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3 Dex
3 Dex
8 9
© Copyright 2001 Baker Hughes Incorporated. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A. © Copyright 2001 Baker Hughes Incorporated. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.
Baker Atlas
8 9
© Copyright 2001 Baker Hughes Incorporated. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A. © Copyright 2001 Baker Hughes Incorporated. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.
Baker Atlas
3-D Induction Resistivity Improves Reservoir Characterization in Low-Contrast,
Low-Resistivity Shaly Sand Formations
1 = Vsand + Vshale tivity is shown in Figure 3. For this laminated ditions, the vertical resistivity changes by track 3 are the 3DEX Rh
4 3 sand-shale sequence model describing lami- 2.5 Ω-m. Therefore, the availability of verti- and Rv inversion results.
Rv cal resistivity data can greatly improve the There is good correlation
λratio = nated shaly sand formations, the vertical
Rh and horizontal resistivities, Rv and Rh respec- evaluation of laminar sand-shale reservoirs. between the borehole
3
tively, are plotted as a function of the lami- image and horizontal
2 Measuring Vertical and
nar shale volume, Vshale. The equations for resistivities from the HDIL
Horizontal Resistivity
the computation of both Rh and Rv as a and 3D Explorer instru-
2 function of laminar shale volume, Vshale,
Conventional induction logging tools ments. The anisotropy
laminar sand volume, 1 - Vshale, laminar consist of a transmitter and a number of ratio correlates well with Fig. 5. 3D Explorer instrument — basic principle
1 receiver sensors with their axes aligned the thin-layering features visible in the of operation. Laminated segments are
Rh for 10 Ω-m sd, 1Ω-m sh shale resistivity, Rshale, and laminar sand
parallel to the borehole and tool ‘Z ‘axis surveyed by three orthogonal coil arrays
resistivity, Rsand, are shown. The maximum borehole image. (X, Y, and Z). Interpretation of these
separation between vertical and horizontal (Fig. 5). If the apparent formation dip is
measurements provides horizontal
R = 1 Ω-m resistivity occurs at the 50% laminar shale small, conventional induction tools induce Enhancing Petrophysical Analysis
(Rh) and vertical resistivity (Rv).
1 shale currents that mainly flow in the highly con- Archie’s original water saturation relation-
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% volume point, where the electrical anisotropy
ratio, Rv /Rh, reaches its maximum value. ductive beds that are typically the shales in ship was published in
Laminar Shale Volume This graph demonstrates that as the laminar a hydrocarbon bearing section. As a result 1942 and is the estab-
shale volume increases from 0% to 30%, of this induced current flow pattern, the lished foundation of
Fig. 3. Vertical and horizontal resistivity the horizontal resistivity decreases very horizontal resistivity is heavily biased toward modern petrophysical
(Rv, Rh) vs. laminar shale volume low resistivity shales and Rh is relatively interpretation.
(Vsh) net sand
rapidly. Thus, for laminar shale volumes
insensitive to the hydrocarbon-bearing This empirical equa-
greater than 30%, the horizontal resistivity
sands. The horizontally mounted coil trans- tion was derived from
exhibits low sensitivity to changes in shale
mitter arrays in the 3D Explorer instrument shale-free granular rocks
10 volume. When laminar shale volume is
(sandstones) and labora-
Rv for 10 Ω-m sd, Rsand = 10 Ω-m greater then 30% the horizontal resistivity, (TX and TY) are aligned with their axes
perpendicular to the borehole to better tory prepared samples.
Rh, also has less sensitivity to variations in
1Ω-m sh resolve vertical resistivity (Figure 5). These Generally speaking, higher
the laminar sand-shale resistivity and
arrays induce currents that flow primarily formation resistivities, Rt,
detection of thin bedded, resistive sands
Rsand = 5 Ω-m across laminated sand-shale sequences and correspond to lower
containing hydrocarbons becomes increas-
5 are more sensitive to hydrocarbon bearing water saturation, Sw, or
ingly difficult. The vertical resistivity, how-
Rv for 5 Ω-m sd, conversely, higher hydro-
Resistivity (Ω-m)
10 11
© Copyright 2001 Baker Hughes Incorporated. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A. © Copyright 2001 Baker Hughes Incorporated. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.
