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1. – Introduction –
“Letters and fonts have two characteristics: On the one hand they are basic elements of communication and
Menu fundamental to our culture, on the other hand they are cultural goods and an artistic work.
You are able to see just the first aspect, but when it comes to software you’ll see copyrights and patents even on the
most elementary fonts. Therefore we want to give you a free alternative: This is why we founded the Libertine
1. Intro
Open Fonts Project.”
2. Styles
3. OpenType Philipp H. Poll

4. Specialties
Manuals &
5.
Samples
6. License
7. Files
8. Links
9. Contribute
Press echo

„Hard to believe but true is the variety of Linux Libertine [...]“ „It resembles the Times and is
qualitatively at least as good.“
03/2009
„A typographically very felicitous and additionally free available Font is Linux Libertine – a
font, which is well suitable as replacement for Times New Roman.“
02/2008
„A little bit like the Times, but more beautiful. This is how one can fittingly describe Linux Praegnanz.de
Libertine.“ 10/2006

Our Profile

We work on a versatile font family. It is designed to give you an alternative for fonts like T*mes New Roman.
We’re creating free software and publish our fonts under terms of the GPL and OFL. Please have a look at the
paragraph concerning the license.
It is our aim to support the many western languages and provide many special characters. Our fonts cover the
codepages of Western Latin, Greek, Cyrillic (with their specific enhancements), Hebrew, IPA and many more.
Furthermore, typographical features such as ligatures, small capitals, different number styles, scientific symbols,
etc. are implemented in this font. Linux Libertine thus contains more than 2000 characters. In this huge amount of
glyphs, there still may be small mistakes that we ask you to report for the improvement of the Libertine Font
Family. You may also write us, if you would like to see a new feature added (see the section “Contribute” for
details).

2. – Styles –

Finished and ready for use in professional segments, contains kernig

information, western ligatures, OpenType-Tables, small caps, etc.

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Finished and ready for use in professional segments, still in further
development. Further features like above.

A bold variant of regular.

A bold variant of the italic.

This is a small capital variant of regular. Each font already contains

a european set of it in the private area. OpenType-capable programs
can easily switch to small caps, but there is also a seperate font wich
allows an easy switch for users who don’t have OpenType-support.

Organic Grotesque (non-linear Sans-Serif) in development.

3. – OpenType –
“OpenType” is the latest magic word in digital typography. Microsoft and Adobe have developped a Standard
which supports much more than just typesetting in a line. We won’t give you a whole abstract of OpenType
features, but we will describe the OpenType functions that we have implemented into Linux Libertine. For further
information see: Wikipedia, Adobe. Unfortunately few user programs make use of OpenType-features, yet. The
positive list indeed is short but a new innovative Tex/LaTex compiler has full OpenType-support: XeTex/XeLaTex.
The following PDF shows you the advantages and use of XeTex and Libertine: Libertine-XeTex-EN.pdf.

Table Properties Example

Every style of Linux Libertine contains so called small capitals.

smcp They are, as the name implies, little majuscules which have been
c2sc manually edited from scaled down versions of capitals to look
nicely in titles and for emphasis in running text. With these two
tables you can switch majuscules and miniscules to small
capitals.
These tables are for ligature substitution. The liga-table is for
liga standard ligatures, like ff, fi, fl... The hlig-table is for historic
hlig ligatures like st und ct, which are seldom used anymore. The
dlig dlig-table is for discretionary ligatures, such as tz.

LinuxLibertine contains some true fractions (in the form “¼”).

frac One-glyph fractions exist for fractions with the denominator
two, three, four, five, six, seven und eight. Others, like 1/10 can
be composed of “1/” plus inferior 10. The frac-table is
responsible for the automatic substitution of the ASCII-input
(i.e. 1/2) with the real glyph “½”.
LinuxLibertine contains different sets of numbers. The default is
pnum the tnum-set, (Fig: 1st line). They are so called “table-numbers”,
tnum which are all the same height and width. Besides there exists the
onum same number style also as a proportional set (pnum, Fig: 2nd
zero line), this means that the numbers have different widths. The 1 is
thinner, for example, than the 8. This looks practically always

