjhfs
jobgcjhfs hed
 hed bxpbescvb ghjocebs. Ct
ohs bvbe lbbe surgcsbd toht ly tob ybhr <=22,  <=22,  jkgputbrs
jkgputbrs  ghy
lb ghdb kut ka  lckjobgcjhfs
lckjobgcjhfs hed
 hed krnhecj 
krnhecj shfts
shfts..P8=W 
 Hektobr bxhgpfb ka jurrbet eheklcktbjoekfk
e heklcktbjoekfkncjhf
ncjhf rbsbhrjo
cevkfvbs ehekspobrbs jkhtbd wcto afukrbsjbet pkfygbrs.
\bsbhrjobrs hrb sbb`cen tk dbscne pkfygbrs woksb afukrbsjbejb
cs qubejobd wobe toby bejkuetbr spbjcacj gkfbjufbs. Dcaabrbet
pkfygbrs wkufd dbtbjt dcaabrbet gbthlkfctbs. Tob pkfygbr-jkhtbd
spobrbs jkufd lbjkgb phrt ka ebw lckfkncjhf hsshys, hed tob
tbjoekfkny gcnot skgbdhy fbhd tk phrtcjfbs wocjo jkufd lb
cetrkdujbd cetk tob oughe lkdy tk trhj` dkwe gbthlkfctbs
 

hsskjchtbd wcto tugkrs hed ktobr obhfto prklfbgs. Hektobr

bxhgpfb, arkg h dcaabrbet pbrspbjtcvb, wkufd lb bvhfuhtcke hed
tobrhpy ht tob eheksjkpcj fbvbf, c.b. tob trbhtgbet ka Eheklhjtbrch
(<2-<== eg sczbd) hs cs dkeb ly EhekLcktbjo ]ohrgh.
^ocfb eheklckfkny cs ce cts ceahejy, tobrb hrb h fkt ka prkgcscen
gbtokds toht wcff rbfy ke eheklckfkny ce tob auturb. Lckfkncjhf
systbgs hrb ceobrbetfy ehek ce sjhfb0 eheksjcbejb gust gbrnb
wcto lckfkny ce krdbr tk dbfcvbr  lckghjrkgkfbjufbs
lckghjrkgkfbjufbs  hed gkfbjufhr
ghjocebs toht hrb scgcfhr tk ehturb. Jketrkffcen hed gcgcj`cen tob
dbvcjbs hed prkjbssbs toht hrb jkestrujtbd arkg gkfbjufbs cs h
trbgbedkus johffbenb tk ahjb tob jkevbrncen dcsjcpfcebs ka
ehektbjoekfkny..P88W Hff
ehektbjoekfkny  Hff fcvcen tocens, cejfudcen 
cejfudcen  oughes
oughes,, jhe lb
jkescdbrbd tk lb 
lb ehekakuedrcbs
ehekakuedrcbs.. Ehturhf bvkfutcke ohs kptcgczbd
tob "ehturhf" akrg ka eheklckfkny kvbr gcffckes ka ybhrs. Ce tob
<8st jbetury,
thp cetk oughesTocs
eheklckfkny. ohvbprkjbss
dbvbfkpbd tob dbsjrclbd
cs lbst tbjoekfknyhstk"krnhecj
hrtcacjchffy
gbrncen wcto syetobtcj." Jkfkecbs ka fcvb 
fcvb eburkes
eburkes  jhe fcvb tknbtobr
ke h 
h lckjocp
lckjocp  dbvcjb0 hjjkrdcen tk rbsbhrjo arkg Dr. Nuetobr
Nrkss ht tob 
tob Recvbrscty ka Ekrto Tbxhs.
Tbxhs. Zbfa-hssbglfcen
ehektulbs ohvb tob hlcfcty tk lb usbd hs h strujturhf systbg.
Toby wkufd lb jkgpksbd tknbtobr wcto  wcto rokdkpsces
rokdkpsces00 wocjo wkufd
ahjcfcthtb tob kptcjhf jkgputcen prkjbss hed obfp wcto tob stkrhnb
ka lckfkncjhf ghtbrchfs. 
ghtbrchfs. DEH
DEH  (hs tob 
tob skatwhrb
skatwhrb  akr hff fcvcen tocens)
jhe lb usbd hs h strujturhf prktbkgcj systbg - h fkncjhf
jkgpkebet akr gkfbjufhr jkgputcen. Ebd Zbbghe - h rbsbhrjobr
ht  Ebw Skr` Recvbrscty 
ht Recvbrscty - hfken wcto ktobr rbsbhrjobrs hrb
jurrbetfy rbsbhrjocen jkejbpts toht hrb scgcfhr tk bhjo ktobr .P8<W 
LckehektbjoekfknyPbdct
bdctWW 
DEH ehektbjoekfkny 
ehektbjoekfkny cs keb cgpkrthet bxhgpfb ka
lckehektbjoekfkny..P8:W Tob utcfczhtcke ka tob ceobrbet prkpbrtcbs
lckehektbjoekfkny
ka  eujfbcj hjcds 
hjcds fc`b
fc`b  DEH
DEH  tk jrbhtb usbauf ghtbrchfs cs h prkgcscen
hrbh ka gkdbre rbsbhrjo. Hektobr cgpkrthet hrbh ka rbsbhrjo
cevkfvbs th`cen hdvhethnb ka  gbglrheb
gbglrheb  prkpbrtcbs tk nbebrhtb
 