Baker Atlas
3-D Induction Resistivity Improves Reservoir Characterization in Low-Contrast,
Low-Resistivity Shaly Sand Formations
1 = Vsand + Vshale tivity is shown in Figure 3. For this laminated ditions, the vertical resistivity changes by track 3 are the 3DEX Rh
4 3 sand-shale sequence model describing lami- 2.5 Ω-m. Therefore, the availability of verti- and Rv inversion results.
Rv cal resistivity data can greatly improve the There is good correlation
λratio = nated shaly sand formations, the vertical
Rh and horizontal resistivities, Rv and Rh respec- evaluation of laminar sand-shale reservoirs. between the borehole
3
tively, are plotted as a function of the lami- image and horizontal
2 Measuring Vertical and
nar shale volume, Vshale. The equations for resistivities from the HDIL
Horizontal Resistivity
the computation of both Rh and Rv as a and 3D Explorer instru-
2 function of laminar shale volume, Vshale,
Conventional induction logging tools ments. The anisotropy
laminar sand volume, 1 - Vshale, laminar consist of a transmitter and a number of ratio correlates well with Fig. 5. 3D Explorer instrument — basic principle
1 receiver sensors with their axes aligned the thin-layering features visible in the of operation. Laminated segments are
Rh for 10 Ω-m sd, 1Ω-m sh shale resistivity, Rshale, and laminar sand
parallel to the borehole and tool ‘Z ‘axis surveyed by three orthogonal coil arrays
resistivity, Rsand, are shown. The maximum borehole image. (X, Y, and Z). Interpretation of these
separation between vertical and horizontal (Fig. 5). If the apparent formation dip is
measurements provides horizontal
R = 1 Ω-m resistivity occurs at the 50% laminar shale small, conventional induction tools induce Enhancing Petrophysical Analysis
(Rh) and vertical resistivity (Rv).
1 shale currents that mainly flow in the highly con- Archie’s original water saturation relation-
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% volume point, where the electrical anisotropy
ratio, Rv /Rh, reaches its maximum value. ductive beds that are typically the shales in ship was published in
Laminar Shale Volume This graph demonstrates that as the laminar a hydrocarbon bearing section. As a result 1942 and is the estab-
shale volume increases from 0% to 30%, of this induced current flow pattern, the lished foundation of
Fig. 3. Vertical and horizontal resistivity the horizontal resistivity decreases very horizontal resistivity is heavily biased toward modern petrophysical
(Rv, Rh) vs. laminar shale volume low resistivity shales and Rh is relatively interpretation.
(Vsh) net sand
rapidly. Thus, for laminar shale volumes
insensitive to the hydrocarbon-bearing This empirical equa-
greater than 30%, the horizontal resistivity
sands. The horizontally mounted coil trans- tion was derived from
exhibits low sensitivity to changes in shale
mitter arrays in the 3D Explorer instrument shale-free granular rocks
10 volume. When laminar shale volume is
(sandstones) and labora-
Rv for 10 Ω-m sd, Rsand = 10 Ω-m greater then 30% the horizontal resistivity, (TX and TY) are aligned with their axes
perpendicular to the borehole to better tory prepared samples.
