MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITIONS

1. Introduction ix. Total Dynamic Discharge Head

2. Vapor Pressure x. Total Dynamic Suction Lift
3. Cavitation xi. Total Dynamic Head
4. NPSH 6. Continuity Equation
5. Centrifugal Pumping 7. The Steady-Flow Energy Equation
i. Total Static Head 8. Bernoulli’s Equation
ii. Static Discharge Head 9. Power Considerations in a Fluid Flow
iii. Static Suction Head 10 Power Delivered-to Pump and by Turbine
iv. Static Suction Lift 11. Reynolds Number
v. Velocity Head 12. Friction Factor for Laminar Flow
vi. Friction Head
vii.Pressure Head
viii.Total Dynamic Suction Head

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

 NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITIONS
1. Introduction

Vapor pressure, cavitation, and NPSH are subjects widely discussed by engineers, pumps users,
and pumping equipment suppliers, but understood by too few. To grasp these subjects, a basic
explanation is required.

2. Vapor Pressure

Knowledge of vapor pressure is extremely important when selecting pumps and their mechanical
seals. Vapor pressure is the pressure absolute at which a liquid, at a given temperature, starts to
boil or flash to a gas. Absolute pressure (psia) equals the gauge pressure (psig) plus atmospheric
pressure.

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 NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITIONS
3. Cavitation

Cavitation can create havoc with pumps and pumping systems in the form of vibration and noise.
Bearing failure, shaft breakage, pitting on the impeller, and mechanical seal leakage are some of
the problems caused by cavitation.

When a liquid boils in the suction line or suction nozzle of a pump, it is said to be “flashing” or
“cavitating” (forming cavities of gas in the liquid). This occurs when the pressure acting on the
liquid is below the vapor pressure of the liquid. The damage occurs when these cavities or bubbles
pass to a higher pressure region of the pump, usually just past the vane tips at the impeller “eye,”
and then collapse or “implode.”

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 NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITIONS
4. NPSH

Net Positive Suction Head is the difference between suction pressure and vapor pressure. In
pump design and application jargon, NPSHA is the net positive suction head available to the
pump, and NPSHR is the net positive suction head required by the pump.
The NPSHA must be equal to or greater than the NPSHR for a pump to run properly. One way to
determine the NPSHA is to measure the suction pressure at the suction nozzle, then apply the
following formula:
𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻𝐴 ≥ 𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻𝑅
𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻𝐴 = 𝑃𝐵 − 𝑉𝑝 ± 𝐺𝑟 + ℎ𝑣

where PB = barometric pressure in feet absolute, VP = vapor pressure of the liquid at maximum
pumping temperature in feet absolute, Gr = gauge reading at the pump suction, in feet absolute
(plus if the reading is above barometric pressure, minus if the reading is below the barometric
pressure), and hv = velocity head in the suction pipe in feet absolute.

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 NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITIONS
4. NPSH…

NPSHR can only be determined during pump testing. To determine it, the test engineer must
reduce the NPSHA to the pump at a given capacity until the pump cavitates. At this point the
vibration levels on the pump and system rise, and it sounds like gravel is being pumped. More
than one engineer has run for the emergency shut-down switch the first time he heard cavitation
on the test floor. It’s during these tests that one gains a real appreciation for the damage that will
occur if a pump is allowed to cavitate for a prolonged period.

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 NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITIONS
5. Centrifugal Pumping

Centrifugal pumping terminology can be confusing. The following section addresses these terms and
how they are used:
Head is a term used to express pressure in both pump design and system design when analyzing
static or dynamic conditions. This relationship is expressed as:

(𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑠𝑖 𝑥 2.31)

ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 =
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦

Pressure in static systems is referred to as static head and in a dynamic system as dynamic head.

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 NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITIONS

Engr. Mark Alvin Nogales MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

 NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITIONS

𝑝
𝑇𝐷𝑆𝐻 = 𝐻𝑠 + 𝐻𝑣 − ℎ𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝛾

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 NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITIONS
5.1 Total Static Head (TSH)

It is the vertical distance between the surface of the suction source liquid and the surface level
of the discharge liquid.

𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 1 (𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒) 𝑇𝑆𝐻 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 − 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑

𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 2 (𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒) 𝑇𝑆𝐻 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 + 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑆𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑡

5.2 Static Discharge Head

It is the vertical distance from the centerline of the suction nozzle up to the surface level of the
discharge liquid.