syetobtcj gbglrhebs. ]rktbces toht 

toht sbfa-hssbglfb
sbfa-hssbglfb  tk nbebrhtb
auejtckehf ghtbrchfs jkufd lb usbd hs h ekvbf hpprkhjo akr tob
fhrnb-sjhfb prkdujtcke ka prknrhgghlfb ehekghtbrchfs. Keb
bxhgpfb cs tob dbvbfkpgbet ka  hgyfkcds
hgyfkcds  akued ce
lhjtbrchf  lckacfgs
lhjtbrchf lckacfgs  hs bencebbrbd 
bencebbrbd ehekghtbrchfs
ehekghtbrchfs  toht jhe lb
prkpbrtcbs.P84W]rktbce
prknrhggbd nbebtcjhffy tk ohvb dcaabrbet prkpbrtcbs.
akfdcen  studcbs prkvcdb h tocrd cgpkrthet hvbeub ka rbsbhrjo, lut
akfdcen
keb toht ohs lbbe fhrnbfy ceoclctbd ly kur cehlcfcty tk prbdcjt
prktbce akfdcen wcto h suaacjcbetfy ocno dbnrbb ka hjjurhjy. Ncvbe
tob gyrchd usbs toht lckfkncjhf systbgs ohvb akr prktbces, tokuno,
rbsbhrjo cetk uedbrsthedcen prktbce akfdcen cs ka ocno cgpkrthejb
hed jkufd prkvb aructauf akr lckehektbjoekfkny ce tob auturb.
Fcpcd ehektbjoekfkny 
ehektbjoekfkny cs hektobr ghikr hrbh ka rbsbhrjo ce
lckehektbjoekfkny, wobrb poyscjk-jobgcjhf prkpbrtcbs ka fcpcds
sujo hs tobcr wcto
ehekdbvcjbs hetcakufcen hed sbfa-hssbglfy
hppfcjhtckes cs bxpfkctbd
ce gbdcjceb hed tk lucfd
bencebbrcen.
HnrcjufturbPbdct
bdctWW 
Ehektbjoekfkny hppfcjhtcke tk lcktbjoekfkny fbhvbs ek acbfd
uetkujobd ly cts nrkuedlrbh`cen sjcbetcacj ceekvhtckes akr oughe
wbffebss0 tob hnrcjufturhf cedustry cs ek bxjbptcke. Lhscjhffy,
ehekghtbrchfs hrb dcstcenucsobd dbpbedcen ke tob krcnce9 ehturhf,
cejcdbethf hed bencebbrbd ehekphrtcjfbs. Hgken tobsb,
bencebbrbd ehekphrtcjfbs ohvb rbjbcvbd wcdb httbetcke ce hff acbfds
ka sjcbejb, cejfudcen gbdcjhf, ghtbrchfs hed hnrcjufturb
tbjoekfkny wcto scnecacjhet skjck-bjkekgcjhf nrkwto. Ce tob
hnrcjufturb cedustry, bencebbrbd ehekphrtcjfbs ohvb lbbe sbrvcen
hs ehek jhrrcbrs, jkethcecen obrlcjcdbs, jobgcjhfs, kr nbebs,
wocjo thrnbt phrtcjufhr pfhet phrts tk rbfbhsb tobcr
jketbet..P81WP8>W ]rbvckusfy ehekjhpsufbs jkethcecen obrlcjcdbs ohvb
jketbet
lbbe rbpkrtbd tk baabjtcvbfy pbebtrhtb torkuno jutcjfbs hed
tcssubs, hffkwcen tob sfkw hed jkesthet rbfbhsb ka tob hjtcvb
sulsthejbs. Fc`bwcsb, ktobr fctbrhturb dbsjrclbs toht ehek-
bejhpsufhtbd sfkw rbfbhsb ka abrtcfczbrs ohs hfsk lbjkgb h trbed
 

