OLED TECHNOLOGY

Made By:Shivam Rathod(68), Shrusti Rathod(69), Abhishek Raykar(72), Rishabh Lenka(73), Rohith
Rajeevan(74)
than organic diodes do.And the objective to
decrease power has always been on the
Abstract: As the time pass in this modern world forefront of modern technology. Also Other
many changes came into the field of display reasons for the industrial sectors interest in this
devices. First came the small LED (Light field is because eventually organic full color
Emitting Diode) display which shows numeric
contain then after jumbo CRT (cathode ray tubes)
which is used today as well but due bulkiness we displays will replace today’s LCDs used in
do not carry it from one place to another and it laptop and computers and may even one day
also requires a large area. Then after this came replace our ordinary CRT-screens.
the LCD (Liquid crystal display) which is lighter
and easy to carry, but the main problem with
LCD’s is that it cannot view clear pictures from II.WHAT IS OLED?
different angles. All of these problems will be
Organic light emitting diodes also known as
overcome by the revolutionary discovery of
OLEDs are solid-state, monolithic devices that
OLED also known as Organic Light Emitting
typically consist of a series of organic thin films
Diode. OLEDs can be fabricated using Polymers
sandwiched between two thin-film conductive
or by small molecules in the flat panel display
electrodes. When electricity is applied to an
zone unlike traditional Liquid- Crystal Displays,
OLED, under the influence of an electrical field,
OLEDs are self-luminous & do not require any
charge carriers (holes and electrons) move from
kind of backlighting. This eliminates the need for
the electrodes into the organic thin films until
bulky & environmentally undesirable mercury
they recombine in the emissive zone forming
lamps and yields a thinner, more compact
excitons. Once they are formed, these excitons,
display. Unlike other flat panel displays OLED
also known as excited states, relax to a lower
has a wide viewing angle (up to 160 degrees),
energy level by giving off light and/or unwanted
even in bright light. Their low power
heat.
consumption (only 2 to 10 volts) provides for
maximum efficiency and helps minimizing heat
and electric interference in electronic devices.
OLED’s are Cheaper, Sharper, Thinner, and
Flexible.

I.INTRODUCTION
Scientific research in the area of
semiconducting organic materials as the active
substance in light emitting diodes (LEDs) has
increased immensely during the last four
decades. Organic semiconductors was first
reported in the 1960’s and the materials were
only considered to be merely a scientific
curiosity. However when it was recognized in
the eighties that many of these materials are
photoconductive under light, Industries got
Interested in them. Many major electronic
companies, such as Philips and Pioneer, are
currently investing a considerable amount of
money in the science of organic electronic
and optoelectronic devices. The main
reason for the big attention to these devices is
that they can be much more efficient than
today’s display technologies when it comes to
power consumption and produced light.
Common light emitters today, LEDs , LCD’s
and ordinary light bulbs consume more power
FIG.1: OLED Technology
III.WORKING OF OLED
OLEDs are thin-film multilayer devices which
consists of a substrate foil, film or plate which is
rigid or flexible, an electrode layer, layers of active
materials, a counter electrode layer, and a
protective barrier layer a minimum of one among
the electrodes must be transparent to light.
The OLEDs operate within the manner specified
Voltage bias is applied on the electrodes, the
voltages are low, from 2.5 to 20 Volts, but the
active layers are so thin approximately ~10Å to
100nm that the electric fields within the active
layers are very high, of the order of 105 – 107
Volts per cm. These high, near-breakdown electric
fields causes injection of charges across the
electrode or the active layers interfaces. Holes are
injected from the anode, which is transparent
whereas electrons are injected from the cathode.
The injected charges move against one another
within the opposite directions, and eventually
recombine. Recombination energy is released and
also the molecule or a polymer segment in which
the recombination occurs, reaches an exited state.
Exactions may move from molecule to molecule.
Eventually, some molecules or a polymer segments IV.FABRICATION METHODS FOR OLED
release the energy as photons or heat. it's expected
that each one the surplus excitation energy is There are two methods to fabricate OLEDs:
released as photons i.e.in the sort of light
Thermal evaporation evaporation of the organic
small molecules and spin-coating polymer
layers. Thermal evaporation is often performed in
an exceedingly very vacuum. The vacuum
pressure is often about 10-6 torr or better.
additionally to depositing molecules, it's going
to be accustomed deposit cathode materials. There
are some advantages to using thermal evaporation.
During the fabrication the thickness of each layer
is monitored easily, compared to spin-coating.
The vacuum equipment is already within the
semiconductor industry, and it is easy to
understand the multi-color displays by using
shadow masks for depositing organic materials.
Spin-coating is widely utilized within the
FIG.2: Different layers in OLED display polymer-based LEDs. The polymer layers is also
deposited from solution directly, but the
The materials which are accustomed bring the costs
deposition
to the recombination sites are usually poor photon
emitters i.e. most of their excitation energy is
V.OLED’s AS WHITE LIGHT
released as heat. Hence, suitable dopants are added,
which are capable of first transferring the energy
In contrary to display applications where all colors
from the initial exaction, and releasing the energy
are equally important, "good quality" white is of
more efficiently as photons. In OLEDs,
prime importance for general illumination.
approximately 25% of the excisions are within the
Individual colors aren't as important. OLEDs have
singlet states and 75% within the triplet states.
typically very broad band emissions, which makes
Emission of photons from the singlet states
them uniquely suitable for applications where
(fluorescence), in most cases facilitated by
white with high CRI and also the specified
fluorescent dopants, was believed to be the only
position on the chromaticity diagram is
applicable kind of energy release, thus limiting the
desirable. Both small- molecular and polymeric
Internal Quantum Efficiency (IQE) of OLEDs to
systems with singlet (fluorescence) emitters have
the most of 25%.
achieved full color with good positions on the CIE

