CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY CARIG CAMPUS

PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT OF WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM IN

CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY- CARIG CAMPUS

AGUISANDA, FRANCIS A.
CADDAUAN, EISLEY C.
GUERRERO, ABIGAIL MARIE C.
DECENILLA, ROMEL B.

SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY CARIG CAMPUS
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

(Major in __)

MAY 2020

This thesis/field practice manuscript can be accessed:

By the general public Yes

Only after consultation with author/thesis adviser No
Only to those bound by confidentiality agreement No

Signature of Student:
Signature of Adviser:

The thesis proposal attached hereto, entitled “PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT OF

WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM IN CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY – CARIG
CAMPUS” prepared and submitted by AGUISANDA, FRANCIS A., EISLEY C
CADDAUAN, ABIGAILMARIE C. GUERRERO, ROMEL DECENILLA in partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING is hereby accepted.

Adviser

Approved by the Thesis Committee with a grade of .

FIRST MI LAST NAME FIRST MI LAST NAME

Member Member

FIRST MI LAST NAME

Chairman

Accepted by:

NIKKI A. SUMER
Program Chairperson
Civil Engineering

Date Signed

AUDY R. QUEBRAL
Dean
College of Engineering
Date Signed
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

Francis Afan Aguisanda, the youngest son of Mr. Article I. 4.

Francisco M. Aguisanda and Mrs. Luzviminda A. Aguisanda. 5 X 3.5 cm

He was born on June 12, 1999 at Tuguegarao City, Cagayan. Article II. Pa

ssport Size

He completed his primary education at Tuguegarao Article III. P

North Central School and secondary at Cagayan National

Highschool. He is currently enrolled at Cagayan State University – Carig Campus, a 5th

year Civil Engineering student. He participated in Regional Civil Engineering Summits

organized by the Philippine Institute of Civil Engineering Students- CSU Chapter to

develop his knowledge of his chosen career.

 Eisley Cabasag Caddauan, the second child of Mr. Zaldy

and Mrs. Rubina Caddauan was born on April 20, 1999 and is 4.5 X 3.5 cm

residing at Bulagao, Tuao, Cagayan. Passport Size

Photo
She spent her elementary and highschool years in Sto.

Angel dela Guardian Academy on March 2015. She is currently

a 5th year Civil Engineering student at Cagayan State University – Carig Campus.

She has attended the Regional Civil Engineering Student Summit organized by

the Philippine Institute of Civil Engineering Student – Carig Chapter and is a member of

the said organization.

 Abigail Marie Calubaquib Guerrero is the eldest of Mr.

Amante Guerrero and Mrs. Marina C. Guerrero. She was born 4.5 X 3.5 cm

on November 2, 1999 at Taguig City and now residing at Passport Size

Tuguegarao City. Photo

She completed her primary education at Tuguegarao

Northeast Central School and secondary education at Cagayan

National High School. She is currently enrolled at Cagayan State University-Carig

Campus, a 5th year Civil Engineering Student. She’s been serving the student council for

two years now. She is presently a member of the Documentation team of the College of

Engineering Student Council and a registered member of the Philippine Institute of Civil

Engineering Students- CSU Chapter. She has attended various seminars to enhance her

skills. To enrich her knowledge on her chosen profession, she has attended Regional

Civil Engineering Summits organized by the Philippine Institute of Civil Engineering

Students- CSU Chapter.

 Romel Bongbonga Decenilla, the fourth child of Regino

Tambes Decenilla and Emelyn Bonbonga Decenilla was born on

4.5 X 3.5 cm
September 28,1998 in Libya and now currently living in
Passport Size
Quezon, Isabela.
Photo

He took his primary education in Bolinao Elementary

School where he was a consistent honor student. He finished his

secondary education in Doña Aurora National Highschool. In 2015, he was admitted at

University of Saint Louis and then transferred to Cagayan State University – Carig

Campus due to some personal reasons. He is currently a member of Philippine Institute of

Civil Engineering Students- CSU Chapter.

 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We would like to thank and acknowledge the following who made this paper successful

and to whom we owe our deepest gratitude:

To our God the Almighty who blesses us with so much wisdom, strength,

confidence and guidance throughout our research.

To our adviser, Engr. John Michael Casibang, for his tremendous support and

assistance as the thesis supervisor. For inspiring and encouraging us. This research would

not have taken place without his guidance.

To the Department of Engineering at Cagayan State University for giving us the

chance to learn and achieve goals and;

To the researchers, Francis Aguisanda, Eisley Caddauan, Abigail Marie Guerrero,

Romel Decenilla for their hard work which enables them to build not just a group of

students but also friendship.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 3