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 NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITIONS
5.3 Static Suction Head
Applies when the supply is above the pump. It is the vertical distance from the centerline of the
suction nozzle up to the liquid surface of the suction supply.

5.4 Static Suction Lift

Applies when the supply is located below the pump. It is the vertical distance from the
centerline of the suction nozzle down to the surface of the suction supply liquid.

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 NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITIONS

Velocity, friction, and pressure head are used in conjunction with static heads to define dynamic
heads.
5.5 Velocity Head
is the energy in a liquid as a result of it traveling at some velocity V. It can be thought of as the vertical
distance a liquid would need to fall to gain the same velocity as a liquid traveling in a pipe.
This relationship is expressed as:

𝑉2
ℎ𝑣 =
2𝑔

where V = velocity of the liquid in feet per second and g = 32.2 ft/sec2.

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 NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITIONS

Velocity, friction, and pressure head are used in conjunction with static heads to define dynamic
heads.
5.6 Friction Head
is the head needed to overcome resistance to liquid flowing in a system. This resistance can come
from pipe friction, valves, and fittings. Values in feet of liquid can be found in the Hydraulic Institute
Pipe Friction Manual.

Darcy- Weisbach equation Loss in Pipe Fittings

𝐿 𝑉2 𝑣2
ℎ𝐿 = 𝑓 ℎ𝑓𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 =𝑘
𝐷 2𝑔 2𝑔

Hagen- Poiseuille Law for laminar flow Loss of Head at Entrance and Discharged

μ 𝐿 𝐿 𝑣2 𝑣2
ℎ𝐿 = 32 𝑉 = 32 ν 𝑉 ℎ′𝑒 = 𝑘𝑒 ℎ′𝑑 =
γ 𝐷2 𝑔𝐷2 2𝑔 2𝑔

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 NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITIONS

5.7 Pressure Head

is the pressure in feet of liquid in a tank or vessel on the suction or discharge side of a pump.
It is important to convert this pressure into feet of liquid when analyzing systems so that all
units are the same. If a vacuum exists and the value is known in inches of mercury, the
equivalent feet of liquid can be calculated using the following formula:

𝑖𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑔 𝑥 1.13
𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 =
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦

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 NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITIONS

When discussing how a pump performs in service, we use terms describing dynamic head. In other
words, when a pump is running it is dynamic. Pumping systems are also dynamic when liquid is
flowing through them, and they must be analyzed as such. To do this, the following four dynamic
terms are used.

5.7 Total Dynamic Suction Head

is the static suction head plus the velocity head at the suction flange minus the total friction
head in the suction line. Total dynamic suction head is calculated by taking suction pressure at
a pump suction flange, converting it to head and correcting to the pump centerline, then
adding the velocity head at the point of the gauge.

𝑇𝐷𝑆𝐻 = 𝐻𝑠 + 𝐻𝑣 − 𝐻𝑓

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 NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITIONS
5.8 Total Dynamic Discharged Head
is the static discharge head plus the velocity head at the pump discharge flange plus the total
friction head in the discharge system. This can be determined in the field by taking the
discharge pressure reading, converting it to head, and correcting it to the pump centerline,
then adding the velocity head.
𝑇𝐷𝐷𝐻 = 𝐻𝑠 + 𝐻𝑣 + 𝐻𝑓

5.9 Total Dynamic Suction Lift

is the static suction lift minus the velocity head at the suction flange plus the total friction head in the
suction line. To calculate total dynamic suction lift, take suction pressure at the pump suction flange,
convert it to head and correct it to the pump centerline, then subtract the velocity head at the point
of the gauge.

𝑇𝐷𝑆𝐿 = 𝐻𝑠 − 𝐻𝑣 + 𝐻𝑓

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 NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITIONS
5.10 Total Dynamic Head
in a system is the total dynamic discharge head minus the total dynamic suction head when the
suction supply is above the pump. When the suction supply is below the pump, the total dynamic
head is the total dynamic discharge head plus the total dynamic suction lift.

𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 1 ∶ 𝐹𝑖𝑔. 1.3.1

𝑇𝐷𝐻 = 𝑇𝐷𝐷𝐻 + 𝑇𝐷𝑆𝐿

𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒 2: 𝐹𝑖𝑔. 1.3.2

𝑇𝐷𝐻 = 𝑇𝐷𝐷𝐻 − 𝑇𝐷𝑆𝐻

http://www.pumpapplicationengineers.com.au/files/pump-technical-terminology.pdf
Engr. Mark Alvin Nogales MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries
 NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITIONS
5.10 Total Dynamic Head…

Centrifugal pumps are dynamic machines that impart energy to liquids. This energy is imparted by
changing the velocity of the liquid as it passes through the impeller. Most of this velocity energy is
then converted into pressure energy (total dynamic head) as the liquid passes through the casing or
diffuser.
To predict the approximate total dynamic head of any centrifugal pump, we must go through two
steps. First, the velocity at the outside diameter (o.d.) of the impeller is calculated using the
following formula:
𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝑥 𝐷
𝑉=
229

where V = velocity at the periphery of the impeller in ft per second, D = o.d. of the impeller in
inches, rpm = revolutions per minute of the impeller, and 229 = a constant.

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 NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITIONS
5.10 Total Dynamic Head…
Second, because the velocity energy at the o.d. or periphery of the impeller is approximately
equal to the total dynamic head developed by the pump, we continue by substituting V from
above into the following equation:

𝑉2
𝐻=
2𝑔

where H = total dynamic head developed in ft, V = velocity at the o.d. of the impeller in ft/sec,
and g = 32.2 ft/sec2.

A centrifugal pump operating at a given speed and impeller diameter will raise liquid of any
specific gravity or weight to a given height. Therefore, we always think in terms of feet of liquid
rather than pressure when analyzing centrifugal pumps and their systems.

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 NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITIONS
6. Continuity Equation
The continuity equation is used to relate a fluid's velocity to a change in the pipe's cross-sectional
area. There are two versions of the continuity equation, one version is for a compressible fluid
(equation 1) since the density could change as the pressure changes, while the other is for an
incompressible fluid (equation 2). When using these equations there is an assumption that the
flow rate is constant.

ρ1 𝐴1 𝑉1 = ρ2 𝐴2 𝑉2 (equation 1)

where
ρ= Density
A = Cross-Sectional Area
V = Velocity

𝑄 = 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2 (equation 2)

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 NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITIONS
7. The Steady-Flow Energy Equation
For steady flow with one inlet and one outlet, both assumed one-dimensional and letting section
1 the inlet and section 2 the outlet. Then in low-speed (nearly incompressible) flow with one
inlet and one exit, we may write

𝑝 𝑉2 𝑝 𝑉2
+ +𝑍 = + +𝑍 + ℎ𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 + ℎ𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝛾 2𝑔 𝑖𝑛
𝛾 2𝑔 𝑜𝑢𝑡

The h terms are all positive; that is, friction loss is always positive in real (viscous) flows, a pump
adds energy (increases the left-hand side), and a turbine extracts energy from the flow. If hp
and/or ht are included, the pump and/or turbine must lie between points 1 and 2.

Engr. Mark Alvin Nogales MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

 NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITIONS
8. The Bernoulli’s Equation
Bernoulli’s equation – is a general energy equation that is used for solving fluid flows. It relates
elevation head, pressure head and velocity head. Some conditions of using Bernoulli’s equation:
(1) No fluid friction, (2) fluid is incompressible, and (3) negligible changes in thermal energy.
Bernoulli’s theorem – “ Neglecting friction, the sum of the pressure head, velocity head and
elevation head of a point is equal to the sum of the pressure head, velocity head and elevation
head of another point”.

𝑃1 𝑣12 𝑃2 𝑣22
+ 𝑍1 + = + 𝑍2 +
γ 2𝑔 γ 2𝑔

Where:
𝑃1
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 =
γ
𝑉2
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 𝑍1 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 =
2𝑔

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 NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITIONS
9. Power Considerations in Fluid Flow:
In metric,
The corresponding power (P) developed at any head
(H) can be solved by the below equation in English
𝑃 = 𝑄γ𝐻 Eqn. 18
units,
𝑄γ𝐻
𝑃= Eqn. 17 where,
550
Q is the flowrate in m3/s
where,
γ is specific weight in kN/m3
Q is the flowrate in ft3/s
γ is specific weight in lb/ft3 H is the energy head in m

H is the energy head in ft P is the power in kW

P is the power in hp Pointers:

Note: • Substitute ht for H to find power for extracted from the flow by a turbine

• Substitute v2/2g for H to find power a jet

𝑙𝑏
1 𝐻𝑃 = 550 𝑓𝑡 − = 0.746 𝑘𝑊 • Substitute hL for H to find power lost due to fluid friction
𝑠

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 NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITIONS
10. Power Delivered- To Pump and by Turbine

Power delivered to the liquid by pump: Power delivered by the liquid to the turbine:
𝑃 = 𝑄γ𝐻 𝑃 = 𝑄γ𝐻

Power required to run the pump: Power delivered by turbine:

𝑄γ𝐻
𝑃𝑚 = 𝑃𝑡 = 𝑒𝑡 𝑄γ𝐻
𝑒𝑝

𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑒=
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

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 NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITIONS
11. Reynolds Number

The Reynolds Number, Re, is a dimensionless number used to determine whether the flow is laminar or
turbulent. Below is the equation,

𝐷𝑉ρ 𝐷𝑉 If Re < 2000, flow is laminar

𝑅𝑒 = = If Re > 4000, flow is turbulent
μ ν

where,
μ – is the absolute viscosity of the fluid
D– is the diameter of the pipe
ρ – is the density of the fluid
V– is the velocity of flow
ν – is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid

12. Approximation of friction factor for Laminar Flow

ν 64
𝑓 = 64 =
𝐷𝑉 𝑅

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 NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITIONS
Example:

An oil (sg = 0.85, ν = 1.8 x 10-5 m2/s) flows in a 10- 𝐷𝑉

cm diameter pipe at 0.50 L/s. Is the flow laminar or 𝑅𝑒 =
ν
turbulent?
But V = Q/A,
Given:
𝑄
sg = 0.85 D = 10 cm = 0.10m 𝐷 𝐴 𝐷𝑄
𝑅𝑒 = =
ν = 1.8 x 10-5 m2/s Q = 0.50 L/s = 0.5 x 10-3 m3/s ν ν𝐴

Required: Substituting given values,

(0.10𝑚)(0.5 𝑥 10−3 𝑚3 /𝑠)
Determine the flow 𝑅𝑒 =
1
(1.8 𝑥10−5 𝑚2 /𝑠) 4 𝜋 0.10𝑚 2

Solution:
𝑅𝑒 = 353.68
Using equation Re,
∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑𝑅𝑒 < 2000
Answer.
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NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITIONS
Example:

A water flowing at a rate of 10 m3/s in a 150 cm 𝑃 = 𝑄γ𝐻

diameter pipe; the head loss in a 1000m length of
this pipe is 20m. Calculate the rate of energy loss. Recall that γ𝐻2𝑂 = 9.81 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3

Given: Substituting given values,

L = 1000 m 𝑃 = (10 m3/s)(9.81 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3)(20 𝑚)

Q = 10 m3/s
D = 150 cm = 0.15 m hL = 20 m
𝑃= 1962 kW Answer.
Required:
Rate of energy loss, Ploss

Solution:

Using equation for power,

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1. An oil with a kinematic viscosity of 0.00015 ft2/s (0.135 St) flows through a pipe of diameter 6 in (15 cm).
Below what velocity will the flow be laminar?

2. An oil with a kinematic viscosity of 0.00015 ft2/s (0.135 St) flows through a 3-inch diameter pipe with a
velocity of 10 fps. Is the flow laminar or turbulent?

3. Find the head loss per unit length when oil (s=0.9) of viscosity 0.007 ft2/s (0.00065 m2/s) flows in a 3-in
(7.5 cm) dimeter pipe at a rate of 5 gpm (0.30 L/s).

4. How much power is lost per meter of pipe length when oil with a viscosity of 0.20 N-s/m2 flows in a 20-cm
diameter pipe at 0.50 L/s? The oil has a density of 840 kg/m3?

5. How large a wrought- iron pipe is required to convey oil (s = 0.9, μ= 0.0008 lb-s/ft2) from one tank to
another at a rate of 1.0 cfs if the pipe is 3,000 ft long and the difference in elevation of the free liquid
surfaces is 40 ft?

MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
6. A pipe with an average diameter of 62 in is 6272 ft long and delivers water to powerhouse at a point 1375
ft lower in elevation than the water surface intake. Assume f = 0.0025. When the pipe delivers 300 cfs, what
is its efficiency? What is the horsepower delivered to the plant?