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better than the monospaced set, but in tables this set of numbers
would of course not align into neat columns. In longer texts one
might want to use medieval numbers (also known as minuscle
numbers), which will better harmonize with the alphabetical
glyphs because of their different ascenders and descenders. This
number-set also exists in a monospaced variant (Fig: line 3, thin
zero because of the thin monospace) and proportional set with
different widths (Fig: line 4).
When majuscules, minuscles and numbers are being mixed (as
i.e. in Internet-addresses), confusion may arise in distinguishing
between O (Oh) and 0 (zero). Therefore Linux Libertine contains
two marked Zeros – one proportional and one tabular. The zero-
table regulates the automatic substitution from normal to marked
zero.
These tables contain a list of stylistic alternatives (salt) or a
salt certain subset of it (ssXX). LinuxLibertine for example contains
ssXX a German variant of the capital umlauts Ä, Ö and Ü, where the
dots are nearer to the glyphs. These are standard since version
2.6. For all those who will not use these glyphs not as German
umlauts, but rather as emphasized vowels (like with Ë) there is
the ss01-style-set. The ss02-style-set uses more flexible forms of
some capitals, such as of K and R. Via the salt-table, nearly all
glyph-variants can be shown but need to be selected separately.
An example for this behavior is the new German Versal-Eszett,
that is being used automatically with capitalization or small caps.
Those who do not want this behavior can have the Versal Eszett
substituted by SS by using the salt-table. For speakers of Swiss
German, you can change all occurances of the esszet to ss/SS by
using the ss03-style-set.
In some scripts there are special glyphs for word-endings. For
fina example there is a word-ending-sigma in the Greek alphabet.
Because Greek keyboards have both characters available, the
fina-table will only substitute the innerword-sigma against the
word-ending-sigma for all languages but Greek.
For many scientific publications superiors (sups) and inferiors
sinf (sinf) are needed. Linux Libertine contains all numbers, as well
sups as the entire basic Latin alphabet, in their optimized superior and
inferior forms. Additionally, the plus and the minus glyph,
among many others are included. Unlike the computer simulated
inferiors and superiors (i.e. those used by “M$ Word”) which are
generated by simply scaling and repositioning (shown here in
red), the inferiors and superiors found in this stylistic set (shown
here in green) are modified to fit the optical weight of the
original Libertine-glyphs.

The table for contextual chaining substitution (ccmp) allows the

ccmp substitution of certain characters in a defined surrounding. In the
latin alphabeth this is especially useful in case of the minuscle f,
whose long characteristic overbording neck collides with
leftwarding glyphs. For example with the question mark or
accented minuscles. Typical examples are shown left (red). The
Libertine contains besides the regular f also a short-necked
variant. In case of problematic chains the regular f is substituted
in favour of the short-neck one and a collision is thereby
prevented (green). A further use of the ccmp-table is the manual
accentuation of letters. Is the vertical bar-accent being combined
with an i, for example, it comes to a conflict with the i-dot. The
ccmp-table then substitutes the i for a dotless ı.
“aalt” stands for “show all Alternatives,” this table contains all
aalt possible related glyphs for the selected one. For example, if an
“a” is given, the result you would be shown is the superior and
inferior a, the related small capital and a further alternative for
the small capital...

At the end we must mention, that unfortunately most programs (also proprietary ones) don’t support OpenType yet

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– and if they do, it is only rudimentarily implemented. But we see the problem ambivalently: what the OpenType-
Fonts lack, software won’t support, and vice-a-versa. As far as we know there are a few serious efforts in the
software-world:
XeTex (see above)
The Scribus-Developers work at a wider support. The OpenOffice-Website mentions first steps to support OTFs.
The Gimp already knows automatic ligature-substitution, but more complex support of OpenType lacks because of
too simple implementations in the Pango-library.
Under Windows and MacOS at least Adobe Indesign supports all of the implemented functions found in Linux
Libertine.

4. – Specialties –
The capital Eszett or For more than a century, typographers kept demanding the
Versal-Eszett Eszett wide acceptance in the versal setting. Finally, the DIN-
Institut (German Standarization) submitted a petition to the
ISO, which derived, that in April 2008 the Versal Eszett was
given a position in Unicode (at U+1E9E). Linux Libertine
has itself developed a form at the basis of Andreas Stötzner’s
proposal (Signa Nr.9). Two of them exist: a capital and a
small capital form (see right figure). Further information can
be found at Wikipedia: Versal-Eszett.

