WEN2PRA/101/0/2020

Tutorial Letter 101/0/2020

Water Engineering II Practical

WEN2PRA

Year module

Department of Civil and Chemical Engineering

This tutorial letter contains important information

about your module.

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 WEN2PRA/101/0/2020

CONTENTS
Page

1 INTRODUCTION TO THE MODULE ............................................................................................ 3

2 PURPOSE AND OUTCOMES ...................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Purpose ........................................................................................................................................ 3
2.2 Outcomes ..................................................................................................................................... 4
2.3 ECSA graduate attributes ............................................................................................................. 4
3 LECTURER(S) AND CONTACT DETAILS ................................................................................... 4
3.1 Lecturer(s) .................................................................................................................................... 4
3.2 Department ................................................................................................................................... 5
3.3 University ...................................................................................................................................... 6
4 RESOURCES ............................................................................................................................... 6
4.1 Prescribed book(s) ........................................................................................................................ 6
4.2 Recommended book(s) ................................................................................................................. 6
4.3 Electronic reserves (e-reserves) ................................................................................................... 6
5 STUDENT SUPPORT SERVICES ................................................................................................ 7
6 STUDY PLAN ............................................................................................................................... 8
7 PRACTICAL WORK ..................................................................................................................... 8
8 ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................................................. 9
8.1 Assessment criteria ....................................................................................................................... 9
8.2 Assessment plan........................................................................................................................... 9
8.3 Assignment numbers .................................................................................................................... 9
8.3.1 General assignment numbers ....................................................................................................... 9
8.3.2 Unique assignment numbers....................................................................................................... 10
8.4 Assignment due dates................................................................................................................. 10
8.5 Submission of assignments......................................................................................................... 10
8.6 The assignments......................................................................................................................... 13
8.7 Other assessment methods ........................................................................................................ 15
8.8 The examination ......................................................................................................................... 15
9 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ........................................................................................ 15
10 SOURCES CONSULTED ........................................................................................................... 15
11 IN CLOSING ............................................................................................................................... 15
12 ADDENDUM ............................................................................................................................... 15

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Dear Student

As part of this tutorial letter, we wish to inform you that Unisa has implemented a transformation
charter based on five pillars and eight dimensions. In response to this charter, we have also
placed curriculum transformation high on the agenda. For your information, curriculum
transformation includes the following pillars: student-centred scholarship, the pedagogical renewal
of teaching and assessment practices, the scholarship of teaching and learning, and the infusion
of African epistemologies and philosophies. These pillars and their principles will be integrated at
both the programme and module levels, as a phased-in approach. You will notice the
implementation thereof in your modules, and we encourage you to fully embrace these changes
during your studies at Unisa.

1 INTRODUCTION TO THE MODULE

Welcome to the WATER ENGINEERING II (PRACTICAL) (WEN2PRA) module offered by the
department of Civil and chemical of Engineering at UNISA. This tutorial letter (TL) gives an
overview and specific information about this module as well as general administrative information.
Use it to guide your studies of WEN2PRA. Read it carefully and keep it safe for future reference.
We trust that you will enjoy this module.

Some of the tutorial matter may not be available when you register. Tutorial matter that is not
available when you register will be posted to you as soon as possible but is also available on
myUnisa.

2 PURPOSE AND OUTCOMES

2.1 Purpose
The purpose of this module is to instill theory, principles and application of hydrostatics, flow of
water through pipes, fittings and pumps, water and wastewater treatment processes.

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2.2 Outcomes
Students are expected to be able to interpret a given physical engineering situation, analyse the
situation and apply the laws of nature, expressed by formulas, to obtain an answer to the problem.

The student should be able to:

• Demonstrate clear understanding of the underlying principle(s) of the following subjects:

forces and pressures within a fluid, hydrostatics, fluid dynamics, pumps, water and
wastewater treatment

• Select appropriate formula(e) for the calculation(s) required.

• Manipulate formula(e) in accordance with given information and required result.

• Calculate result(s) to the required level of accuracy.

2.3 ECSA graduate attributes

1. To satisfy ECSA Graduate Attribute 4: students must be able to conduct investigations
of well-defined problems through conduction of standard tests, experiments and
measurements.

2. To satisfy ECSA Graduate Attribute 8: student must be able to demonstrate knowledge

and understanding of engineering principles to apply it to his/her work as a team leader or
member in a technical team.

3 LECTURER(S) AND CONTACT DETAILS

3.1 Lecturer(s)
Mr Dunisani Chabalala is your lecturer

• Tel no.: (011) 670 9389

• E-mail: chabadt@unisa.ac.za

Contact Times: Working days (8h00 to 14h00)

Because of the nature of the module, you are advised to send emails.
The functions of the Module’s Lecturer are:

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• Enquiries about technical content;

• Set assignments;

• Mark assignments;

• Set examination papers, and;

• Mark examination papers.

Under no circumstances should the lecturer be contacted with regard to examination dates,
results, receipt of assignment or assignment marks.

3.2 Department
You may contact the Department of Civil and Chemical Engineering by post, email, telephone, or
online through myUnisa.
Please refer to the brochure: “myStudies @ Unisa”.
Department Address:
Department of Civil and Chemical Engineering
Unisa (Florida Campus)
Private Bag x6
Florida
1710
Phone : 011 471 2048/3132/2697

E-mail address : civil&chemical@unisa.ac.za

Find the department on the Internet at the online address: www.unisa.ac.za
Always state your STUDENT NUMBER and the Module’s Code WEN2PRA in all correspondence
and enquiries.

Thus, whenever you contact the Department of Civil and Chemical Engineering, ensure that the
first thing you mention after greeting is the Module’s code! It does not help to say you are a
student in Civil Engineering since there are several modules.

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3.3 University
If you need to contact the University about matters not related to the content of this module, please
consult the publication “my Studies @ Unisa” which you received with your study material. This
contains information on how to contact the University (e.g. to whom you can write for different
queries, important telephone and fax numbers, addresses and details of the times certain facilities
are open).

