Hannah Addington

Photography and Illustrations 3/16/2021

• Camera Obscura – dark room
o Small hole put in one side of a dark room and a projection of the outside world is put on
the opposite wall upside down
o Observation made in the 17th century
o By the 19th century this is used in a box with a mirror to aid drawings by giving
something to be traced
• First photography is taken by Joseph Nicephore Niepce ca. 1826-1827 in France
o Used a chemical process to fix the camera obscura photo onto a plate
• Louis de Guerre creates the daguerreotype
o 1838 – Boulevard du Temple is the first image of a human being
▪ Man getting his shoe shinned
• Long exposure time is why so many of the first photos were landscapes and architecture
o First portraits were of wealthy individuals
• Could have paid to have color painted in and a background be added in afterwards
• William Fox Talbot starts experimenting in the 40s with the idea of a negative image
o A plate with the opposite of the image that can be used to create many positives that
can also be edited in a dark room
o Advantage was that this allowed photos to be used in books
o Still a lot of still lives due to long exposure time
• Carte de Visite – business cards with photo on one side and information on the other
o Around the 1850s when photography became more accessible
• 60s are when we see mobile photo studios that allowed photographers to travel and catch
events and landmarks
• Mathew Brady 1822-1869
o One of the first photographers to be associated with photojournalism
• Gaspard-Felix Tournachon aka Nadar 1820-1910
o Photo studio and becomes known as a photographer for the celebrities
o Pioneered different kinds of image making
• 1858 – first panoramic images
• Around this time too is when staged theatric photos are being created
• 1878 – The Horse in Motion by Edward Muybridge
o Earliest motion picture
o Continued doing these motion capture experiments
• Mid 1890s – movies start being created
• 1895 Kodak ‘Brownie’ – first armature photographer’s camera
• 1860s is when newspaper photos are wood engraved based on photographs
• Golden age of illustration is the second half of the 19 th century
o Capture what photography couldn’t capture well yet (wars, large groups, etc)
• End of the 19th or early 20th photography replaces drawing as the heart of visual representation
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1900 – Design in Germany and Austria 3/18/2021

• Individual crafts people are being recognized for their work inside workshops due to the arts
and crafts movement
• Period of immense creativity, exchange of communication between artists and innovators
locally
• 1897 – Association of Visual Artists aka the Vienna Secession
o Group of artists that become known as the secession style
o Open their own firm dealing with the decorative arts
• Secession style was based more on the induvial artist vision and related to local folk cultures
o Spanned the whole spectrum of the arts
• 1898 – the Secession building by Joseph Olbrich
• Called the secession because they were withdrawing from an older kind of artist union which
was more traditional in their way of thinking and doing
• Believed that each artist should have the freedom to do as they feel they should when it comes
to their art
• Put the arts and crafts thinking on a different level of coordination
• Became known for their graphic design and typography because of their publication “Ver
Sacrum” which was printed between 1898-1903
o Small run on expensive paper
o Wide span of artists that were invited and commissioned to illustrate the book
o Drew some parts from the illuminated manuscripts of the past
o Designs are attributed to the individual artists
• 1903-1932 the Vienna Workshops were created as a parallel enterprise to the Secession in
Austria
o Had stores, catalogs, and became the carriers of the traditional Vienna and Vienna
Secession styles
o Had a large span of products
o First to think of logo types and industrial visual identity
• 1896 – Jugend Magazine which defined the style of art in Germany
o Jugendstil – youth style or new style
o Large span of content like the Ver Sacrum publications
• 1899 – Darmstadt Art Colony in a common house for artists
o Crafting the total space that is treated as one space
• Both groups experimented in their works
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1900s – Design in UK, US and Spain 3/23/2021

• The Peacock Room: Harmony in Blue and Gold (1876-1877) by Thomas Jekyll and James Abbot
McNeil Whistler
• Whistler – paintings are an arrangement of elements within it and formal elements used
• Gesamtkunstwerk (Total Work of Art) – environment based on synthesis of all the arts
• Aesthetic Movement – art for art’s sake
o Not looking to the past but looking at other cultures and imaginative experiences that
are refined and not practical
• Many pieces from this period are very different as they are exploring individuality
• House for Art Lovers 1889-1996 By Charles Mackintosh and Margaret McDonald Mackintosh
o Odd shapes used in the architecture that were used for visual grace and not utility
• Mackintosh’s interiors were meant to be the main focus of his architecture work
• Louis Comfort Tiffany (US) – a painter that was working within the arts and craft
o Then expanded to glass with the Tiffany Glass and Decorating Co. in 1885
▪ Becomes Tiffany Studios in 1902-1932
o Looked at Asia and their experimentation with chance
• Antonio Gaudi (Spain) – Modernismo
o Casa Batllo in Barcelona designed in 1904
▪ Organic architecture that stood out form the highly industrialized apartments of
the time
▪ Not about efficiency but beauty
o Casa Mila designed in 1906
o Park Guell designed 1900-1914
o La Sagrada Familia started in 1882