Kerning
Kerning is standard in quality fonts, but how much time and
effort the designer wants to spent is quite different. During
the last years, the standard method was to define a one-by-
one Kernpair table. Now OpenType fonts can offer a more
elegant solution: a kern-by-classes table where groups of
similar characters are seen as one kern group, i.e. V and W
have nearly the same left and right geometry, and so are in
the same kern group. Linux Libertine utilizes this feature, and
therefore it may not be supported in simple or old software
that it doesn’t understand GPOS kerning too well.

Doublekonsonant- The German language makes use of many doubled

ligatures consonants, which often formerly had their own glyphs in the
Fraktur. These doublekonsonants have in Linux Libertine
their own ligatures again. The new German orthography has
abolished the 3rd-Konsonant-diminution-rule, and so the
German got some typographically ugly words (like
Flussschifffahrt). The Doublekonsonant-ligatures of Libertine
will make a better form. Additionally they help the reader to
register the glyph group as having just one phonetic value.
Another positive consequence is the more compact word
presence and the shortening of the long German word chains.

Scientific Especially in the natural sciences, special characters are often needed. In mathematics, for
characters example, the Greek letters have long standing historical use as variables. In chemistry, one
uses equilibrium arrows regularly, and biologists may need gender signs once in a while.
Though you will still need a special editor to generate complex formulas, you can use
Libertines scientific possibilities to set simple equations in running text.

Hinting (displaying On optical devices, the resolution is often too bad to show glyphs in their full beauty. While
on screen) printers, especially laser printers, nowadays reach 300dpi easily, PC-users still are stuck with
their 75dpi monitors. Glyphs must therefore being rasterized. A complex technique, that is
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called “Hinting”, can be used to show glyphs clearly also at small sizes, while the glyphs
metrics must be deformed to fit to the monitor’s pixels. The effect is a clearer view on
screen, but the font looks temporarily different from the later printer-output. “Hinting” itself
is so far no real “specialty”, because all good fonts do have it, but the font designer needs
good knowledge and special software, to be professional in his “hinting”. Latest Linux-
Systems often have a socalled Auto-Hinter, which makes it possible to see unhinted fonts on
screen quite clear nontheless. Since version 2.7 Linux Libertine’s TTFs contain TrueType-
Hinting for better rastering on Windows (see fig.) or Wikipedia: Hint.

LinuxLibertine in Word2003 under WinXP at 11Pt. “New Hinting” since version 2.7.

5. – Manuals & Samples –

PDF-Links Contents Preview

Libertine’s XeTex- Manual for the use of Libertine with XeTex.

Documentation

(max. 0.5 MB)

Documentation for the Documentation about the Libertine-XeTex-Pakage

XeTex-Pakage „xelibertine“ with Unicode-Glyphtable and sample texts.
Language is mainly GERMAN but most should be
(ca. 6 MB) understandable for English-speakers as well because of
English commands and the various examples.

Documentation for the Manual of our LaTex-package with installation and

LaTex-Package usage information. At the end of the file you will also
find glyph-tables and sample-texts. Language is mainly
(ca. 5 MB) GERMAN but most should be understandable for
English-speakers as well because of English commands
and the various examples.

Science.pdf Scientific text with special characters, numbers,

ligatures, true roman numbers and letter numbers,
(max. 200 kB) bold/italic/bolditalic style...

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Multilingual.pdf Multilingual poems and phrases, partly historic.

(max. 200 kB)

6. – License –

Our fonts are free in the sense of the GPL and OFL. In a nutshell: Changing the font is allowed as long as the
derivative work is published under the same license again. Pedantics keep claiming that the embedded use of
GPL-fonts in i.e. PDFs requires the free publication of the PDF as well. This, of course, is absolute nonsense,
because - to our opinion - the font is not significantly changed by the embedding. To abolish the conflict some
members of the FSF have written an addition to the license: the so called “Font Exception”. Our fonts’ GPL
contains this font exception (since version 2.7). Since version 2.1.9 LinuxLibertine is also licensed under the
OFL, which will clarify usability-conflicts. Further information about the GPL ( License text, Wikipedia ) and
about the OFL ( License text, Wikipedia).

