Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1.8 Computation of Harmonics
1.8 Computation of Harmonics
1.8 Computation of Harmonics
December 2, 2019
MAT2002 - ADDE Dr. T. Phaneendra
Module 1 Professor of Mathematics
Consider the Fourier series of periodic signal f(x), where x represents a time-
variable.
a n n
f ( x ) ~ 0 an cos x bn sin x for all 0 x 2L. … (1)
2 n1 L L
n
The frequencies of the signal f are given by n , n 1, 2, 3, ...
L
n n
The term Hn an cos x bn sin x is called the nth harmonic of f.
L L
Thus
x x
H1 a1 cos b1 sin is the first harmonic,
L L
2x 2x
H2 a2 cos b2 sin L is the second harmonic and so on.
L
The amplitude (the maximum displacement) of nth harmonic is An an2 bn2 .
Audio signals describe air pressure variations captured by our ears and
perceived as sounds. Periodic audio signals are also known as tones, which are
represented by Fourier series.
1 2L
a0 f ( x )dx
L 0
1 2L nx
an f ( x )cos dx , … (2)
L0 L
1 2L nx
bn f ( x )sin dx ,
L0 L
for n 1, 2, 3, ... .
But in some practical problems, a 2L-periodic function f (x ) is defined by a
graph or by a table of values with equally spaced values of the argument x in the
full range (0, 2L) .
x x0 x1 … xi … xk –1 xk
f(x) y0 y1 … yi … yk –1 yk = y0
2L
In this data, there are k subintervals each of length , that is
k
2L
xi xi 1
for all i 1, 2, ..., k .
k
To evaluate the Fourier coefficients, we approximate the integrals in given (2)
using statistical mean.
Example 1. Find the first two harmonics of the Fourier series of f(x) given the
following table:
Note that the values of y = f(x) are spread over the interval 0 x 2 and
f(0) = f(2) = 1.0.
Hence the function is periodic and so we omit the last value f(2) = 1.0.
We have 2L = 2 or L = , and
0 1.0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
/3 1.4 0.5 0.5 0.866 0.866 0.7 0.7 1.2124 1.2124
2/3 1.9 0.5 0.5 0.866 0.866 0.95 0.95 1.6454 1.6454
4/3 1.5 0.5 0.5 0.866 0.866 0.75 0.75 1.299 1.299
5/3 1.2 0.5 0.5 -0.866 -0.866 0.6 0.6 1.0392 1.0392
Total 1.1 0.3 3.1176 0.1732
For n = 1:
____________
Col. VII Total 1
a1 2 y cos x 2 (1.1) 0.367 ,
6 3
____________
Col. IX Total 1
b1 2 y sin x 2 (3.1176) 1.0392 ;
6 3
For n = 2:
____________
Col. VIII Total 1
a2 2 y cos 2x 2 (0.3) 0.1 ,
6 3
____________
Col. X Total 1
b1 2 y sin 2x 2 (0.1732) 0.0577 ;
6 3
Example 2. Express y as a Fourier series upto the third harmonic from the
following values:
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
y 4 8 15 7 6 2
3 1800 7 7 7 7 0 0 0
Constant term:
_______
Col. III Total 1
a0 2 f ( x ) 2 (42) 14
6 3
For n = 1:
___________
Col. IV Total 1
a1 2 y cos 2 (8.5) 2.833 ,
6 3
_________
Col. VII Total 1
b1 2 y sin 2 (12.99) 4.33 ;
6 3
For n = 2:
___________
Col. V Total 1
a2 2 y cos 2 2 (4.5) 1.5 ,
6 3
_________
Col. VIII Total 1
b2 2 y sin 2 2 (2.598) 0.866 ;
6 3
For n = 3:
___________
Col. VI Total 1
a3 2 y cos 3 2 (8) 2.667 ,
6 3
_________
Col. IX Total 1
b3 2 y sin 3 2 (0) 0.
6 3
Example 3. The following table gives the variations of a periodic current A over
a period T :
Show that there is a constant part of 0.75 amp. in the current A and obtain the
amplitude of the first harmonic.
Note that the values of A at t = 0 and t = T are the same. Hence f(t) = A(t) is a
periodic function of period T.
2t
Let us denote . Then we have
T
a0 2 A
__________ __
2t
a1 2 A cos 2 A cos (1)
T
__________ _____
__________ _
2t
b1 2 A sin 2 A sin
T
2t
t A cos sin Acos Asin
T
0 0 1.98 1 0 1.98 0
T/6 600 1.30 0.5 0.866 0.65 1.1258
T/3 1200 1.05 -0.5 0.866 -0.525 0.9093
T/2 1800 1.30 -1 0 -1.30 0
2T/3 2400 -0.88 -0.5 -0.866 0.44 0.7621
5T/6 3000 -0.25 0.5 -0.866 -0.125 0.2165
Total 4.5 1.12 3.0137
Exercises:
2. Obtain the Fourier series of y upto the second harmonic using the following table:
x0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
y 4.0 3.8 2.4 2.0 -1.5 0 2.8 3.4
3. Obtain the constant term and the coefficients of the first sine and cosine terms in the
Fourier expansion of y as given in the following table:
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
y 9 18 24 28 26 20
4. Find the Fourier series of y up to the second harmonic from the following table:
x 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
y 9.0 18.2 24.4 27.8 27.5 22.0 9.0
5. Obtain the first three coefficients in the Fourier cosine series for y, where y is given
in the following table:
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
y 4 8 15 7 6 2
6. The turning moment T is given for a series of values of the crank angle 0 = 750:
0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
T 0 5224 8097 7850 5499 2626 0
Obtain the first four terms in a series of sines.