VI.TYPES OF OLEDs
There are several forms of LEDs :
1. Passive-matrix OLED
2. Active-matrix OLED
3. Transparent OLED
4. Top-emitting OLED
5. Foldable OLED
FIG.3 :Migration of holes and electrons
6. White OLED
Passive-matrix OLED (PMOLED)
PMOLEDs have strips of cathode, organic layers
and strips of anode. The anode strips are arranged
perpendicular to the cathode strips. The
intersections of the cathode and anode frame the
pixels where light is emitted. External circuitry
applies current to choose strips of anode and
cathode, determining which pixels get turned on
and which pixels remain off. Again, the brightness
of every pixel is proportional to the quantity of
applied current. PMOLEDs are easy to form, but
they consume more power than other sorts of
OLED. PMOLEDs are most effective for text and
icons and are best fitted to small screens (2- to 3-
inch diagonal) like those you discover in cell
phones, PDAs and MP3.
Active-matrix OLED (AMOLED)
AMOLEDs have full layers of cathode, organic
molecules and anode, but the anode layer overlays
a skinny film transistor (TFT) array that forms a
matrix. The TFT array itself is that the circuitry that
determines which pixels get to be turned on to
create a picture. MOLEDs consume less power
consumption than PMOLEDs because the TFT
array requires less power than external circuitry, so
that they are efficient for giant displays.
AMOLEDs even have faster refresh rates suitable
for video. The most effective uses for AMOLEDs
are computer monitors, large-screen TVs
Transparent OLED
Transparent OLEDs have only transparent
components (substrate, cathode and anode) and,
when turned off, are approx. up to 85 percent as
transparent as their substrate. When a transparent
OLED display is turned on, it allows light to pass
in both directions. A transparent OLED display is
either active- or passive-matrix. This technology
will be used for heads-up displays.
Top-emitting OLED
Top-emitting OLEDs have a substrate that's either
opaque or reflective. They're best suited to active-
matrix design. Manufacturers may use top-emitting
OLED displays in smart cards.
Foldable OLEDs
Foldable OLEDs have substrates manufactured
from very flexible metallic foils or plastics.
Foldable OLEDs are very lightweight and sturdy.
Their use in devices like cell phones and PDAs can
reduce breakage, a serious cause for return or
repair. Potentially, foldable OLED displays may be
attached to fabrics to make "smart" clothing, like
outdoor survival clothing with an integrated
computer chip, cell phone, GPS receiver and
OLED display sewn into it,
White OLEDs
White OLEDs emit white light that's brighter,
more uniform and more energy efficient than that
emitted by fluorescent lights. White OLEDs even
have the true-color qualities of incandescent
lighting. Because OLEDs are often made in large
sheets, they will replace fluorescent lights that are
currently utilized in homes and buildings. Their use
could potentially reduce energy costs for lighting.
FIG.4: OLED vs LCD visualization
COMPARISON BETWEEN OLED AND LCD
1. OLEDs use independent-illuminated pixels,
while LCD screens use background light to display
the image. In other words, on an OLED screen,
each pixel has its own “background light,” and thus
it renders its light and color independently. On an
LCD screen, there's a background source of
illumination for the complete screen, which is
typically provided by a lamp, and also the light
goes through the pixels on the screen.
2. OLEDs can activate or off each pixel
independently, which implies they will provide
better and more natural colors than LCD screens.
LCD screens (Liquid Crystal Screens) don't
illuminate pixels independently: they use
background light and a pixel panel that blocks the
white light behind them to make colors. This
technology cannot provide the identical natural
colors as OLED.
3. Also, because of the various color display,
OLED and LCD screens aren't the identical
regarding the extent of brightness they'll offer.
Each of the pixels on an OLED screen has its own
(light) source of sunshine, while the LCD screens
have background light that's usually provided by
the lamps behind the display. Thus, LCD screens
tend to supply higher levels of brightness than
OLED screens.
4. Another consequence of how OLEDs and LCD
screens illuminate pixels is that OLED delivers true
black (by shutting down independent pixels), while
LCD screens offer cleaner white (because it's a
stronger backlight).
5. When talking about using OLED or LCD on
electric battery powered screen, power
consumption could be a problem. Because OLED
can completely disable pixels independently, it’s
possible for you to assume that it’s more efficient
than LCD technology. However, it depends on how
you employ your device. OLEDs require less