Download fonts

7. – Files –

7.1) Fonts: We publish our fonts in different packages:

Universal Zip-Archives Linux-Packages (RPM/DEB)

In Unix-typical tgz-archives¹: We provide own packages for some special Linux

distributions, which you can download from the above
„Font“ in file name linked position.
contains the fonts in OTF- and TTF-format
„SRC“ in the file name Installation (i.e. RPM):
contains the Fontforge source files sudo rpm -i /PFAD/linlibertine-fonts-XY.rpm
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¹ The packages are TAR-GZ-archives. Windows-/Mac- Update:
users will need a good zipper sofware such as 7-Zip. sudo rpm -U /PFAD/linlibertine-fonts-XY.rpm

Installation:
Windows: Copy fonts into folder C:\windows\fonts.
Linux: Use system programs such as KDE-Kontrol to
install the fonts. These also update Linux specific
system files.

7.2) XeTex & LaTex: Our Tex-Packages can be found in our

LaTex directory

7.3) Known problems:

Under SuSE-10.0 and 10.1 the kerning information is sometimes not available. This is a SuSE-Bug which
also affects other fonts, too! In OpenSuSE-10.2 this problem is fixed.
We used to provide also *.dfont-files that that people could use on their Macintosh-System if it didn’t like
our TTFs (which is not our fault, because Apple’s TTF-conventions differ from MS/Adobe’s ones), but
lately OS-X seems to have evolved positively.
Since summer 2007 there seemed to have been a more or less linux wide change of the font management.
Since then the Underlined of Libertine is shown instead of the Regular and the Regular isn’t available
anymore. There are two possibilities to avoid this fault. You can either download version 2.7 (or newer) or
delete the Underlined from your system. The problem doens’t exist on Windows.
Programs that base on the Pango library show ligatures automaticly and exaggerate kerning.

8. – Links –

The author doesn’t have any influence on the contents of the linked pages.

We’re using FontForge for our font development. It is licensed under an opensource license and a
FontForge full featured editor.

Supported This website of Tobias Burnus shows which Standards are supported by LinuxLibertine and
standards provides useful information about the enconding. The page is not always up to date, though.

NEO- An ergonomic and progressive keybord layout for the German language that offers the possibility
Keybord- to enter many often used special glyphs directly, i.e. the true quotation marks, n-dash and minus,
Layout the versal Eszett as well as nearly all further European special characters.

Free DTP software. Supports also OTF-fonts under Linux, but doesn’t support OpenType tables.
So kerning, ligature substitution, etc. won’t work. With the use of TTF at least kerning will work
Scribus partly. A new typesetting machine shall bring the missed OpenType support, soon.

Free pixel graphics software with a high functionality and support of OTF and OpenType,
namely GPOS-kerning and ligature substitution.
The GIMP

Free unpackager with a wide support of formats. To decompress the Libertine packages on
Windows systems.

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7-Zip

Organisation that defines the international encoding tables. The website provides the tables in the
form of PDF files.
Unicode.org

A special Tex/LaTex-compiler which understands OpenType and does automatic substitution.

XeTex See also our XeTex-Documentation. Recent versions of XeTex are part of the Tex-Live-
Distribution.

“Charme of Berlin”: A small ode to the artful City of Berlin whose cultural mixture is an open
space for everybody’s creativity. (Title is set in LinuxLibertine).

Berlin

Forum /
Tracker
9. – Contribute –

Our project needs help. We especially look for a hinting professional. If you think you’ve got an eye for
typography you can be us a great help in giving us your feedback. If you even think you’d be a good font
designer, you’re welcome.
You can report bugs at the bug tracker.
If you miss something report it as a feature request. But one word: We cannot add complete alphabeths like
Chinese, Japanese or Arabic, etc. And very likely we will not do whole sets of seldom used engineer signs. Please
formulate an explanation why you need this or that glyph.
You can contact us via: PhilTheLion users.sourceforge.net

Please note: This email address has no shown to be absolute reliable. So please don’t send cryptic letters or huge attachments (>1.5MB)
and use the tracker if you don’t get response after some days.

Website of the Libertine Open Fonts Project; Copyleft Philipp H. Poll,

PhilTheLion at users.sourceforge.net; The Libertine Open Fonts Project publishes under the terms of the
GNU General Public License (GPL) and SIL Open Font License - (OFL).

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