SECTION 2 Result and Purpose 1 RESULT CLAUSES Ways of introducing result clauses include: s0...(that) ‘So comes at the beginning of the result clause: There were nine of us $0 we had to bring more chairs * We also use so before adjectives and adverbs followed by a that-clause (we can omit that): He was so fed up (that) he threatened to resign. So disgusted were they by the bad language (that) they ‘walked out. (= formal) such...(that) We use such before a noun or an adjective + noun, followed by a that-clause (we can omit that): They had such a great time (that) no one wanted to go home. Such was our annoyance (that) we refused to co operate further. (= formal) + We use in such a way that and in such a way as to meaning ‘with the result that’ He designed the room in such a way that it looked bigger than it actualy was. The city centre is signposted in such a way as to completely confuse most tourists Other ways of expressing result include: + Therefore, consequently, and as a result are adverbials that help to express result: Sales are down. Therefore there'll be no pay rise this year We didn't cat the shellfish and consequently weren't as sick as everyone else There was a shortage of lifeboats on the Titanic and 1500 people died as a result, ‘+ We can use otherwise and or ese to express the consequences of not doing something: We need to speed up, otherwise we'll be late Let's put the price up or else we'll make no profit at al 2 PURPOSE CLAUSES Ways of introducing purpose clauses include to-infinitive ‘The most common way to express purpose is to use a to:infinitive (called an ‘infinitive of purpose’), especially to express one particular purpose phoned to find out if he was sil there 1 didn’t do it to annoy you. 10s in order to and so as to We use in onder to and so as to: + 10 emphasise intentions or requirements: 1 arrived early s0 as to/ in order to appear keen. + 10 express a negative motive or purpose: In onder not to be misunderstood, lt me put it another way. told him when he was alone so as not to embarrass him in public, + 10 avoid confusion with other uses of to infinitive: helped him in order to make sure he arrived safely. helped him to get the answer. (= not an infinitive of purpose) in order that and so that We use in onder that and so that when the second. subject begins with a noun or pronoun: X ve drawn a map for yowin onder to find the hows. Y Live dravn a map for you in order that you can find the house Other ways of expressing purpose include * We use for in front of nouns to express purpose: They did it fora laugh. ‘+ We often use for + -ing with a similar meaning to a to:nfinitive: We use this Allen key for tightening the screws We use this Allen key to tighten the screws. + We use for fear of that (and lest in very formal English) co introduce possible consequences that we are trying to avoid ‘They left at night for fear of being followed. He iocked his drawer lest somebody should look in it overnight See Section 4 for other ways of expressing purpose. am Mark (P) next to sentences that contain a purpose clause, and (R) next to those with a result clause. Such was their confusion that my parents ended up getting torally lost. b So brilliant a footballer was he that he played for his country at the age of 18. ¢ Tworked hard so that my mother wouldn’t complain. d_ Wed left early to make sure we got there in time They played loud music every evening, so the neighbours began to complain.@ Rewrite each of the following sentences using the word given. Example: I've let this because { want you to finish it (for) I've left this for you to finish I felt really ill and had to leave. (that) b It-was a really boring film and | walked out half way through. (such) © If'we don't get there soon there won't be any seats left. (otherwise) Let's meet tomorrow to sort out any remaining difficulties. (in order that) € 1 took the country roads because I didn't want to get stuck in traffic, (0 as) © A word is missing from most of the numbered pairs of lines in the passage. Mark the place with a line/ and write in the missing word on the right. Ifa pair of lines does not need a word added, put a tick (/). The first two pairs have been done for you. Gone are the days when local inhabitants ‘would treat news that foreign investors were intent / starting up operations in their area with suspicion. Now such on 1 announcements are greeted with joy by the long-term unemployed see light 2 atthe end of a long tunnel. The immediate and most significant is a wage- 3 packet. The second is a lightening of the depression that descends 4 on the town a result of years of stagnation. ‘Shops long boarded up 5 start re-opening, high streets become filled with people ~ people 6 smiling. Used to empty streets and halfempry shopping bags are 7 the citizens that they assume this will go on for ever. Discos with § strange names open, restaurants serving delicious Italian food that locals 9 dream they are in Umbria, do thriving business, cinema owners lose their 10 frowns. Excitement is widespread that pubs, having been used to three or four 11 customers, take on extra staff: And this is all as result of these wonderful 3 4 15 16 - RESULT AND PURPOSE g foreigners who decided to move here that we could make more money and lead a normal sort of life. And they've done it in such a that everyone has benefited. When they then say that, a result of a stronger currency, high interest rates, etc. they've decided that they have to shed jobs else close down completely, it comes as a shock © Bill each of the gaps with a suitable word or phrase. a The minister was force to resign, such b d Such fan another party the following Saturday. ‘The judge gave him so long until he was 110 years old ‘weight of public opinion against him, ‘We need to win at least one of our last three matches or else My brother only dressed up as a gitl...... bet. The President's explanation was phrased in such to Division 3, 10 various interpretations, by all that we decided to have T'll give you this microphone in... say can be heard by everyone. 1 always take my mobile phone so as... lost. out of prison © Finish each sentence in such a way that itis as similar in meaning as possible to the sentence printed before it. Example: Nicholas hadn't worked there for long, so not many people knew him, Nicholas had been there for so short a time that not many people knew him, Let's remind ourselves of the agenda before we forget the purpose of this meeting, In order that The elephant’s strength means that it’s in great demand when any heavy work is required. Such Bill had a very strong personality and many of us were frightened of him. So Tllall you Phil, and you Philip, so that we don’t get totally confused, So as to ‘The illegal immigrants gave false names because they didn’t want to be identified For fear 105