Rh, also has less sensitivity to variations in
1Ω-m sh resolve vertical resistivity (Figure 5). These Generally speaking, higher
the laminar sand-shale resistivity and
arrays induce currents that flow primarily formation resistivities, Rt,
detection of thin bedded, resistive sands
Rsand = 5 Ω-m across laminated sand-shale sequences and correspond to lower
containing hydrocarbons becomes increas-
5 are more sensitive to hydrocarbon bearing water saturation, Sw, or
ingly difficult. The vertical resistivity, how-
Rv for 5 Ω-m sd, conversely, higher hydro-
Resistivity (Ω-m)
10 11
© Copyright 2001 Baker Hughes Incorporated. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A. © Copyright 2001 Baker Hughes Incorporated. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.
Baker Atlas
3-D Induction Resistivity Improves Reservoir Characterization in Low-Contrast,
Low-Resistivity Shaly Sand Formations
depicted in Figure 7. This log example has The total shale volume is 60% to 70%. The
References: About the Authors:
three sand intervals with different ranges Rh and Rv curve separation, together with
for both electrical anisotropy and shale the resulting anisotropy ratio, indicates 1. Coleman, J.M., and Prior, D.B., 1982. “Deltaic Richard Mollison is a petrophysicist for Baker Atlas,
content (Mollison, et al., 2000)6. The middle that the formation is almost entirely lami- Environments of Deposition”, from AAPG Memoir where he provides petrophysical and interpretation
sand, x145 ft to x169 ft, is gas producing nar and thin-bedded, analogous to the 31, pp. 139-178. R&D support for new technology. He earned a BS
degree in geology from the University of Oklahoma
with low shale content, which can be prop- core photo shown in Figure 2 with an aver- 2. Beard, D. R., Zhou Q., and Bigelow, E.L., 1996. in 1976 and an MS degree in geology from the
erly identified and evaluated with conven- age net-to-gross ratio of 35%. The laminar “Practical Applications of New Multichannel and University of Arkansas in 1979.
tional data. The upper sand, x100 ft to sand water saturation results of 40% to Fully Digital Spectrum Induction System”, SPE paper
x145 ft, has moderate shale content and 55% agree well with the water saturation 36504, SPE ATCE. Berthold Kriegshäuser has worked as a research
electrical anisotropy range, both of which values in the upper sand interval. The scientist for Baker Atlas since 1994. He earned an
3. Kriegshäuser, F., Fanini, O., Forgang, S., Itskovich, MSc degree in geophysics from the University of
can be identified by conventional log data. water saturation results indicate that this G., Rabinovich, M., Tabarovsky, L., Yu, L., Epov, M., Cologne and a PhD degree in geophysics from
The Rv and Rh data improve the evaluation interval may contain potential finely lami- and v. d. Horst, J., 2000, “A New Multicomponent the University of Utah. Dr. Krieghäuser’s primary
accuracy for this upper sand. The lower sand, nated pay sands and could produce gas at Induction Logging Tool to Resolve Anisotropic responsibilities include the design of electromagnetic
x169 to x220 ft, has a higher shale content economic rates. The net result is a possible Formations”, paper D, SPWLA 41st Annual Logging logging instruments and development of interpreta-
Symposium Transactions. tion and inversion techniques for wireline data.
and higher electrical anisotropy than the 18 ft of additional pay that might not have
upper sand. Conventional, deep-induction been identified based on standard resistivity 4. Kuecher, G., and Millington , J., 2000. “Turbidites Liming Yu has been a senior scientist at Baker Atlas
resistivity data, HDIL, shown in Track 2, and traditional water saturation analysis Hold Great Potential for Deepwater Exploration”, in Houston since 1997. He earned an MS degree in
cannot effectively identify this trend as a methodology. inDepth , v. 6, no. 1, pp. 30-35. geophysics from the China University of Geosciences
potentially productive sand-shale sequence. in 1982 and a PhD degree in geophysics from the
Conclusion 5. Mollison, R.A., Schoen, J.H., Fanini, O.N., University of Toronto. Dr. Yu’s interests are electro-
The Rv and Rh data improve evaluation Kriegshäuser, B., Meyer, W.H., and Gupta, P.K., magnetic modeling and inversion, induction logging
accuracy of the lower sand and properly The initial commercial deployment and 1999, “A Model for Hydrocarbon Saturation data processing and interpretation.