8. A pipe runs from one reservoir to another, both ends of the pipe being under water. The intake is no
projecting. The length of pipe is 500 ft (150m), its diameter is 10.25 in (26cm), and the difference in water
levels in the two reservoirs is 110 ft (33.5 cm). If f = 0.02, what will be the pressure at a point 300 ft (90 m)
from the intake, the elevation of which is 120 ft (36 m) lower than the surface of the water in the upper
reservoir.

9. A 10-in (25-cm) pipeline is 3 miles (5 km) long. Let f = 0.022. If 4 cfs (0.1 m3/s) of water is to be pumped
through it, the total actual lift being 20 ft (6m), what will be the power required if the pump efficiency is 70
percent?

10. The velocities in a 36-in diameter pipe are measured as 15.0 fps at r=0 in and 14.5 fps at r = 4 in.
Approximately what is the flowrate?

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 PRACTICE PROBLEMS

11. Water flows through a 3-in diameter at a velocity of 10 ft/s. Find the (a) volume flow rate in cfs and gpm,
(b) weight flow rate, and (c’) mass flow rate.
12. Benzene flows through a 100mm diameter pipe at a mean velocity of 3.0 m/s. Find the (a) volume flow
rate in m3/s and L/min, (b) weight flow rate, and (c’) mass flow rate.
13. The flow rate of air moving through a square 0.50m by 0.50m duct is 160 m3/min. What is the mean
velocity of the air?
14. A gas flows through a square conduit. At one point along the conduit, the conduit sides are 0.10m, the
velocity is 7.55 m/s, and the gas’s mass density is (for its particular pressure and temperature) 1.09 kg/m3. At
a second point, the conduit sides are 0.250m, and the velocity is 2.02 m/s. Find the mass flow rate of the gas
and its mass density at the second point.

15. Air at 30°C and 110 kPa flows at 16N/s through a rectangular duct that measures 160mm by 320mm.
Compute the average velocity and volume flux.

16. Oil (s.g=0.86) flows through a 30-in diameter pipeline at 8000 gpm. Compute the (a) volume flux, (b)
average velocity, and (c’) mass flux.

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 PRACTICE PROBLEMS

17. Water at 20°C flows steadily through the nozzle in figure below at 60 kg/s. The diameter are D1 = 220 mm
and D2 = 80mm. Compute the average velocities at sections 1 and 2.

18. Oil with specific gravity 0.75 is flowing through a 6-in pipe under a pressure of 15.0 psi. If the total energy
relative to a datum plane 8.0 ft below the center of the pipe is 58.6 ft-lb/lb, determine the flow rate of the
oil.

19. A standpipe 20 ft in diameter and 40 ft high is filled with water. Calculate the potential energy of the
water if the elevation datum is taken 10 ft below the base of the standpipe.

20. A turbine is rated at 600 hp when the flow of water through it is 21.5 fcs. Assuming an efficiency of 87
percent, what head is acting on the turbine?

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 PRACTICE PROBLEMS

21. Determine the kinetic energy flux of 0.01 m3/s of oil (s.g = 0.80) discharging through a 40-mm diameter
nozzle.

22. Neglecting air resistance, determine the height a vertical jet of water will rise if projected with velocity 58
ft/s.

23. If the total available head of a stream flowing at a rate of 300 ft3/s is 25.0 ft, what is the theoretical
horsepower available?

24. A 150-mm diameter jet of water is discharging from a nozzle into the air at velocity of 36.0 m/s. Find the
power in the jet with respect to a datum at the jet.

Engr. Mark Alvin Nogales MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

 PRACTICE PROBLEMS

25. Oil (sg = 0.84) is flowing under the conditions shown in the figure below. If the total head loss (hL) from
point 1 to point 2 is 3.0 ft, find the pressure at point 2.

Engr. Mark Alvin Nogales MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

 PRACTICE PROBLEMS

26. An 8-in diameter horizontal pipe is attached to a reservoir, as shown in the figure below. If the total head
loss between the water surface in the reservoir and the water jet at the end of the pipe is 6.0 ft, what are the
velocity and flow rate of the water being discharged from the pipe?

Engr. Mark Alvin Nogales MEENG 323| Fluid Machineries

Engr. Mark Alvin Nogales MEN 413a| Internal Combustion Engine