power than LCD screens when the pictures they
display don't have much of the white color, but they
consume more power after they display much
white. When there are many bright colors to
display, OLED needs more power to activate
pixels. On the opposite hand, LCD screens require
the identical amount of constant power irrespective
of the kind of images they display, as background
lights are always on.
6. OLEDs have an organic component in their
pixels, while LCDs don't. It means the lifetime of
OLEDs tends to be not up to that of LCD screens.
7. Because OLED technology is expensive,
AMOLED displays cost quite LCDs
VII.ADVANTAGES :-
The production method used for OLEDs it self-has
many advent ages compared to flat- panel display
made with LCD technology.
1) Reduce in cost in future :- OLEDs can be
printed onto any substrate by inkjet printer
or even screen printing , theoretically
making them cheaper to produce then
compared to LC. Since , fabrication of the
OLDE substrate is more costly of a LED ,
until mass production lowers thee cost .
2) Light weight and flexibility :- OLED can
be fabricated on flexible plastic substrate
which makes possible to flexible organic
light- emitting diodes being fabricate or
other new applications i.e., roll-up
displays embedded in fabric or clothing .
3) Wider view angle and brightness
improvement :- OLEDs can enable a
greater artificial contrast ratio (both
dynamic range and static , measured in
purely dark condition) and view angle
compared to LCDs because OLED pixels
directly emit light .
4) Batter power efficiency :- LCDs filter the
light emitted from a black light .
5) Response time :- OLEDs can also have a
faster response time compared to the
standard LCD screen.
IX.DISADVANTAGES :-
OLED seems to be the perfect technology for all
types of displays, but it also has some problems
listed here: -
1) Lifetime :- While red and green OLED
films have longer lifetimes (46,000 to
230,000 hours), blue organics currently
have much shorter lifetimes (up to around
14,000 hours.
2) Manufacturing :- The manufacturing
process are more expensive right now and
in future it may or man not reduce.
3) Damage :- Water can easily damage
OLEDs.
4) UV sensitivity :- OLED display can be
damaged by prolonged exposure to UV
light and example can be seen with a near
UV laser and it can damage the display
instantly with more than 20mW causing
dim or dead spot where the beam focused.
5) Power consumption :- OLED will
consume around 40% of the power of an
LCD displaying image.
6) Color balance issue :- as the OLED
material used to produce blue light
degrades significantly more rapidly than
the material that produce other colors ,
blue light output will decrease relative to
the other color of light. The differential
color output change will change the color
balance of the display and is much more
noticeable than a decrease in overall
luminance
X.APPLICATIONS
 Currently , OLEDs are used in small screen J.; Schwartz, J.; Johnson, R.L.; Elschner, A.
Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 82, 70-72.
devices like cell phones , digital cameras
[4] Kraft, A.; Grimsdale, A.;Holmes, A.B.
etc. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 402-428.
● Mobile Phones – Mobile phones were
the first to adopt AMOLED display and
is the largest market for OLEDs today.
● OLED TVs – OLED TVs has begun
producing in 2013 but their prices are
still very high.
● Digital Cameras - several compact
and high-end cameras use AMOLED
displays that offer rich colors and high
contrast and brightness. Kodak was
first to release .
● OLED Lamps- OLED lamps are
currently very expensive , but already
several companies are offering these
in the premium lighting category.

● Other Devices – OLEDs are also used

in wrist watches , headsets , car audio
systems , remote controllers, digital
photo frames and many other kind of
devices.
.

XI.CONCLUSION
In the future, OLEDs will probably conquer a
large portion of the micro display market. Their
higher efficiency and lower weight will make
them quite competitive with LCD displays.
OLED’s will also set a new standard in terms of
viewing experience due to their immaculate
perfect black. There are no major obstacles for
OLEDs to become a technology of choice when
it comes to general lighting. However, there still
exists a number of minor roadblocks that have to
be overcome, many of t of these roadblocks
being materials related. The rate of progress will
depend on the success in designing and stable
material components of OLED devices to
replace those that are still deficient.

XII.REFERENCES

[1] Hosokawa, C.; Fukuoka, K; Kawamura, H.

SID Digest 2004, 35, 780-783.
[2] Kovac, J.; Peternai, L.; Lengyel, O. Thin
Solid Films 2003, 433, 22 26.
[3] Koch, N.; Kahn, A.; Ghijsen, J.; Pireaux, J.-