identify this as a finely laminated sand field tests of the 3D Explorer induction Determination from an Orthogonal Tensor
interval. The fining-upward sequence of logging service have confirmed its ability to Relationship in Thinly Laminated Anisotropic Johan van Popta joined Shell in 1979 as a research
detect resistivity anisotropy in low-resistivity, Reservoirs”, paper OO, SPWLA 40th Annual petrophysicist, working in a multidisciplinary team
moderately shaly sand in the upper inter- Logging Symposium.
thin-bedded sand-shale formations and for interpreting seismic using well data. He earned
val, x100 ft to x145 ft, shows significant an MSc degree in Physics from the University of
electrical anisotropy, Track 1, as demon- accurately quantify hydrocarbon reserves. 6. Mollison, R.A., Ragland, T.V., Schoen, J.H., Fanini, Groningen in 1977. Since 1989, he has worked in
strated by the separation of Rv and Rh The 3DEX resistivity measurements, com- O.N., and van Popta, J., 2000, “Reconciliation of Shell Technology EP, involved with acoustic, gravity
(Track 2). bined with new petrophysical interpreta- Waxman-Smits and Juhasz ‘Normalized Qv’ Models and resistivity tool development and interpretation
tion methods, can result in a more accurate from a Tensor Petrophysical Model Approach using and reservoir monitoring.
Petrophysical analysis reveals that the Field Data”, paper YY, SPWLA 41st Annual Logging
shales are predominantly laminar with shaly sand reservoir characterization. An Symposium.
some minor amounts of dispersed shale integrated interpretation of 3D Explorer,
present (Track 4) and that the calculated nuclear magnetic resonance, and conven- 7. Pettingill, H.S., 1998, “Worldwide Turbidite E&P:
tional porosity and resistivity data is likely to A Globally Immature Play with Opportunities in
laminar-sand resistivity, Rsd, is 3 to 5 Ω-m Stratigraphic Traps”, SPE paper 49245, SPE ATCE.
higher than shown by 3D Explorer Rh or significantly improve the accuracy of reserve
HDIL R90 (Track 2). Water saturation from estimates and reservoir simulation results.
the laminar sand analysis is 10% to 15% This groundbreaking new technology will
lower than that from standard saturation likely have a significant economic impact on
analysis (Track 3), indicating probable the appraisal of thinly laminated deepwater
commercial hydrocarbon production rates turbidite sand-shale reservoirs in the fron-
Fig. 7. Field example showing log data and petrophysi- tier exploration basins worldwide.
cal analysis in a shaly sand environment. evaluation in marginal or costly develop- from this interval. The middle sand interval,
ment economic evaluations typical of x145 ft to x169 ft, exhibits little anisotropy,
today’s deepwater exploration plays and as would be expected in a massive, high-
field developments. porosity sand.
The 3DEX petrophysical evaluation Both Rv and Rh resistivities obtained Acknowledgment
model removes the laminar shale conductiv- from the 3D Explorer tool measurements The authors thank Shell Technology EP
ity effects by utilizing electrical anisotropy agree well with deep-induction resistivity for their sponsoring and continuing
measurements, Rh and Rv, provided by 3D from the HDIL service. Hydrocarbon satura- support of this project. Thanks also go
Explorer data (Mollison, et al., 1999, tion interpretation of these measurements to various Shell operating groups for
2000)5,6. Thus the 3DEX saturation evalua- indicated this is an excellent pay sand, their kind permission to publish the log
tion model accurately quantifies both lami- which should produce at high rates. The data and examples.
nar and dispersed shale effects when they lower sand interval, x169 ft to x220 ft, is
occur in combination. Petrophysical analysis, the most interesting in this well. Typical
using data from a 3D Explorer field example shale-resistivity anisotropy values measured
in a typical shaly-sand environment, is in this well were included in this analysis.