1900 – Art Nouveau 3/25/2021

• Art Nouveau – new art
o Both describes a very specific type of decorative art made in the 1900s in
France and everything from the aesthetic movement
• All of the forms are committed to having the decorative arts being put on the same spectrum as
high art
• Japan becomes a visual fascination with how they treat color and shapes
• Hokusai – The Great Wave 1829-1833 series 36 views of Mt. Fuji woodblock print
• France is flooded with these Japanese woodblock prints around the middle and end of the 19th
century
• During this time period, Paris is filled with local and international artists thinking about what it
means to make and create contemporary art
o Artists kept going back to Japan and how they create and construct their images
• Siegfried Bing published “Artistic Japan” which became a source book for Japanese art, culture
and aesthetics
o Directed towards a sophisticated and higher-class audience
• The House of New Art by Bing in Paris (1895)
o Where the phrase Art Nouveau started to appear
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o For artists and craftsmen

o Going to be this gallery is going to host a permanent international exhibition of all
artistic products without this thing action of type
o Each artist will be pursuing their individual visions
• Bing’s Art Nouveau group becomes known for their typography through his posters and ads
• Becomes a term after the exhibition in the World Fair in 1900
• Alphonse Mucha was responsible for the popularization of the Art Nouveau vocabulary
o Bosnian and Herzegovina Pavilion Booklet for the 1900 World’s Fair
o Not afraid to reuse his work to brand himself as an artist
o Document Decoratifs, 1901-1902
▪ Featured 72 plates of his work and presents it as a style book

New Technologies and Art Deco 3/30/21

• th th
End of 19 century and beginning of the 20 department stores start coming out
• 1912- Picasso ‘At Bon Marche’ collage
o Took parts of the real world and pasted them together to create a new work
• th
20 century is the century of machines
• 1908-1927 Ford Model T
o Made for the average person
• The Principles of Scientific Management in 1911 by Fredrick Taylor
o Time and motion studies
o Increase efficiency and boost productivity
• 1903 Wright Bothers doing the Kitty Hawk experiments
• 1914-1918 WW1 – true break into the 20th century way of living
• 1876 Alexander Bell’s telephone
o 1910 rotary dial phone
o Integrated receiver becomes a thing around the 20s
• 1890 (mid) was the first public film screening
• 1910-1920s: golden age of silent films
o Because they were silent, it was an international industry
• 1927 – The Jazz Singer which was the first sound film
• 1900s-20s urban areas of Europe and the US were electrified
o Rural areas followed 1930s-40s
• Art and design split and become their own fields in the early 20th century
• 1908 - Adler (German) typewriter
o Allowed women to enter the work force like the first telephone switch boards did
• Because of the photography, the first part of the 20th century sees an explosion of color in
paintings and drawings
• 1910-1912 – Analytic Cubism
o Girl with a Mandolin by Picasso (1910)
o Violin and Candle Stick by Braque (1910)
o Two pieces are the jumping off points for other well-known Analytic cubism pieces
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• Salon d’Automne 1912 is where Analytical Cubism becomes an international trend

o The Cubist House by Raymond Duchamp-Villion
• Art Deco from Art Decoratifs
o Came out of the 1925 international exhibition of modern decorative and industrial arts
in Paris
• Modern design is not based on historic styles
• Art deco is sort of the grandparent to Art Deco and modern design
• Sonia Terk Delauney was a large part of the modern art movement

Avant Grade and Bauhaus 4/1/21

• 1913 – First abstractions start to appear
o Composition VII by Wassily Kandinsky
• Futurism manifesto in 1915 published in Paris
o Fillippo Marientti – concrete poetry
• Dada and dada international
o Antiwar displaced artists that create anti-art
o Created photomontage from images out of found imagery and type
o Impacted layout functions later in the late 20th century
• Assemblage – 3D photo montage
o Zeitgeist by Raul Hausmann
• Constructivism – arts are people who constructs rather than transforms their material
• 1923 – “For the Voice” El Lissitzky and Vladimir Mayakovsky
o Redefined what poetry was and used the aesthetic that we see in futurism but pushing
it further
• Bauhaus school
o Weimer 1919-1925
o Dessau 1925-1932
o Berlin 1932-1933
• Walter Gropius is the director and the aesthetic guide for the school
• Started the foundation courses to help students look at the universal principles
• Josef Albers talks about color theory and the effect that colors have on one another
• 1925 – Universal Font by Herbert Bayers
o Discarded capital letters
o Used perfect squares and circles
• Less is more mindset
• Wanted to make life of the average person better through their designs
Hannah Addington

