ACTIVITY 1

A.

1. When and where were the first compounds created?

First compounds were abundantly produced in the circumstellar envelopes of evolved stars.
The chemical synthesis of compounds occurred during the late stage of stellar evolution, in a low-
density circumstellar environment over a very short time.

2. How were they created?

During the star’s AGB phase, there is a gradual increase of carbon being made in the core
and was being dredged up in the surface, thus eventually exceeding the amount of oxygen in the
area. Most of the carbon combines with oxygen and forms a stable molecule carbon monoxide.

3. List the first compounds (both organic and inorganic) created.

Carbon Monoxide, Acetylene

4. What type of chemical bonding do these compounds have?

Triple Bond

5. Are these compounds found here on earth?

Yes.

C.

1. Describe the interactions that occur between hydrogen and oxygen as they approach each other
to form water. What combination of forces gives rise to the energy holding the atoms together
and to the final internuclear distance?

The outermost electrons of hydrogen and oxygen are shared unequally. Oxygen is highly
electronegative, so it will pull the electrons towards it that it pulls the electrons of hydrogen closer
to it, and it gets a partial negative and partial positive charge. Oxygen will always be negative, while
hydrogen will always be positive. They attract each other like the opposite poles of a magnet. The
hydrogen bond is the attraction between the positive hydrogen and negative oxygen.

2. Using Lewis structure, how many bonding and nonbonding electrons are there in carbon
dioxide? in PCl5?

In carbon dioxide, there are 8 electrons that are bonding and 4 lone pairs. While in PCl5,
there are 10 electrons that are bonding and 15 lone pairs.
ACTIVITY 3

1. Draw the molecular shapes and predict the bond angles (relative to the ideal bond angles)

of PCl3 and ammonia (NH3).

2. How do you know when a molecule is polar? Is PCl3 a polar molecule? How about

ammonia (NH3)?

A molecule is polar when it has positive and negative ends (charges). The electrons in
polar molecule is unevenly distributed. Phosphorus chloride (PCl3) and Ammonia (NH3) are both
polar molecules.

3. Explain why oxygen (O2) is a gas.

Oxygen (O2) is considered as a gas because it exists as a gas. Depending on temperature and
pressure, it can be a solid, liquid or gas. In a standard temperature and pressure, it occupies the
gaseous state. Also, the energy required to separate its molecules requires little energy at room
temperature and pressure.