12 13
© Copyright 2001 Baker Hughes Incorporated. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A. © Copyright 2001 Baker Hughes Incorporated. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.
Baker Atlas
3-D Induction Resistivity Improves Reservoir Characterization in Low-Contrast,
Low-Resistivity Shaly Sand Formations
depicted in Figure 7. This log example has The total shale volume is 60% to 70%. The
References: About the Authors:
three sand intervals with different ranges Rh and Rv curve separation, together with
for both electrical anisotropy and shale the resulting anisotropy ratio, indicates 1. Coleman, J.M., and Prior, D.B., 1982. “Deltaic Richard Mollison is a petrophysicist for Baker Atlas,
content (Mollison, et al., 2000)6. The middle that the formation is almost entirely lami- Environments of Deposition”, from AAPG Memoir where he provides petrophysical and interpretation
sand, x145 ft to x169 ft, is gas producing nar and thin-bedded, analogous to the 31, pp. 139-178. R&D support for new technology. He earned a BS
degree in geology from the University of Oklahoma
with low shale content, which can be prop- core photo shown in Figure 2 with an aver- 2. Beard, D. R., Zhou Q., and Bigelow, E.L., 1996. in 1976 and an MS degree in geology from the
erly identified and evaluated with conven- age net-to-gross ratio of 35%. The laminar “Practical Applications of New Multichannel and University of Arkansas in 1979.
tional data. The upper sand, x100 ft to sand water saturation results of 40% to Fully Digital Spectrum Induction System”, SPE paper
x145 ft, has moderate shale content and 55% agree well with the water saturation 36504, SPE ATCE. Berthold Kriegshäuser has worked as a research
electrical anisotropy range, both of which values in the upper sand interval. The scientist for Baker Atlas since 1994. He earned an
3. Kriegshäuser, F., Fanini, O., Forgang, S., Itskovich, MSc degree in geophysics from the University of
can be identified by conventional log data. water saturation results indicate that this G., Rabinovich, M., Tabarovsky, L., Yu, L., Epov, M., Cologne and a PhD degree in geophysics from
The Rv and Rh data improve the evaluation interval may contain potential finely lami- and v. d. Horst, J., 2000, “A New Multicomponent the University of Utah. Dr. Krieghäuser’s primary
accuracy for this upper sand. The lower sand, nated pay sands and could produce gas at Induction Logging Tool to Resolve Anisotropic responsibilities include the design of electromagnetic
x169 to x220 ft, has a higher shale content economic rates. The net result is a possible Formations”, paper D, SPWLA 41st Annual Logging logging instruments and development of interpreta-
Symposium Transactions. tion and inversion techniques for wireline data.
and higher electrical anisotropy than the 18 ft of additional pay that might not have
upper sand. Conventional, deep-induction been identified based on standard resistivity 4. Kuecher, G., and Millington , J., 2000. “Turbidites Liming Yu has been a senior scientist at Baker Atlas
resistivity data, HDIL, shown in Track 2, and traditional water saturation analysis Hold Great Potential for Deepwater Exploration”, in Houston since 1997. He earned an MS degree in
cannot effectively identify this trend as a methodology. inDepth , v. 6, no. 1, pp. 30-35. geophysics from the China University of Geosciences
potentially productive sand-shale sequence. in 1982 and a PhD degree in geophysics from the
Conclusion 5. Mollison, R.A., Schoen, J.H., Fanini, O.N., University of Toronto. Dr. Yu’s interests are electro-
The Rv and Rh data improve evaluation Kriegshäuser, B., Meyer, W.H., and Gupta, P.K., magnetic modeling and inversion, induction logging
accuracy of the lower sand and properly The initial commercial deployment and 1999, “A Model for Hydrocarbon Saturation data processing and interpretation.