ACKNOWLEDGMENT 7

TABLE OF CONTENTS 8

LIST OF TABLES 10

LIST OF FIGURES 11

LIST OF APPENDICES 12

LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES 13

LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES 14

ABSTRACT 15

1. INTRODUCTION 16

1.1 Background of the Study 16

1.2 Conceptual Framework 17

1.3 Statement of the Problem 18

1.4 Objectives of the Study 18

1.5 Scope and Limitation of Study 19

1.6 Significance of the Study 19

1.6 Definition of Terms 20

2. Review of related literature 23

2.1 Introduction 23

2.2 Rational Method 25

2.3 Related Studies 27

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 30

3.1 Project Location 30

3.1.1 Research Locale Overview 31

3.2 Data Gathering 31

3.2.1 Topographic Map 31

3.2.2 Directional Flow of the Study Area 32

3.2.3 Precipitation Data 34

 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

4-1 Table structure

4-2 Raw and computed data for ventilation rate calculation

 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE

4-1 Data logger set-up for Bowen ratio measurement

4-2 Strain gauge positions in the load cell

4-3 Computed heating values vs. actual heating values

 LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX PAGE

A Appendix Format

B Format for Electronic Submission

C Design and Layout of the Front Cover

D Design and Layout of the Manuscript Spine

 LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES

APPENDIX PAGE

TABLE 1

List of terms to be used to indicate the acronym 25 of the different degrees

 LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES

APPENDIX PAGE

FIGURE

1 Pattern for the label of CD copies

2 Example of a label of a CD copy

3 Pattern and an example of a manuscript spine

 CHAPTER I
ABSTRACT

AGUISANDA, FRANCIS A.; GUERRERO, ABIGAIL MARIE C.; CADDAUAN,

EISLEY C.; DECENILLA, ROMEL B. College of Engineering, Cagayan State
University Carig Campus. January 2021. Proposed Development of Drainage System
of Cagayan State University-Campus.

Major Adviser: Engr. John Michael B. Casibang

Flood is a natural phenomenon that is frequent and widespread all throughout the
world, making it the most dangerous occurrence of all natural hazards. With flood's
frightful impacts, numerous developments and studies were conducted to lessen its
effects. Government sectors have mandated areas which are prone to flooding to embark
into purchasing flood insurance and to build flood-resistant structures. Immense efforts to
ease and divert inevitable floods were given and were attempted in various engineering
efforts. The prevention of flood by analyzing its causes and evaluating the drainage
system has become an utmost concern of the researchers. This provoked the researchers
to design a drainage design layout for the Cagayan State University - Carig Campus to
prevent flooding. In order to achieve the philosophy of the work, the following
information have been gathered from direct fieldwork. Such information included
Discharge and Flooding Frequency. This study focuses on designing performance to be
executed and to be effectively implemented. The data collected will help the researchers
to identify future problem and execute effective actions.
This study was conducted for the purpose of determining the present condition of the
existing drainage system in Cagayan State University Carig-Campus and if it is necessary
for a new drainage system be implemented.
Keywords: engineering, drainage, design layout, discharge, flood, hydrologic

computation
 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Philippines is prone to flooding due to our geographical location: experiencing

20-30 typhoons each year. The most recent devastating typhoon, Ulysses (international

name – Vamco) has left more than P540 billion damage in agriculture alone, with

Cagayan Valley being the hardest hit region sustaining P248 billion in damages. (Manila

Bulletin, 2020).

However, flooding can be prevented at least minimize the effects of it by building

an efficient drainage system.

A drainage system’s main function is to allow water or wastewater to flow

downhill through a series of large diameter pipes or any drain pipes to prevent the water

from staying too much on the land surface or any structural surface.

Drainage systems in school are adopted to regulate and control the flow of water

to a suitable outlet. And installing a drainage system in a facility just like a school can

lessen the problem regarding flooding.

Cagayan State University – Carig Campus in its long-run years produced

professionals and still running in the present to produce more. With its improving

facilities and services to the public, a good drainage system should be considered.

Due to present time calamities and frequent rain falls, the existing drainage

system of CSU – Carig is no longer efficient. Whenever it rains, the water flows down to
the lowest part of the property and builds up which leads to flooding. This bring problem

to students and even teachers and may lead to accident if no action will been taken. The

under designed and capacity of catchments are the failures of the existing drainage. To

address the problem in drainage, it is necessary to provide a good and sufficient drainage

design and maintenance work to prevent flooding which serves a lifetime purpose for the

school.

The main objective of the new drainage system is to prevent flooding more likely

on roads, to secure long time services and to have an efficient drainage system. The

drainage system includes its hydraulic computation to accurately measure the amount of

water the drainage will carry and some estimate were also taken into consideration.

A good facility must always have a good and efficient drainage system. To fully

understand the importance of a drainage system, it is best to know where the water goes

and how to resolve it. To meet the acceptable standard of a good drainage system, it is

better to know the problems and damages before stepping in to drainage improvements.

1.2 Conceptual Framework

INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT

VARIABLE VARIABLES

Environmental Factors Drainage Design

Discharge
Layout

Flooding Frequency
 1.3 Statement of the Problem

This study aims to look at the prospect of having a new drainage system in Cagayan State

University. Specifically, the study aims to answer the following questions:

1. Is it necessary to develop a drainage system in CSU Carig Campus?

2. Is there any existing drainage system in CSU Carig Campus?

3. What is the condition of the present drainage in Cagayan State University –

Carig Campus?

4. How to ensure that flooding does not present dissatisfactory to the public?

5. How to design drainage system that can effectively convey a large amount of

water considering the topographic feature of the study area?

1.4 Objectives of the Study

In this study, we are about to learn to:

Minimize the risks of flooding to the students, teachers, staff, and other people
inside the campus including damage to property

Specifically it aims to:

1. Ease the flood crises within the range of Cagayan State University – Carig

Campus.