Always have your student number at hand when you contact the University.
Enquiries should be channeled to the correct department. The details are as follows:
Email: study-info@unisa.ac.za

4 RESOURCES
4.1 Prescribed book(s)
WATER ENGINEERING
AUTHOR : C. F. Meyer
PUBLISHER : C. F. Meyer
YEAR : Latest edition
Prescribed books can be obtained from the University’s official booksellers. If you have difficulty in
locating your book(s) at these booksellers, please contact the Prescribed Book Section at Tel: 012
429-4152 or e-mail vospresc@unisa.ac.za.
Should you encounter any anomalies or mistakes, please contact your Lecturer.

4.2 Recommended book(s)

N/A
4.3 Electronic reserves (e-reserves)
N/A

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4.4 Library services and resources information
The Unisa Library offers a range of information services and resources:

• for brief information go to: https://www.unisa.ac.za/library/libatglance

• for more detailed Library information, go to
http://www.unisa.ac.za/sites/corporate/default/Library
• for research support and services (e.g. Personal Librarians and literature search
services), go to http://www.unisa.ac.za/sites/corporate/default/Library/Library-
services/Research-support

The Library has created numerous Library guides: http://libguides.unisa.ac.za

Recommended guides:

• request and find library material/download recommended material:

http://libguides.unisa.ac.za/request/request
• postgraduate information services: http://libguides.unisa.ac.za/request/postgrad
• finding and using library resources and tools:
http://libguides.unisa.ac.za/Research_skills
• Frequently asked questions about the Library: http://libguides.unisa.ac.za/ask
• Services to students living with disabilities:
http://libguides.unisa.ac.za/disability

Important contact information:

• https://libguides.unisa.ac.za/ask - Ask a Librarian

• Lib-help@unisa.ac.za - technical problems accessing library online services
• Library-enquiries@unisa.ac.za - general library related queries
• Library-fines@unisa.ac.za - for queries related to library fines and payments

5 STUDENT SUPPORT SERVICES

The Study@Unisa brochure is available on myUnisa: www.unisa.ac.za/brochures/studies
This brochure has all the tips and information you need to succeed at distance learning and,
specifically, at Unisa.
For information on the various student support systems and services available at Unisa (e.g.
student counselling, tutorial classes, language support), please consult the publication “Your
Service Guide @ Unisa” that you received with your study material.

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Study groups
It is advisable to have contact with fellow students. One way to do this is to form study groups.
The addresses of students in your area may be obtained from the following department:
Directorate: Student Administration and Registration
PO Box 392
UNISA
0003

myUnisa
You are strongly advised to register and use myUnisa. The myUnisa learning management
system is Unisa's online campus that will help you to communicate with your lecturers, with other
students and with the administrative departments of Unisa – all through the computer and the
internet.
To go to the myUnisa website, start at the main Unisa website, http://www.unisa.ac.za, and then
click on the “Login to myUnisa” link on the right-hand side of the screen. This should take you to
the myUnisa website. You can also go there directly by typing in http://my.unisa.ac.za.
Please consult the publication my Studies @ Unisa which you received with your study material for
more information on myUnisa.
You must register on myUnisa to be able to submit assignments, to have access to the Library
functions, download study material, “chat” to your lecturer or fellow students and participate in
online discussion forums and get access to all sorts of learning resources.
myUnisa will be used for general communications in this module.

Discussion classes
A discussion class or contact session might be scheduled for this module. If it is the case, the
date and location of the class will be posted on myUnisa. Note that such classes are likely to be
scheduled after the date of submission of the last assignment.

6 STUDY PLAN
N/A

7 PRACTICAL WORK
Water Engineering II practical (WEN2PRA) is the practical component of WEN2601

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8 ASSESSMENT
8.1 Assessment criteria
This is a year module, not a semester module.
Formative assessment
Evidence of competence is provided through 2 individual assignments. Competence is assessed
using a marking rubric.

Assessment preparation
Students are informed of the assessment content, activities and requirement through Tutorial
Letter 101. An internal moderator provides comments on Tutorial letter 101 before it is finalised.
All assessment procedures, requirements and instructions are provided in Tutorial Letter 101.
Students with special needs as well as students who need clarification should contact the lecturer.

Reassessment
There is no reassessment for the WEN2PRA. Students who fail must register the following year.
Students who reach the subminimum of 40% at the October/November exam session qualify for
reassessment and will rewrite the exam during the January/February exam session.

8.2 Assessment plan

This subject is a year course module, assignment 1 contribute 10% and assignment 2 contribute
90%.

8.3 Assignment numbers

Both assignments are compulsory.
8.3.1 General assignment numbers
Each assignment receives a percentage mark. In order to qualify for sitting the examinations,
students have to submit all Assignments. You will find your assignments for this subject in Section
10 of this tutorial letter.

Assignments are numbered consecutively per module, starting from 01

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8.3.2 Unique assignment numbers

Assignment 1 650937

Assignment 2 719366

8.4 Assignment due dates

Please submit both assignments, duly complete, to UNISA before the due dates (Table 1).

Note: The cut-off dates given in this tutorial letter are the only official dates to which students must
adhere. All other dates referring to cut-off submission dates for assignments, as may be posted
on myUnisa or elsewhere, refers to administrative dates as managed by the Assignments
Department and does NOT influence or change the above dates.

Assignment 1 06 April 2020

Assignment 2 7 August 2020

Students must send a completed extension request form (available on myUnisa) before the due
date of the assignment. At his/her discretion the lecturer may grant an extension of up to two
weeks for an assignment when satisfied that there are reasonable grounds and that the approved
extension will not give undue advantage or disadvantage to the student. If a student is unable to
submit an assignment on the due date due to other commitments, then it is recommended the
student submit on a day earlier to the due. Early submissions are strongly encouraged. In
fairness to students who meet the assignment due date and time, late submissions will receive a
zero mark.