Course Videos
• Pressure and Ink
o Lithography is also known as stone printing
o Grease is “drawn” into the lithographic stone and then treated before having greasing
ink onto it
o Litho-pencils and crayons that come in various sizes and greasiness
o After the stone has been etched, a ghost variation of the drawing can be seen where the
grease pencils and crayons were used
o A good impression is created when the final result appears as if it was hand drawn
instead of printed onto the paper
• Art of the Streets: The French Poster 1880-1930
o This was the golden era of poster making in France
o Jules Cheret, a master post maker, realized there was a market in smaller versions of
street posters
o Cappiello was known as the father of modern advertising
o Posters were created using color lithography
▪ Needed a stone for every colored used on the poster
• Vienna 1910
o Frank Lloyd Wright mentioned he admired the work of these men in a 1929 lecture
▪ Otto Wagner (1841-1918) was the father of modernism in Vienna
▪ Joseph Maria Albrecht was the Secession building
▪ Franz Mesmer who is a lesser-known sculptor
o Wagner was the first to say that we needed to break away from the eclectic style
▪ We needed to find a style that reflected the time
▪ New style would be the “Free Renaissance”
▪ Style was being explained through function instead of shape
o Gustav Mahler – “tradition is not the admiration of the ashes but the carrying over of
the fire”
o Wagner writes “Modern Architecture” that became the recipe for the modern style
▪ Define the function of the object or the architecture you need to design
▪ Second you define the material that is most purpose oriented to execute this
function
▪ Third the technique how to execute it
▪ Fourth it evolves
o First modern buildings in Vienna by Wagner in 1898
o Gallery with Beethoven in 1902
▪ Hoffmann had a large part in designing the rooms
o 1903 exhibition designed by Koloman Moser was the first to use white walls
• Charles Rennie Mackintosh
o Architect and designer of the 20th century
o Victorian style
o Went in and out of popularity (popular at the beginning and the end of the 1900s)
o Won a contest to design a new building for Glasgow School of Art
▪ His design was not like anything that anyone had seen at that time
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▪ He looked north for inspiration while everyone else was looking south
▪ The building has not been changed since it was built
o His interiors had a heavily Japanese feeling that gave it a calmness
o Played with the idea that art was about seeing
o Was a part of the group called the Immortals which was nicknamed the spook school by
others because they pulled from nature and the pagan region
▪ Produced very sexual pieces
o Buildings should celebrate joy in nature, grace of form, gladness of color, the functional
and the lyrical
o Had a huge influence in parts of the Vienna art world
o Miss Cranston was one of his biggest influences in his life and gave him complete
control over her tearoom designs
• Bauhaus
o Bauhaus set out to create a design language that was universal and was optimized for its
utility
o His doctrine was spread when his students needed to emigrate when Hitler took power
o Bauhaus school of design was founded in 1919 by the architect Walter Gropius
o Intuitive design was a foundational principle of Bauhaus
▪ Experiment with form, colors, and materials
o Primary colors and the triangle, square, and circle have become the trademark of the
Bauhaus
o Bauhaus is a large shaping influence of Africa
o Became more widely known in 1925 after it moved to Dessau, Germany
o It was a laid-back school which boys and girls worked together in
o The master houses were one of the first houses that had the Bauhaus mindset worked
into their design
o Bauhaus had close ties to Japan from the beginning
▪ Japan had “genuine Bauhaus” spirit
o Measured daily life aspects to find the most efficient angles and heights for design parts
o Aimed to make a new kind of artist that could do all of the aspects of art
▪ Could wear all of the hats possible – painter, sculptor, architect, photographer…
▪ Did not separate applied and fine art
o Functional and no frill design
o Cross discipline approach to just about everything
o The school was forced to close in 1932
o Serial production of everyday goods was a cornerstone of the Bauhaus vision
o Catering to everyday needs took priority to artistic considerations
▪ Good products should be for the many
▪ “The needs of the people over the needs of luxury”
o Rejected as a bourgeoisie institution in East Germany during WW2
o In the late 1920s MoMA’s founding director Alfred Barr helped introduce America to the
Bauhaus
o 1938 the global spread of Bauhaus was given a major boost in New York when the
MoMA had an exhibition showcasing it
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o Apple’s Steve Job was heavily influenced by Bauhaus and so was the iPhone
o Demonstrated how architects can help people through their work
o Central question: how do we want to live in the future?
• Surrealism and the 1920s in France
o The False Mirror by Magritte
▪ Sky exists in the person’s head and not their eye
o Shia on Delue by Salvador Dali and Luise Bunuel
▪ Surrealist video that nothing rational was allowed
▪ “you don’t need your eyes in the world of imagination we are taking you to”