identify this as a finely laminated sand field tests of the 3D Explorer induction Determination from an Orthogonal Tensor
interval. The fining-upward sequence of logging service have confirmed its ability to Relationship in Thinly Laminated Anisotropic Johan van Popta joined Shell in 1979 as a research
detect resistivity anisotropy in low-resistivity, Reservoirs”, paper OO, SPWLA 40th Annual petrophysicist, working in a multidisciplinary team
moderately shaly sand in the upper inter- Logging Symposium.
thin-bedded sand-shale formations and for interpreting seismic using well data. He earned
val, x100 ft to x145 ft, shows significant an MSc degree in Physics from the University of
electrical anisotropy, Track 1, as demon- accurately quantify hydrocarbon reserves. 6. Mollison, R.A., Ragland, T.V., Schoen, J.H., Fanini, Groningen in 1977. Since 1989, he has worked in
strated by the separation of Rv and Rh The 3DEX resistivity measurements, com- O.N., and van Popta, J., 2000, “Reconciliation of Shell Technology EP, involved with acoustic, gravity
(Track 2). bined with new petrophysical interpreta- Waxman-Smits and Juhasz ‘Normalized Qv’ Models and resistivity tool development and interpretation
tion methods, can result in a more accurate from a Tensor Petrophysical Model Approach using and reservoir monitoring.
Petrophysical analysis reveals that the Field Data”, paper YY, SPWLA 41st Annual Logging
shales are predominantly laminar with shaly sand reservoir characterization. An Symposium.
some minor amounts of dispersed shale integrated interpretation of 3D Explorer,
present (Track 4) and that the calculated nuclear magnetic resonance, and conven- 7. Pettingill, H.S., 1998, “Worldwide Turbidite E&P:
tional porosity and resistivity data is likely to A Globally Immature Play with Opportunities in
laminar-sand resistivity, Rsd, is 3 to 5 Ω-m Stratigraphic Traps”, SPE paper 49245, SPE ATCE.
higher than shown by 3D Explorer Rh or significantly improve the accuracy of reserve
HDIL R90 (Track 2). Water saturation from estimates and reservoir simulation results.
the laminar sand analysis is 10% to 15% This groundbreaking new technology will
lower than that from standard saturation likely have a significant economic impact on
analysis (Track 3), indicating probable the appraisal of thinly laminated deepwater
commercial hydrocarbon production rates turbidite sand-shale reservoirs in the fron-
Fig. 7. Field example showing log data and petrophysi- tier exploration basins worldwide.
cal analysis in a shaly sand environment. evaluation in marginal or costly develop- from this interval. The middle sand interval,
ment economic evaluations typical of x145 ft to x169 ft, exhibits little anisotropy,
today’s deepwater exploration plays and as would be expected in a massive, high-
field developments. porosity sand.
The 3DEX petrophysical evaluation Both Rv and Rh resistivities obtained Acknowledgment
model removes the laminar shale conductiv- from the 3D Explorer tool measurements The authors thank Shell Technology EP
ity effects by utilizing electrical anisotropy agree well with deep-induction resistivity for their sponsoring and continuing
measurements, Rh and Rv, provided by 3D from the HDIL service. Hydrocarbon satura- support of this project. Thanks also go
Explorer data (Mollison, et al., 1999, tion interpretation of these measurements to various Shell operating groups for
2000)5,6. Thus the 3DEX saturation evalua- indicated this is an excellent pay sand, their kind permission to publish the log
tion model accurately quantifies both lami- which should produce at high rates. The data and examples.
nar and dispersed shale effects when they lower sand interval, x169 ft to x220 ft, is
occur in combination. Petrophysical analysis, the most interesting in this well. Typical
using data from a 3D Explorer field example shale-resistivity anisotropy values measured
in a typical shaly-sand environment, is in this well were included in this analysis.
12 13
© Copyright 2001 Baker Hughes Incorporated. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A. © Copyright 2001 Baker Hughes Incorporated. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.