2. Design the drainage system that can accommodate rain water sufficiently.
 3. Dispose storm water properly.

1.5 Scope and Limitation of Study

The study is limited to water drainage, catch basin design and proper disposal of
water from CSU – Carig Campus.

Various conditions beyond the researchers’ control that may leave restriction are
as follows:

1. Obtain complete authorization from environmental and other regulatory

agencies.
2. Dig exploratory pits where required to survey underground.
3. Perform complete and accurate environmental impact studies.
4. To accurately determine the actual dimensions of existing & proposed structure
of the study area.

5. Plumbing connections to the different structures in CSU-Carig

6. Rain Water Tank

7. The design of drainage outside CSU-Carig

1.6 Significance of the Study

The major concern of this study as a whole is the people who are part of the

institution. Health and convenience of the habitants, students, teachers, and non-teaching

personnels are the point of view.

Researchers. In this study, the researchers can apply and make use of the knowledge

they had accumulated during the past years of engineering course. In this way, the

researchers can also contribute in solving one among the main problems experienced in

the university, easing the inconvenience this problem has brought.

Future studies. Future researchers can refer to studies related to their work and topic,

they would be able to grasp new ideas and gather data and information needed in their

studies.

1.6 Definition of Terms

Aqueduct It is a watercourse constructed to carry water from a source to distribution

point.

Catchment Is an area in which water is collected over a natural drainage area.

Catch Basin Is an engineered drainage structure with the sole function of collecting

rainwater from street and parking lots and transporting it to local

waterways through a system of underground piping, culvert and drainage

ditches.

Culvert A quadrilateral or circular structure (traverse drain) used to convey water

to a desired point.

Discharge Refers to the flow out of the sewage and storm water in the system.

Drainage A manner of discharging water in a certain area to a body of water or point

of disposal.
Drainage System A system including all the pipes, channels, culvert and basin that

conveys sewage, rainwater, or other liquid waste to a point of disposal.

Dry Wells Is an underground structure that disposes unwanted water, most commonly

surface runoff and stormwater.

Flood An overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry.

Grade Also called slope, incline, gradient and pitch or rise.

Infiltration Is the process where in water passes through the soil.

Impervious Surface Not allowing liquid or water to penetrate.

Manholes A small covered opening in a floor, pavement or other surface to allow a

person to enter leading to a sewer.

Manning’s Formula Is used for calculating the capacities of channels & pipes running

part full to determine the size of pipes and catch basin to be used.

Perforated Concrete Having a triangular layout of hole to make tearing easy and neat.

Permeability It is the ability of soil to infiltrate water below the ground surface.

Pervious Surface Allowing water to penetrate into the underlying soil.

Pipe A metal or plastic tube that is used to carry or transport water, gas, oil or

other fluid substances.

Ponding It is a low-lying area wherein unwanted water stocked.

Polyolefin Made from the olefin propylene.

Prism It is a corner cube or retro reflector used as a target for measuring distance

which is attached on a surveying pole.

Precipitation It is a form of water from the atmosphere that falls under gravity.
Rain fall intensity Is the ratio of the total amount of rain (rainfall depth, mm) falling

during a given period of time to the duration of the period. It is measured

usually in mm/hr.

Rational Method Used to design storm sewers and considered the physical and

hydraulics properties of catchment and their effects on storm water runoff.

Run off Water discharged in the surface streams. That part of rainfall which is not

lost under infiltration, evaporation, transpiration or depression storage.

Run off coefficient The ratios of the amount of runoff to the amount of precipitation

received.

Real Time Kinematic Used to enhance the precision of position data that derived

from satellite-based positioning system.

Sewerage System Consists of pipes and pumps that transfer sewage from its points of

origin to a point of treatment and disposal.

Stake It is wooden stick or post (sometimes spray paint) used to mark points.

Stream flow. Refer to the flow of water in natural watercourses such as streams and

rivers.

Subgrade It is made up of native soil usually compacted to withstand the loads

above it.

Surfer It is a computer application used in creating map in 2D and 3D graphic.

Tape It is used in measuring a distance.

Total Station It is an electronic/optical instrument used to measure both vertical and

horizontal angle including the slope distance and elevation of a specific

point.
Topography The physical and artificial features of an area of land.

Tripod It is a three-legged stand used for supporting the weight and maintaining

the stability of the total station.

Water Table It is the upper surface where in the pores and fractures of the ground are

saturated with water.

Watershed Is an area of land that drains the water into a specific body of water.

Wastewater Refer to the used water that has been affected by domestic, industrial and

commercial use.
 CHAPTER II

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction

A drainage system includes the pavement and the water handling system. They

must be properly designed, built, and maintained. The water handling system includes:

road surface, shoulders, drains and culverts; curbs, gutter, storm water and storm sewer.

Property damage and human injury caused by flooding have been considerable in

recent decades worldwide, and it is expected that flood risks will increase continuously

because of climate change and population growth, as well as increase of economic wealth

(Te Linde et al. 2010). Floods are the most hazardous natural disasters; they are governed

by various factors, including rainfall characteristics, drainage systems, land use and water

management in river basins. The concept of flood management must change because of

urbanization, industrialization, and improvements in living standards, especially in

emerging countries (Schultz 2006, Viljoen and Booysen 2006). Flood management

usually depends on terrestrial characteristics and local geography, and includes

floodways, and flood storage in foothill reservoirs (Roos 2006) or rice fields (Chang et

al. 2007). With the demand for development, urban areas in lowlands and other flood-

prone regions, along coasts, river floodplains and in inland depressions, are growing

worldwide (Vlotman et al. 2007).