8.5 Submission of assignments

You may submit both your written assignments and assignments completed on mark-reading
sheets either by post or Mobile MCQ submission or electronically via myUnisa. Assignments may
not be submitted by fax or e-mail.

For detailed information on assignments, please refer to myStudies @ Unisa brochure, which you
received with your study package.

To submit an assignment via myUnisa:

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• Go to myUnisa.

• Log in with your student number and password.

• Select the module.

• Click on assignments in the menu on the left-hand side of the screen.

• Click on the assignment number you wish to submit.

• Follow the instructions.

Model answers for Assignments 2 & 3 will only be emailed to students who submit their
assignments by the due date. Make sure that your myUnisa email address is working.

Note: The cut-off dates given here are the official, last dates on which a given assignment must
be submitted. Students must adhere to these dates only. All other dates referring to cut-off
submission dates for assignments, as may be posted on myUnisa or elsewhere, refers to
administrative dates as managed by the Assignments Department and does NOT influence or
change the above dates.

Website
Please note that the department has a website where additional information on the department
and the modules are available.

The address is: http://www.unisa.ac.za/sites/corporate/default/Colleges/Science,-Engineering-&-

Technology/Schools,-departments-&-centre/School-of-Engineering/Department-of-Civil-and-
Chemical-Engineering

Tutorial Letters are available from the myUnisa website. (See my Studies @ Unisa)
Should you encounter any problems in submitting an assignment on myUNISA, you may contact
the help line at: myUnisaHelp@unisa.ac.za

Plagiarism
An assignment is designed to be a product of your own study and your own thought. It is not
intended to be a piece of work which merely reproduces details, information or ideas from a study
guide, from books or articles, or from the Internet.

If you do this, you commit plagiarism. Plagiarism is the act of copying word for word with or
without acknowledgment from study sources (e.g. books, articles, the Internet). In other words, you

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must submit your own ideas in your own words, sometimes interpreting relevant short quotations
that are properly referenced.

Yes, simply copying a few pages from the prescribed book is plagiarism. Pasting paragraphs from
Wikipedia into your assignment is plagiarism. And it does not stop being plagiarism if you mention
the source.

Skilled scientific writers can use direct block quotations to make a specific point. They know what
they are doing. You still need to develop your own voice, your own style of arguing the point. Do
not plagiarize.

Note that you also commit plagiarism if you copy the assignment of another student. We do
encourage you to work together and form study groups, but you are expected to prepare and
submit your own assignments.

When we receive two or more identical assignments, we are not able to work out who
copied from whom. We will therefore penalize both students.

If you commit plagiarism you will be penalized and given no marks for your assignment.
This will have a serious effect on your chances to succeed in your studies because you will
have no semester mark.

Furthermore, you may be penalized or subjected to disciplinary proceedings by the university.

Plagiarism is also an offence in terms of the law.

A Signed Declaration
Every essay-type assignment we receive must include the following declaration along with your
name and the date:

“I declare that this assignment is my own work and that all sources quoted have been
acknowledged by appropriate references”.

We will subtract marks if this declaration is absent from your assignment, just as we will subtract
marks if your assignment does not have a Table of contents, List of references cited, and so on.

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8.6 The assignments
This consists of returning:

• The Registration Form for Practical - Annexure D, and;

• The Indemnity Form - Annexure E.

Ensure that both forms are duly completed and submitted together in the standard assignment
cover provided as Assignment 1.
Assignment 2
The Practical Report constitutes assignment 2. Competence is assessed using a marking rubric.
The marking sheet (Annexure G) must be submitted together with the report.
Important information

• It is compulsory to submit your assignments in order to obtain examination entrance.

• No late assignment submissions will be accepted.

• Keep a clear copy of all the assignments for your own reference. This is important, as
assignments do get lost.

• Submissions of all assignments must be in accordance to the brochure: my Studies@

Unisa.

• The brochure: my Studies@Unisa explains how you may submit assignments

electronically. Note: if you choose to submit your assignments electronically, make sure
that you have fixed your Excel or Word files in such a way that it will print on one page
wide and not spill over on to a second page. The assignment section just prints the file,
they no not check to see whether parts of a page are cut off.

• It is your responsibility to check whether UNISA has received your assignment by two
(3) weeks after submission and ask whether they have received and recorded your
assignment. Do not contact your Lecturer!!!

• If you have not received stationery such as assignment covers, bar codes, envelopes,
do not contact your lecturer.

• you may submit the assignment typed or handwritten, even if you have not received the
stationery, using an ordinary A4 envelope.

• Non-receipt of stationery will not be deemed as reason to obtain extension of time for
submission by due dates.

Venue Options
Learners have a choice of two options as to where they may attend the practical. Students must
please note that they must arrange their own transport, accommodation and meals during their
laboratory session.

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Option 1: Unisa Florida

With effect from next year 2020 Unisa Florida will be conducting this practical and the venue will
be Unisa Florida CNR of Christiaan De Wet and Pioneer Avenue 1709.

Option 2: Alternative Laboratory

In the event of students not being able to attend the practical at University of South Africa
(Florida), the practical may be carried out at any other University of Technology or similar
institution, should facilities exist to carry out the practical work as outlined in this tutorial letter, and
UNISA approves the institution.

Should a student choose Option 2, the following documents must be submitted to the relevant
institution for their perusal and action:

• Annexure A: Practical Guide and Experiments

• Annexure D: Registration Form for Practical

Students must complete the personal information section and provide the name of the institution
where they intend to do the practical. The responsible laboratory staff member must enter their
name, contact number, e-mail address, the list of experiments that can be conducted and sign the
document.

Approval of an alternative venue is on the condition that the required practical work can be carried
out in full at the laboratory chosen at no cost to UNISA. All costs incurred by the student in
attending the practical at an alternative venue will be for the student’s personal account. UNISA
will not get involved in any monetary matters between a student and a third party.