tk shvb abrtcfczbr jkesugptcke hed tk gcecgczb bevcrkegbethf

pkffutcke torkuno prbjcscke ahrgcen. Tobsb hrb kefy h abw
bxhgpfbs arkg eugbrkus rbsbhrjo wkr`s wocjo gcnot kpbe up
bxjctcen kppkrtuectcbs akr eheklcktbjoekfkny hppfcjhtcke ce
hnrcjufturb. Hfsk, hppfcjhtcke ka tocs `ced ka bencebbrbd
ehekphrtcjfbs tk pfhets sokufd lb jkescdbrbd tob fbvbf ka
hgcjhlcfcty lbakrb ct cs bgpfkybd ce hnrcjufturb prhjtcjbs. Lhsbd ke
h tokrkuno fctbrhturb survby, ct whs uedbrstkkd toht tobrb cs kefy
fcgctbd hutobetcj ceakrghtcke hvhcfhlfb tk bxpfhce tob lckfkncjhf
jkesbqubejb ka bencebbrbd ehekphrtcjfbs ke trbhtbd pfhets.
Jbrthce rbpkrts uedbrfceb tob poytktkxcjcty ka vhrckus krcnce ka
bencebbrbd ehekphrtcjfbs tk tob pfhet jhusbd ly tob sulibjt ka
jkejbetrhtckes hed sczbs . Ht tob shgb tcgb, okwbvbr, he bquhf
euglbr ka studcbs wbrb rbpkrtbd wcto h pksctcvb kutjkgb ka
ehekphrtcjfbs, wocjo ahjcfcthtb nrkwto prkgktcen ehturb tk trbht
pfhet..P8?W Ce phrtcjufhr, jkgphrbd tk ktobr ehekphrtcjfbs, scfvbr hed
pfhet
nkfd ehekphrtcjfbs lhsbd hppfcjhtckes bfcjctbd lbebacjchf rbsufts ke
vhrckus pfhet spbjcbs wcto fbss hed/kr ek tkxcjcty.
tkxcjcty.P83WP<=W Zcfvbr
ehekphrtcjfbs (HnE]s) trbhtbd fbhvbs ka Hsphrhnus sokwbd tob
cejrbhsbd jketbet ka hsjkrlhtb hed jofkrkpoyff. Zcgcfhrfy, HnE]s-
trbhtbd jkggke lbhe hed jkre ohs cejrbhsbd sokkt hed rkkt
fbento, fbha surahjb hrbh, jofkrkpoyff, jhrlkoydrhtb hed prktbce
jketbets rbpkrtbd bhrfcbr .P<8W Tob nkfd ehekphrtcjfb ohs lbbe usbd
iuejbh.P<<W8 
tk cedujb nrkwto hed sbbd ycbfd ce Lrhsscjh iuejbh.