 Natural disasters in the Philippines resulted into PHP 5B to PHP 15B direct

damages which are about 9.5% of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 972

casualties per year from 1970-2006 (Porcil,2009). About 20 typhoons cross the

Philippines yearly, 5 of which are destructive (ibid). Storms carry with them heavy

precipitation swelling canals, streams and rivers. In Tuguegarao City the rain occurs for

144 days for the whole year and receives up to 1651.4 mm of precipitation. Recently,

Cagayan faced the worst flood they had endured in at least four decades. It had received

343.7 mm of actual rainfall due to Typhoon Ulysses and the effect of the Cold Front

(PAGASA, 2020) and most of the barangays in Tuguegarao was submerged to water

particularly barangay Linao and Annafunan that reached the roofs of the houses.

Since the middle of the 19th century, urban drainage has been a dynamic structure

in cities. Conventionally, urban drainage has been used as an accessible draining for

public hygiene and an efficient transfer facility to prevent floods for life safety and

protection. From the early 20th century, the design objectives of urban drainage systems

also include elements such as environmental protection and courtesy values. Among the

objectives, flood protection has received much attention in recent years as a result of

increasing flood hazards and risks due to climate change impacts. [CITATION Zho12 \l

1033 ].

It really depends when the site was constructed and many schools and colleges

will have buildings that span several decades;

Victorian sites through to the 1960`s will usually have vitrified clay drainage externally

and cast iron  drainage beneath the building itself, the clay drains are prone to root
ingress, fractures and displacement of joints and the cast iron pipes of this era start to

corrode on the internal wall surface leading to snagging of paper and waste.

From the late 1960`s to mid 1970`s pitch fibre pipe work was used, a terrible product

with a known working life span of 40 years, cast iron and clay drainage was also still in

use. From the mid 1970`s onwards modern clayware systems, plastic pipe work and

treated or lined cast or ductile iron systems have been used.

Many factors must be addressed when designing storm water drainage systems.

Engineers need to calculate the level of runoff that accumulates upstream, along with the

flow rate into streets. Calculations of water flow help engineers determine the type of

street gutters required for open channel flow, along with inlet types required to collect

runoff and debris. The type of inlet depends on the type of road and can be comprised of

a grate inlets, curb-opening inlets, combined inlets, or grate inlets in sags.

2.2 Rational Method

One of the most commonly used procedures for calculating peak flows from small

drainages less than 200 acres. This method is most accurate for runoff estimates from

small drainages with large amounts of impervious area.

The equation for the determination of the peak flow from a catchment is expressed by the

formula:

Q=CiA
Where:

Q = peak rate of discharge

C = runoff coefficient. It varies from 0 to 1.0 depending on the surface
character of the area considered.
i = the ratio of rainfall to time and is measured usually in mm/hr
A = area covered in hectares
THE MANNING’S FORMULA

The Manning’s Formula or equation is used for calculating the capacities of

channels and pipes running part full.

The flow rate or discharge and the velocity of flow in a channel or pipe running

part full are given by the equations:

Q= A x V

2 1
1
V = x R 3 x S2
n

therefore:

2 1
1
Q= A x x R3 x S2
n

where:

m3
Q = flow rate or discharge,
s
m
V = velocity of flow,
s
A = cross sectional area of the conduit, m 2
 A
R = hydraulic radius =
P
P = wetted perimeter, m
m
S = pipe or channel slope,
m
n = Manning’s friction factor = 0.013 (value of n for concrete materials)

2.3 Related Studies

A study of Zumrawi (2014) entitled “The Impacts of Poor Drainage Performance

in Khartoum” said that drainage is the most important aspect of road design. Proper

design of drainage is necessary for satisfactory and prolonged performance of pavement.

In designing drainage, the primary objective is to properly accommodate water flow

along and across the road. Most road failures is due to inadequate drainage that is often a

major factor.

A study by Monisit (1997) entitled “The Status of Danao City Main

Drainage with its Implications to Sewerage System of the Local Government Unit:

Measures for Improvement” discussed about the need of the existing drainage system in

Danao City to be improved and developed. Residents of the city have experienced major

problems about health and water supply. To solve the problems, the researcher came up

with the following recommendations:

(a) For the implementation of infrastructure programs to conform to the plans, the

progress should be monitored and corrective actions must be taken if necessary.

(b) A comprehensive plan should be developed to solve the problems of waste

management and waste disposal.

(c) Efficient waste management system in the area should be given attention and

recycling of non-biodegradable materials should be encouraged.

(d) Formulation of drainage master plan must be done to solve the flooding in the

central business district.

(e) Strict implementation and enforcement of all existing Sanitation and

Environmental laws, rules and regulations, and ordinances.

(f) Preservation of the environmental integrity of waterways by regulating the

disposal of domestic and industrial waste.

An article published by the author Vitalis (2016) entitled “The Effects of Poor

Drainage System on Road Pavement” said that poor drainage causes early

pavement distresses leading to driving problems and structural failures of road as

pointed out by researchers. To prevent or minimize premature pavement failures

and to enhance the road performance, it is imperative to provide adequate

drainage. The review covered: importance of highway drainage system in road

construction, requirements of highway drainage system, and effects of bad

drainage system on roads.

