Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CN Un2 Lec 3
CN Un2 Lec 3
| TENSILE STRUCTURES
A
C
M
D
S
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dh97M7VGug0
2.6 CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM OF CABLE ROOFS
UNIT TEACHER ‐AR. RAHUL BHISE | ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
SDMCA 2019‐20 CTM ‐VIII | TENSILE STRUCTURES
2.6.1 CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM OF CABLE ROOFS – STRUCTURAL STRAND AND ROPE
• the term cable has been used to indicate a flexible tension member. Structural strands and ropes are
most commonly utilized as cables.
A
• A strand is an assembly of steel wires wrapped helically around a center wire in one or more
symmetrical layers and has a cross section shown in Fig. 7.26a.
• A rope is composed of a plurality of strands wrapped helically around a core as shown in Fig. 7.26b.
C
For better protection against corrosion, the strands are locked as shown in Fig. 7.26c.
• These strands are smooth surfaced.
• They are made up of shaped wires laid in concentric layers around a central core of round wires.
• The cables are invariably of high tensile steel, and they are normally steel wire ropes up to 100 mm
dia.
M
• Typical minimum breaking loads are 240 t for 50 mm dia, and 530 t for 75 mm dia. ropes.
• Working loads of up to 45 percent of minimum breaking strength are commonly used.
• In shell system roofs, concrete pre‐stressing cables and anchorages are frequently used in place of
D
conventional wire ropes.
S
UNIT TEACHER ‐AR. RAHUL BHISE | ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
SDMCA 2019‐20 CTM ‐VIII | TENSILE STRUCTURES
2.6.1 CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM OF CABLE ROOFS – STRUCTURAL STRAND AND ROPE
A
C
M
D
S
UNIT TEACHER ‐AR. RAHUL BHISE | ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
SDMCA 2019‐20 CTM ‐VIII | TENSILE STRUCTURES
2.6.2 CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM OF CABLE ROOFS – CABLE FITTINGS
• Many kinds of terminal attachments
are available to facilitate the
A
connection of cables to the structure
and to anchorages.
• There are two types of terminal
C
fittings: viz., swaged and zinc poured
sockets.
• Zinc poured sockets are the most
widely used type of end‐terminal
fittings.
M
• In this type of fitting, the wires at the
end of the cables are broomed out,
cleaned and usually immersed in a
D
flux solution.
• The wires are then placed in the
socket basket and pure molten zinc is
S
poured into the basket surrounding
the individual wires.
UNIT TEACHER ‐AR. RAHUL BHISE | ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
SDMCA 2019‐20 CTM ‐VIII | TENSILE STRUCTURES
2.6.2 CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM OF CABLE ROOFS – CABLE FITTINGS
• Swaged fittings are often used on the smaller ropes and • Other types of fittings used with cables
strands. consist of turnbuckles with both eye‐
A
• In this type, the cleanly cut cable end is inserted into a fittings and jaw‐end‐fittings, wire rope
close‐tolerance hole in the end of a steel fitting which is clips, wire rope thimbles and anchor
then placed in a die block of a hydraulic press. shackles.
C
• The fitting is of a softer steel than the cable wires so
that when the die block is under controlled pressure,
the softer steel of the fitting flows plastically around
the wires.
M
• After an initial squeezing, the fitting may be squeezed
several times with the fitting rotated in the die between
squeezing,
• Other types of fittings used with cables consist of
D
turnbuckles with both eye‐fittings and jaw‐end‐fittings,
wire rope clips, wire rope thimbles and anchor hackles.
S
UNIT TEACHER ‐AR. RAHUL BHISE | ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
SDMCA 2019‐20 CTM ‐VIII | TENSILE STRUCTURES
2.6.2 CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM OF CABLE ROOFS – CABLE FITTINGS
A
C
M
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R2OlYMCXD1o
D
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mj0QzmKKy‐s
S
UNIT TEACHER ‐AR. RAHUL BHISE | ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
SDMCA 2019‐20 CTM ‐VIII | TENSILE STRUCTURES
2.7 FLUTTER
• Wind forces tend to cause the roof to vibrate, and if the forces coincide with the natural period of
vibration of the roof, dangerous oscillations can occur
A
• In fact, flutter has been the cause of collapse of many suspension bridges
2.7 REDUCTION OF FLUTTER
Cable suspended roof structures – REDUCTION OF FLUTTER
C
• , wind forces may induce damaging vibrations in a cable roof, unless precautions are taken to
prevent them, to avoid that Stabilizers are required because of the tendency of a cable to change
shape with change in loading.
M
• One way to reduce flutter is to specify a heavy, rigid roof deck ‐ such as precast‐concrete slabs
(which are post tensioned after erection), firmly secured to the cables.
• Second method is to use diagonal stays
• In third Method A much stiffer structure can be obtained by using a double layer construction,
D
with primary cables braced against a set of secondary cables
• With diagonal struts between the primary and secondary cables, truss action can be developed.
• Special damping springs may also be inserted at the intersections of the cables to reduce the
S
flutter
• An added advantage of the double layer system is that the space between the upper and lower
sets of cables can be used for hiding various pipes, conduits, ducts and air‐conditioning
equipment.
UNIT TEACHER ‐AR. RAHUL BHISE | ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
SDMCA 2019‐20 CTM ‐VIII | TENSILE STRUCTURES
REDUCTION OF FLUTTER
A
C
M
D
S
UNIT TEACHER ‐AR. RAHUL BHISE | ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
SDMCA 2019‐20 CTM ‐VIII | TENSILE STRUCTURES
2.8 ABLE SUSPENDED ROOF STRUCTURES: ADVANTAGES
• For very large spans like many industrial buildings, airport hangars erc. cable suspended
structures are cheaper than conventional roof structures.
A
• It has also been found that these structures provide good acoustics and ventilation
• They have got a higher factor of safety against fire than conventional roof trusses which
fail through the buckling of compression members when the heat rises above a certain
C
temperature.
• The differential settlement of the supporting columns is resisted by the ropes efficiently.
• The ropes adjust themselves readily to the altered conditions without appreciably
changing the stresses
M
• Desired Aesthetics can be easily achieved
D
S
UNIT TEACHER ‐AR. RAHUL BHISE | ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
SDMCA 2019‐20 CTM ‐VIII | TENSILE STRUCTURES
2.9 CABLE SUSPENDED ROOF STRUCTURES: DISADVANTAGES
• One of the great problems in suspended cable roofs is the prevention of flutter. Wind
forces tend to cause the roof to vibrate, and if the forces coincide with the natural period of
A
vibration of the roof, dangerous oscillations can occur
• In fact, flutter has been the cause of collapse of many suspension bridges.
• Maintenance of structures is one key factor to life and efficient working without which
C
these structures fail
• Specialized construction techniques are required for installation
• Need Precise Calculations
• Drainage problems occur due to large surface areas, specialized drainage systems are
required
M
• There could be movements of roof cover hence water tightness is required. For this rigid
systems like double layers can be used
• Heat gain due to thin layers is a problem. Materials with insulating properties should be
D
preferred.
S
UNIT TEACHER ‐AR. RAHUL BHISE | ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
SDMCA 2019‐20 CTM ‐VIII | TENSILE STRUCTURES
A
C
M
D
S
Reference :
Space Structures: Principles and Practice – Subramanian Narayanan
UNIT TEACHER ‐AR. RAHUL BHISE | ASSISTANT PROFESSOR