If you are employed in a similar discipline, you may request to do the practical under the auspices
of a mentor from your company. The mentor must be a registered professional person, such as a
professional engineer, technologist etc. If in doubt, contact your lecturer.

The institution must also mark the completed Practical Report and you must submit the marked
practical by the due date stated in this tutorial letter. It is your sole responsibility to verify that the
chosen institution has adequate facilities to carry out the practical as outlined in annexure A.

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8.7 Other assessment methods
N/A
8.8 The examination
The mark you receive for your Practical will be your examination mark. Attendance is therefore
compulsory.

Note - if you do not return Assignment 1 (i.e. Annexure D and E) by the due date, you will not be
allowed to attend the practical session.

If required, submit a copy of this Tutorial Letter, together with proof of registration for this module,
to your employer, should proof of the need for your attendance be required. This is the only
communication UNISA offers in this instance

9 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

N/A

10 SOURCES CONSULTED
N/A

11 IN CLOSING
Good luck with your studies

12 ADDENDUM
The my Studies @ Unisa brochure contains an A-Z guide of the most relevant study information.
Annexure A Practical Guide and Experiments

• Gives the details of the tests to be carried out by each student.

Annexure B Rules for Presenting Laboratory Reports

• Gives the format required for the Practical Report. Please stick to this format.

• Explains the allocation of marks.

Annexure C UNISA Code of Conduct

• All students are expected to adhere to this code of conduct.

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Annexure D Registration form for Practical

• Registration Confirmation Form that must be completed and signed. Together with
Annexure E , This forms Assignment 1.
Annexure E Practical Session Indemnity Form

• Indemnity form that must be signed and submitted as part of Assignment 1 by the due
date.
Annexure F Evaluation of the Report

• Marking rubric used to evaluate reports

Annexure G Marking sheet

• Marking sheet attached to your report just after the cover page. To be submitted as part
of assignment 2.
Annexure A – Practical Guide and Experiments
This practical is a practical examination. The mark you receive for your Practical will be your
examination mark. Attendance is compulsory.
GENERAL INFORMATION
1. The practical part of this module consists of practical classes after which a report must be
submitted.
2. No student will be allowed to attend practical without the practical guide notes, i.e. this
tutorial letter.
3. Practical must be bound in a cover. No practical report will be accepted later than the given
date.
4. The practical mark will be the final mark of the practical component of the subject.

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EXPERIMENT 1

DETERMINATION OF THE RELATIVE DENSITY OF WATER

INTRODUCTION
The mass of a fluid is usually expressed in terms of density, defined as the mass per unit volume,
kg/m3. Symbolized by .

Another property of a fluid is specific gravity, symbolised by s, which is the ratio of the density of a
fluid or solid to the density of water.

The density of water is calculated as follows:

M
= (kg / m 3 )
V or (g/cm3)
Where, M = weight of water and V = volume of water

APPARATUS:
1.3 Glass beakers
2. Burette
3. Hot plate
4. Balance
6. Refrigeration unit
7. Electronic thermometer

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Ensure that the three beakers are clean and dry. Weigh the empty beakers and record their
mass (M1).
2. Use three samples of tap water. Keep one at room temperature; another at higher-than-room
temperature obtained via the refrigerator.

3. Using the Burette measure off x m  of water at room temperature and pour into one of the
beakers, record the temperature and mass (M2).
4. Repeat the above for the remaining two water samples
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5. Record the results in tabulated form, including the results of the necessary calculations.

Note: The actual density of water at different temperatures can be found in Annexure 1.
(Attached).

1 000  = 1 m3

1 000 ml = 1 

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS

1. Complete the table.

Temperature

C C C

Mass of empty beaker g (M1)

Mass of water + beaker g (M2)

Mass of water

Volume of water

Density of water = (M2-M1)/V

(kg/m3)

Actual density of water (kg/m3)

DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS

1. Discuss the relationship between variation in temperature and the density of water.
2. Show all calculations and draw a graph of the experimental densities.
3. List the factors, which in your opinion may have affected the experimental readings obtained.

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Experiment (2): Hydrostatic force on a plane surface

Introduction:
The study of pressure forces acting on plane submerged surfaces is a fundamental topic in the
subject of hydrostatic involving assessment of the value of the net thrust and the concept of center
of pressure, which are so important in the design of innumerable items of hydraulic equipment and
civil engineering projects.

Purpose:
To investigate the pressure acting on a submerged surface and to determine the position of the
center of pressure.

Apparatus:
Center of pressure apparatus (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Center of pressure apparatus

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Theory:

Figure 2: Experimental set-up

Referring to figure (2) which shows the experimental set-up consider the forces which result in
turning moments of the beam and submerged part of the model about the knife edged fulcrum.
Liquid pressures on the curved surfaces act at right angles to the curved surfaces, and the design
of the model ensures that these forces pass through the line of action of the knife edges and
therefore do not exert any turning moment. The hydrostatic pressure on the vertical end surface
exerts a force F at the center of pressure which is at depth Hp below the surface. The resulting
turning moment about the knife edge from the hydrostatic forces is therefore given by:

F (a + d – y + Hp)
Which is resisted by the weight of the mass M on the balance arm at distance L from the knife
edge:
MgL
Now considering the cases of partial immersion and complete immersion separately

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(A)Partial Immersion

Figure 3: Surface is partially submerged

When the vertical end face of the quadrant is only partially immersed, the geometric properties
of the wetted portion of the end face are:
Area A = by
Depth of center H = y/2
Second moment of area Io = by3/12

The force acting on the submerged part of the end surface of the model is:

Taking moments about the knife edge:

MgL = F (a + d – y + Hp)

Substituting for and rearranging the above equation shows that the force acting on the
wetted end surface can be calculated from the experimental results of M and y:

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 Which can then be compared with the theoretical result:

Data & Results:

L = ……… mm , a =……… mm , d = ……… mm , b = ……… mm

Partial Immersion
Filling

Trials M y Mean y Y2

1
2
3
4
5

Draining

Trials M y Mean y Y2
1
2
3
4
5

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Trials 1 2 3 4 5
Total weight on arm M (grams)
Depth of water y (mm)
Force on end surface (experimental)

Force on end surface (theoretical)

Depth of center of pressure

Hp = 2/3y (mm)

1. Plot m against y, on the graph paper provided.

2. Plot m against y2, on the graph paper provided.
3. Obtain an equation for the relationship between m and y2.
4. Show that experimental F is similar to theoretical (taking moments about pivot)

(B) Complete immersion

Figure 4: Surface is fully submerged

When the end surface is fully immersed, the properties of the submerged end face are: Area A
= bd

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The force acting on the end surface is:

The force acting on the end surface is

Taking moments about the knife edge:

MgL = F (a + d – y + Hp)
Substituting for Hp and rearranging the above equation shows that the force acting on the
wetted end surface can be calculated from the experimental results of M and y:

Which can be compared with the theoretical result calculated from:

Equipment preparation:
Position the apparatus on the work surface of the hydraulic bench and adjust the feet to level
the base. Attach a length of hose to the drain cock and direct the other end of the hose into the
overflow pipe of the volumetric measuring tank. If the quadrant is not assembled to the balance
arm, then locate the quadrant on the two dowel pins and fasten it to the balance arm by the
central screw.
Procedures:

1. If necessary measure the dimensions a, b and d of the quadrant, and the distance
between the pivot and the weight hanger L. Lightly apply wetting agent to reduce
surface tension effects.

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2. Insert the quadrant into the tank locating the balance arm on the knife edges. Adjust
the counter-balance weight until the balance arm is horizontal, as indicated on the
datum level indicator.
3. Add all the weights supplied to the weight carrier. Fill the tank with water until the
balance beam tips lifting the weights then drain out a small quantity of water to bring
the balance arm horizontal, do not level the balance arm by adjustment of the
counter balance weight or the datum setting of the balance arm will be lost.
Record the water level shown on the scale as y and masses as m... Fine adjustment
of the water level may be achieved by over-filling and slowly draining, using the drain
cock.
4. Remove one or more weights from the weight carrier and level the balance arm by
draining out more of the water. When the arm is level record the depth of immersion
shown on the scale on the quadrant.
5. Repeat reading for reducing masses on the weight carrier.

Complete Immersion

Trials 1 2 3 4 5
Total weight on arm M (grams)
Depth of water y (mm)
Force on end surface (experimental)

Depth of center of pressure

1 Plot m against y, on the graph paper provided.

2. Plot m against y2, on the graph paper provided.
3. Obtain an equation for the relationship between m and y2.
4. Show that experimental F is similar to theoretical (taking moments about pivot

25
Experiment 3
Orifice Flow
Objective

To determine the Coefficient of Discharge ( ), Coefficient of Velocity ( ), and Coefficient of

Contraction ( ), for flow of water through a small orifice.
Method

The Coefficient of Discharge ( ), will be determined by comparing theoretical and measured

volume flow rate through the orifice.

The Coefficient of Velocity ( ), will be determined by measuring loss in head due to friction in
the orifice using a pitot tube.

The Coefficient of Contraction ( ) will be determined by comparing the measured diameter of

the jet at the Vena Contracta diameter with the diameter of the orifice.
Equipment Required
Hydraulics Bench which allows us to measure flow of water by timed volume collection
Stopwatch (not supplied) to allow us to determine the flow rate of water
Theory
Determination of Coefficients with Constant Head Outflow
From the application of Bernoulli’s Equation (conservation of mechanical energy for a steady,
incompressible, frictionless flow):
The ideal orifice outflow velocity at the jet Vena Contracta (narrowest diameter) is

where h is the height of fluid above the orifice.

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 WEN2PRA/101/0/2020
The actual velocity is

is the coefficient of velocity, which allows for the effects of viscosity and, therefore
For the Pitot tube

Hence

The actual flow rate of the jet is defined as:

where is the cross-sectional area of the Vena Contracta, given by:

where is the orifice area and is the coefficient of contraction and,

therefore

Hence

The product is called the discharge coefficient, , so finally

If is assumed to be constant, then a graph of plotted against will be linear and the
slope, is

27
Equipment Set Up
Position the apparatus across the channel on the top of the hydraulic bench and level it using
the adjustable feet in combination with the spirit level on the base. Connect the flexible inlet
tube to the hydraulics bench quick release connector in the top channel. Place the end of the
flexible overflow tube directly into the hydraulics bench overflow (located in the side wall of the
volumetric tank). Adjust the height of the inlet pipe so that the diffuser is located just below the
top of the overflow pipe.
Remove the orifice plate from the recess in the cylinder base, by releasing the two screws (take
care not to lose the ‘O’-ring seal). Check the orifice profile, and replace with the required orifice.
The exercise should be started with the sharp edged orifice fitted. The sharp-edged orifice
should always be installed with the sharp edge uppermost (upstream).
Close the flow control valve on F1-10, start the service pump then gradually open the flow
control valve. Allow the cylindrical tank to fill to the top of the overflow pipe then adjust the flow
control valve on F1-10 until water just trickles over the overflow, maintaining a constant head
above the orifice in the base of the tank. Adjust the vertical position of the inlet pipe on the top
of the tank until the diffuser is located just below the water surface to minimise disturbances
inside the tank adjacent to the orifice.
A circular jet of water should flow smoothly from the orifice in the base of the tank into the
moulded channel on F1-10.

Procedure
Operation under Constant Head
For the first part of the exercise, adjust the flow of water from F1-10 until water is continually
trickling from the overflow pipe as described above to obtain a constant head of water above the
orifice. Ensure that the height of the diffuser is adjusted so that the water enters the tank just
below the static surface of the water in the tank to minimise disturbances adjacent to the orifice.