Water left standing on roads can also cause maintenance problems, as it

can soften the ground under a road making the road surface break up and as well

lead to an accident from the road users (Amit, 2016).

 Bayag (1997) conducted a study entitled “A Proposed Drainage System for the

University of San Carlos – Talamban Campus” that discussed about establishing a

reasonably adequate storm sewage drainage system at the university that will incorporate

in the future physical expansion and development of the said university. The goal was to

regulate storm water runoff that may cause flood in the university area during heavy

downpour so that the safety, health and general well-being of the students, employees and

clients of the university can be ensured, and so as not to hamper and disrupt the daily

activities and services of the university even during heavy downpour or storm. The

University of San Carlos - Talamban Campus has an existing drainage system but is

inadequate to convey the rainwater into its point of discharge. The main streamline,

which is the point of discharge, is also deficient to accommodate and convey the storm

water from the university sub catchment. The sizes of the sewer pipes the existing

drainage system use are insufficient. The flooding at the two gates of the university

during heavy downpour is the evidence of this deficiency and inadequacy. Based from

the findings of the study, the researcher has derived the following recommendations:

(a) Two drainage systems should be constructed separately in the service area.

(b) The man-made retarding dam and lagoon should be improved and maintained,

and an outlet for the lagoon should be provided.

(c) The main streamline should also be corrected, which is the government’s

responsibility.

(d) Information drive or proper education regarding proper waste disposal should

be extended to all residents of the campus. Garbage collection boxes for

 biodegradable, non-biodegradable, and recyclable materials in strategic places

should be provided by the university administration.

(e) Continuous maintenance of the sewers should be implemented.

CHAPTER III

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

This chapter discusses the research methods that were carried out. It is

used various research methods for data collection, analysis and presentation for

the purpose of attaining objectives in this study.

3.1 Project Location

The Cagayan State University – Carig Campus is located at Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City,

Cagayan with a land area of 19.8 hectars.

 Figure 3-1. Satelite view of the Actual Study Area

Source:www.Googleearth.com

3.1.1 Research Locale Overview

Cagayan State University is an educational institution located at Carig Sur,

Tuguegarao City, Cagayan, Philippines produced and is still producing skilled and

outstanding professionals. Established through Presidential Decree 1436, later amended

by Republic Act 8292. Cagayan State University – Carig Campus has seven colleges

offering undergraduate programs in the arts, sciences, agriculture and technology and

remains to be progressive in responding to national and international standards. As of

school year 2018-2019 second semester the total population of students is 6802, regular

teaching and non-teaching personnel is 210 and 43 respectively, part time employees are

93 and other staffs is 122. The total number of structures, existing and proposed are 26

and 34 and with a road network intersection of 24.

3.2 Data Gathering

3.2.1 Topographic Map

Due to the pandemic, our data collection was disrupted so we have just gathered

the latest past topographic map of the university. This data was conducted by past

researchers through the assistance of the surveying team of Department of Agriculture-

Regional Agricultural Engineering Office Region II headed by Engr. Restituto E.

Sumatra, Chief RAED. The main instrument used in topographic surveying is RTK

having an accuracy of 1 cm + 1 ppm, mother base located at the back of CICS building.

Total Station is used to survey the campus oval.

Figure 3-2.Topographic Map with elevation of the contourline

Cagayan State University-Carig Campus

3.2.2 DIRECTIONAL FLOW OF THE STUDY AREA

 We also got this data from the researchers whom we have gathered the

topographic map. The past researchers exported the data gathered from topographic

surveying and used Surfer application, extracted the data and save it to DXF file to

determine properly the directional flow of the study area.

Figure 3-3. Directional Flow of Cagayan State University.

Materials:
The materials used are RTK (Real Time Kinematics), Prism, Tripod, Tape, Total Station

and Stakes.

3.2.3 Precipitation Data

The researchers gathered 10 years precipitation data at PAGASA DOST-

CAPITOL.

  YEAR
MONTH
  2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

JANUARY 16 69 65 43 6 65 21 78 7 33 11
FEBRUARY 0 6 95 28 20 9 33 89 23 27 5
MARCH 6 20 73 67 16 33 4 30 1 29 27
APRIL 71 21 46 196 75 52 0 44 50 47 13
MAY 78 291 131 79 54 179 107 237 8 128 280
JUNE 129 26 311 158 186 53 153 44 145 158 68
JULY 148 331 236 142 158 207 402 91 250 195 146
AUGUST 98 121 296 156 140 248 120 109 142 247 168
SEPTEMBER 127 426 118 207 303 47 105 144 318 221 128
OCTOBER 270 300 296 203 183 308 420 263 146 299 419
NOVEMBER 721 280 53 298 94 32 417 347 12 230 550
DECEMBER 49 387 89 100 99 288 210 52 132 122 397
171 227 167 133 146 152 123 173 2212
TOTAL 1807 1993
3 7 5 4 2 7 4 6
Table 3-1. Tabulated 10-Years Precipitation Data.

Source: PAGASA-DOST
 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents and analyzes the computation of the design based on the

gathered data and design constants considered to arrive at the solution and answers to the

problems.