Determining the Coefficient of Discharge

Using a stopwatch, measure the time taken to collect a known volume of water, discharging
from the orifice, using the volumetric tank on F1-10. Repeat this several times to obtain an
average.

Measure the head of water above the orifice.

Record the average values of Volume V, Time t and Head of water in the results table
below.

Determining the Coefficient of Velocity

Locate the end of the Pitot tube in the jet of water flowing from the orifice by adjusting the
traverse assembly. Adjust the height of the assembly if necessary to locate the fine horizontal
wire 1 diameter (13 mm) below the knife-edge of the orifice.

Ensure that both manometers are fully primed then read the values of the Pitot Total head
and Static head above the orifice. Record both values in the results table below.

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Note: The response of the manometer connected to the Pitot tube will be very slow compared
with the manometer connected to the tank because of the restriction in the Pitot tube. Ensure
the level has fully stabilised before taking a reading. The Pitot Total Head should be several mm
below the Static Head because of losses due to friction as water flows through the orifice.

Determining the Coefficient of Contraction (Sharp-edged orifice only)

To determine it is necessary to find the diameter of the jet at the Vena Contracta. This is
carried out using the fine wire attached to the head of the Pitot tube, the plane of the wire being
normal to the direction of traverse of the tube.
Adjust the height of the traversing mechanism on the support post so that the fine horizontal
wire is located approximately 1 orifice diameter below the sharp edge of the orifice (I.e. at the
Vena Contracta).
Adjust the lateral position of the wire until it just touches one side of the jet of water then note
the reading on the graduated knob. Rotate the graduated knob to move the wire through the jet
until it just touches the opposite side of the jet then note the new reading on the graduated
knob. The diameter of the jet is the difference in the two readings (each graduation is 0.1 mm
and 1 complete rotation is 1.0 mm).
Operation under varying Head
For the second part of the exercise, the inflow to the tank is reduced in stages to lower the level
in the tank and the discharge from the orifice is measured at each stage. Care should be taken
to allow the level to settle to a steady value after the inflow to the tank has been changed, and it
is advisable to read this level several times while the discharge is being collected and to record
the mean value over the timed interval.
Reduce the level in the tank in approximately eight equal steps by progressively reducing the
flow of water using the valve on the F1-10. At each step, ensure that the level is stable then,
using a stopwatch, measure the time taken to collect a known volume of water, discharging
from the orifice, using the volumetric tank on F1-10. Repeat this several times to obtain an
average.

At each step measure the corresponding head of water above the orifice.

Record the average values of Volume V, Time t and Head of water in the results table
below.

29
Orifice Vena Orifice Pitot Volume Time Flowrate Coefficient Coefficient Coefficient
diameter contracta head head V t of of velocity of
(m) diameter (m) (m) (secs) discharge contraction
(m)

Conclusion

Is it justifiable to assume that is a constant over the range of steady flows tested?

Why are the values significantly less than 1.0?

Comparing the values for the steady and the falling head tests, which value is likely to be
more reliable?

Experiment 4
Determination of Coefficient of Velocity from Jet Trajectory

Objective
To determine the coefficient of velocity of two small orifices.
Method
By measurement of the trajectory of a jet issuing from an orifice in the side of a reservoir under
steady flow conditions (constant reservoir head).

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 WEN2PRA//101/0/2020

Equipment
In order to complete the demonstration we need a number of pieces of equipment.

• The F1-10 Hydraulics Bench which allows us to measure flow by timed volume collection.

• The F1-17 Orifice and Jet Apparatus.

• A stopwatch to allow us to determine the flow rate of water (not supplied).

Equipment Set Up
Position the reservoir across the channel on the top of the hydraulic bench and level the
reservoir by the adjustable feet using a spirit level on the base. Remove the orifice plate by
releasing the two knurled nuts and check the orifice diameter; take care not to lose the O-ring
seal. Replace the orifice and connect the reservoir inflow tube to the bench flow connector. For
accurate results measure the actual distance from the orifice plate to the first needle (nominal
distance = 50mm). Position the overflow connecting tube so that it will discharge into the
volumetric tank; make sure that this tube will not interfere with the trajectory of the jet flowing
from the orifice.
Turn on the pump and open the bench valve gradually. As the water level rises in the reservoir
towards the top of the overflow tube, adjust the bench valve to give a water level of 2 to 3mm
above the overflow level. This will ensure a constant head and produce a steady flow through
the orifice.

Theory
From the application of Bernoulli's Equation (conservation of mechanical energy for a steady,
incompressible, frictionless flow): the ideal orifice outflow velocity at the jet vena contracta
(narrowest diameter) is same as for small orifice

where h is the height of fluid above the orifice.

31
 is the coefficient of velocity, which allows for the effects of viscosity and, therefore

can be determined from the trajectory of the jet using the following argument:
Neglecting the effect of air resistance, the horizontal component of the jet velocity can be
assumed to remain constant so that in time, the horizontal distance travelled,

Because of the action of gravity, the fluid also acquires a downward vertical (y-direction)
component of velocity. Hence, after the same time, t, (i.e. after travelling a distance x) the jet will
have a y displacement given by

Which can be rearranged to give

Substituting for t from equation 3.8 to 3.7 yields the result:

Hence, for steady flow conditions, i.e. constant h, can be determined from the x, y co-
ordinates of the jet. A graph of X plotted against will have a slope of .

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Procedure
Position the overflow tube to give a high head. Note the value of the head. The jet trajectory is
obtained by using the needles mounted on the vertical backboard to follow the profile of the jet.
Release the securing screw for each needle in turn and move the needle until its point is just
immediately above the jet and re-tighten the screw. Attach a sheet of paper to the back-board
between the needle and board and secure it in place with the clamp provided so that its upper
edge is horizontal. Mark the location of the top of each needle on the paper. Note the horizontal
distance from the plane of the orifice (taken as x = 0) to the co-ordinate point marking the
position of the first needle. This first co-ordinate point should be close enough to the orifice to
treat it as having the value y = 0. Thus y displacements are measured relative to this position.
Estimate the likely experimental errors in each of the quantities measured.
Repeat this test for a low reservoir head. Then repeat the above procedure for the second
orifice.

S/N Orifice Head h Horizontal Vertical

diameter (m) distance distance y (m)
d (m) X (m)

1 0.05

2 0.1

3 0.15

4 0.2

5 0.25

6 0.3

7 0.35

8 0.4

10

11

Plot x vs and determine the slope of the graph.

The velocity coefficient is equal to the average slope/2.

33
Annexure B-Rules for presenting laboratory reports

1. A neat summary of the test procedure, in the student’s own handwriting, must be done
before the start of the relevant test or tests. This summary must be submitted to the technician
in the laboratory, who will sign it before the student can commence with the test or tests. This
summary forms part of the final practical report (Students will be penalised if this experiment
summary is not submitted).
2. Should you do the experiment incorrectly or have made a major mistake and there is not
sufficient time to redo it, arrangements should be made with the technician or the laboratory
assistant, to redo the experiment.
3. All equipment used must be cleaned and packed away neatly after completion of the test
or tests and the laboratory left spick-and-span.
4. A laboratory report must be submitted which consists of:
(a) Test summary
(b) Data collected
(c) Calculations
(d) Graphs where necessary
(e) Conclusion and problems encountered
One report must be handed in per person. These practical reports must be submitted not
more than one week after the assigned practical date. If you fail to submit your report on
time it will not be evaluated.
5. No marks will be given for practicals not attended.
6. The technician will be available at all times during the practical session to explain
procedures which are not understood although the student must have prepared for the test
or tests.
7. Use g = 9,81 m/s2

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Annexure C - Practical Learning - Code of Conduct

PREAMBLE
Co-operative education is an educational approach that integrates practical sessions into the
educational programme in order to ensure applied competence of graduates. Practical
sessions, whatever form they take, are an equally important component to the formal learning
components of the programme. No tuition provider can provide co-operative education on its
own. A collaborative effort between UNISA (as tuition provider); employers or community
settings (practical session providers) and learners (the learner) is necessary in order to
succeed.
UNISA will provide guidelines in order to provide for a high level of learning at the institution
where the learner undergoes practical sessions. The practical sessions form part of the overall
educational programme and offer an opportunity for learners to verify, in a practical way, what
they have learned and serve as “fertile ground for sowing the seed” for learning that will follow.
The objective of this code is to publicly state what conduct is expected from UNISA learners
during periods of practical sessions.

Rights of learners
Learners, like any member of a community, have both rights and obligations, for example:
A right to equal education, that does not discriminate among learners on the basis of race, sex,
colour, disability, religion or national origin. However, because practical sessions take place at
another institution, UNISA cannot be held accountable.
A right to be informed of UNISA policies and academic programme requirements.
A right to privacy of personal matters and possessions.
A right to freedom of expression, within the parameters of the law.
A right to fair disciplinary procedures, which includes the right to know what they are accused of
and the right to respond with their side of the situation.
obligations of UNISA learners
An obligation is a responsibility, which among others, ensures that the rights of others are
protected. The following obligations are not an exhaustive list, but serve as a code of conduct of
what is expected from UNISA learners with regard to periods of practical sessions.
Registration
It is incumbent upon every learner who registers with UNISA to familiarise herself/himself with
the practical session's components of the programme registered for and to comply with the
procedures and requirements of UNISA in this regard.

35
2. Assessment and progression
Each learner is responsible for compliance with the requirements pertaining to the practical
sessions of her/his educational programme and to follow the relevant procedures with regard to
assessment of practical sessions.

3. Compliance with employer’s policies, rules and regulations

Learners are required to observe and uphold the policies, procedures and rules of the institution
that provide practical session opportunities. This includes, but is not limited to, being present
for laboratory sessions as per agreement with the institution, no absence without leave,
punctuality, and respecting the person and property of the institution and “fellow” learners.

4. Learners are expected to participate actively and positively

UNISA expects enthusiasm from its learners. Learners should actively engage in the practical
session situation, learn from practical work undertaken and ask questions to optimise their
learning. Information necessary in order to complete practical reports should be actively
pursued. Materials necessary to complete reports should be actively sought and legitimately
obtained.

5. Intellectual property, honesty and individual work

Learners may not intentionally submit for evaluation material that contains another person's
work (plagiarism). Another person’s work may not be copied and submitted as one’s own.

6. False information, forgery, alteration or misuse

False information or information furnished with the intent to deceive will not be tolerated, neither
would forgery, alteration or misuse. Learners will not make themselves guilty to any form of
abuse or unauthorised use of computer equipment or systems.

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 WEN2PRA/101/0/2020

Confidentiality
Learners will respect the information of their practical session providers and will not disclose nor
permit or entitle any unauthorised person to have access to the guideline documents of the
institution in their possession or care. If need be, special arrangements may be made between
UNISA and a practical session provider to formally protect confidential or sensitive information.

8. Monitoring own progress (continuous self-assessment)

Learners are required to progress with their practical session requirements, and ensure that
reports will be submitted on time. Should a learner experience difficulty, he/she should contact
the relevant UNISA staff for assistance or guidelines.

9. Serve as ambassadors of UNISA

Learners serve as ambassadors of UNISA and will refrain from any abusive physical contact or
any disorderly conduct. No form of harassment, sexual or other, will be tolerated. Learners will
not misrepresent or contradict UNISA, However, learners are expected at all times to act in such
a way that it demonstrates respect for the rights and privileges of others.