4.1 Design Computation

(a) 4.1.1 Determination of Design Discharge

The application of Rational Method formula relates runoff coefficient, average

rainfall intensity for a given time of concentration, and the total watershed drainage area.

m3 L3
The formula is Q=CiA with a unit of for SI units and for English Units. Runoff
sec sec

coefficient, C, is a dimensionless ratio intended the amount of runoff generated by a

watershed given an average storm precipitation intensity.

Table 4-1. Tabulated “C” constants for Rational Method (Design Guidelines Criteria and

Standards, Volume II and I MPWH, 1987)

 TYPE OF SURFACE AND AREA C

Concrete, Asphalt, Roof 1.0

Gravel- Compact 0.70
Clay- Bare 0.75
Clay- Light Vegetation 0.60
Clay- Dense Vegetation 0.50
Gravel- Bare 0.65
Gravel-Light Vegetation 0.50
Gravel-Dense Vegetation 0.40
Loam-Bare 0.60
Loam-Light Vegetation 0.45
Loam-Dense Vegetation 0.35
Table 4-1 continued…

TYPE OF SURFACE AND AREA C

Sand-Bare 0.50
Sand-Light Vegetation 0.40
Sand-Dense Vegetation 0.30
Grass Area 0.35

The discharge computation is derive from the equation of Rational Method. This

is expressed by Q=CiA, wherein the peak rate of discharge or the total flow. Q is

determined by using the run- off coefficient; given C a 0.7 for sandy to clay type of

surface. Researchers considered 30 mm rainfall intensity (i) from PAGASA Red

Warning, and A for the total area of the study area.

(b) 4.1.2 Determination of Rainfall Intensity

Storm intensity,i, is a geographic location function and design return interval. The

rainfall intensity was based on Red Warning of PAG-ASA where serious flooding is

expected in low-lying areas

 Figure 2-1. PAGASA’S new rainfall and Flood Warning System
(Source:www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/)

(c) 4.1.3 Determination of RCPC Diameter

Manning’s Formula is used for the computation of RCPC diameter, given the

2 1
1 π D2
equation Q= A x x R 3 x S 2 , where A is the area of the pipe ( ¿, R is the hydraulic
n 4

A
radius ( ¿, n is the Manning’s roughness coefficient and S is the pipe or channel slope.
P

The manning coefficient is based on the Natural stream channels as shown below.

Table 4-2. Tabulated “n” constants for Mannings Formula (Highway Task Force, 1971).

TYPICAL MANNING
MATERIAL
ROUGNESS COEFFICIENT n

Concrete 0.012
Gravel-concrete 0.020
-mortared stone 0.023
-riprap 0.033
Natural Stream Channels
Clean, straight stream 0.030
Clean, winding stream 0.040
Winding with weeds and timbers 0.050
with heavy brush and pools 0.100
Flood Plains
Pasture 0.035
 Field 0.040
Light brush and weeds 0.050

The following are the computation of major and minor pipes. The area is divided

into 3 portion based on the directional flow of water and elevation of the area.

Q=CiA Equation 4-1

Qn=Q ground surface +Q roof Equation 4-2

n
Q total=∑ Qi Equation 4-3
i

AREAS Manning's Coefficient

OPEN
C C
AREAS AREA OF STRUCTURES (ground
(ground surface) (roof)
surface)
AREA 1
a4 15941 9457.882 6483.118 0.35 1
a5 6328 2806.372 3521.628 0.35 1
13645.48
a14 17365 3719.513 7 0.75 1
TOTAL: 39634
AREA 2
a1 11771 8707.857 3063.143 0.35 1
a2 12955 1557.27 11397.73 0.35 1
a3 13300 0 13300 0.6 1
a6 4694 4603.86 90.14 0.35 1
a7 4939 3896.58 1042.42 0.35 1
a8 8793 8268.7 524.3 0.35 1
a11 8113 2583.4 5529.6 0.6 1
a12 27902 3218.51 24683.49 0.75 1
TOTAL: 92467
AREA 3
a9 4877 1092.78 3784.22 0.35 1
16215.69
a10 28396 12180.301 9 0.75 1
a15 14877 364.26 14512.74 0.6 1
 TOTAL: 48150

FOR AREA 01

Area Total: 39634 m 2

Intensity: 30mm (RED WARNING rainfall intensity from PAG

ASA)

n: 0.012 (for concrete)

No. of Catch Basin: 18

S: 0.005 (standard slope for drainage)

Unit Area under AREA 01: a4, a5, a14

3
Q 4 =0.35 ¿)(6483.118)+1.0( 0.03 ¿(9457.882)=0.1 m
3600 sec

3
Q5=0.35¿ )(3521.628)+1.0( 0.03 ¿(2806.372)=0.03 m
3600 sec

3
Q 14=0.75¿ )(13645.487)+1.0( 0.03 ¿(3719.513)=0.12 m
3600 sec

m3
Q total=Q 4 +Q 5+ Q 14=0.1+0.03+ 0.12=0.25
sec

Q
q'= Equation 4-4
no .of catch basin

0.25 m3
q'= =0.014
18 sec
Pipe Diameter Computation using Manning’s Formula:

For Major Pipes:

2 1
1
Q= A x x R 3 x S 2 Equation 4-6
n

3
3.21Qn
D= ( √S ) 8

Equation 4-7

3.21(0.25)(0.012) 38
D=( ) =471.8 mm=18.58∈¿
√ 0.005

Say: 24 in >>STANDARD SIZE

For Minor Pipes:

3
3.21q ' n 12 3.21(0.014 )(0.012) 8
D=( ) =( ) =160.3 mm=6.28∈¿
√S √ 0.005

Say: 8in >>STANDARD SIZE

FOR AREA 02

Area Total: 92467 m 2

Intensity: 30mm (RED WARNING rainfall intensity from PAG

ASA)

n: 0.012 (for concrete)

No. of Catch Basin: 45

S: 0.005 (standard slope for drainage)

Unit Area under AREA 01: a1, a2, a3, a6, a7, a8, a11, a12

3
Q 1=0.35 ¿)(3063.143)+1.0( 0.03 ¿(8707.856)=0.08 m
3600 sec

3
Q 2=0.35 ¿ )(11397.73)+1.0( 0.03 ¿(1557.27)=0.05 m
3600 sec

3
Q 3=0.6 ¿)(13300)+1.0( 0.03 ¿(0)=0.07 m
3600 sec

3
Q6=0.35¿ )(90.14)+1.0( 0.03 ¿( 4603.86)=0.04 m
3600 sec

3
Q 7=0.35¿ )(1042.42)+1.0( 0.03 ¿(3896.58)=0.04 m
3600 sec

3
Q 8=0.35¿ )(524.3)+1.0( 0.03 ¿(8268.7)=0.07 m
3600 sec

3
Q 11 =0.6 ¿)(5529.6)+1.0( 0.03 ¿(2583.4 )=0.05 m
3600 sec

3
Q12=0.75 ¿)(24683.49)+1.0( 0.03 ¿(3218.51)=0.18 m
3600 sec

Q total=Q 1 +Q 2 +Q 3 + Q 6+ Q 7+ Q 8+ Q 11 +Q 12

Qtotal=0.08+ 0.05+0.07+ 0.04+0.04+ 0.07+0.05+10.18

m3
Qtotal =0.57
sec
 0.57 m3
q'= =0.013
45 sec

Pipe Diameter Computation using Manning’s Formula:

For Major Pipes:

3.21(0.57)(0.012) 38
D=( ) =644.6 mm=25.38∈¿
√ 0.005

Say: 36 in >>STANDARD SIZE

For Minor Pipes:

3
3.21q ' n 12 3.21(0.013)(0.012) 8
D=( ) =( ) =147.9 mm=6.088∈¿
√S √ 0.005

Say: 8in >>STANDARD SIZE

FOR AREA 03

Area: 48150 m 2

Intensity: 30mm (RED WARNING rainfall intensity from PAG

ASA)

n: 0.012 (for concrete)

No. of Catch Basin: 13

S: 0.005 (standard slope for drainage)

Unit Area under AREA 01: a9, a10, a15

 3
Q9=0.35¿ )(3784.22)+1.0( 0.03 ¿(1092.78)=0.02 m
3600 sec

3
Q 10=0.75 ¿)(16215.699)+1.0( 0.03 ¿(12180.301)=0.2 m
3600 sec

3
Q 15=0.6 ¿ )(14512.74)+1.0( 0.03 ¿(364.26)=0.08 m
3600 sec

m3
Q total=Q 9+Q 10 +Q15 =0.02+0.2+ 0.08=0.3
sec

0.3 m3
q'= =0.023
13 sec

Pipe Diameter Computation using Manning’s Formula:

For Major Pipes:

3.21(0.3)(0.013) 38
D=( ) =506.1 mm=19.92∈¿
√ 0.005

Say: 24 in >>STANDARD SIZE

For Minor Pipes:

3
3.21q ' n 12 3.21(0.023)(0.013) 8
D=( ) =( ) =193.4 mm=7.615∈¿
√S √ 0.005

Say: 8in >>STANDARD SIZE

4.1.4 Determination Catch Basin Size

 The time flow (T) of discharge water was considered in determining the size of

Catch Basin. Using the equationV =q ' t where in V is the volume of the Catch Basin, q’

is the flow in every catch basin.

Time of Flow:

L: 100m (typical)

v: 0.914 (based on surface type)

L
T= Equation 4-8
v

100
T= =109.4 s
0.194

FOR AREA 01

Volume of Catch Basin:

V =q' T Equation 4-9

V =0.014 ( 109.4 )=1.505m 3

V
A= Equation 4-10
d

1.505
A= =0.937 m2 d(depth)=1.5m (assumed)
1.5

Length and width=0.937m say: 1.0 m

FOR AREA 02
Volume of Catch Basin:

V =q' T =0.013 ( 109.4 )=1.384 m 3

V 1.384
A= = =0.922m 2 d(depth)=1.5m (assumed)
d 1.5

Length and width=0.96m say: 1.0 m

Note! Since the outside diameter of major pipe in area 02 exceeds the computed

minimum length/width of the catch basin, therefore, the dimensions of the catch basin

will be adjusted according to the major pipe diameter.