37
Annexure D - Registration form for Practical

Complete this form in block (capital) letters and (submit as part of assignment 1)
* CHOOSE OPTION 1 OR 2 *
To Mr Dunisani Chabalala
Student full name :

Student No. :

E-mail :

{An E-mail address is compulsory for tutorial letter 102 to be sent to you}

Option 1
please choose from the below two universities by making a cross on the university of
your choice.
NOTE: You are not to contact any University for practicals as Unisa will make this arrangement
on your behave and inform you accordingly. Endeavour to check your myunisa emails atleast
twice a week (Monday and Friday)

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA or CAPE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

tick the appropriate box for you

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA FLORIDA

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 WEN2PRA/101/0/2020

Option 2
Institution nominated by the student
I confirm that I have discussed all aspects of the practical session, as detailed in this Tutorial
Letter, with the responsible person from …………..…………………………..… (name of
institution), and that UNISA will in no way be liable for any costs with respect to this practical
session.

D D M M 2 0 2 0

Signature of Student
To be completed by the responsible person at the alternative institution:
Name of official :

Title :

E-mail address :

Contact number :

Institution :
Checklist of experiments
The following experiments can be conducted at my institution:
No Description
1 Determination of the relative density of water Y N
2 Pascal's apparatus Y N
3 Pressure on a submerged planar surface Y N
4 Buoyancy Y N
Tank and orifice flow Y N
The following experiments will be conducted in lieu and place of experiment no:

Signature of responsible official

Date D D M M 2 0 2 0

39
 Annexure E - Practical Session Indemnity Form
Submit as part of Assignment 1

I, (full names and surname) :

Student Number :

a student of the University of South Africa (hereinafter referred to as UNISA) hereby expressly
acknowledge that part of my programme of study involves practical sessions in an appropriate
work environment.
Each signatory hereof (be it the student, the parent/guardian and/or spouse) jointly and
collectively exempts, expressly releases, acquits and forever discharges UNISA and all of their
members, functionaries, officials, employees, agents, successors and voluntary workers from all
liabilities, from any and all claims for injuries (including death), loss or damages irrespective of
whether such liability, injury, loss or damage arises as result of negligence on the part of any of
the mentioned parties.
Each signatory hereof expressly agree to hold harmless, fully indemnify and exempts UNISA
and all persons herein from all claims lodged by whomsoever or whatever nature and however
resulting while the student is undergoing practical sessions.

Signed on this D D M M 2 0 2 0 at

Signature of
student

(Duly assisted by her/his parent/guardian, as may be required by law)

Signature of
parent/guardian:

Print name:

(Signed in her/his own capacity and/or as guardian of the applicant, as may be

required by law)

Witness

40

Each of the 5 experiment will be evaluated based on this marking rubric
Category 4 3
• Problem is appropriately
1. Problem
identified
Statement
• Association between the
problem and the predicted
results is direct and
relevant
• All variables are clearly
2. Hypothesis
identified
• Student demonstrates a
facility in the use of
scientific concepts and
vocabulary
• All significant data is
measured
• Data recorded effectively
3. Data
and efficiently (a table,
chart)
• Graph form is appropriate,
4. Analysis
multiple graphs used as
• Problem sufficiently
identified with some
validity
• Reasonable
association between
the problem and the
predicted results
• Key variables are
identified
• Scientific concepts and
vocabulary used
without error
• All data measured
• Data recorded
• Data table relevant to
task requirements
• Graph is appropriate
• All data included and
2 1
• Problem Partially identified
with partial validity
• Association between the
problem and predicted
results
• Made attempt to identify
variables
• Scientific concepts and
vocabulary used with some
error
• Most data are collected
• Data recorded in a manner
which threatens reliability
• Data incomplete or
inconsistent
• Graph form is appropriate
• All data points included,
WEN2PRA/101/0/2020
• Statement of problem is
irrelevant or erroneous
• Unreasonable association
between problem and
results
• Variables are not
identified
• Scant use of scientific
vocabulary
• Data inaccurate
• Data haphazardly
recorded
• Data table missing
• Graph form inappropriate
• Data points missing, or
41
 warranted
• Data points accurately &
clearly plotted/questions
answered
• Clear labeling
• Intervals are appropriate
• Visually compelling,
highlights conclusions of
study
• Conclusion precisely
stated, relates directly to
support or non-support of
hypothesis.
• Conclusion uses
operational terms and
vocabulary
5. Conclusion
• Conclusion suggests
relevancy to the original
problem
• Conclusion relates
sources of error or other
studies that could be
conducted
42
plotted/questions some inaccurately plotted incorrect
answered
• Labelling lacks clarity • Inappropriate labeling
• Labeling is present
• Intervals match data range • Intervals inappropriate
• Intervals match data
range
• Graph designed to
visually assist the
reader
• Conclusion precise, • Conclusion is general or • Inconclusive or conclusion
related to hypothesis overreaches the data not warranted by analysis
analysis
• Conclusion uses • Limited use of vocabulary
operational terms of the • Conclusion uses language
experiment and of the experiment, but does
attempts to translate not relate those terms to
the conclusion to make relevance of the original
it relevant to the problem.
original problem
• Conclusion relates
sources of error or
other studies that could
be conducted
 WEN2PRA/101/0/2020

Annexure G – Marking sheet

This table must be attached to your report just after the cover page
I, (full names and :
surname)

Student Number :
1 Problem Statement 4

2 Hypothesis 4

3 Data 4 20
Experiment 1

4 Analysis 4

5 Conclusion 4

1 Problem Statement 4

2 Hypothesis 4

3 Data 4 20
Experiment 2

4 Analysis 4

5 Conclusion 4

1 Problem Statement 4

2 Hypothesis 4

3 Data 4 20
Experiment 3

4 Analysis 4

5 Conclusion 4

1 Problem Statement 4

2 Hypothesis 4

3 Data 4 20
Experiment 4

4 Analysis 4

5 Conclusion 4

1 Problem Statement 4

2 Hypothesis 4

3 Data 4 20
Experiment 5

4 Analysis 4

5 Conclusion 4

TOTAL 100

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