Major pipe diameter=36” =0.9144 m

Length & Width=0.9144 +0.2=1.1144m say: 1.2 m

FOR AREA 03

Volume of Catch Basin:

V =q' T =0.023 ( 109.4 )=2.513 m3

V 2.513
A= = =1.675 m 2 d(depth)=1.5m (assumed)
d 1.5

Length and width=1.294m say: 1.3 m

4.1.4 Determination of Dry Wells

Water table is considered in determining the size of a dry well. The depth of the

water table of Carig-Sur,Tuguegarao City is 12m below the natural grade line based on

Seasonal High Water Table Depth. Using the formula H=SHWT Depth-(SHWT

Separation+ Cover)-Major Pipe Diameter to find the total depth of a dry well. Where
SHWT Depth is the depth of water table from natural grade line and SWHT Separation is

sum of length cover and 1 foot.

Table 4-3. Water Table

GROUND WATER DATA

PROVINCE OF CAGAYAN
MUNICIPALITY OF TUGUEGARAO
 Owner Location Depth

Tuguegarao City WD Buntun 100

Tuguegarao City WD Buntun 65

Tuguegarao City WD Pallua Norte 88

Tuguegarao City WD San Gabriel 74

Tuguegarao City WD Annafunan East 85

Tuguegarao City WD Caggay 89

Tuguegarao City WD Larion Bajo 83

Tuguegarao City WD Cataggaman Pardo

Tuguegarao City WD Linao Norte

Metropolitan
Tanza 86
Tuguegarao WD
Metropolitan
Namabbalan Norte 50
Tuguegarao WD
Metropolitan
Libag Sur 68
Tuguegarao WD

Tuguegarao City WD Linao East 101

Tuguegarao City WD Atulayan Norte 101

Tuguegarao City WD Atulayan Norte

Cagayan Buntun
Table 4-3. continued…..

GROUND WATER DATA

PROVINCE OF CAGAYAN
MUNICIPALITY OF TUGUEGARAO
 Owner Location Depth

Buntun

Bo. Buntun Buntun 29.6

Restituta Abebes Cataggaman 18

Public Buntun 24

Palua Elem. School Palua Elem. School 30.5

Pallua, Tuguegarao

Cataggaman Viejo

Robert Viljera Cataggaman Pardo 18

Pallua 20.1

Cagayan Cataggaman

Bo. Pallua Pallua 30.18

BGY. Cataggaman Comm. School 40.2

Cataggaman Elem.
Cataggaman Elem. School 40.8
School

Loreto Tumaluran Bagay

Felisa Julian Cataggaman Nuevo

Barangay Cataggaman 43.3

Bo. Bagay Bagay 20.4

Bagay Elem. School Bagay Elem. School 19

Table 4-3. continued…..

GROUND WATER DATA

PROVINCE OF CAGAYAN
MUNICIPALITY OF TUGUEGARAO
  Owner Location Depth

Cataggaman Norte

Public Annafunan

Ugac Norte

Annafunan Elem.
Atulayan 23.78
School

Matias Quizagan Linao Norte 9

Bo. Atulayan Atulayan 10.67

Public Atulayan 21.34

CVCAT CVCAT 41.27

Caritan Norte School Caritan Norte 33.54

Poblacion

Government Linao 29.26

North Central School North Central School, Poblacion 50

Hotel Delfino Hotel Delfino, Poblacion 36.6

Noel Faguinod Carig 12

runoff volume
Using the formula in computing the drain time of the dry well. And
outflow rate

AT I
the Runoff Volume is V =π , where V is the discharge volume in each area, A T is the
e
Area total, l is the length of cover and e is the void ratio. And the outflow rate is product

of permeability rate and cross section area.

The storm water discharge of Area 01 will be directly drained to the public sewer

located at the back of the campus.

FOR AREA 02

Dry Well Computation:

H=SHWT Depth-(SHWT Separation+ Cover)-Major Pipe Diameter Equation 4-7

SWHT Depth= 12m (water table of Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City)

SWHT Separation= 0.61m

Cover= 0.3m

H=12-0.61-0.3-0.9144=10.1756m say:10.2m

AT I
V =π Equation 4-8
e

; Divide the volume into three so that it will drain faster.

1
e= Equation 4-9
1−n

1
e= =1.0132
1−0.013

(92467)(0.03)
V =π =912.65 cu . m
1.0132(3)

4V
D=
√ πH
Equation 4-10
 4( 912.65)
D=
√ π (10.1756)
=6.17 m say: 7m Cylindrical

say: 6m Rectangular

Outflow Rate= Subsoil Design Permeability Rate x Cross Sectional Area=38.99

runoff volume
drain time= Equation 4-11
outflow rate

912.65
drain time= =23.41 sec < 72 hrs ; OK!!!
38.99

Therefore, use: 3 sets of 6m X 6m X 10.2m

FOR AREA 03

Dry Well Computation:

H=SHWT Depth-(SHWT Separation+ Cover)-major pipe diameter

SWHT Depth= 12m (water table of Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City)

SWHT Separation= 0.61m

Cover= 0.3m

H=12-0.61-0.3-0.6096=10.4804m say:10.5m

AT I
V =π
e

1 1
e= = =1.0132
1−n 1−0.013

( 48150)(0.03)
V =π =1425.73 cu . m
1.0132
 4V 4(1425.73)
D=
√ √
πH
=
π (10.4804)
=7.59m say: 8m Cylindrical

say: 7m Rectangular

Outflow Rate= Subsoil Design Permeability Rate x Cross Sectional Area=38.99

runoff volume 1425.72

drain time= = =27.995 sec < 72 hrs ; OK!!!
outflow rate 50.93

Therefore, use: one set of 7m X 7m X 10.5m